Pengertian Data Link

Data and Computer
Communications
Chapter 7 Data Link Control
Protocols
Eighth Edition
by William Stallings
Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown
Data Link Control Protocols

"Greatandenlightenedone,"saidTenteh,
assoonashisstuporwaslifted,"hasthis
persondeliveredhismessagecompetently,for
hismindwasstillasearedvisionofsnowand
sandandperchancehistonguehasstumbled?"
"Bendyourearstothewall,"repliedthe
Emperor,"andbeassured."
KaiLung'sGoldenHours,EarnestBramah
Data Link Control Protocols

need layer of logic above Physical
to manage exchange of data over a link
frame synchronization
flow control
error control
addressing
control and data
link management
Flow Control
ensure sending entity does not overwhelm
receiving entity
by preventing buffer overflow
influenced by:
transmission time
time taken to emit all bits into medium
propagation time
time for a bit to traverse the link
assume here no errors but varying delays
Model of Frame Transmission
Stop and Wait

source transmits frame
destination receives frame and replies with
acknowledgement (ACK)
source waits for ACK before sending next
destination can stop flow by not send ACK
works well for a few large frames
Stop and wait becomes inadequate if large
block of data is split into small frames
Stop and Wait Link Utilization
Sliding Windows Flow Control
allows multiple numbered frames to be in transit

receiver has buffer W long
transmitter sends up to W frames without ACK
ACK includes number of next frame expected
sequence number is bounded by size of field (k)
frames are numbered modulo 2k

giving max window size of up to 2k - 1
receiver can ack frames without permitting

further transmission (Receive Not Ready)
must send a normal acknowledge to resume
if have full-duplex link, can piggyback ACks
Sliding Window Diagram
Sliding Window Example
Error Control
detection and correction of errors such as:
lost frames
damaged frames
common techniques use:
error detection
positive acknowledgment
retransmission after timeout
negative acknowledgement & retransmission
Automatic Repeat Request

(ARQ)
collective name for such error control
mechanisms, including:
stop and wait
go back N
selective reject (selective retransmission)
Stop and Wait
source transmits single frame

wait for ACK
if received frame damaged, discard it
transmitter has timeout

if no ACK within timeout, retransmit
if ACK damaged,transmitter will not recognize it
transmitter will retransmit

receive gets two copies of frame
use alternate numbering and ACK0 / ACK1
Stop and Wait

see example with
both types of errors

pros and cons
simple
inefficient
Go Back N
based on sliding window
if no error, ACK as usual
use window to control number of
outstanding frames
if error, reply with rejection
discard that frame and all future frames until

error frame received correctly
transmitter must go back and retransmit that
frame and all subsequent frames
Go Back N - Handling
Damaged Frame
error in frame i so receiver rejects frame i

transmitter retransmits frames from i
Lost Frame
frame i lost and either

transmitter sends i+1 and receiver gets frame i+1
out of seq and rejects frame i
or transmitter times out and send ACK with P bit
set which receiver responds to with ACK i
transmitter then retransmits frames from i
Go Back N - Handling
Damaged Acknowledgement
receiver gets frame i, sends ack (i+1) which is lost

acks are cumulative, so next ack (i+n) may arrive
before transmitter times out on frame i
if transmitter times out, it sends ack with P bit set
can be repeated a number of times before a reset
procedure is initiated
Damaged Rejection
reject for damaged frame is lost

handled as for lost frame when transmitter times out
Selective Reject
also called selective retransmission

only rejected frames are retransmitted
subsequent frames are accepted by the receiver
and buffered
minimizes retransmission
receiver must maintain large enough buffer
more complex logic in transmitter
hence less widely used
useful for satellite links with long propagation
delays
Go Back N
vs
Selective
Reject
High Level Data Link Control

(HDLC)
an important data link control protocol
specified as ISO 33009, ISO 4335
station types:
Primary - controls operation of link

Secondary - under control of primary station
Combined - issues commands and responses
link configurations
Unbalanced - 1 primary, multiple secondary

Balanced - 2 combined stations
HDLC Transfer Modes
Normal Response Mode (NRM)
Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM)
unbalanced config, primary initiates transfer

used on multi-drop lines, eg host + terminals
balanced config, either station initiates transmission,
has no polling overhead, widely used
Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM)
unbalanced config, secondary may initiate transmit

without permission from primary, rarely used
HDLC Frame Structure

synchronous transmission of frames
single frame format used
Flag Fields and Bit Stuffing
delimit frame at both ends with 01111110 seq

receiver hunts for flag sequence to synchronize
bit stuffing used to avoid confusion with data
containing flag seq 01111110
0 inserted after every sequence of five 1s

if receiver detects five 1s it checks next bit
if next bit is 0, it is deleted (was stuffed bit)
if next bit is 1 and seventh bit is 0, accept as flag
if sixth and seventh bits 1, sender is indicating abort
Address Field
identifies secondary station that sent or will

receive frame
usually 8 bits long
may be extended to multiples of 7 bits
LSB indicates if is the last octet (1) or not (0)
all ones address 11111111 is broadcast
Control Field
different for different frame type
Information - data transmitted to user (next layer up)

Flow and error control piggybacked on information frames
Supervisory - ARQ when piggyback not used

Unnumbered - supplementary link control
first 1-2 bits of control field identify frame type
Control Field
use of Poll/Final bit depends on context

in command frame is P bit set to1 to solicit (poll)
response from peer
in response frame is F bit set to 1 to indicate
response to soliciting command
seq number usually 3 bits
can extend to 8 bits as shown below
Information & FCS Fields

Information Field
in information and some unnumbered frames

must contain integral number of octets
variable length
Frame Check Sequence Field (FCS)
used for error detection

either 16 bit CRC or 32 bit CRC
HDLC Operation
consists of exchange of information,
supervisory and unnumbered frames

have three phases
initialization
by either side, set mode & seq
data transfer
with flow and error control
using both I & S-frames (RR, RNR, REJ, SREJ)
disconnect
when ready or fault noted
HDLC Operation Example
HDLC Operation Example
Summary
introduced need for data link protocols
flow control
error control
HDLC

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Data and Computer

Data Link Control Protocols

Data Link Control Protocols

by preventing buffer overflow

assume here no errors but varying delays

Model of Frame Transmission

Stop and Wait

Stop and Wait Link Utilization

Sliding Windows Flow Control

allows multiple numbered frames to be in transit

frames are numbered modulo 2k

receiver can ack frames without permitting

Sliding Window Diagram

Sliding Window Example

common techniques use:

Automatic Repeat Request

Stop and Wait

source transmits single frame

transmitter has timeout

if ACK damaged,transmitter will not recognize it

transmitter will retransmit

Stop and Wait

both types of errors

discard that frame and all future frames until

error in frame i so receiver rejects frame i

frame i lost and either

transmitter then retransmits frames from i

receiver gets frame i, sends ack (i+1) which is lost

reject for damaged frame is lost

also called selective retransmission

High Level Data Link Control

Primary - controls operation of link

Unbalanced - 1 primary, multiple secondary

HDLC Transfer Modes

Normal Response Mode (NRM)

Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM)

unbalanced config, primary initiates transfer

Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM)

unbalanced config, secondary may initiate transmit

HDLC Frame Structure

Flag Fields and Bit Stuffing

delimit frame at both ends with 01111110 seq

0 inserted after every sequence of five 1s

identifies secondary station that sent or will

LSB indicates if is the last octet (1) or not (0)

all ones address 11111111 is broadcast

different for different frame type

Information - data transmitted to user (next layer up)

Supervisory - ARQ when piggyback not used

first 1-2 bits of control field identify frame type

use of Poll/Final bit depends on context

can extend to 8 bits as shown below

Information & FCS Fields

in information and some unnumbered frames

Frame Check Sequence Field (FCS)

used for error detection

supervisory and unnumbered frames

HDLC Operation Example

HDLC Operation Example