Math - AF12 Chapter 2 Solutions

Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills
Polynomial Equations and Inequalities
Question 1 Page 82
124 a) 28 3476
28 67 56 116 112 4
124 R4
161 b) 37 5973
37 227 222 53 37 16
161 R16
147 c) 17 2508
17 80 68 128 119 9 147 R9
147 R9
358 d) 19 6815
57 111 95 165 152 13
358 R13
MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 85
Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills a) P(!1) = (!1)3 ! 5(!1)2 + 7(!1) ! 9 = 1 5 7 9 = 22 b) P(3) = (3)3 ! 5(3)2 + 7(3) ! 9 = 27 45 + 21 9 = 6 c) P(!2) = (!2)3 ! 5(!2)2 + 7(!2) ! 9 = 8 20 14 9 = 51
Question 2 Page 82
" 1% " 1% " 1% " 1% d) P $ ! ' = $ ! ' ! 5 $ ! ' + 7 $ ! ' ! 9 # 2& # 2& # 2& # 2&
1 5 7 = ! ! ! !9 8 4 2 = 13.875
! 2$ ! 2$ ! 2$ ! 2$ e) P # & = # & ' 5 # & + 7 # & ' 9 " 3% " 3% " 3% " 3%
8 20 14 ! + !9 27 9 3 169 = ! 27
=
Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills
Question 3 Page 82
a) (x3 + 3x2 x + 1)(x 2) + 5 = x4 2x3 + 3x3 6x2 x2 + 2x + x 2 + 5 = x4 + x3 7x2 + 3x + 3 b) (2x3 4x2 + x 3)(x + 4) 7 = 2x4 + 8x3 4x3 16x2 + x2 + 4x 3x 12 7 = 2x4 + 4x3 15x2 + x 19 c) (x3 + 4x2 x + 8)(3x 1) + 6 = 3x4 x3 + 12x3 4x2 3x2 + x + 24x 8 + 6 = 3x4 + 11x3 7x2 + 25x 2 d) (x ! 2)(x + 2) = x 2 + 2x ! 2x ! 2 = x2 2 e) (x ! 3 5)(x + 3 5) = x 2 + 3 5x ! 3 5x ! 45 = x2 45 f) (x ! 1+ 3)(x ! 1! 3) = x 2 ! x ! 3x ! x + 1 + = x2 2x 2 Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills a) (x 2)(x + 2) c) (4y 3)(4y + 3) e) 2(x4 16) = 2(x2 4)(x2 + 4) = 2(x 2)(x + 2)(x2 + 4) f) 3(n4 4) = 3(n2 2)(n2 + 2) Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills a) (x + 3)(x + 2) c) (b + 7)(b 2) e) (2x 3)2 g) (3m 4)2 Question 5 Page 82 b) (x 4)(x 5) d) (2x + 3)(x 5) f) (2a 1)(3a 2) h) (m 3)(3m 1)
3+
3x !
3!3
Question 4 Page 82 b) (5m 7)(5m + 7) d) 3(4c2 9) = 3(2c 3)(2c + 3)
Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills a) (x 5)(x + 3) = 0 x = 3 or x = 5 b) (x + 1)(4x 3) = 0 3 x = !1 or x = 4 c) 4(4x2 9) = 0 4(2x + 3)(2x 3) = 0 3 3 x = ! or x = 2 2 d) 9x2 48x + 15 = 0 3(3x2 16x + 5) = 0 3(3x 1)(x 5) = 0 1 x = or x = 5 3 e) 8x2 + 12x 20 = 0 4(2x2 + 3x 5) = 0 4(2x + 5)(x 1) = 0 5 x = ! or x = 1 2 f) 21x2 10x + 1 = 0 (7x 1)(3x 1) = 0 1 1 x = or x = 7 3
Question 6 Page 82
Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills
Question 7 Page 82
a) x = = = =
!6 62 ! 4(5)(!1) 2(5)
!6 36 + 20 10 !6 56 10
!3 14 5 & & x = 1.3 or x = 0.1

b) x = = =
7 (!7)2 ! 4(2)(4) 2(2)
7 49 ! 32 4
7 17 4 & & x = 0.7 or x = 2.8

c) x = = =
!2 22 ! 4(4)(!3) 2(4)
!2 4 + 48 8 !2 52 8
!1 13 4 = 1.2 or x = 0.7 & & x =

d) x = = =
7 (!7)2 ! 4(6)(!20) 2(6)
7 49 + 480 12
7 529 12 7 23 = 12 & x = 1.3 or x = 2.5
Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills a) y = a(x + 4)(x 1) 2 = a[(1) + 4][(1) 1] 2 = 6a 1 a= ! 3
Question 8 Page 82
1 y = ! (x + 4)(x ! 1) 3
b) y = ax(x 3) 6 = a(2)(2 3) 6 = 2a a = 3 y = 3x(x 3) c) y = a(x + 3)(x 4) 24 = a(3 + 3)(3 4) 24 = 6a a = 4 y = 4(x + 3)(x 4) d) y = a(x + 1)(x 5) 10 = a(4 + 1)(4 5) 10 = 5a a=2 y = 2(x + 1)(x 5) e) y = a(2x + 1)(2x 3) 9 = a(2(0) + 1)(2(0) 3) 9 = 3a a = 3 y = 3(2x + 1)(2x 3)
Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills a) i) x-intercepts are 4 and 1 ii) above the x-axis: x < 4 and x > 1 below the x-axis: 4 < x < 1 b) i) x-intercepts are 1, 1 and 2 ii) above the x-axis: 1 < x < 1 and x > 2 below the x-axis: x < 1 and 1 < x < 2 c) i) x-intercepts are 2, 1, 1, and 2
Question 9 Page 83
ii) above the x-axis: 2 < x < 1 and 1 < x < 2 below the x-axis: x < 2 and 1 < x < 1 and x > 2
Chapter 2 Section 1 Chapter 2 Section 1 a)
The Remainder Theorem Question 1 Page 91
x 3 + 3x 2 ! 2x + 5 9 = x 2 + 2x ! 4 + x +1 x +1
b) x + 1 0 x 1 c) x3 + 3x2 2x + 5 = (x + 1)(x2 + 2x 4) + 9 d) (x + 1)(x2 + 2x 4) + 9 = x3 + 2x2 4x + x2 + 2x 4 + 9 = x3 + 3x2 2x + 5 Chapter 2 Section 1 a) Question 2 Page 91
4 3x 4 ! 4x 3 ! 6x 2 + 17x ! 8 = x 3 ! 2x + 3 + 3x ! 4 3x ! 4
b) 3x 4 0 4 x 3 c) 3x4 4x3 6x2 + 17x 8 = (3x 4)(x3 2x + 3) + 4 d) (3x 4)(x3 2x + 3) + 4 = 3x4 6x2 + 9x 4x3 + 8x 12 + 4 = 3x4 4x3 6x2 + 17x 8
Chapter 2 Section 1 a)
Question 3 Page 91
30 x 3 + 7x 2 ! 3x + 4 , x " !2 = x 2 + 5x ! 13 + x+2 x+2

b)
2 2 6x 3 + x 2 ! 14x ! 6 , x"! = 2x 2 ! x ! 4 + 3x + 2 3 3x + 2
c)
7 2 10x 3 ! 9x 2 ! 8x + 11 , x" = 2x 2 ! x ! 2 + 5x ! 2 5 5x ! 2
d)
298 !4x 4 + 11x ! 7 , x"3 = !4x 3 ! 12x 2 ! 36x ! 97 ! x!3 x!3
e)
3 2 6x 3 + x 2 + 7x + 3 , x"! = 2x 2 ! x + 3 ! 3x + 2 3 3x + 2
f)
5 3 8x 3 + 4x 2 ! 31 , x" = 4x 2 + 8x + 12 + 2x ! 3 2 2x ! 3
g)
9 3 3 8x 3 + 6x 2 ! 6 , x" = 2x 2 + 3x + + 4 4(4x ! 3) 4 4x ! 3
2
Question 4 Page 91
(2x 3)(3x + 4) + R = 6x2 x + 15 6x + 8x 9x 12 + R = 6x2 x + 15 R = 6x2 6x2 x 8x + 9x + 15 + 12 R = 27 (x + 2)(x2 3x + 4) + R = x3 x2 2x 1 x 3x + 4x + 2x 2 6x + 8 + R = x3 x2 2x 1 R = x3 x 3 x 2 + 3x 2 2x 2 2x 4x + 6x 1 8 R = 9

3 2
b)
c)
(x 4)(2x2 + 3x 1) + R = 2x3 5x2 13x + 2 2x + 3x2 x 8x2 12x + 4 + R = 2x3 5x2 13x + 2 R = 2x3 2x3 5x2 3x2 + 8x2 13x + x + 12x + 2 4 R = 2
3
Chapter 2 Section 1
Question 5 Page 91
2x3 + 17x2 + 38x + 15 = (x + 5)(x + 3)(2x + 1) The possible dimensions of the box are (x + 5) cm by (x + 3) cm by (2x + 1) cm. Chapter 2 Section 1 Question 6 Page 91
9x3 + 24x2 44x + 16 = (x + 4)(3x 2)2 The possible dimensions of the box are (3x 2) cm by (3x 2) cm by (x + 4) cm.
Chapter 2 Section 1 a) P(!1) = 2(!1)3 + 7(!1)2 ! 8(!1) + 3 = 2 + 7 + 8 + 3 = 16 b) P(2) = 2(2)3 + 7(2)2 ! 8(2) + 3 = 16 + 28 16 + 3 = 31 c) P(!3) = 2(!3)3 + 7(!3)2 ! 8(!3) + 3 = 54 + 63 + 24 + 3 = 36 d) P(4) = 2(4)3 + 7(4)2 ! 8(4) + 3 = 128 + 112 32 + 3 = 211 e) P(1) = 2(1)3 + 7(1)2 ! 8(1) + 3 =2+78+3 =4 Chapter 2 Section 1 a) P(!2) = (!2)3 + 3(!2)2 ! 5(!2) + 2 = 8 + 12 + 10 + 2 = 16 b) P(!2) = 2(!2)3 ! (!2)2 ! 3(!2) + 1 = 16 4 + 6 + 1 = 13 c) P(!2) = (!2)4 + (!2)3 ! 5(!2)2 + 2(!2) ! 7 = 16 8 20 4 7 = 23
Question 7 Page 91
Question 8 Page 91
Chapter 2 Section 1 a) P(!3) = (!3)3 + 2(!3)2 ! 3(!3) + 9 = 27 + 18 + 9 + 9 =9 b) P(!2) = 2(!2)3 + 7(!2)2 ! (!2) + 1 = 16 + 28 + 2 + 1 = 15 c)
Question 9 Page 91
P(3) = (3)3 + 2(3)2 ! 3(3) + 5 = 27 + 18 9 + 5 = 41
d) P(2) = (2)4 ! 3(2)2 ! 5(2) + 2 = 16 12 10 + 2 = 4 Chapter 2 Section 1 a) P(!1) = k(!1)3 + 5(!1)2 ! 2(!1) + 3 7 = k + 5 + 2 + 3 k = 10 7 k=3 b) P(3) = 3(3)3 + 5(3)2 ! 2(3) + 3 = 81 + 45 6 + 3 = 123 Chapter 2 Section 1 a) f (2) = (2)4 ! c(2)3 + 7(2) ! 6 = !8 8 = 16 8c + 14 6 8c = 24 8 c=4 b) f (!2) = (!2)4 ! 4(!2)3 + 7(!2) ! 6 = 16 + 32 14 6 = 28 c) Question 11 Page 92 Question 10 Page 92
Chapter 2 Section 1
Question 12 Page 92
P(2) = !2(2)3 + b(2)2 ! 5(2) + 2 = 16 + 4b 10 + 2 = 4b 24 Since the remainders are equal, 4b 24 = b + 9 3b = 33 b = 11

Chapter 2 Section 1
P(!1) = !2(!1)3 + b(!1)2 ! 5(!1) + 2 =2+b+5+2 =b+9
Question 13 Page 92
f (1) = (1)3 + 6(1)2 + k(1) ! 4 =1+6+k4 =k+3 Since the remainders are equal, k + 3 = 2k + 12 3k = 9 k=3
Chapter 2 Section 1
f (!2) = (!2)3 + 6(!2)2 + k(!2) ! 4 = 8 + 24 2k 4 = 2k + 12
Question 14 Page 92
3 2
" 1% " 1% " 1% " 1% a) P $ ! ' = 2 $ ! ' + 5 $ ! ' ! 6 $ ! ' + 4 # 2& # 2& # 2& # 2&
= ! =8
1 5 + +3+ 4 4 4
x 2 + 2x ! 4 b) 2x + 1 2x 3 + 5x 2 ! 6x + 4
2x 3 + x 2 4x 2 ! 6x 4x 2 + 2x ! 8x + 4 !8x ! 4 8
c)
Chapter 2 Section 1
4 3 2
Question 15 Page 92
! 3$ ! 3$ ! 3$ ! 3$ ! 3$ a) P # & = 10 # & ' 11# & ' 8 # & + 7 # & + 9 " 2% " 2% " 2% " 2% " 2%
405 297 21 ! ! 18 + + 9 8 8 2 = 15
= b)
Chapter 2 Section 1
Question 16 Page 92
2
! 2$ ! 2$ ! 2$ ! 2$ a) P # & = 6 # & + 23 # & ' 6 # & ' 8 " 3% " 3% " 3% " 3%
16 92 + !4!8 9 9 =0
= b) (3x 2) is a factor of 6x3 + 23x2 6x 8 since there is no remainder. c)
(3x 2)(x + 4)(2x + 1)
Question 17 Page 92
(9x2 + 14x + 16); this result represents the area of the base of the cylindrical container, i.e., the area of a circle. b)
(3x + 4)2(x + 3) c) Volumes are given to the nearest cubic centimetre. Value of x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Radius (cm) 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 Height (cm) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Volume (cm3) 1 571 3 186 5 630 9 073 13 685 19 635 27 093
Chapter 2 Section 1
Question 18 Page 92
a) 5t2 + 15t + 1 = (t b)(5t 5b + 15) 5b2 + 15b + 1 b) Q(t) =
h(t) ! h(b) t!b
t!b !5t + 15t + 1+ 5b2 ! 15b ! 1 = t!b 2 2 !5(t ! b ) + 15(t ! b) = t!b !5(t ! b)(t + b) + 15(t ! b) = t!b (t ! b) " !5(t + b) + 15$ # % = t!b = 5t 5b + 15 Rearrange the division statement from part a). !5t 2 + 15t + 1! " !5b2 + 15b + 1$ # % = 5t 5b + 15 t!b
2
!5t 2 + 15t + 1! " !5b2 + 15b + 1$ # %
c) The instantaneous rate of change at t for the function h(t). Diagrams may vary depending on choice of b. All should be linear graphs with a slope of 5 and a y-intercept of 15 5b. d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. At t = b there is a hole in the graph; the graph is discontinuous at t = b. e) h(3) = 5(3)2 + 15(3) + 1 = 45 + 45 + 1 =1 At 3 s, the height of the javelin is 1 m.
Chapter 2 Section 1 a) h(1.5) = !5(1.5)2 + 8.3(1.5) + 1.2 = 11.25 + 12.45 + 1.2 = 2.4
Question 19 Page 93
b) At 1.5 s the shot put is 2.4 m above the ground. Chapter 2 Section 1 Question 20 Page 93
m(!3)3 ! 3(!3)2 + n(!3) + 2 = !1 m(2)3 ! 3(2)2 + n(2) + 2 = !4 27m 27 3n + 2 = 1 8m 12 + 2n + 2 = 4 27m 3n = 24 8m + 2n = 6 9m + n = 8 4m + n = 3 Subtract the two equations to solve for m. 9m + n = 8 4m + n = 3 5m = 11 11 m= ! 5 Substitute m into 4m + n = 3 to solve for n. " 11% 4$! ' + n = 3 # 5&
n=3 + n=
44 5
59 5
Chapter 2 Section 1
Question 21 Page 93
3(2)3 + a(2)2 + b(2) ! 9 = !5 3(!1)3 + a(!1)2 + b(!1) ! 9 = !16 24 + 4a + 2b 9 = 5 3 + a b 9 = 16 4a + 2b = 20 a b = 4 2a + b = 10 Add the two equations to solve for a. 2a + b = 10 a b = 4 3a = 14 14 a= ! 3 Substitute a into a b = 4 to solve for b. 14 ! ! b = !4 3 14 b=! +4 3 2 b=! 3
Chapter 2 Section 1 3(k)2 + 10(k) 3 = 5 3k2 10k 8 = 0 (3k + 2)(k 4) = 0 2 k = ! or k = 4 3 Chapter 2 Section 1 Question 23 Page 93 Question 22 Page 93
? 4 x x!3 3 x3=4 x=7

Substitute x = 7 into
1 x!3 x x!3 3
5x . 4
35 = 8 R3 4 The remainder is 3.
Chapter 2 Section 1
Question 24 Page 93
a = BC = (3 ! 4)2 + (2 ! 8)2 = 1+ 36 = 37 b = AC = (6 ! 4)2 + (4 ! 8)2 = 4 + 16 = 20 c = AB = (6 ! 3)2 + (4 ! 2)2 = 9+4 = 13 1 s= 37 + 20 + 13 2 = 7.08 &
) )( )
Question 25 Page 93
A = 7.08 7.08 ! 37 7.08 ! 20 7.08 ! 13 & A=8 &

Chapter 2 Section 1
)(
If a right triangle is inscribed in a circle, then its hypoteneuse is a diameter of the circle. The median, MK, is the radius of the circle. HM is half the diameter which is the radius, therefore HM = MK.
Chapter 2 Section 2 Chapter 2 Section 2 a) x 4 b) x + 3 c) 3x 2 d) 4x + 1 Chapter 2 Section 2 a) P(!3) = (!3)3 + (!3)2 ! (!3) + 6 = 27 + 9 + 3 + 6 = 9 No. b) P(!3) = 2(!3)3 + 9(!3)2 + 10(!3) + 3 = 54 + 81 30 + 3 =0 Yes. c) P(!3) = (!3)3 + 27 = 27 + 27 =0 Yes. Chapter 2 Section 2
The Factor Theorem Question 1 Page 102
Question 2 Page 102
Question 3 Page 102
a) P(!4) = (!4)3 + 3(!4)2 ! 6(!4) ! 8 = 64 + 48 + 24 8 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x + 4) and (x + 4) is a factor of P(x). P(!1) = (!1)3 + 3(!1)2 ! 6(!1) ! 8
= !1+ 3 + 6 ! 8 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x + 1) and (x + 1) is a factor of P(x). P(2) = (2)3 + 3(2)2 ! 6(2) ! 8 = 8 + 12 ! 12 ! 8 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x 2) and (x 2) is a factor of P(x).
P(x) = (x 2)(x + 1)(x + 4)
b) P(!6) = (!6)3 + 4(!6)2 ! 15(!6) ! 18 = !216 + 144 + 90 ! 18
=0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x + 6) and (x + 6) is a factor of P(x). P(!1) = (!1)3 + 4(!1)2 ! 15(!1) ! 18
= !1+ 4 + 15 ! 18 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x + 1) and (x + 1) is a factor of P(x). P(3) = (3)3 + 4(3)2 ! 15(3) ! 18 = 27 + 36 ! 45 ! 18 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x 3) and (x 3) is a factor of P(x).
P(x) = (x 3)(x + 1)(x + 6) c) P(!3) = (!3)3 ! 3(!3)2 ! 10(!3) + 24 = 27 27 + 30 + 24 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x + 3) and (x + 3) is a factor of P(x). P(2) = (2)3 ! 3(2)2 ! 10(2) + 24
= 8 ! 12 ! 20 + 24 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x 2) and (x 2) is a factor of P(x). P(4) = (4)3 ! 3(4)2 ! 10(4) + 24 = 64 ! 48 ! 40 + 24 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x 4) and (x 4) is a factor of P(x).
P(x) = (x 4)(x 2)(x + 3)
Chapter 2 Section 2
Question 4 Page 102
a P(x) = x3 + x2 9x 9 Group the first two terms and factor out x2. Then, group the second two terms and factor out 9. P(x) = x2(x + 1) 9(x + 1) Factor out x + 1 and then factor the difference of squares P(x) = (x + 1)(x2 9) = (x + 1)(x 3)(x + 3) P(x) = (x + 1)(x 3)(x + 3) b) P(x) = x3 x2 16x + 16 Group the first two terms and factor out x2. Then, group the second two terms and factor out 16. P(x) = x2(x 1) 16(x 1) Factor out x 1 and then factor the difference of squares. P(x) = (x 1)(x2 16) = (x 1)(x 4)(x + 4) P(x) = (x 1)(x 4)(x + 4) c) P(x) = 2x3 x2 72x + 36 Group the first two terms and factor out x2. Then, group the second two terms and factor out 36. P(x) = x2(2x 1) 36(2x 1) Factor out 2x 1 and then factor the difference of squares. P(x) = (2x 1)(x2 36) = (2x 1)(x 6)(x + 6) P(x) = (2x 1)(x 6)(x + 6) d) P(x) = x3 7x2 4x + 28 Group the first two terms and factor out x2. Then, group the second two terms and factor out 4. P(x) = x2(x 7) 4(x 7) Factor out x 7 and then factor the difference of squares. P(x) = (x 7)(x2 4) = (x 7)(x 2)(x + 2) P(x) = (x 7)(x 2)(x + 2)
e) P(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 75x 50 Group the first two terms and factor out x2. Then, group the second two terms and factor out 25. P(x) = x2(3x + 2) 25(3x + 2) Factor out 3x + 2 and then factor the difference of squares. P(x) = (3x + 2)(x2 25) = (3x + 2)(x 5)(x + 5) P(x) = (3x + 2)(x 5)(x + 5) f) P(x) = 2x4 + 3x3 32x2 48x Group the first two terms and factor out x3. Then, group the second two terms and factor out 16x. P(x) = x3(2x + 3) 16x(2x + 3) Factor out (2x + 3) and then factor x3 16x. P(x) = (2x + 3)(x3 16x) = x(2x + 3)(x 4)(x + 4) P(x) = x(2x + 3)(x 4)(x + 4) Chapter 2 Section 2 Question 5 Page 102
a) P(x) = 3x3 + x2 22x 24 Let b represent the factors of the constant term 24, which are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24. Let a represent the factors of the constant term 3, which are 1 and 3. b The possible values of are a 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 6 8 8 12 12 24 24 . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 b Test the values of for x to find the zeros using a graphing calculator. a
4 . 3 The corresponding factors are (x 3), (x + 2), and (3x + 4).

The zeros are 3, 2, and ! 3x3 + x2 22x 24 = (x 3)(x + 2)(3x + 4)
b) P(x) = 2x3 9x2 + 10x 3 Let b represent the factors of the constant term 3, which are 1 and 3. Let a represent the factors of the constant term 2, which are 1 and 2. b 1 1 3 3 The possible values of are , , , . a 1 2 1 2 b Test the values of for x to find the zeros using a graphing calculator. a
1 . 2 The corresponding factors are (x 3), (x 1), and (2x 1).

The zeros are 3, 1, and 2x3 9x2 + 10x 3 = (x 3)(x 1)(2x 1) c) P(x) = 6x3 11x2 26x + 15 Let b represent the factors of the constant term 15, which are 1, 3, 5, and 15. Let a represent the factors of the constant term 6, which are 1, 2, 3, and 6. b The possible values of are a 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 15 15 15 15 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . 1 2 3 6 1 2 3 6 1 2 3 6 1 2 3 6 b Test the values of for x to find the zeros using a graphing calculator. a
1 5 , and ! . 2 3 The corresponding factors are (x 3), (2x 1), and (3x + 5).
The zeros are 3, 6x3 11x2 26x + 15 = (x 3)(2x 1)(3x + 5)
d) P(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 4x 3 Let b represent the factors of the constant term 3, 1, and 3. Let a represent the factors of the constant term 4, 1, 2, and 4. b 1 1 1 3 3 3 The possible values of are , , , , , . a 1 2 4 1 2 4 b Test the values of for x to find the zeros using a graphing calculator. a
3 . 4 The corresponding factors are (x 1), (x + 1), and (4x + 3).

The zeros are 1, 1, and ! 4x3+ 3x2 4x 3 = (x 1)(x + 1)(4x + 3) Chapter 2 Section 2 a) Question 6 Page 102
The zeros are 1, 1, and 2. The corresponding factors are (x 1), (x + 1), and (x + 2). x3 + 2x2 x 2 = (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 2) b)
The zeros are 5, 1, and 2. The corresponding factors are (x 2), (x + 1), and (x + 5). x3 + 4x2 7x 10 = (x 2)(x + 1)(x + 5)
c)
The zeros are 2, 2, and 5. The corresponding factors are (x 5), (x 2), and (x + 2). x3 5x2 4x + 20 = (x 5)(x 2)(x + 2) d)
The zero is 4. The corresponding factors are (x + 4) and (x2 + x 1). x3 + 5x2 + 3x 4 = (x + 4)(x2 + x 1) e)
The zeros are 3, 2, and 5. The corresponding factors are (x 5), (x 2), and (x + 3). x3 4x2 11x + 30 = (x 5)(x 2)(x + 3). f)
The zeros are 2, 1, 2, and 3. The corresponding factors are (x 3), (x + 2), (x 1), and (x 2). x4 4x3 x2 + 16x 12 = (x 3)(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)
g)
The zeros are 3, 1, 2, and 4. The corresponding factors are (x 4), (x 2), (x + 1), and (x + 3). x4 2x3 13x2 + 14x + 24 = (x 4)(x 2)(x + 1)(x + 3) Chapter 2 Section 2 a) Question 7 Page 102
1 1 and (order 2). The corresponding factors are (2x 1) and (2x + 1)2. 2 2 8x3 + 4x2 2x 1 = (2x 1)(2x + 1)2
The zeros are b)
3 , and 1. The corresponding factors are (x 1), (x + 2), and (2x + 3). 2 2x3 + 5x2 x 6 = (x 1)(x + 2)(2x + 3)
The zeros are 2, ! c)
2 , and 1. The corresponding factors are (x 1), (x + 2), and (5x 2). 5 5x3 + 3x2 12x + 4 = (x 1)(x + 2)(5x 2)
The zeros are 2,
d)
2 1 , , and 1. 3 2 The corresponding factors are (x 1), (x + 1), (2x 1), and (3x + 2). 6x4 + x3 8x2 x + 2 = (x 1)(x + 1)(2x 1)(3x + 2)
The zeros are 1, ! e)
The zeros are 2 and 2. The corresponding factors are (x 2), (x + 2), and (5x2 + x 2). 5x4 + x3 22x2 4x + 8 = (x 2)(x + 2)(5x2 + x 2) f)
1 The zeros are 4, ! , and 3. The corresponding factors are (x 3), (x + 4), and (3x + 1). 3 3 2 3x + 4x 35x 12 = (x 3)(x + 4)(3x + 1)
g)
1 1 , , and 2. The corresponding factors are (x 2), (2x 1), and (3x 1). 3 2 6x3 17x2 + 11x 2 = (x 2)(2x 1)(3x 1)
The zeros are
Chapter 2 Section 2
Question 8 Page 102
2 1 The zeros are !4, ! , and . 3 2 The corresponding factors are (x + 4), (2x 1), and (3x + 2). 6x3 + 25x2 + 2x 8 = (x + 4)(2x 1)(3x + 2)
Possible dimensions of the rectangular block of soapstone in cubic metres are (x + 4) by (2x 1) by (3x + 2). Chapter 2 Section 2 Question 9 Page 102
P(!2) = (!2)3 ! 2k(!2)2 + 6(!2) ! 4 0 = !8 ! 8k ! 12 ! 4 8k = !24 k = !3

Chapter 2 Section 2 Question 10 Page 102
3 2
! 2$ ! 2$ ! 2$ ! 2$ P # & = 3# & ' 5 # & + k # & + 2 " 3% " 3% " 3% " 3% 8 20 2 ' + k+2 9 9 3 8 20 18 2 ' + ' = k 9 9 9 3 2 2 ' = k 3 3 k = '1 0=
Chapter 2 Section 2 a) P(1) = 2(1)3 + 5(1)2 ! 1(1) ! 6 = 2 + 5 ! 1! 6
Question 11 Page 102
=0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x 1) and (x 1) is a factor of P(x).

Use division to find the other factors. 2x 2 + 7x + 6 x ! 1 2x 3 + 5x 2 ! x ! 6
2x 3 ! 2x 2 7x 2 ! x 7x 2 ! 7x 6x ! 6 6x ! 6 0
2x3 + 5x2 x 6 = (x 1)(2x2 + 7x + 6) = (x 1)(x + 2)(2x + 3) b) P(!1) = 4(!1)3 ! 7(!1) ! 3 = 4 + 7 3 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x + 1) and (x + 1) is a factor of P(x). Use division to find the other factors.
4x 2 ! 4x ! 3 x + 1 4x 3 + 0x 2 ! 7x ! 3 4x 3 + 4x 2 ! 4x 2 ! 7x ! 4x 2 ! 4x ! 3x ! 3 !3x ! 3 0
4x3 7x 3 = (x + 1)(4x2 4x 3) = (x + 1)(2x 3)(2x + 1)
c) P(1) = 6(1)3 + 5(1)2 ! 21(1) + 10 = 6 + 5 ! 21+ 10
=0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x 1) and (x 1) is a factor of P(x).

Use division to find the other factors.
6x 2 + 11x ! 10 x ! 1 6x 3 + 5x 2 ! 21x + 10 6x 3 ! 6x 2 11x 2 ! 21x 11x 2 ! 11x ! 10x + 10 !10x + 10 0

6x3 + 5x2 21x + 10 = (x 1)(6x2 + 11x 10) = (x 1)(2x + 5)(3x 2) d) P(2) = 4(2)3 ! 8(2)2 + 3(2) ! 6 = 32 32 + 6 6 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x 2) and (x 2) is a factor of P(x). Use division to find the other factors. 4x 2 + 3 x ! 2 4x 3 ! 8x 2 + 3x ! 6
4x 3 ! 8x 2 0x 2 + 3x ! 6 3x ! 6 0
4x3 8x2 + 3x 6 = (x 2)(4x2 + 3)
! 1$ ! 1$ ! 1$ ! 1$ e) P # & = 2 # & + # & + # & ' 1 " 2% " 2% " 2% " 2%

1 1 1 + + !1 4 4 2 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (2x 1) and (2x 1) is a factor of P(x). =
Use division to find the other factors.
x2 + x + 1 2x ! 1 2x 3 + x 2 + x ! 1 2x 3 ! x 2 2x 2 + x 2x 2 ! x 2x ! 1 2x ! 1 0
2x3 + x2 + x 1 = (2x 1)(x2 + x +1)
f) P(1) = (1)4 ! 15(1)2 ! 10(1) + 24 = 1 15 10 + 24 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x 1) and (x 1) is a factor of P(x). Use division to find the other factors.
x 3 + x 2 ! 14x ! 24 x ! 1 x 4 + 0x 3 ! 15x 2 ! 10x + 24 x4 ! x3 x 3 ! 15x 2 x3 ! x2 ! 14x 2 ! 10x !14x 2 + 14x ! 24x + 24 !24x + 24 0
x4 15x3 10x + 24 = (x 1)(x3 + x2 14x 24) Factor x3 + x2 14x 24: P(!2) = (!2)3 + (!2)2 ! 14(!2) ! 24
= !8 + 4 + 28 ! 24 =0
Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x + 2) and (x + 2) is a factor of P(x). Use division to find the other factors.
x 2 ! x ! 12 x + 2 x 3 + x 2 ! 14x ! 24 x 3 + 2x 2 ! x 2 ! 14x !x 2 ! 2x ! 12x ! 24 !12x ! 24 0

x4 15x3 10x + 24 = (x 1)(x + 2)(x2 x 12) = (x 4)(x 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
Chapter 2 Section 2 a) i) P(1) = (1)3 ! 1 =11 =0
x3 1 = (x 1)(x2 + x + 1) ii)
x3 8 = (x 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) iii) P(3) = (3)3 27 = 27 27 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x 3) and (x 3) is a factor of P(x). Use division to find the other factor. 3 1 0 0 27 3 9 27 1 3 9 0
x3 27 = (x 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)
iv) P(4) = (4)3 ! 64 = 64 64 =0 Since the remainder is zero, P(x) is divisible by (x 4) and (x 4) is a factor of P(x). Use division to find the other factor. 4 1 0 0 64 4 16 64 1 4 16 0 x3 64 = (x 4)(x2 + 4x + 16) b) x3 a3 = (x a)(x2 + ax + a2) c) (x 5)(x2 + 5x + 25) d) i) (2x 1)(4x2 + 2x + 1) ii) (5x2 2)(25x4 + 10x2 + 4) iii) (4x4 3)(16x8 + 12x4 + 9)
"2 %" 4 % 8 iv) $ x ! 4 y 2 ' $ x 2 + xy 2 + 16 y 4 ' 5 #5 & # 25 &

Chapter 2 Section 2 a) i) Question 13 Page 103
x3 + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 x + 1) ii)
x3 + 8 = (x + 2)(x2 2x + 4)
iii)
x3 + 27 = (x + 3)(x2 3x + 9) iv)
x3 + 64 = (x + 4)(x2 4x + 16) b) x3 + a3 = (x + a)(x2 ax + a2) c) (x + 5)(x2 5x + 25) d) i) (2x + 1)(4x2 2x + 1) ii) (5x2 + 2)(25x4 10x2 + 4) iii) (4x4 + 3)(16x8 12x4 + 9)
!2 $! 4 $ 8 iv) # x + 4 y 2 & # x 2 ' xy 2 + 16 y 4 & 5 "5 % " 25 %
Chapter 2 Section 2
x4 + x2 + 1 = (x2 + x + 1)(x2 x + 1) Neither factor has integer zeros so x4 + x2 + 1 is non-factorable over the integers. From the graph, you can see there are no zeros.
Chapter 2 Section 2 a) let m = x2 4x 4 ! 37x 2 + 9 = 4m2 ! 37m + 9
= (m ! 9)(4m ! 1) 1 4 1 x 2 = 9 or x 2 = 4 1 x = 3 or x = 2 4x4 37x2 + 9 = (x 3)(x + 3)(2x 1)(2x + 1) m = 9 or m =

b) let m = x2 9x 4 ! 148x 2 + 64 = 9m2 ! 148m + 64
= (m ! 16)(9m ! 4) m = 16 or m = 4 9 4 x 2 = 16 or x 2 = 9 2 x = 4 or x = 3
9x3 148x2 + 64 = (x 4)(x + 4)(3x 2)(3x + 2)
Chapter 2 Section 2
Solutions to Achievement Check questions are provided in the Teachers Resource. Chapter 2 Section 2 a) The possible values of Test the values of Question 17 Page 103
b 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 6 12 12 are , , , , , , , , , , , . a 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
b for x to find the zeros. a P(2) = 2(2)5 + 3(2)4 ! 10(2)3 ! 15(2)2 + 8(2) + 12
= 64 + 48 ! 80 ! 60 + 16 + 12 =0 P(1) = 2(1)5 + 3(1)4 ! 10(1)3 ! 15(1)2 + 8(1) + 12 = 2 + 3 ! 10 ! 15 + 8 + 12 =0 P(!1) = 2(!1)5 + 3(!1)4 ! 10(!1)3 ! 15(!1)2 + 8(!1) + 12 = !2 + 3 + 10 ! 15 ! 8 + 12 =0 P(!2) = 2(!2)5 + 3(!2)4 ! 10(!2)3 ! 15(!2)2 + 8(!2) + 12 = !64 + 48 + 80 ! 60 ! 16 + 12 =0
" 3% " 3% " 3% " 3% " 3% " 3% P $ ! ' = 2 $ ! ' + 3 $ ! ' ! 10 $ ! ' ! 15 $ ! ' + 8 $ ! ' + 12 # 2& # 2& # 2& # 2& # 2& # 2& =!
5 4
243 243 135 135 + + ! ! 12 + 12 16 16 4 4
=0 2x + 3x ! 10x 3 ! 15x 2 + 8x + 12 = (x 2)(x 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)(2x + 3)
b) The possible values of Test the values of
b 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 8 8 8 are , , , , , , , , , , , . a 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4
b for x to find the zeros. a P(!2) = 4(!2)6 + 12(!2)5 ! 9(!2)4 ! 51(!2)3 ! 30(!2)2 + 12(!2) + 8
= 256 ! 384 ! 144 + 408 ! 120 ! 24 + 8 =0 P(!1) = 4(!1)6 + 12(!1)5 ! 9(!1)4 ! 51(!1)3 ! 30(!1)2 + 12(!1) + 8 = 4 ! 12 ! 9 + 51! 30 ! 12 + 8 =0
" 1% " 1% " 1% " 1% " 1% " 1% " 1% P $ ! ' = 4 $ ! ' + 12 $ ! ' ! 9 $ ! ' ! 51$ ! ' ! 30 $ ! ' + 12 $ ! ' + 8 # 2& # 2& # 2& # 2& # 2& # 2& # 2& 1 3 9 51 15 ! ! + ! !6+8 16 8 16 8 2 =0 = ! 1$ ! 1$ ! 1$ ! 1$ ! 1$ ! 1$ ! 1$ P # & = 4 # & + 12 # & ' 9 # & ' 51# & ' 30 # & + 12 # & + 8 " 2% " 2% " 2% " 2% " 2% " 2% " 2% 1 3 9 51 15 + ' ' ' +6+8 16 8 16 8 2 =0 P(2) = 4(2)6 + 12(2)5 ! 9(2)4 ! 51(2)3 ! 30(2)2 + 12(2) + 8 =
= 256 + 384 ! 144 ! 408 ! 120 + 24 + 8 =0 Only found 5 factors and the degree is 6, so one must have order 2. Divide to determine the last factor.
6 5 4 3 2
4x6 + 12x5 9x4 51x3 30x2 + 12x + 8 = (x 2)(x + 1)(x + 2)2(2x 1)(2x + 1)
Chapter 2 Section 2
P(2) = 2(2)3 + m(2)2 + n(2) ! 3 0 = 16 + 4m + 2n ! 3 4m + 2n = !13

Solve for n by adding Q and P. 10m = !7
Q(2) = (2)3 ! 3m(2)2 + 2n(2) + 4 0 = 8 ! 12m + 4n + 4 12m ! 4n = 12 6m ! 2n = 6
7 10 Substitute m into Q. " 7% 6 $ ! ' ! 2n = 6 # 10 & m=!
!2n = 6 + !2n =
21 5
51 5 51 n=! 10
P(x) = a(x + 4)(4x + 3)(2x ! 1) P(!2) = a(2)(!5)(!5)

50 = 50a a =1 Therefore P(x) = (x + 4)(4x + 3)(2x 1).
b) P(x) = a(x ! 3)(x + 1)(3x ! 2)(2x + 3) P(1) = a(!2)(2)(1)(5)
!18 = !20a 9 a= 10
Therefore P(x) =
9 x ! 3 x + 1 3x ! 2 2x + 3 . 10
)(
)(
)(
Chapter 2 Section 2
a) i) (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 1) To help predict a pattern for b); x4 1 partially factored is (x 1)(x3 + x2 + x + 1). ii) (x 2)(x + 2)(x2 + 4) To help predict a pattern for b); x4 - 16 partially factored is (x 2)(x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 8). iii)
(x 1)(x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) iv)
(x 2)(x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 8x + 16) b) xn an = (x a)(xn1 + axn2 + a2xn3 + + an3x2 + an2x + an1) where n is a positive integer. c) (x 1)(x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) d) i) (x 5)(x2 + 25) ii) (x 3)(x4 + 3x3 + 9x2 + 27x + 81)
Chapter 2 Section 2 Yes, but only if n is odd.
There is no pattern for xn + an when n is even.
Yes, but only if n is odd. Let n = 2k + 1. Then, x2k + 1 + a2k + 1 = (x + a)(x2k x2k 1a + x2k 2 a2 x2k 3a3 + ... xa2k 1 + a2k). Chapter 2 Section 2 7x 5 Question 22 Page 103
Chapter 2 Section 3 Chapter 2 Section 3 a) x = 0 or x = 2 or x = 5 b) x = 1 or x = 4 or x = 3 c) x = !
Polynomial Equations Question 1 Page 110
2 or x = 9 or x = 2 3 2 or x = 1 3
d) x = 7 or x = !
e) x =
1 3 or x = or x = 8 4 2 5 5 or x = or x = 7 2 2 8 1 or x = 3 or x = 5 2
Question 2 Page 110
f) x =
g) x =
Chapter 2 Section 3 a) x = 3 or x = 1 or x = 1 b) x = 1 or x = 3 or x = 4 c) x = 2 or x = 1 or x = 2 or x = 3 d) x = 5 or x = 2 or x = 1 e) x = 3 or x = 1 or x = 0 or x = 2
Chapter 2 Section 3 a) x = 4 b) (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 4) = 0 x = 1 or x = 1 c) (3x2 + 27)(x 4)(x + 4) = 0 x = 4 or x = 4 d) (x2 1)(x2 + 1)(x 5)(x + 5) = 0 (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 1)(x 5)(x + 5) = 0 x = 1 or x = 1 or x = 5 or x = 5 e) (2x 3)(2x + 3)(x2 + 16) = 0 3 3 x= or x = 2 2 f) (x + 4)(x + 3)(x 7)(x + 7) = 0 x = 7 or x = 7 or x = 3 or x = 4 g) 4(2x 1)(x + 3)(x2 25) = 0 4(2x 1)(x + 3)(x 5)(x + 5) = 0 1 x = 3 or x = or x = 5 or x = 5 2 Chapter 2 Section 3 a) y = x 3 ! 4x 2 ! 45x
Question 3 Page 110
Question 4 Page 110
0 = x(x 2 ! 4x ! 45) 0 = x(x ! 9)(x + 5) x = 0 or x = 9 or x = !5

The x-intercepts are 5, 0, 9. b) f (x) = x 2 (x 2 ! 81)
0 = x 2 (x ! 9)(x + 9) x = 0 or x = 9 or x = !9
The x-intercepts are 9, 0, 9.
c) P(x) = x(6x 2 ! 5x ! 4) 0 = x(3x ! 4)(2x + 1)
x = 0 or x =
4 1 or x = ! 3 2
1 4 , 0, . 2 3
The x-intercepts are !
d) h(x) = x 2 (x + 1) ! 4(x + 1)
0 = (x 2 ! 4)(x + 1) 0 = (x ! 2)(x + 2)(x + 1) x = 2 or x = !2 or x = !1

The x-intercepts are 2, 1, 2. e) g(x) = (x 2 ! 4)(x 2 + 4)
0 = (x ! 2)(x + 2)(x 2 + 4) x = 2 or x = !2
The x-intercepts are 2, 2. f) k(x) = x 3 (x ! 2) ! x(x ! 2)
0 = (x 3 ! x)(x ! 2) 0 = x(x 2 ! 1)(x ! 2) 0 = x(x ! 1)(x + 1)(x ! 2) x = 0 or x = 1 or x = !1 or x = 2

The x-intercepts are 1, 0, 1, 2. g) let m = x2
t(m) = m2 ! 29m + 100 0 = (m ! 25)(m ! 4) substitute x back in for m t(x) = (x 2 ! 25)(x 2 ! 4) 0 = (x ! 5)(x + 5)(x ! 2)(x + 2) x = 5 or x = !5 or x = 2 or x = !2
The x-intercepts are 5, 2, 2, 5.
Chapter 2 Section 3
Question 5 Page 111
Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. a) False. If the graph of a quartic function has four x-intercepts, then the corresponding quartic equation has four real roots. b) True. c) False. A polynomial equation of degree 3 has three or fewer real roots. d) False. If a polynomial equation is not factorable, the roots can be determined by graphing. e) True. Chapter 2 Section 3 Question 6 Page 111
a) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 18, that is, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18.
Since x = 2 is a zero of P(x), (x + 2) is a factor. Use division to determine the other factor. 2 1 4 3 18 2 12 18 1 6 9 0
P(x) = x 3 ! 4x 2 ! 3x + 18 0 = (x + 2)(x 2 ! 6x + 9) 0 = (x + 2)(x ! 3)2 x = !2 or x = 3
b) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 10, that is, 1, 2, 5, 10.
Since x = 1 is a zero of P(x), (x 1) is a factor. Use division to determine the other factor. 1 1 4 7 10 1 3 10 1 3 10 0
P(x) = x 3 ! 4x 2 ! 7x + 10 0 = (x ! 1)(x 2 ! 3x ! 10) 0 = (x ! 1)(x ! 5)(x + 2) x = 5 or x = !2 or x = 1

c) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 3, that is, 1, 3.
P(x) = x 3 ! 5x 2 + 7x ! 3 0 = (x ! 1)(x 2 ! 4x + 3) 0 = (x ! 1)(x ! 3)(x ! 1) 0 = (x ! 1)2 (x ! 3) x = 1 or x = 3
d) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 12, that is, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
P(x) = x 3 + x 2 ! 8x ! 12 0 = (x + 2)(x 2 ! x ! 6) 0 = (x + 2)(x ! 3)(x + 2) 0 = (x + 2)2 (x ! 3) x = !2 or x = 3

e) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 12, that is, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
P(x) = x 3 ! 3x 2 ! 4x + 12 0 = (x + 2)(x 2 ! 5x + 6) 0 = (x + 2)(x ! 2)(x ! 3) x = !2 or x = 2 or x = 3
f) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 4, that is, 1, 2, 4.
P(x) = x 3 + 2x 2 ! 7x + 4 0 = (x ! 1)(x 2 + 3x ! 4) 0 = (x ! 1)(x + 4)(x ! 1) 0 = (x ! 1)2 (x + 4) x = 4 or x = 1

g) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 5, that is, 1, 5.
P(x) = x 3 ! 3x 2 + x + 5 0 = (x + 1)(x 2 ! 4x + 5) x = !1
Chapter 2 Section 3
Question 7 Page 111
a) Use the rational zero theorem to determine the values that should be tested. Let b represent the factors of the constant term 6, which are 1, 2, 3, 6. Let a represent the factors of the leading coefficient 2, which are 1, 2. b 1 1 2 2 3 3 6 6 The possible values of are , , , , , , , . a 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 b Test the values of for x to find the zeros. a
P(x) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 ! 5x ! 6 0 = (x + 1)(2x 2 + x ! 6) 0 = (x + 1)(2x ! 3)(x + 2) x = !2 or x = !1 or x = 3 2
b) Use the rational zero theorem to determine the values that should be tested. Let b represent the factors of the constant term 9, which are 1, 3, 9. Let a represent the factors of the leading coefficient 2, which are 1, 2. b 1 1 3 3 9 9 The possible values of are , , , , , . a 1 2 1 2 1 2
Since x = 3 is a zero of P(x), (x 3) is a factor. 1 Since x = is a zero of P(x), (2x + 1) is a factor. 2 Using division we discover that the factor (x 3) is of order 2.
P(x) = 2x 3 ! 11x 2 + 12x + 9 0 = (x ! 3)(2x + 1)(x ! 3) 0 = (2x + 1)(x ! 3)2 x=! 1 or x = 3 2
c) Use the rational zero theorem to determine the values that should be tested. Let b represent the factors of the constant term 8, which are 1, 2, 4, 8. Let a represent the factors of the leading coefficient 9, which are 1, 3, 9. b 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 8 8 8 The possible values of are , , , , , , , , , , , . a 1 3 9 1 3 9 1 3 9 1 3 9
Since x = 2 is a zero of P(x), (x + 2) is a factor. 2 Since x = is a zero of P(x), (3x + 2) is a factor. 3 2 Since x = is a zero of P(x), (3x 2) is a factor. 3
0 = 9x 3 + 18x 2 ! 4x ! 8 0 = (x + 2)(3x + 2)(3x ! 2) 0 = (x + 2)(3x + 2)(3x ! 2) x = !2 or x = ! 2 2 or x = 3 3
d) Use the rational zero theorem to determine the values that should be tested. Let b represent the factors of the constant term 18, which are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18. Let a represent the factors of the leading coefficient 5, which are 1, 5. b 1 1 2 2 3 3 6 6 9 9 18 18 The possible values of are , , , , , , , , , , , . a 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
Since x = 2 is a zero of P(x), (x + 2) is a factor. 3 Since x = is a zero of P(x), (5x 3) is a factor. 5 Since x = 3 is a zero of P(x), (x 3) is a factor.
5x 3 ! 8x 2 ! 27x + 18 = (x + 2)(5x ! 3)(x ! 3) (x + 2)(5x ! 3)(x ! 3) = 0

x = 2 or x =
3 or x = 3 5
e) 8x 4 ! 64x = 8x(x 3 ! 8) 0 = 8x(x 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) x = 0 or x = 2
f) 4x4 2x3 16x2 + 8x = 2x(2x3 x2 8x + 4) Use the rational zero theorem to determine the values that should be tested. Let b represent the factors of the constant term 4, which are 1, 2, 4. Let a represent the factors of the leading coefficient 2, which are 1, 2. b 1 1 2 2 4 4 The possible values of are , , , , , . a 1 2 1 2 1 2
Since x = 2 is a zero of P(x), (x + 2) is a factor. 1 Since x = is a zero of P(x), (2x 1) is a factor. 2 Since x = 2 is a zero of P(x), (x 2) is a factor.
4x 4 ! 2x 3 ! 16x 2 + 8x = 2x(x + 2)(2x ! 1)(x ! 2) 2x(x + 2)(2x ! 1)(x ! 2) = 0

x = 2 or x = 0 or x =
1 or x = 2 2
g) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 18, that is, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18.
Since x = 3 is a zero of P(x), (x + 3) is a factor. Since x = 1 is a zero of P(x), (x + 1) is a factor. Since x = 2 is a zero of P(x), (x 2) is a factor. Since x = 3 is a zero of P(x), (x 3) is a factor.
x 4 ! x 3 ! 11x 2 + 9x + 18 = (x + 3)(x + 1)(x ! 2)(x ! 3) (x + 3)(x + 1)(x ! 2)(x ! 3) = 0 x = 3 or x = 1 or x = 2 or x = 3
Chapter 2 Section 3
Question 8 Page 111
a) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 8, that is, 1, 2, 4, 8.
Since x = 1 is a zero of P(x), (x + 1) is a factor. Since x = 2 is a zero of P(x), (x 2) is a factor. Since x = 4 is a zero of P(x), (x 4) is a factor.
x 3 ! 5x 2 + 2x + 8 = (x + 1)(x ! 2)(x ! 4) (x + 1)(x ! 2)(x ! 4) = 0 x = 1 or x = 2 or x = 4

b) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 6, that is, 1, 2, 3, 6.
Divide to determine the other factor.
x 3 ! x 2 ! 4x ! 6 = (x ! 3)(x 2 + 2x + 2) (x ! 3)(x 2 + 2x + 2) = 0 x=3
c) Use the rational zero theorem to determine the values that should be tested. Let b represent the factors of the constant term 5, which are 1, 5. Let a represent the factors of the leading coefficient 2, which are 1, 2. b 1 1 5 5 The possible values of are , , , . a 1 2 1 2
Divide to determine the other factors.
2x 3 ! 7x 2 + 10x ! 5 = (x ! 1)(2x 2 ! 5x + 5) (x ! 1)(2x 2 ! 5x + 5) = 0 x =1
d) By the integral zero theorem test factors of 4, that is, 1, 2, 4.
P(!1) = (!1)4 ! (!1)3 ! 2(!1) ! 4 = 1+ 1+ 2 ! 4 =0 Since x = 1 is a zero of P(x), (x + 1) is a factor.

Divide to determine the other factors. 1 1 1 0 2 4 1 2 2 4 1 2 2 4 0 x4 x3 2x 4 = (x + 1)(x3 2x2 + 2x 4) P(2) = (2)3 ! 2(2)2 + 2(2) ! 4
= 8!8+ 4! 4 =0 Since x = 2 is a zero of P(x), (x 2) is a factor. Divide to determine the other factors. 2 1 2 2 4 2 0 4 1 0 2 0
x 4 ! x 3 ! 2x ! 4 = (x + 1)(x ! 2)(x 2 + 2) (x + 1)(x ! 2)(x 2 + 2) = 0 x = 1 or x = 2

e) x4 + 13x2 + 36 = 0 x4 + 13x2 = 36 x4 + 13x2 cannot be negative. x4 + 13x2 + 36 = 0 has no real roots since there are no real values of x that satisfy the equation.
Chapter 2 Section 3 a) Set the mode to approximate.
Question 9 Page 111
& & & x = 2.2 or x = 0.5 or x = 1.7

b)
& & & x = 4.5 or x = 0.6 or x = 0.6
c)
& & x = 1.2 or x = 1.2

d)
& x = 1.3
e)
& & x = 1.4 or x = 1.9
f)
& x = 1 or x = 0.4 or x = 1.4

g)
There are no real roots.
Chapter 2 Section 3 Let x be the height of the tank. width = x 3 V (x) = w2 ! h (square based)
20 = (x " 3)2 x 0 = (x 2 " 6x + 9) " 20 0 = x 3 " 6x 2 + 9x " 20

By the integral zero theorem test factors of 20, that is, 1, 2, 4, 5, 20.
V (5) = (5)3 ! 6(5)2 + 9(5) ! 20 = 125 ! 150 + 45 ! 20 =0 Since x = 5 is a zero of P(x), (x 5) is a factor.
Divide to determine the other factors. 5 1 6 9 20 5 5 20 1 1 4 0
V (x) = (x ! 5)(x 2 ! x + 4) 0 = (x ! 5)(x 2 ! x + 4) x = x 2 ! x + 4 or x = 5 1 12 ! 4(1)(4) 2(1)
x= x=
1 !15 2 Since the only positive root is x = 5, the height of the tank is 5 m. width = 2
The dimensions of the tank are 2 m by 2 m by 5 m.
Chapter 2 Section 3
V (x) = (2x ! 7)(2x + 3)(x ! 2) 117 = 4x 3 ! 16x 2 ! 5x + 42 0 = 4x 3 ! 16x 2 ! 5x ! 75 Use the rational zero theorem to determine the values that should be tested. Let b represent the factors of the constant term 75, which are 1, 3, 5, 15, 25, 75.
Let a represent the factors of the leading coefficient 4, which are 1, 2, 4. b The possible values of are a 1 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 15 , , , , , , , , , , 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 15 15 25 25 25 75 75 75 , , , , , , , . 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4
Since x = 5 is a zero of V(x), (x 5) is a factor. Divide to determine the other factors. 5 4 16 5 75 20 20 75 4 4 15 0
V (x) = (x ! 5)(4x 2 + 4x + 15) 0 = (x ! 5)(4x 2 + 4x + 15) x=5 Since the only positive real root is x = 5: width: 2x 7 = 3 length: 2x + 3 = 13 height: x 2 = 3 The dimensions are 13 m by 3 m by 3 m.
Chapter 2 Section 3 Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. Yes, for example: x3 + 2 = 0
x 3 = !2 x = 3 !2 x = !1.26 &
Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. No. If the radical part of the quadratic is negative, then two non-real roots occur. Example:
x 3 ! x 2 + 5x ! 5 = 0 x 2 (x ! 1) + 5(x ! 1) = 0 (x 2 + 5)(x ! 1) = 0
x 2 = !5 or x = 1 x = !5 or x = 1
Chapter 2 Section 3
!4t 3 + 40t 2 + 500t = 4088 !4t 3 + 40t 2 + 500t ! 4088 = 0 !4(t 3 ! 10t 2 ! 125t + 1022) = 0
By the integral zero theorem test factors of 1022, that is, 1, 2, 7, 146, 511, 1022.
Since t = 7 is a zero of P(t), (t 7) is a factor. Use division to find any other factors. 7 1 10 125 1022 7 21 1022 1 3 146 0
0 = !4(t 3 ! 10t 2 ! 125t + 1022) 0 = !4(t ! 7)(t 2 ! 3t ! 146) t=7 or t= t= 3 (!3)2 ! 4(1)(!146) 2
3 593 2 t = 13.7 or t = !10.7 & &

Since time cannot be negative and 0 t 10, t = 7 h. It takes the plane 7 hours to fly 4088 km.
Chapter 2 Section 3
d(x) = 0.0005(x 4 ! 16x 3 + 512x) 0 = 0.0005x(x 3 ! 16x 2 + 512) Let P(x) = x 3 ! 16x 2 + 512 P(8) = (8)3 ! 16(8)2 + 512 = 512 ! 1024 + 512 =0 Since x = 8 is a zero of P(x), (x 8) is a factor.
x 3 ! 16x 2 + 512 = 0 (x ! 8)(x 2 ! 8x ! 64) = 0

or
x=8
8 (!8)2 ! 4(1)(!64) 2(1)
x= x=
8 320 2 x = 12.9 or x = !4.9 & &

The weight should be placed 0 m or 8 m or approximately 12.9 m from the end.
Domain: The price, x, of sunscreen cannot be negative and the number, D, of bottles sold cannot be negative. The domain is approximately x !R,0 " x " 9.923 .
b)
22 000 bottles per month are sold when the price is $5 per bottle. c) On your graph, sketch the line y = 172 and find the points of intersection.
x = 3 or x = 8; If the selling price is $3 per bottle or $8 per bottle, then 17 200 bottles of sunscreen will be sold per month.
3 2 2
2(x ! 1)3 = 16
(x 2 ! 2x + 1)(x ! 1) = 8 x ! x ! 2x + 2x + x ! 1 = 8 x 3 ! 3x 2 + 3x ! 9 = 0 x (x ! 3) + 3(x ! 3) = 0 (x 2 + 3)(x ! 3) = 0 x=3

2
Divide both sides by 2. Expand. Collect like terms. Factor by grouping.
Equation could also be solved by factoring difference of cubes.
2(x ! 1)3 = 16 " x ! 1 ! 2 $ "(x ! 1)2 + 2(x ! 1) + 4 $ = 0 # % # % 2 (x ! 3)(x ! 2x + 1+ 2x ! 2 + 4) = 0 (x ! 3)(x + 3) = 0 x=3

b)
2
(x ! 1)3 ! 8 = 0
Divide both sides by 2. Factor the difference of cubes. Expand and add like terms.
2(x 2 ! 4x)2 ! 5(x 2 ! 4x) = 3
2(x 2 ! 4x)2 ! 5(x 2 ! 4x) ! 3 = 0 Let m = x 2 ! 4x. 2m2 ! 5m ! 3 = 0 (m ! 3)(2m + 1) = 0 m = 3 or m = ! 1 2

x 2 ! 4x = ! 1 2
Substitute x 2 ! 4x back in for m.

x2 4x = 3 or
Multiply by 2.
x 2 ! 4x ! 3 = 0 x= x=
2x 2 ! 8x + 1 = 0
4 (!4)2 ! 4(1)(!3) 8 (!8)2 ! 4(2)(1) x= 2(1) 2(2)
4 28 8 56 x= 2 4 x = 4.6 or x = !0.6 or x = 3.9 or x = 0.1 & & & &
2x 3 + (k + 1)x 2 = 4 ! x 2
2x 3 + (k + 1)x 2 ! 4 + x 2 = 0 2(!2)3 + (k + 1)(!2)2 ! 4 + (!2)2 = 0 !16 + 4k + 4 ! 4 + 4 = 0 4k = 12 k=3

b) 2x 3 + (k + 1)x 2 ! 4 + x 2 = 0
2x 3 + (3 + 1)x 2 ! 4 + x 2 = 0 2x 3 + 5x 2 ! 4 = 0 Since 2 is a root of the equation, (x + 2) is a factor. Divide to determine the other factors. 2x 2 + x ! 2 x + 2 2x 3 + 5x 2 + 0x ! 4
2x 3 + 4x 2 x 2 + 0x x 2 + 2x ! 2x ! 4 !2x ! 4 0
(x + 2)(2x 2 + x ! 2) = 0 x = !2 or x= x= !1 (1)2 ! 4(2)(!2) 2(2)
!1 17 4 x = 2 or x = !1.3or x = 0.8 & & &
Chapter 2 Section 3 length = (32 2x) width = (28 2x) height = x V (x) = (32 ! 2x)(28 ! 2x)x
1920 = 4x 3 ! 120x 2 + 896x 0 = 4x 3 ! 120x 2 + 896x ! 1920 0 = 4(x 3 ! 30x 2 + 224x ! 480)
V (4) = (4)3 ! 30(4)2 + 224(4) ! 480 = 64 ! 480 + 896 ! 480 =0 Since x = 4 is a zero of V(x), (x 4) is a factor.
Divide to determine the other factors. 4 1 30 224 480 4 104 480 1 26 120 0
(x ! 4)(x 2 ! 26x + 120) = 0 (x ! 4)(x ! 6)(x ! 20) = 0

If x = 4 length = 24 width = 20 height = 4 If x = 6 length = 20 width = 16 height = 6 If x = 20 length = 8; cannot have negative length
The dimensions of the boxes are 24 cm by 20 cm by 4 cm or 20 cm by 16 cm by 6 cm.
Chapter 2 Section 3 a) (x ! 3)(x 2 + 3x + 9) = 0 x=3
or x= x= x= x= x= x= !3 (3)2 ! 4(1)(9) 2(1) !3 !27 2 !3 (!1)3 " 9 2 !3 !1 " 3 " 9 2 !3 3i 3 2 !3 + 3i 3 !3 ! 3i 3 or x = 2 2
x = 3 or x =
!3 + 3i 3 !3 ! 3i 3 or x = 2 2
b) 0 = " x ! (3 + i) $ " x ! (3 ! i) $ (x + 4) # %# %
= " x 2 ! (3 ! i)x ! (3 + i)x + (3 ! i)(3 + i) $ (x + 4) # % = " x 2 ! 3x + i ! 3x ! i + 9 + 3i ! 3i ! i 2 $ (x + 4) # % = " x 2 ! 6x + 9 ! (!1) $ (x + 4) # % = (x 2 ! 6x + 10)(x + 4) = x 3 + 4x 2 ! 6x 2 !24x + 10x + 40 = x 3 ! 2x 2 ! 14x + 40 This equation is not unique since any multiple of it would have the same roots (e.g., 2x3 4x2 28x + 80 = 0).
Chapter 2 Section 3
V (x) = x(x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 1)(x + 1+ 2)(x + 2 + 3) = x(x + 1)(x + 2) + 456 (x + 1)(x + 3)(x + 5) = x(x 2 + 3x + 2) + 456 (x 2 + 4x + 3)(x + 5) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x + 456 x 3 + 5x 2 + 4x 2 + 20x + 3x + 15 = x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x + 456 x 3 ! x 3 + 9x 2 ! 3x 2 + 23x ! 2x + 15 ! 456 = 0 6x 2 + 21x ! 441 = 0 3(2x 2 + 7x ! 147) = 0 3(2x + 21)(x ! 7) = 0 x=! 21 or x = 7 2 Reject the negative root.
smaller box larger box height = x = 7 height = x + 1 = 8 width = x + 1 = 8 width = x + 3 = 10 length = x + 2 = 9 length = x + 5 = 12 The dimensions of the smaller box are 9 cm by 8 cm by 7 cm. The dimensions of the larger box are 12 cm by 10 cm by 8 cm.
Chapter 2 Section 3
Use the rational zero theorem to determine the values that should be tested. Let b represent the factors of the constant term 6, which are 1, 2, 3, 6. Let a represent the factors of the leading coefficient 6, which are 1, 2, 3, 6. b The possible values of are a 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . 1 2 3 6 1 2 3 6 1 2 3 6 1 2 3 6
Since x = 3 is a zero of V(x), (x + 3) is a factor. 1 Since x = ! is a zero of V(x), (2x + 1) is a factor. 2 2 Since x = is a zero of V(x), (3x 2) is a factor. 3
1 2 ;c= 2 3 " 1% 7 a + b = 3 + $ ! ' = ! ; (2x + 7) is a factor. 2 # 2&

a = 3; b = !
a !3 = = 6 ; (x 6) is a factor. 1 b ! 2 " 1% 3 ab = 3 $ ! ' = ; (2x 3) is a factor. 2 2& #

0 = (2x + 7)(x ! 6)(2x ! 3) = (2x 2 ! 5x ! 42)(2x ! 3) = 4x 3 ! 6x 2 ! 10x 2 + 15x ! 84x + 126 = 4x 3 ! 16x 2 ! 69x + 126 or 69 63 = x 3 ! 4x 2 ! x + 4 2
Chapter 2 Section 3
C P y x A O 45 y B x
The diameter of a circle subtends a right triangle to any point on a circle. Therefore, APB = CPB = 90. From POB: 45 + x + 2y = 180 x + 2y = 135 From POC: y + 90 + 2x = 180 2x + y = 90
Solve for x. 2 x + 2y (4x + 2y) = 135 180 3x = 45 x = 15 POC = 15 Chapter 2 Section 3 Try different values of k. Through trial and error when k = 5 the equation has a double root. 2x3 9x2 + 12x 5 = 0 (x 1)2(2x 5) = 0 When k = 4 the equation has a double root. 2x3 9x2 + 12x 4 (x 2)2(2x 1) = 0 When k = 5 the equation has a double root. k = 4 and k = 5 The product is 20. Question 24 Page 112
Chapter 2 Section 4 Chapter 2 Section 4
Families of Polynomial Functions Question 1 Page 119
a) The factor associated with 7 is (x + 7) and the factor associated with 3 is (x + 3). An equation for this family is y = k(x + 7)(x + 3), where k R, k 0. b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. y = 2(x + 7)(x + 3), y = 3(x + 7)(x + 3) c) Substitute x = 2 and y = 18 into the equation. 18 = k(2 + 7)(2 + 3) 18 = 45k 18 k= 45 2 k= 5 2 y = (x + 7)(x + 3) 5 Chapter 2 Section 4 C (has different zeros) Chapter 2 Section 4 A, B, and D (same zeros) Question 3 Page 119 Question 2 Page 119
Chapter 2 Section 4 A, C, E (zeros are 3, 2, 1) B, D, F(zeros are 1, 2, 3) A
Question 4 Page 119
Chapter 2 Section 4 a) b) c) d) y = k(x + 5)(x 2)(x 3) y = k(x 1)(x 6)(x + 3) y = k(x + 4)(x + 1)(x 9) y = kx(x + 7)(x 2)(x 5)
Question 5 Page 120
Chapter 2 Section 4
Question 6 Page 120
a) A From the graph, the x-intercepts are 2, 1, and 3. The corresponding factors are (x + 2), (x 1), and (x 3). An equation for the family of polynomial functions with these zeros is y = k(x + 2)(x 1)(x 3). Select a point that the graph passes through, such as (0, 6). Substitute x = 0 and y = 6 into the equation to solve for k. 6 = (2)(1)(3)k k=1 An equation is y = (x + 2)(x 1)(x 3). B From the graph, the x-intercepts are 2, 1, and 3. The corresponding factors are (x + 2), (x 1), and (x 3). An equation for the family of polynomial functions with these zeros is y = k(x + 2)(x 1)(x 3). Select a point that the graph passes through, such as (0, 3). Substitute x = 0 and y = 3 into the equation to solve for k. 3 = (2)(1)(3)k 6k = 3 1 k= ! 2 1 An equation is y = ! (x + 2)(x 1)(x 3). 2 C From the graph, the x-intercepts are 2, 2, and 3. The corresponding factors are (x + 2), (x 2), and (x 3). An equation for the family of polynomial functions with these zeros is y = k(x + 2)(x 2)(x 3). Select a point that the graph passes through, such as (0, 6). Substitute x = 0 and y = 6 into the equation to solve for k. 6 = (2)(2)(3)k 12k = 6 1 k= ! 2 1 An equation is y = ! (x + 2)(x 2)(x 3). 2
D From the graph, the x-intercepts are 2, 1, and 3. The corresponding factors are (x + 2), (x 1), and (x 3). An equation for the family of polynomial functions with these zeros is y = k(x + 2)(x 1)(x 3). Select a point that the graph passes through, such as (0, 12). Substitute x = 0 and y = 12 into the equation to solve for k. 12 = (2)(1)(3)k k=2 An equation is y = 2(x + 2)(x 1)(x 3). Chapter 2 Section 4 Question 7 Page 120
a) The corresponding factors are (x + 4), (x 2), and x. An equation for the family of polynomial functions with these zeros is y = kx(x + 4)(x 2) b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. y = x(x + 4)(x 2), y = 2x(x + 4)(x 2) c) Substitute x = 2 and y = 4 into the equation and solve for k. 4 = k(2)(2 + 4)(2 2) 4 = 16k 1 k= 4 1 An equation is y = x(x + 4)(x 2). 4 d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.
Chapter 2 Section 4 a) y = k(x + 2)(x + 1)(2x 1)
Question 8 Page 120
b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. 1 y = (x + 2)(x + 1)(2x 1), y = (x + 2)(x + 1)(2x 1) 2 c) Substitute x = 0 and y = 6 and solve for k. 6 = k(2)(1)(1) k = 3 An equation is y = 3(x + 2)(x + 1)(2x 1). d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.
Chapter 2 Section 4 a) y = k(x + 4)(x + 1)(x 2)(x 3)
Question 9 Page 120
b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. y = 2(x + 4)(x + 1)(x 2)(x 3), y = 3(x + 4)(x + 1)(x 2)(x 3) c) Substitute x = 0 and y = 4 and solve for k. 4 = k(4)(1)(2)(3) 24k = 4 1 k= ! 6 1 An equation is y = ! (x + 4)(x + 1)(x 2)(x 3). 6 d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.
Chapter 2 Section 4 a) y = k(2x + 5)(x + 1)(2x 7)(x 3)
b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. 1 y = ! (2x + 5)(x + 1)(2x 7)(x 3) 2 y = 2(2x + 5)(x + 1)(2x 7)(x 3)
c) Substitute x = 2 and y = 25 and solve for k. 25 = k[2(2) + 5](2 + 1)[2(2) 7](2 3) 25 = k(1)(1)(11)(5) 25 = 55k 5 k= ! 11 5 An equation is y = ! (2x + 5)(x + 1)(2x 7)(x 3). 11 d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.
Chapter 2 Section 4
a) The factors are (x ! 1+ 2),(x ! 1! 2) and (2x + 1) .
y = k(x ! 1+ 2)(x ! 1! 2)(2x + 1) = k(x 2 ! x ! 2x ! x + 1+ 2 + 2x ! 2 ! 2)(2x + 1) = k(x 2 ! 2x ! 1)(2x + 1) = k(2x 3 + x 2 ! 4x 2 ! 2x ! 2x ! 1) = k(2x 3 ! 3x 2 ! 4x ! 1)

b) Substitute x = 3 and y = 35 and solve for k. 35 = k " 2(3)3 ! 3(3)2 ! 4(3) ! 1$ # % 35 = k(54 ! 27 ! 12 ! 1)
35 = 14k 5 k= 2
An equation is y = Chapter 2 Section 4 a) y = k(x ! 3)2 (x + 4 + 3)(x + 4 ! 3)
5 (2x3 3x2 4x 1). 2

= k(x 2 ! 6x + 9)(x 2 + 4x ! 3x + 4x + 16 ! 4 3 + 3x + 4 3 ! 3) = k(x 2 ! 6x + 9)(x 2 + 8x + 13) = k(x 4 + 8x 3 + 13x 2 ! 6x 3 ! 48x 2 ! 78x + 9x 2 + 72x + 117) = k(x 4 + 2x 3 ! 26x 2 ! 6x + 117)
b) Substitute x = 1 and y = 22 and solve for k. !22 = k "14 + 2(1)3 ! 26(1)2 ! 6(1) + 117 $ # % !22 = k(88)
k=!
1 4
1 4 (x + 2x3 26x2 6x + 117). 4
An equation is y = !
Chapter 2 Section 4
a) y = k(x + 1! 5)(x + 1+ 5)(x ! 2 + 2)(x ! 2 ! 2)
= k(x 2 + x + 5x + x + 1+ 5 ! 5x ! 5 ! 5) " (x 2 ! 2x ! 2x ! 2x + 4 + 2 2 + 2x ! 2 2 ! 2) = k(x 2 + 2x ! 4)(x 2 ! 4x + 2) = k(x 4 ! 4x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x 3 ! 8x 2 + 4x ! 4x 2 + 16x ! 8) = k(x 4 ! 2x 3 ! 10x 2 + 20x ! 8)

b) Substitute x = 0 and y = 32 and solve for k. 32 = k(8) k=4 An equation is y = 4(x4 2x3 10x2 + 20x 8). Chapter 2 Section 4 Question 14 Page 120
From the graph, the x-intercepts are 2, 1, and 3. The corresponding factors are (x + 2), (x 1), and (x 3). An equation for the family of polynomial functions with these zeros is y = k(x + 2)(x 1)(x 3). The y-intercept is 12. Substitute x = 0 and y = 12 and solve for k. 12 = k(2)(1)(3) k = 2 An equation is y = 2(x + 2)(x 1)(x 3).
Chapter 2 Section 4
3 . 2 The corresponding factors are (x + 3)2, (x 1), and (2x 3). An equation for the family of polynomial functions with these zeros is y = k(x + 3)2(x 1)(2x 3). The y-intercept is 27. Substitute x = 0 and y = 27 and solve for k. 27 = k(3)2(1)(3) 27 = 27k k=1 An equation is y = (x + 3)2(x 1)(2x 3).
From the graph, the x-intercepts are 3 (order 2), 1, and Chapter 2 Section 4 From the graph, the x-intercepts are ! Question 16 Page 121
7 , 2, 0, and 1. The corresponding factors are x, 2
(2x + 7), (x + 2), and (x 1). An equation for the family of polynomial functions with these zeros is y = kx(2x + 7)(x + 2)(x 1). " 3 % The graph passes through $ ! ,!15' . # 2 &
3 and y = 15 and solve for k. 2 +" 3 % " 3 % " 3% ( " 3% 15 = k $ ! ' * 2 $ ! ' + 7 - $ ! + 2' $ ! ! 1' # 2& ) # 2& &# 2 & ,# 2 " 3% " 1% " 5% 15 = k $ ! ' 4 $ ' $ ! ' # 2& # 2& # 2&
Substitute x = !
()
15 =
15 k 2
k = 2 An equation is y = 2x(2x + 7)(x + 2)(x 1).
Chapter 2 Section 4 Set A: no; the zeros are different y = (3x + 1)(2x 1)(x + 3)(x 2)
Question 17 Page 121 y = 2(3x + 1)(2x 1)(x + 3)(x 2) + 1
y = 3(3x + 1)(2x 1)(x + 3)(x 2) + 2 y = 4(3x + 1)(2x 1)(x + 3)(x 2) + 3
Set B: yes; the zeros are the same y = (3x + 1)(2x 1)(x + 3)(x 2)
y = (3x + 1)(4x 2)(x + 3)(x 2)
y = 3(3x + 1)(1 2x)(x + 3)(x 2)
y = 4(3x + 1)(2x 1)(x + 3)(6 3x)
Chapter 2 Section 4 a) height = x width = 30 x length = 48 2x V(x) = x(48 2x)(30 x) b)
x(48 ! 2x)(30 ! x) = 2300

x(1440 ! 48x ! 60x + 2x 2 ) = 2300 2x 3 ! 108x 2 + 1440x ! 2300 = 0 2(x 3 ! 54x 2 + 720x ! 1150) = 0
Using the integral zero theorem test the values 1, 2, 5, 10, 23, 25, 46, 50, 115, 230, 575, 1150. These values do not work. Factor using CAS on approximate mode.
2(x ! 33.5765)(x ! 18.5801)(x ! 1.84337) = 0 x = 33.6 or x = 18.6 or x = 1.84 & & &
height = 33.6 width = 3.6 length = 19.2 Disregard the negative dimensions.
& height = 18.6 & width = 11.4 & length = 10.8
The possible dimensions of the box are approximately 44.31 cm by 28.16 cm by 1.84 cm or 18.6 cm by 11.4 cm by 10.8 cm. c) volume doubles; volume triples; family of functions with zeros 24, 30, 0
d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.
Chapter 2 Section 4 y = kx(x 30)(x 60)(x 90)(x 120)(x 150) Chapter 2 Section 4 a) height = x width = 24 2x length = 36 2x V(x) = x(36 2x)(24 2x) b) i) V(x) = 2x(36 2x)(24 2x) ii) V(x) = 3x(36 2x)(24 2x)
c) Family of functions with the same zeros: 0, 12, and 18. d) Note that the domain and range are greater or equal to zero.
e)
x(36 ! 2x)(24 ! 2x) = 1820

x(864 ! 120x + 4x 2 ) ! 1820 = 0 4x 3 ! 120x 2 + 864x ! 1820 = 0 4(x 3 ! 30x 2 + 216x ! 455) = 0
P(x) = x 3 ! 30x 2 + 216x ! 455 P(5) = (5)3 ! 30(5)2 + 216(5) ! 455 = 125 ! 750 + 1080 ! 455 =0 Since 5 is a zero of the equation, (x 5) is a factor. Divide to determine the other factors.
5 1 30 5 ! 1 25 216 125 91 455 455 0
(x 5)(x2 25x + 91) = 0 x=5
or x= x= 25 (!25)2 ! 4(1)(91) 2(1)
25 261 2 x = 20.58or x = 4.42 & &

height = 5 width = 14 length = 26
Disregard the negative dimensions. The possible dimensions of the box are approximately 27.16 cm by 15.16 cm by 4.42 cm or 26 cm by 14 cm by 5 cm. Chapter 2 Section 4 Question 21 Page 122
Solutions to Achievement Check questions are provided in the Teachers Resource.
Chapter 2 Section 4
a) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. y = k(3x 2)(x 5)(x + 3)(x + 2) b) 4 c) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. Substitute x = 1 and y = 96 and solve for k. !96 = k[3(!1) ! 2](!1! 5)(!1+ 3)(!1+ 2)
!96 = k(!5)(!6)(2)(1) !96 = 60k 8 k=! 5

8 An equation is y = (3x 2)(x 5)(x + 3)(x + 2). 5
d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. 8 y = (3x 2)(x 5)(x + 3)(x + 2) 5 Chapter 2 Section 4 Question 23 Page 122
Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. y = x(x 20)(x 30)(x 70)(x 90)(x 100) 100 000 000
Chapter 2 Section 4
chord 15 cm 9 cm
chord = 2 r 2 ! d 2 = 2 152 ! 92 = 2 144 = 2(12) = 24 The length of the chord is 24 cm.

g(x 2 + 2) = x 4 + 5x 2 + 3 = x 4 + 4x 2 + x 2 + 4 ! 1 = (x 4 + 4x 2 + 4) + x 2 ! 1 = (x 2 + 2)2 + (x 2 + 2) ! 3 Factor x 4 + 4x 2 + 4. We have that g(x) = x2 + x 3.
g(x 2 ! 1) = (x 2 ! 1)2 + (x 2 ! 1) ! 3 = x 4 ! 2x 2 + 1+ x 2 ! 4 = x4 ! x2 ! 3
g(x 2 1) = x4 x2 3
Chapter 2 Section 5 Chapter 2 Section 5 a) 7 < x 1 b) 2 < x 6 c) x < 3, x 4 d) x 1, x 1 Chapter 2 Section 5 a) x < 1, 1 < x < 5, x > 5 b) x < 7, 7 < x < 0, 0 < x < 2, x > 2 c) x < 6, 6 < x < 0, 0 < x < 1, x > 1 d) x < 4, 4 < x < 2, 2 < x < Chapter 2 Section 5
Solve Inequalities Using Technology Question 1 Page 129
Question 2 Page 129
2 2 , < x < 4.3, x > 4.3 5 5

Question 3 Page 129
Chapter 2 Section 5 a) f(x) > 0 when x < 2 or 1 < x < 6 b) f(x) < 0 when 3.6 < x < 0 or x > 4.7
Question 4 Page 129
Chapter 2 Section 5 a) i) The x-intercepts are 6 and 3. ii) f(x) > 0 when 6 < x < 3 iii) f(x) < 0 when x < 6, x > 3 b) i) The x-intercepts are 2 and 5. ii) f(x) > 0 when x < 2, x > 5 iii) f(x) < 0 when 2 < x < 5 c) i) The x-intercepts are 4, 3, and 5. ii) f(x) > 0 when 4 < x < 3, x > 5 iii) f(x) < 0 when x < 4, 3 < x < 5 d) i) The x-intercepts are 4 and 1. ii) f(x) > 0 when x < 4 iii) f(x) < 0 when 4 < x < 1, x > 1 Chapter 2 Section 5 a)
Question 5 Page 130
Question 6 Page 130
The values that satisfy the inequality x2 x 12 < 0 are the values of x for which the graph is negative (below the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when 3 < x < 4.
b)
The values that satisfy the inequality x2 + 8x + 15 0 are the values of x for which the graph is zero or negative (on or below the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when 5 x 3. c)
The values that satisfy the inequality x3 6x2 + 11x 6 > 0 are the values of x for which the graph is positive (above the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when 1 < x < 2, x > 3.
d)
The values that satisfy the inequality x3 + 8x2 + 19x + 12 0 are the values of x for which the graph is zero or positive (on or above the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when 4 x 3, x 1 e)
The values that satisfy the inequality x3 2x2 9x + 18 < 0 are the values of x for which the graph is negative (below the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when x < 3, 2 < x < 3.
f)
The values that satisfy the inequality x3 + x2 16x 16 0 are the values of x for which the graph is zero or negative (on or below the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when x 4, 1 x 4. Chapter 2 Section 5 a) Question 7 Page 130
x 4 or x 0.5 b)
0.5 < x < 3
c)
x 4 or 2 x 1 d)
5 < x < 1 or x > 4 e)
x < 5 or 2 < x < 7 f)
x7
Question 8 Page 130
The roots are approximately 4.65 and 0.65. The intervals are x < 4.65, 4.65 < x < 0.65, and x > 0.65. For x < 4.65, test x = 5.
For 4.65 < x < 0.65, test x = 0.
For x > 0.65, test 1.
The solution is 4.65 < x < 0.65 since the inequality is true for the values tested in this interval.
b)
The roots are 2.43 and 1.10. The intervals are x < 2.43, 2.43 < x < 1.10, and x > 1.10. For x < 2.43, test x = 5.
For 2.43 < x < 1.10, test 0.
For x > 1.10, test x = 2.
The solution is 2.43 < x < 1.10 since the inequality is true for the value tested in this interval.
c)
The roots are approximately 2.17, 0.31, and 1.48. The intervals are x < 2.17, 2.17 < x < 0.31, 0.31< x < 1.48, and x > 1.48. For x < 2.17, test x = 3.
For 2.17 < x < 0.31, test x = 1.
For 0.31< x < 1.48, test x = 1.
For x > 1.48, test x = 5.
The solution is x 2.17 or 0.31 x 1.48, since the inequality is true for the values tested in these intervals. x 2.17 or 0.31 x 1.48
d)
The roots are 2.12, 0.43, and 0.55. The intervals are x < 2.12, 2.12 < x < 0.43, 0.43 < x < 0.55, and x > 0.55. For x < 2.12, test x = 10.
For 2.12 < x < 0.43, test x = 1.
0.43 < x < 0.55, test x = 0.
x > 0.55, test x = 10.
The solution is 2.12 x 0.43 or x 0.55, since the inequality is true for the values tested in these intervals.
e)
The roots are 1.93, 0.48, and 1.08. The intervals are x < 1.93, 1.93 < x < 0.48, 0.48 < x < 1.08, and x > 1.08. x < 1.93, test x = 2.
1.93 < x < 0.48, test x = 1.
0.48 < x < 1.08, test x = 0.
x > 1.08, test x = 2.
The solution is x < 1.93 or 0.48 < x < 1.08, since the inequality is true for the values tested in these intervals.
f)
The roots are 1.34 and 1.25. The intervals are x < 1.34, 1.34 < x < 1.25, and x > 1.25. x < 1.34, test x = 3
1.34 < x < 1.25, test x = 0.
x > 1.25, test x = 4.
The solution is 1.34 x 1.25, since the inequality is true for the value tested in this interval.
Question 9 Page 130
The values that satisfy the inequality 5x3 7x2 x + 4 > 0 are the values of x for which the graph is positive (above the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs approximately when x > 0.67. b)
The values that satisfy the inequality x3 + 28x + 48 0 are the values of x for which the graph is zero or positive (on or above the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when x 4 or 2 x 6.
c)
The values that satisfy the inequality 3x3 + 4x2 35x 12 0 are the values of x for which the graph is zero or negative (on or below the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when x 4 or 1 ! x 3. 3 d)
The values that satisfy the inequality 3x3 + 2x2 11x 10 < 0 are the values of x for which the graph is negative (below the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when 5 x < ! or 1 < x < 2. 3
e)
The values that satisfy the inequality 2x3 + x2 + 13x + 6 > 0 are the values of x for which the 1 graph is positive (above the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when x < 2 or ! < x < 3. 2 f)
The values that satisfy the inequality 2x4 + x3 26x2 37x 12 > 0 are the values of x for which the graph is positive (above the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when 1 x < 3 or 1 < x < ! or x > 4. 2
Chapter 2 Section 5
The height of the ball is greater than 15 m approximately when 0.50 < t < 6.03, or between about 0.5 s and 6.03 s. Chapter 2 Section 5 a) Question 11 Page 131
The tent caterpillar population was greater than 10 000 approximately when 2.73 < t < 5.51, or between later in the second week and halfway through the fifth week. b)
There are no tent caterpillars left.
Chapter 2 Section 5 a) Write the inequality as 0.1t 3 ! 2t + 8 < 8
0.1t 3 ! 2t + 8 ! 8 < 0 0.1t 3 ! 2t < 0

Graph the function y = 0.1t3 2t
There are fewer than 8000 on-line customers between 0 and approximately 4.47 years. b) Write the inequality as 0.1t 3 ! 2t + 8 > 10
0.1t 3 ! 2t + 8 ! 10 > 0 0.1t 3 ! 2t ! 2 > 0

Graph the function y = 0.1t3 2t 2
The number of on-line customers exceeds 10 000 after approximately 4.91 years.
Chapter 2 Section 5 Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. a) i) (x 1)(x2 + 1) > 0 or x3 x2 + x 1 ii) x(x 1)2 > 0 or x3 2x2 + x iii) x(x 1)2 > 0 or x3 2x2 + x b) i) x > 1 ii) 0 < x < 1, x > 1 iii) 0 < x < 1, x > 1 Chapter 2 Section 5 Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. a) i) (x2 + 1)(x2 + 3) > 0 or x4 + 4x2 + 3 ii) x2(x 1)2 > 0 or x4 2x3 + x2 iii) x2(x 1)(x + 1) > 0 or x4 x2 iv) x2(x 1)2 > 0 or x4 2x3 + x2 b) i) x R ii) x < 0, 0 < x < 1, x > 1 iii) x < 0, x > 1 iv) x < 0, 0 < x < 1, x > 1 Chapter 2 Section 5
Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. a) (3x + 2)(5x 4)(2x 7) > 0, 30x3 109x2 2x 56 < 0 b) x3 2x2 10x + 8 > 0, x3 + 2x2 + 10x 8 < 0 Chapter 2 Section 5 3x4 6x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 + x2 4x + 9x + 6 2 0 3x4 + 5x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 4 0 Question 16 Page 131
The equality is satisfied for approximately 0.66 x 2.45.
Chapter 2 Section 5 a) Graph the function.
or Domain
{ x !R,"1 # x # 0} , $ y !R,0 " y " 1 ' 2

% (
b) Domain Range
&
{ x !R, x < "1, x > 1} , { y !R, y > 0}
Chapter 2 Section 5
PQ = PR (both tangents to the circle from the same point) QO = RO (radius of the circle) PO = PO (common) Therefore, PQO PRO and POQ = POR Chapter 2 Section 5 Question 19 Page 131
! 5$ ! 5$ ! 5$ f # & = k # & ' b# & + k " 3% " 3% " 3% 25 5 k ' b+ k 9 3 ! 25 $ 5 0 = # + 1& k ' b 3 " 9 % 0= 34 15 k= b 9 9 34k = 15b k 15 = b 34 k : b = 15 : 34
(PR)2 = 42 + (RS)2 (QR)2 = 62 + (RS)2 102 = (PR)2 + (QR)2
102 = 42 + (RS)2 + 62 + (RS)2 100 = 16 + (RS)2 + 36 + (RS)2 48 = 2(RS)2 24 = (RS)2 24 = RS 2 6 = RS

The exact length of RS is 2 6 .
) (
Chapter 2 Section 6 Chapter 2 Section 6 a) x 5 3 x2

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Solve Factorable Polynomial Inequalities Algebraically Question 1 Page 138
b) 2x > 4 1 5 x> ! 2
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
c) !3x " 6 ! 5 !3x " 1
x#
1 3
2 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 5 3
! 5
5 3
! 5
4 3
! d) 7x!33x < 4 3 4x < 4 x<1

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
e) 2 20 > 5x + 4x 18 > 9x 2 > x x < 2

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
f) 2 ! 2x " x ! 8 2 + 8 ! x + 2x
10 ! 3x 10 !x 3 10 x" 3
10 3 8 3 7 3 5 3 4 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 7 3 8 3 10 3
3 !
Chapter 2 Section 6 a) x < 2 or x > 4
Question 2 Page 138
b) x
3 or x 4 2
Chapter 2 Section 6 a) x < 3 or x > 2
Question 3 Page 138
b) 6 x 9
c) !
1 "x"2 4
Chapter 2 Section 6 a) Consider all cases. Case 1 x+2>0 3x>0 x+1<0 x > 2 x<3 x < 1 2 < x < 1 is a solution. Case 2 x+2>0 3x<0 x > 2 x>3 x > 3 is a solution. x+1>0 x > 1
Question 4 Page 138
Case 3 x+2<0 3x>0 x+1>0 x < 2 x<3 x > 1 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Case 4 x+2<0 3x<0 x+1<0 x < 2 x>3 x < 1 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is 2 < x < 1 or x > 3.
b) Consider all cases. Case 1 x + 1 0 1x x1 3x 1 0 x + 7 0 3x 1 x 7 1 x 3
1 x 1 is a solution. 3
Case 2 x + 1 0 3x 1 0 x + 7 0 1 x1 x x 7 3 x 7 is a solution. Case 3 x + 1 0 3x 1 0 x + 7 0 1 x1 x x 7 3 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Case 4 x + 1 0 3x 1 0 x + 7 0 1 x1 x x 7 3 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is x ! "7 or
1 ! x ! 1. 3
c) Consider all cases. Case 1 7x + 2 > 0 1 x > 0 7x > 2 1>x 2 x> ! x<1 7 2 ! < x < 1 is a solution. 7 Case 2 7x + 2 > 0 2x + 5 > 0 2x > 5 5 x> ! 2
1x<0 2x + 5 < 0 2 5 x> ! x>1 x< ! 7 2 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Case 3 7x + 2 < 0 x< ! 1x<0 2x + 5 > 0
2 5 x>1 x> ! 7 2 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities.

Case 4 7x + 2 < 0 x< ! x< ! 1x>0 2x + 5 < 0 x< !
2 7
x<1
5 2
5 is a solution. 2 5 2 or ! < x < 1 . 2 7
Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is x < !
d) Consider all cases. Case 1 x+40 x 4 3x + 1 0 x+20 3x 1 x 2 1 x 3 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Case 2 x+40 3x + 1 0 1 x 4 x 3 4 x 2 is a solution. Case 3 x+40 x 4 x 3x + 1 0 1 x 3 x+20 x 2
x+20 x 2
1 is a solution. 3
Case 4 x+40
3x + 1 0 x+20 1 x 4 x x 2 3 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is 4 x 2 or x
1 . 3
Chapter 2 Section 6 a) (x 3)(x 5) 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 x30 x50 x3 x5 Solution is x 5. Case 2 x30 x50 x3 x5 Solution is x 3.
Question 5 Page 139
Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is x 3 or x 5.

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
b) (x 5)(x + 3) < 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 x5<0 x+3>0 x<5 x > 3 Solution is 3 < x < 5. Case 2 x5>0 x+3<0 x>5 x < 3 No solution since no x-values common to both inequalities. Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is 3 < x < 5.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
c) (3x 4)(5x + 2) 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 3x 4 0 5x + 2 0 3x 4 5x 2 4 2 x x ! 3 5 2 4 Solution is ! x . 5 3 Case 2 3x 4 0 5x + 2 0 4 2 x x ! 3 5 No solution since no x-values common to both inequalities. Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is !
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
2 4 x . 5 3
5
d) Factor using the factor theorem. (x 3)(x 1)(x + 2) < 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 x3<0 x<3 x1<0 x<1 x+2<0 x < 2
x < 2 is a solution. Case 2 x3<0 x<3 x1>0 x>1 x+2>0 x > 2
1 < x < 3 is a solution. Case 3 x3>0 x1<0 x+2>0 x>3 x<1 x > 2 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Case 4 x3>0 x1>0 x+2<0 x>3 x>1 x < 2 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is x < 2 or 1 < x < 3.
e) (x 1)(x + 1)(2x + 3) 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 x10 x1 x+10 x 1 2x + 3 0 2x 3 3 x ! 2
x 1 is a solution. Case 2 x10 x1 x+10 x 1 2x + 3 0 x !
3 2
3 x 1 is a solution. 2
x+10 x 1 2x + 3 0 x !
Case 3 x10 x1
3 2 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities.

Case 4 x10 x1 x+10 x 1 2x + 3 0 x !
3 2 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. 3 Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is x 1 or x 1. 2
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Chapter 2 Section 6
Question 6 Page 139
a) (x + 5.09)(x2 + 0.91x + 2.36) 0 Use the root 5.09 to break the number line into two intervals. x < 5.09 x > 5.09
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Test arbitrary values of x for each interval. For x < 5.09, test x = 6. (6)3 + 6(6)3 + 6(6)2 + 7(6) + 12 = 30 Since 30 < 0, x < 5.09 is not a solution. For x > 5.09, test x = 0. (0)3 + 6(0)2 + 7(0) + 12 = 12 Since 12 > 0, x > 5.09 is a solution. The solution is approximately x 5.09. b) (x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) < 0 Use the roots 2, 3, and 4 to break the number line into four intervals. x < 4 4 < x < 3 3 < x < 2 x > 2
For x < 4, test x = 5. (5 + 2)(5 + 3)(5 + 4) = 6 6 < 0, x < 4 is a solution. For 4 < x < 3, test x = 3.5. (3.5 + 2)(3.5 + 3)(3.5 + 4) = 0.375 0.375 > 0, 4 < x < 3 is not a solution. For 3 < x < 2, test x = 2.5. (2.5 + 2)(2.5 + 3)(2.5 + 4) = 0.375 0.375 < 0, 3 < x < 2 is a solution. For x > 2, test x = 0. (0 + 2)(0 + 3)(0 + 4) = 24 24 > 0, x > 2 is not a solution. The solution is x < 4 or 3 x 2.
c) (x 3)(x + 1)(5x 2) 0 Use the roots 3, 1, and
2 to break the number line into four intervals. 5 2 5

0 1
x < 1
2 1
1 < x <
2 <x<3 5
2 3
x>3
4
For x < 1, test x = 2. (2 3)(2 + 1)[5(2) 2] = 60 60 < 0, x < 1 is a solution.
2 , test x = 0. 5 (0 3)(0 + 1)[5(0) 2] = 6 2 6 > 0, 1 < x < is not a solution. 5

For 1 < x <
2 < x < 3, test x = 1. 5 (1 3)(1 + 1)[5(1) 2] = 12 2 12 < 0, < x < 3 is a solution. 5

For For x > 3, test x = 4. (4 3)(4 + 1)[5(4) 2] = 90 90 > 0, x > 3 is not a solution. The solution is x ! "1 or d) Using CAS to factor.
2 ! x ! 3. 5
6(x 2 ! 2.64x + 2.40)(x 2 + 1.48x + 0.83) > 0
x 2 ! 2.64x + 2.40 = 0 2.64 (!2.64)2 ! 4(1)(2.40) x= 2(1) 2.64 !2.63 2 There are no real roots. x=
The function is above the x-axis so it is positive for all values of x. x2 + 1.48x + 0.83 > 0 is true for all values of x.
Chapter 2 Section 6 a) (x + 5)(x 1) 0 The roots are x = 5 and x = 1. Consider all cases.
Question 7 Page 139
Case 1 x < 5 x > 1 No solution since no x-values common to both inequalities. Case 2 x > 5 x < 1 Solution is 5 < x < 1. Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is 5 x 1.
b) (3 x)(x + 2)(2x + 1) < 0 The roots are x = 3, x = 2, and x = ! Consider all cases. Case 1 3x<0 3<x 2x + 1< 0 2x < 1 1 x>3 x< ! 2 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Case 2 3x<0 x>3 x+2>0 x > 2 2x + 1 > 0 x> ! x+2<0 x < 2
1 . 2
1 2
The solution is x > 3. Case 3 3x>0 x<3 x+2<0 x < 2 2x + 1 > 0 x> !

Case 4 3x>0 x<3 x+2>0 x > 2 2x + 1 < 0 x< !
1 2
The solution is 2 < x < !
1 . 2 1 or x > 3. 2
Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is 2 < x < !
c) (x 1)(x + 1)(2x + 1) > 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 x1>0 x>1 x+1>0 x > 1 2x + 1> 0 2x > 1 1 x> ! 2
x > 1 is a solution. Case 2 x1<0 x<1 x+1<0 x < 1 2x + 1 > 0 x> !

Case 3 x1>0 x>1 x+1<0 x < 1 2x + 1 < 0 x< !

Case 4 x1<0 x<1 1 < x < ! x+1>0 x>1 2x + 1 < 0 x< !
1 2
1 is a solution. 2 1 or x > 1. 2
Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is 1 < x < !
d) Factor first.
(x ! 1)(x 2 + x ! 4) = 0 x =1 or x= x= !1 12 ! 4(1)(!4) 2(1)
!1+ 17 !1! 17 or x = 2 2 Use the roots to break the number line into intervals.
1< x <
!1+ 17 2
x<
!1! 17 2
!1! 17 < x <1 2

2 1 0
x>
!1+ 17 2
1 2 3
!1! 17 , test x = 3. 2 (3)3 5(3) + 4 = 8

For x < 8 < 0, x <
!1! 17 is not a solution. 2
!1! 17 < x < 1 , test x = 0. 2 (0)3 5(0) + 4 = 4

For 4 > 0,
!1! 17 < x < 1 is a solution. 2
!1+ 17 , test x = 1.5. 2 (1.5)3 5(1.5) + 4 = 0.125

For 1 < x < 0.125 < 0, 1 < x <
!1+ 17 is not a solution. 2
!1+ 17 , test x = 3. 2 (3)3 5(3) + 4 = 16

For x > 16 > 0, x >
!1+ 17 is a solution. 2 !1! 17 !1+ 17 . " x " 1 or x # 2 2

Question 8 Page 139
The solution is
Chapter 2 Section 6
(6 + x)(18 + x)(20 + x) ! 5280 (x + 24x + 108)(20 + x) " 5280 ! 0 x 3 + 44x 2 + 588x + 2160 " 5280 ! 0 x 3 + 44x 2 + 588x " 3120 ! 0 (x " 4)(x 2 + 48x + 780) ! 0 The root is x = 4, x2 + 48x + 780 is positive for all values of x.
x > 4, test x = 5.
2
(5 ! 4)(52 + 48(5) + 780) = 1045 1045 > 0, x > 4 x 4 is the solution.

6 + 4 = 10 18 + 4 = 22 20 + 4 = 24 22 cm by 24 cm by 10 cm are the minimum dimensions
Chapter 2 Section 6
Question 9 Page 139
0.5t 3 ! 5.5t 2 + 14t > 90 0.5t 3 ! 5.5t 2 + 14t ! 90 > 0 0.5(t 3 ! 11t 2 + 28t ! 180) > 0 0.5(x ! 10)(x 2 ! x + 18) > 0 x > 10
The price of stock will be above $90 after 10 years (in 2009). Chapter 2 Section 6 Question 10 Page 139
Solutions to Achievement Check questions are provided in the Teachers Resource. Chapter 2 Section 6 a) 8 cases x + 4 negative, the rest positive x 2 negative, the rest positive x + 1 negative, the rest positive x 1 negative, the rest positive x + 4 positive, the rest negative x 2 positive, the rest negative x + 1 positive, the rest negative x 1 positive, the rest negative b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. Probably, because there are fewer intervals to look at than cases above: x < 4, 4 < x < 1, 1 < x 1, 1 < x < 2, x > 2 Question 11 Page 139
Chapter 2 Section 6
x 5 ! 5x 4 + 7x 3 ! 7x 2 + 6x ! 2 = 0 (x ! 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 2 ! 4x + 2) = 0 x =1 or x= x= 4 (!4)2 ! 4(1)(2) 2(1) 4 8 42 2 = 2 2
x = 2 + 2, x = 3.41 & or x = 2 ! 2, x = 0.59 &

Use the roots to break the number line into three intervals.
x < 0.59
1 < x < 3.41
x > 3.41
0.59 < x < 1 For x < 0.59, test x = 1. (1)5 5(1)4 + 7(1)3 7(1)2 + 6(1) 2 = 28 28 < 0, x < 0.59 is a solution. For 0.59 < x < 1, test x = 0.8. (0.8)5 5(0.8)4 + 7(0.8)3 7(0.8)2 + 6(0.8) 2 = 0.18 0.18 > 0, 0.59 < x < 1 is not a solution. For 1 < x < 3.41, test x = 2. (2)5 5(2)4 + 7(2)3 7(2)2 + 6(2) 2 = 10 10 < 0, 1 < x < 3.41 is a solution. For x > 3.41, test x = 5. (5)5 5(5)4 + 7(5)3 7(5)2 + 6(5) 2 = 728 728 > 0, x > 3.41 is not a solution. The solution is approximately x < 0.59 or 1 < x < 3.41.
Chapter 2 Section 6
a) 10 242 < 0.15n5 + 3n4 + 5560 < 25 325 Graph P(n) and the lines P(n) = 10 242 and P(n) = 25 325 and find the points of intersection.
The population of the town will be between 10 242 and 25 325 at approximately 7 < n < 11 or 19 < n < 20, or between 7 and 11 years from today and between 19 and 20 years from today. b)
The population of the town is more than 30 443 at approximately 12 < n < 18.6, or between 12 and 19 years from today.
c)
Not valid beyond 20 years. 20 years from today the population will have fallen to 5560, and in the next year it would fall below 0, which is not possible. Chapter 2 Section 6 x4 76x2 + 1156 0, x4 + 76x2 1156 0 Chapter 2 Section 6 Question 15 Page 139 Question 14 Page 139
Method 1: Add line segments to make PQA and PBQ. Both triangles share P and because PQ is tangent to the circle, PQB = QAB. Therefore, PQA is similar to PBQ. So, write a ratio that can be used to determine the length of PQ: PQ BP = AP PQ
PQ 2 = AP ! BP PQ 2 = 22 ! 13 PQ = 286
Method 2: From the tangent-secant theorem that states that if a tangent from an external point P meets the circle at Q and a secant from the same point P meets the circle at B and A, then
PQ 2 = PA ! PB PQ 2 = 22 ! 13 PQ = 286
Chapter 2 Section 6
Instantaneous rate of change (slope) at the point (4, 3) on the circle is Substitute x = 4 and y = 3 into y =
4 . 3
4 x + b. 3
4 (4) + b 3 16 !3 = + b 3 9 16 ! ! =b 3 3 25 ! =b 3 !3 =
y= 4 25 x! 3 3
Chapter 2 Review Chapter 2 Review a) i) P(2) = (2)3 + 9(2)2 5(2) + 3 = 37 ii) 2 1 1 9 5 3 2 22 34 11 17 37 Question 1 Page 140
x 3 + 9x 2 ! 5x + 3 37 , x!2 = x 2 + 11x + 17 + x!2 x!2
" 1% " 1% " 1% " 1% b) i) P $ ! ' = 12 $ ! ' ! 2 $ ! ' + $ ! ' ! 11 = !12 # 3& # 3& # 3& # 3&
ii)
4x 2 !2x + 1 3x + 1 12x 3 ! 2x 2 + x ! 11 12x 3 + 4x 2 ! 6x 2 + x !6x 2 ! 2x 3x ! 11 3x + 1 ! 12

1 12x 3 ! 2x 2 + x ! 11 12 , x!" = 4x 2 ! 2x + 1! 3 3x + 1 3x + 1
! 1$ ! 1$ ! 1$ ! 1$ ! 1$ 27 c) i) P # & = '8 # & ' 4 # & + 10 # & ' # & + 15 = 2 " 2% " 2% " 2% " 2% " 2%
ii)
3 2 2x ! 1 !8x 4 + 10x 3 ! x 2 ! 4x + 15 !4x 3 + 3x 2 + x ! !8x 4 + 4x 3 6x 3 ! x 2 6x 3 ! 3x 2 2x 2 ! 4x 2x 2 ! x ! 3x + 15 3 !3x + 2 27 2
!8x 4 ! 4x + 10x 3 ! x 2 + 15 3 27 1 = !4x 3 + 3x 2 + x ! + , x! 2x ! 1 2 2(2x ! 1) 2

Chapter 2 Review a) f (3) = 34 + k(3)3 ! 3(3) ! 5 = !10 81+ 27k ! 9 ! 5 = !10 Question 2 Page 140
27k = !10 ! 67 27k = !77 77 k=! 27

b) f (!3) = (!3)4 !
77 (!3)3 ! 3(!3) ! 5 27
= 162
c)
Chapter 2 Review
Question 3 Page 140
P(1) = 4 ! 3 + b + 6 =7+b P(!3) = 4(!3)3 ! 3(!3)2 ! 3b + 6 = !108 ! 27 ! 3b + 6 = !129 ! 3b

7 + b = !129 ! 3b b + 3b = !129 ! 7 4b = !136 b = !34
Chapter 2 Review a) P(1) = 1 4 1 + 6 =0 (x + 1) is a factor. Divide to determine the other factors. 1 1 4 1 6 1 5 6 1 5 6 0 x3 4x2 + x + 6 = (x + 1)(x2 5x + 6) = (x + 1)(x 3)(x 2) b) P(!2) = 3(!2)3 ! 5(!2)2 ! 26(!2) ! 8 =0 (x + 2) is a factor. 2 3 5 26 8 6 22 8 3 11 4 0 3x3 5x2 26x 8 = (x + 2)(3x2 11x 4) = (x + 2)(3x + 1)(x 4) Question 4 Page 140
c) P(1) = 5 + 12 ! 101+ 48 + 36 =0 (x 1) is a factor. 1 5 12 101 48 36 5 17 84 36 5 17 84 36 0
5x 4 + 12x 3 ! 101x 2 + 48x + 36 = (x ! 1)(5x 3 + 17x 2 ! 84x ! 36)

P(3) = 5(3)3 + 17(3)2 ! 84(3) ! 36 =0 (x 3) is a factor.
3 5 17 84 36 15 96 36 5 32 12 0 5x4 + 12x3 101x2 + 48x + 36 = (x 1)(x 3)(5x2 + 32x + 12) = (x 1)(x 3)(x + 6)(5x + 2) Chapter 2 Review a) !4x 3 ! 4x 2 + 16x + 16 = !4(x 3 + x 2 ! 4x ! 4) Question 5 Page 140
= !4 " x 2 (x + 1) ! 4(x + 1) $ # % = !4(x + 1)(x 2 ! 4) = !4(x + 1)(x + 2)(x ! 2)

b) 25x 3 ! 50x 2 ! 9x + 18 = 25x 2 (x ! 2) ! 9(x ! 2)
= (x ! 2)(25x 2 ! 9) = (x ! 2)(5x ! 3)(5x + 3)

c) 2x 4 + 5x 3 ! 8x 2 ! 20x = x(2x 3 + 5x 2 ! 8x ! 20)
= x " 2x(x 2 ! 4) + 5(x 2 ! 4) $ # % = x(2x + 5)(x 2 ! 4) = x(2x + 5)(x + 2)(x ! 2)
Chapter 2 Review a) V (!1) = !2 + 7 ! 2 ! 3
Question 6 Page 140
=0 (x + 1) is a factor 1 2 7 2 3 2 5 3 2 5 3 0
V(x) = (x + 1)(2x2 + 5x 3) = (x + 1)(x + 3)(2x 1) The dimensions are (x + 1) m by (x + 3) m by (2x 1) m. b) (1 + 1) m by (1 + 3) m by (2 1) m, or 4 m by 2 m by 1 m Chapter 2 Review Question 7 Page 140
P(!3) = (!3)3 + 4(!3)2 ! 2(!3)k + 3 0 = !27 + 36 + 6k + 3 6k = !12 k = !2

Chapter 2 Review x = 4 or x = 2 or x = 3 Chapter 2 Review a) Question 9 Page 140 Question 8 Page 140
5(x 2 + 4)3(x 2 ! 16) = 0
15(x 2 + 4)(x + 4)(x ! 4) = 0 x = !4 or x = 4

b) x =
1 (!1)2 ! 4(2)(!13) 2(2)
x=
1! 105 1+ 105 or x = 4 4
Chapter 2 Review a) P(!1) = !7 + 5 + 5 ! 3 =0 (x + 1) is a factor. 1 7 5 5 3 7 2 3 7 2 3 0
7x 3 + 5x 2 ! 5x ! 3 = (x + 1)(7x 2 ! 2x ! 3) x = !1 or x= x= 2 (!2)2 ! 4(7)(!3) 2(7)
2 88 14 x = !0.5 or x = 0.8 & &

b) x3 + 9x2 x 6 = 0
& & & x = 0.7 or x = 0.9 or x = 8.8
Chapter 2 Review
V (x) = l(l ! 5)(2l + 1) 550 = l(2l 2 ! 9l ! 5) 0 = 2l 3 ! 9l 2 ! 5l ! 550
l = 8.55 & w = 8.55 ! 5 &
= 3.55 & h = 2(8.55) + 1 & = 18.1 &
The possible dimensions of the box are approximately 8.55 cm by 3.55 cm by 18.10 cm Chapter 2 Review B since the zeros are different. Chapter 2 Review a) y = kx(x ! 2 + 5)(x ! 2 ! 5) Question 13 Page 140 Question 12 Page 140
y = kx(x 2 ! 2x ! 5x ! 2x + 4 + 2 5 + 5x ! 2 5 ! 5) y = kx(x 2 ! 4x ! 1) y = k(x 3 ! 4x 2 ! x)

b) let x = 2 and y = 20
20 = k(23 ! 4(2)2 ! 2) 20 = !10k k = !2 y = !2(x 3 ! 4x 2 ! x)
Chapter 2 Review The zeros are 2 (order 2) and 1.
y = k(x + 2)2 (x ! 1) Using the point (1, 6) from the graph, substitute x = 1 and y = 6.
6 = k(!1+ 2)2 (!1! 1) 6 = !2k k = !3 y = !3(x + 2)2 (x ! 1)

Chapter 2 Review a) Question 15 Page 141
The values that satisfy the inequality x2 + 3x 5 0 are the values of x for which the graph is zero or positive (on or above the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs approximately when x 4.2 or x 1.2.
b)
The values that satisfy the inequality 2x3 13x2 + 17x + 12 > 0 are the values of x for which the graph is positive (above the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when 1 ! < x < 3 or x > 4. 2 c)
The values that satisfy the inequality x3 2x2 5x + 2 < 0 are the values of x for which the graph is negative (below the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when approximately x < 1.7 or 0.4 < x < 3.3.
d)
The values that satisfy the inequality 3x3 + 4x2 35x 12 0 are the values of x for which the graph is zero and negative (on or below the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs when 1 x ! "4 or " ! x ! 3 . 3 e)
The values that satisfy the inequality x4 2x3 + 4x2 + 10x + 5 < 0 are the values of x for which the graph is negative (below the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs approximately when x < 2.2 or x > 2.2.
Chapter 2 Review
h(t) = !0.002t 4 + 0.104t 3 ! 1.69t 2 + 8.5t + 9 > 15 !0.002t 4 + 0.104t 3 ! 1.69t 2 + 8.5t ! 6 > 0
The values that satisfy the inequality 0.002t4 + 0.104t3 1.69t2 + 8.5t 6 > 0 are the values of x for which the graph is positive (above the x-axis). From the graph, this occurs approximately when approximately between 0.8 s and 7.6 s and between 20 s and 23.6 s. Chapter 2 Review a) Consider all cases. Case 1 5x + 4 < 0 x4>0 5x < 4 x>4 4 x< ! 5 No solution since no x-values common to both inequalities. Case 2 5x + 4 > 0 x >! x4<0 Question 17 Page 141
4 5
x<4
4 < x < 4 is a solution. 5 4 <x<4. 5
Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is !
b) (2x + 3)(x 1)(3x 2) 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 2x + 3 > 0 x1>0 2x > 3 x>1 3 x> ! 2 x > 1 is a solution. Case 2 2x + 3 > 0 x> ! x1<0 3x 2 > 0 3x > 2 2 x> 3
3 x<1 2 3 2 is a solution. ! <x< 2 3

Case 3 2x + 3 < 0
3x 2 < 0 2 x< 3
x1<0 3x 2 > 0 3 2 x< ! x<1 x> 2 3 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Case 4 2x + 3 < 0 3x 2 < 0 3 2 x< ! x>1 x< 2 3 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is ! x1>0
3 2 " x " or x # 1 . 2 3
c) (x2 + 4x + 4)(x + 5)(x 5) > 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 x+5>0 x5>0 x > 5 x>5 x > 5 is a solution. Case 2 x+5<0 x5<0 x < 5 x<5 x < 5 is a solution. Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is x < 5 or x > 5.
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chapter 2 Review a) 12x 2 + 25x ! 7 = (3x + 7)(4x ! 1) (3x + 7)(4x ! 1) " 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 3x + 7 > 0 4x 1 > 0 3x > 7 4x > 1 7 1 x> ! x> 3 4 1 x> is a solution. 4 Case 2 3x + 7 < 0 x< ! x< ! 4x 1 < 0 1 x< 4
7 3
7 is a solution. 3 7 1 or x ! . 3 4
Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is x ! "
b) (x + 4)(2x ! 3)(3x ! 1) " 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 x+4<0 2x 3 < 0 x<4 2x < 3 3 x< 2 x < 4 is a solution. Case 2 x+4<0 3x 1 < 0 3x < 1 1 x< 3
2x 3 > 0 3x 1 > 0 3 1 x < 4 x> x> 2 3 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Case 3 x+4>0 x > 4 2x 3 < 0 3 x< 2 3x 1 > 0 1 x> 3
1 3 < x < is a solution. 3 2

Case 4 x+4>0 2x 3 > 0 3x 1 < 0 3 1 x > 4 x> x< 2 3 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities. Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is x 4 or
1 3 ! x ! . 3 2
c)
!3(x ! 4.3)(x + 2.4)(x 2 ! 1.5x + 1.0) < 0 Consider all cases.

Case 1 x 4.3 > 0 x + 2.4 > 0 x > 4.3 x > 2.4 x > 4.3 is a solution. Case 2 x 4.3 < 0 x + 2.4 < 0 x < 4.3 x < 2.4 x < 2.4 is a solution. The solution is approximately x < 2.4 or x > 4.3. Chapter Problem Solutions for the Chapter Problem Wrap up are provided in the Teachers Resource.
Chapter 2 Practice Test Chapter 2 Practice Test The correct solution is C. Question 1 Page 142
P(!2) = 5(!2)3 + 4(!2)2 ! 3(!2) + 2 = !16

Chapter 2 Practice Test The correct solution is C. Question 2 Page 142
P(2) = 2(2)3 ! 5(2)2 ! 9(2) + 18 " 0

Chapter 2 Practice Test The correct solution is D. The only set to include 1 and Chapter 2 Practice Test a) 3 1 4 3 7 3 21 72 1 7 24 79 Question 3 Page 142
1 4
Question 4 Page 142
x 3 ! 4x 2 + 3x ! 7 79 = x 2 ! 7x + 24 ! x+3 x+3
b) x 3 c) (x + 3)(x2 7x + 24) 79 d) (x + 3)(x 2 ! 7x + 24) ! 79 = x 3 ! 7x 2 + 24x + 3x 2 ! 21x + 72 ! 79 = x 3 ! 4x 2 + 3x ! 7
Chapter 2 Practice Test a) f (!2) = (!2)4 + (!2)3 k ! 2(!2)2 + 1 5 = 16 ! 8k ! 8 + 1
Question 5 Page 142
8k = 9 ! 5 8k = 4 1 k= 2 " 1% b) f (!4) = (!4)4 + (!4)3 $ ' ! 2(!4)2 + 1 # 2& = 256 ! 32 ! 32 + 1
= 193
c)
x3 ! x + 4 x4 +
7 2 x + 12x ! 48 2
1 3 x ! 2x 2 + 0x + 1 2
x 4 + 4x 3 7 3 x ! 2x 2 2 7 ! x 3 ! 14x 2 2 ! 12x 2 + 0x 12x 2 + 48x ! 48x + 1 ! 48x ! 192 193
Chapter 2 Practice Test a) P(!1) = !1! 5 ! 2 + 8 =0 (x + 1) is a factor. 1 1 5 2 8 1 6 8 1 6 8 0
Question 6 Page 142
x 3 ! 5x 2 + 2x + 8 = (x + 1)(x 2 ! 6x + 8) = (x + 1)(x ! 4)(x ! 2)

b) P(!2) = (!2)3 + 2(!2)2 ! 9(!2) ! 18 =0 (x + 2) is a factor.
x3 + 2x2 9x 18 = (x + 2)(x2 9) = (x + 2)(x + 3)(x 3)
c)
(x 2) is a factor.
(x + 3) is a factor.
(x + 4) is a factor. x3 + 5x2 2x 24 = (x 2)(x + 3)(x + 4)
d)
(x 1) is a factor.
5x 2 + 12x + 4 x ! 1 5x 3 + 7x 2 ! 8x ! 4 5x 3 ! 5x 2 12x 2 ! 8x 12x 2 ! 12x 4x ! 4 4x ! 4 0 5x3 + 7x2 8x 4 = (x 1)(5x2 + 12x + 4) = (x 1)(x + 2)(5x + 2)
e) P(!2) = (!2)3 + 9(!2)2 + 26(!2) + 24 =0 (x + 2) is a factor. 2 1 9 26 24 2 14 24 1 7 12 0 x3 + 9x2 + 26x + 24 = (x + 2)(x2 + 7x + 12) = (x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4)
f)
(2x + 1) is a factor. 2x4 + 13x3 + 28x2 + 23x + 6 = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(2x + 1) Chapter 2 Practice Test x = 5 or x = 3 or x = 2 Question 7 Page 142
Chapter 2 Practice Test a) x = 2 b) (x + 11)(x 11)(x2 + 16) = 0 x = 11 or x = 11 c) 2(x 2 ! 2x + 3)(x 2 ! 25) = 0
Question 8 Page 142
2(x 2 ! 2x + 3)(x ! 5)(x + 5) = 0 x = 5 or x = !5

d) 3(x 2 ! 9)(x ! 5)(x + 2) = 0 3(x ! 3)(x + 3)(x ! 5)(x + 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = !3 or x = 5 or x = !2
Chapter 2 Practice Test a) (x + 1)2(x + 2) = 0 x = 1 or x = 2 b) (x 3)(x 1)(x + 4) = 0 x = 3 or x = 1 or x = 4 c) (2x 3)(4x 7)(4x + 7) = 0 3 7 7 x = or x = or x = ! 2 4 4 x = 1.5 or x = 1.75 or x = 1.75 d) x(3x ! 2)(3x + 2)(5x ! 3) = 0 Question 9 Page 142
x = 0 or x =
2 2 3 or x = ! or x = 3 3 5
Chapter 2 Practice Test
Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown. a) All involve polynomials; the equation is a statement about two equivalent expressions (e.g., x2 x = x7 + 8), the inequality is a statement about two unequivalent expressions (e.g., x2 x < x7 + 8), and the function is a relationship giving each element in the domain one corresponding value in the range (e.g., y = x7 + 8). b) When an polynomial equation such as x2 x is equal to zero, the roots of the equation are the same as the zeros of the function y = x2 x and the x-intercepts of the graph of x2 x.
Chapter 2 Practice Test
a) y = kx(x + 3)(2x + 3)(x ! 2) Using the point (2, 4), substitute x = 2 and y = 4 and solve for k. 4 = k(!2)(!2 + 3)(2(!2) + 3)(!2 ! 2)
4 = !8k 1 k=! 2 1 y = ! x(x + 3)(2x + 3)(x ! 2) 2

b) x < 3,
3 < x < 0, x > 2 2

Chapter 2 Practice Test a) y = k(x ! 5)2 (x + 2 + 6)(x + 2 ! 6)
y = k(x 2 ! 10x + 25)(x 2 + 2x ! 6x + 2x + 4 ! 2 6 + 6x + 2 6 ! 6) y = k(x 2 ! 10x + 25)(x 2 + 4x ! 2) y = k(x 4 + 4x 3 ! 2x 2 ! 10x 3 ! 40x 2 + 20x + 25x 2 + 100x ! 50) y = k(x 4 ! 6x 3 ! 17x 2 + 120x ! 50)
b) Substitute x = 0 and y = 20 and solve for k.
20 = k 04 ! 6(0)3 ! 17(0)2 + 120(0) ! 50 20 = !50k 2 k=! 5 2 y = ! (x 4 ! 6x 3 ! 17x 2 + 120x ! 50) 5
Chapter 2 Practice Test a) height = x width = (20 2x) length = 18 x V(x) = x(20 2x)(18 x) b) V (x) = x(20 ! 2x)(18 ! x)
450 = x(360 ! 56x + 2x 2 ) 0 = x(360 ! 56x + 2x 2 ) ! 450 0 = 2x 3 ! 56x 2 + 360x ! 450
& & height = 1.6 height = 7.1 & & width = 16.7 width = 5.8 & & length = 16.4 length = 10.9 Disregard negative dimensions.
The possible dimensions of the box are approximately 16.7 cm by 16.4 cm by 1.6 cm or 5.8 cm by 10.9 cm by 7.1 cm c) V(x) = kx(20 2x)(18 x) d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.
Chapter 2 Practice Test a) x3 8x2 + 3x + 9 0
Approximately x 0.9 or 1.4 x 7.4. b) x4 + 3x3 + 9x2 5x 5 > 0
Approximately 2.0 < x < 0.6 or 0.9 < x < 4.7.
Chapter 2 Practice Test a)
Approximately x < 3.6 or 1.1 < x < 1.7. b)
1.5 x 1 or approximately x 1.7 or x 1.7.
Chapter 2 Practice Test a) (3x 4)(3x + 4) < 0 Consider all cases.
Case 1 3x 4 > 0 3x + 4 < 0 3x > 4 3x < 4 4 4 x> x< ! 3 3 No solution since no x-values common to both inequalities. Case 2 3x 4 < 0 3x + 4 > 0 4 4 x< x> ! 3 3 4 4 ! < x < is a solution. 3 3 Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is ! b) !x(x 2 ! 6x + 9) > 0
4 4 <x< . 3 3
!x(x ! 3)2 > 0 x(x ! 3)2 < 0

x<0 x<3 The solution is x < 0.
c) 2x(x 2 ! 9) + 5(x 2 ! 9) " 0 (2x + 5)(x ! 3)(x + 3) " 0 Consider all cases. Case 1 2x + 5 < 0 x< ! x3<0 x+3<0 x < 3
5 x<3 2 x < 3 is a solution.

Case 2 2x + 5 < 0 x< ! x3>0
x+3>0
5 x>3 x > 3 2 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities.

Case 3 2x + 5 > 0 x> ! x3>0 x+3<0
5 x>3 x < 3 2 No solution since no x-values common to all three inequalities.

Case 4 2x + 5 > 0 x> ! x3<0 x+3>0 x > 3
5 2
x<3
5 < x < 3 is a solution. 2 5 ! x ! 3. 2
Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is x ! "3 or "
d) (x 2)(2x + 1)(x + 1)(x + 3) 0 Consider all cases. Case 1
1 2 x > 2 is a solution.
x>2 x> ! Case 2 x<2 x< !
x > 1
x > 3
1 2
x > 1
x > 3
1 < x < ! Case 3
1 is a solution. 2
1 x < 1 x < 3 2 No solution since no x-values common to all four inequalities.

x>2 x> ! Case 4
1 x < 1 x > 3 2 No solution since no x-values common to all four inequalities.

x<2 x> ! Case 5
1 x > 1 x < 3 2 No solution since no x-values common to all four inequalities.

x<2 x> ! Case 6
1 x < 1 x > 3 2 No solution since no x-values common to all four inequalities.

x>2 x< ! Case 7
1 x > 1 x < 3 2 No solution since no x-values common to all four inequalities.

x>2 x< ! Case 8
1 2 x < 3 is a solution.
x<2 x< !
x < 1
x < 3
Combining the results of all the cases, the solution is x 3 or 1 x !
1 or x 2. 2
Chapter 2 Practice Test a) V (x) = x(32 ! 2x)(40 ! 2x) b) i) V(x) = 2x(32 2x)(40 2x) ii) V(x) =
1 x(32 2x)(40 2x) 2
c) family of functions d) V (x) = x(32 ! 2x)(40 ! 2x) V (x) > 2016
x(1280 ! 144x + 4x 2 ) ! 2016 > 0 4x 3 ! 144x 2 + 1280x ! 2016 > 0 4(x 3 ! 36x 2 + 320x ! 504) > 0
The values of x that will result in boxes of a volume greater than 2016 are approximately 2 < x < 10.9 or x > 23.1.

Math - AF12 Chapter 2 Solutions

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Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills

Polynomial Equations and Inequalities

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 85

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 86

Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills

Question 4 Page 82 b) (5m 7)(5m + 7) d) 3(4c2 9) = 3(2c 3)(2c + 3)

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 87

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 88

Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills

!3 14 5 & & x = 1.3 or x = 0.1

7 (!7)2 ! 4(2)(4) 2(2)

7 17 4 & & x = 0.7 or x = 2.8

!1 13 4 = 1.2 or x = 0.7 & & x =

7 (!7)2 ! 4(6)(!20) 2(6)

7 529 12 7 23 = 12 & x = 1.3 or x = 2.5

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 89

Chapter 2 Prerequisite Skills a) y = a(x + 4)(x 1) 2 = a[(1) + 4][(1) 1] 2 = 6a 1 a= ! 3

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 90

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 91

Chapter 2 Section 1 Chapter 2 Section 1 a)

The Remainder Theorem Question 1 Page 91

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 92

30 x 3 + 7x 2 ! 3x + 4 , x " !2 = x 2 + 5x ! 13 + x+2 x+2

298 !4x 4 + 11x ! 7 , x"3 = !4x 3 ! 12x 2 ! 36x ! 97 ! x!3 x!3

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 93

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 94

(2x 3)(3x + 4) + R = 6x2 x + 15 6x + 8x 9x 12 + R = 6x2 x + 15 R = 6x2 6x2 x 8x + 9x + 15 + 12 R = 27 (x + 2)(x2 3x + 4) + R = x3 x2 2x 1 x 3x + 4x + 2x 2 6x + 8 + R = x3 x2 2x 1 R = x3 x 3 x 2 + 3x 2 2x 2 2x 4x + 6x 1 8 R = 9

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 95

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 96

P(3) = (3)3 + 2(3)2 ! 3(3) + 5 = 27 + 18 9 + 5 = 41

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 97

P(2) = !2(2)3 + b(2)2 ! 5(2) + 2 = 16 + 4b 10 + 2 = 4b 24 Since the remainders are equal, 4b 24 = b + 9 3b = 33 b = 11

P(!1) = !2(!1)3 + b(!1)2 ! 5(!1) + 2 =2+b+5+2 =b+9

f (!2) = (!2)3 + 6(!2)2 + k(!2) ! 4 = 8 + 24 2k 4 = 2k + 12

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 98

(3x 2)(x + 4)(2x + 1)

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 99

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 100

a) 5t2 + 15t + 1 = (t b)(5t 5b + 15) 5b2 + 15b + 1 b) Q(t) =

h(t) ! h(b) t!b

!5t 2 + 15t + 1! " !5b2 + 15b + 1$ # %

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 101

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 102

? 4 x x!3 3 x3=4 x=7

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 103

a = BC = (3 ! 4)2 + (2 ! 8)2 = 1+ 36 = 37 b = AC = (6 ! 4)2 + (4 ! 8)2 = 4 + 16 = 20 c = AB = (6 ! 3)2 + (4 ! 2)2 = 9+4 = 13 1 s= 37 + 20 + 13 2 = 7.08 &

A = 7.08 7.08 ! 37 7.08 ! 20 7.08 ! 13 & A=8 &

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 104

The Factor Theorem Question 1 Page 102

Question 2 Page 102

Question 3 Page 102

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 105

b) P(!6) = (!6)3 + 4(!6)2 ! 15(!6) ! 18 = !216 + 144 + 90 ! 18

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 106

Question 4 Page 102

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 107

4 . 3 The corresponding factors are (x 3), (x + 2), and (3x + 4).

MHR Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 108

1 . 2 The corresponding factors are (x 3), (x 1), and (2x 1).