Tenses
Tenses
Tenses
,'....\gi
0h dear, Did
'..he hurt, you?,
{,' l,lo t
.lr
?99-u"q?"h-9.u-r-!.?-?.y'.!.y!."r.!!j!-!.ip.!.1_q!!1"
Direct speeeh is the exact words someone Reported speech is the exact meaning of said. To show the direct speech we put what someone said but not the exact words. words said in quotation marks. "l'll go We do not use quotation marks in Reported London," she speech. She sald she would go to London.
sald.
the to
Say
- Tell
We can use say and tell both in Direct and Reported speech. Tell is always followed by a personal object (told me). Say is used with or without a personal object. When it is used with a personal object say is always followed by to (said to me).
Direct speech
She sai4 "l can't drive." She said to me, "l can't drive." She told me, "l can't drive."
Reported speech
She said (that) she couldn't drive. She said to me (that) she couldn't drive. She told me (that) she couldn't drive.
say good morning levening, efc. say something lnothing, say words, say so, efc.
afew
tellthe truth, tell a lie, tell sb the time, tellsb one's name, tell.a story, tell a secret, tell sb the way, tell one from another, etc.
{Ji
1
2 She
again.
6 7
3 5
She
I promiseto
..........
always
neighbours.
4 Who
anyone.
and nothing but the truth. you I wasn't going to the party? Bob promised to . . .. . . .. .. nothing about it to
B I couldn't believe what he ., . to me. 9 Please , . , me what happened! 10 "Goandtidyyourroom,"she ......, toherson.
109
ffi !
:',' : :::''
a::: : ,:;.
Reported Speech
D B questions
Reported Statements
:,,,t
':
'
t
.:'"
' o
Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the context. Direct speech Reported speech He said, "nr rend you my taptop." He said (that)'he wouti teii
me
l"J:ff1".F::l""ll"^y,":r^":r:1:1T_s ygrbra,ia,-'i teil, exptain, erc.) followed by a fhar-clause. ln spoken Engrish that can be omittedi. i" reej siit<." i;;;;l(;#rfi: iJrX::;
(3v..1
'
,,,',"
Time words and tenses can change as follows depending on the time reference:
me his raptop.
Direct speech
tonight, today, this week / month year /
Reported speech
that night, that day, that week / month year /
then, at that time, at once, immediately since
now
now that
year
I year
iYo
ago
the day before, the previous night week / / month / year theloilowing day./ the day after, the foilowing / next week / month / year
when the reporting verb is in ilre past, the verb tenses change as foilows: Direct
present simple
speech said.
B5trt#?f,
Reported speech
neededa new bike.
i i,iwli,,
she
saia
SI:::IJHT!]
past perrect
watcnins
present perfect ,,,,,--,seL retL, D,rv udrui !, past simpte "He left {riour ago,,,she an hour ago,"she sard.
ruiiliiiJiJi"shesard
c t o c k y e ste r d
ay,,,
i'He'tt
sard
;##';:
.la::!a:!aalia::3:a:.atigit
conditional
said.
iaid. '
f".t
lf the direct verb is in the past perfect, it remains the same in reported speech, -R;ob "l had atreadv written
to him,"'Rob
school.
n" naiiii"iai
wriften to him.
,,
Monday^
110
Reported Speech
o
There are no changes in the verb tenses in reported speech when the direct sentence expresses a general truth, is Type 2 0r Type 3 conditional or a wish. "The Earth is a planet,,, he He said the Earth is a ptanet. (general truth) "lf you studied more, you'd pass your test," he said. He said (that) if lstudied ,orJ, f i frrs my tesf. "l wish I were I was famous" he He said he wished
said. said.
he were
o o
was iamous.
when the introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect, there are no changes in
She says that Nina can read.
UP.TO.DATE REPoRTING / oUT.oF.DATE REPoRTING The verb tenses can change or remain the same in reported speech when a sentence expresses something which is up to date or stilltrue when we report it. The verb tenses change when something is out of date or not true when we report it. "l'm travelling to England next week," he He said he is travelting I was travetting to
said.
is flat," he said.
England next week. (up-to-date reporting _ immediately reported after said) He said he was traveiling to Engtand in January. (The trip is over srnce ft's February. out-of_date reporting)
He said (that) the Earth was ftat. (tt isn,t; not true.)
L.rrilt:ii:att:iua:,iutiit:i :,,iirai::::ilr:ri.r.-
'1;
1. I
Report what the Jones family said when they came home from their holiday.
had a brilliant time. 2. I loved wind-ourfing! 3. t didn't
titce
*" io,oi:},
4. l'm not looking forward
i;i;" *r;\
J
ast
1
Mrs
Jones
eatd.
Mr Jones
Paul
6 7
8
Tracy
Danny
111
Reported Speech
Reported Questions In reported questlons we use affirmative word order and the question mark is omitted. To report a question we use: a) ask, wonder, want to know + wh-word (who,what, etc.) when the direct question begins with such a word, b) ask, wonder, want to know + if / whether when the direct question begins with an auxiliary or modal verb (be, do, have, can, may etc). Pronouns, possessive adjectives, tenses, time expressions, etc. change as in statements.
Direct speech
He said, "Where did they staY?" He said to me, "Have you got a He said to her, "Can you drive?"
Reported speech
bike?"
He wondered where they (had) stayed. He wanted to know if I whether I had a bike. He asked her if I whether she could drive.
touriat
offiae?
oculpture in the
to
dotoday?
i 9b:u":1
1
The boy with the cap ,, aaked fr,hq Lour.gutdo.whera.tltqtrLain y,QL)riet p,fftqo.waq.. 2 The elderly man . 3 The woman with the hat 4 The lady with the sunglasses 5 The man with the tie 6 The girlwith the headphones 7 The man with the moustache 8 The man with the camera 9 The elderly woman 10 The man with the blond hair
113
Reported Speech
Turn the following into reported speech using introductory verbs.
..You can'
}txaa d:as
ffi
'rt:
,f$$ffi
-r*l
,.:'
$fii
oerioualY iniured'
'^ o
?lease, please
The
boy.
3 Thefun
parkemployee,_. ...,.,..,..
. ., r
Sally.
tr]
the studyins. n:'ff:j:Y^:11,:l* asked him toinmeet tibraryher after hisE"",ry ug,""d ilrai ii was a good idea. The student advisor T:i:,,:,: with next exam.
119
Reported Speech
freporffmg peCIpfe's words) The students of Bedford Secondary School recently cleaned up Griffith Park. Look at the interview they gave to a reporter and then, in groups, report what was said,
Reporter: Why did you decide to help clean up Griffith Park? 51: Griffith Park was too dirty to play sports in and we wanted to help
change that. Whose idea was it to organise such an event? Our class came up with the idea after our teacher had asked us to think of a project to help the environment. Reporter: What exactly did the students do? 53: Well, some students helped to pick up leaves and rubbish while others painted the park benches. Reporter: What message would you like to give residents in the
area? S4: Please take part in a neighbourhood clean-up programme
and don't throw your litter on the ground, use bins. Reporter: Are you planning another eveni like this one? 55: Yes, actually we're thinking of having a beach clean-up day next.
The
reporter aeked one of the atudenbe why he had decided to help clean Griffrbh ?ark, etc.
Now pretend you are the reporter. Look at the questions and answers from the Speaking Activity and complete your newspaper article.
ot"ir FE.ii$i
Yesterday, the students of Bedford Secondary School cleaned up Griffith Park. After the event, we got the chance to speak with some of them. The students were very interested in answering our questions. When asked why they had decided to help clean the park, one of the students said
lJ
We would like to congratulate these students for all their efforts. Perhaps they will encourage others to help our community.
120
;:
for only
.
s.,d I an*werad the iron by m.iolake, .,"' Paet eentinusus two or simultaneous
rang.aq4!1'
Fast Fenfeet
emphasis on the duration past action which of an action which started occurred before the Past another Past action and finished in
llffjllffffi: got
time I
there. (or bY 8:15 Pm)
complete past action past action of certain action in progress at action or event which duration which had in the past which had visible happened at a stated Past siated time visible results in the Past past results in the playing tennis theY time was sad because They were wet because
ii *tt
l:SO
pm'yesteiday.
a at
She
in the rain' she had failed the test' had been walking
action which haPPened at a definite Past time' The action was comPleted in the Past.
ShakesPeare wrote a lot of
is past action in Progress the Past Perfect the past equivalent another interruPted bY past action' The longer of the Present Perfect action is in the Past shorter (He can't find his Gontinuous, the watch. He has /ost it) action is in the Past Simple.
While Iwas getting
Her leg
She
has been
aching for
tvvo daYs.)
Nvo daYs.
'
[l]l#!ll;l.31;il';"l,
13
tlrel)
!er.
ics.
The passive is formed by using the appropriate tense of the verb lo be + past participle. Active Voice Present Present
Passive Voice
ss.
qts.
bs.
hr.
Simple They repair cars. Cars are repaired. Continuous They are repairing the car. The car is being repaired. Past Simple They repaired the car. The car was repaired. Past Continuous They were repairing the car. The car was being repaired. Future Simple They will repair the car. The car will be repaired. Present Perfect rhey have repaired the car. The car has been repaired. Past Perfecl They had repaired the car. The car had been repaired. Future Perlect They will have repaired the car. The car will have been repaired. Present nfinitive They witl have to repair the car. The car witt have to be repaired. Perfect nfinitive She ought to have repaired the car. The car ought to have been repaired 'tng form He likes people admiring his new car. He likes his new car being admired. Perfect -rng form Having repaired the car, ... The car, having been repaired, ... Modals You must repair this car. This car must be repaired.
f
USE
when the agent (the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.
My car was stolen yesterday. (unknown agent) The road repairs were completed /asf week (unimportant agent) The kidnappers have been arrested. (by the police - obvious agent)
er?
ng.
r r
rO
lcw
when the action is more important than the agent - as in news reports, formal notices, instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements, etc.
Taking pictures is not allowed. (written notice) The local bank was robbed this morning. (news report) Bread is haked in an oven for about 45 minutes. (process)
b5