ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mrs (Dr.) Alka Singh mam who gave me the golden opportunity work on the wonderful project on the topic . This is a very contemporary topic and has helped me to widen my horizon of knowledge regarding the world economy.

I would like to thank you for giving me such a good topic to research on and for the help and support which give during the making of the project. Secondly, I would also like to thank my seniors and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.

Index
Sr. NO, Topic Page NO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Introduction Fashion in Clothes Fashion in Literature Fashion in Technology Conclusion Bibliography

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Introduction
This project deals with the contemporary, controversial, debatable and ambiguous topic Fashion

and its various Dimension.

The topic is contemporary because it is so much present in the society in which we live. We deal with it in our day to day life and even though we are ignorant about. It is controversial because fashion in itself talks about Change. This change could be related to anything whether it may be custom, culture, clothes or anything. And when this change is brought in oneself or in the society, the people around you start feeling uncomfortable regarding that change and this most of the time gave rise to various controversies. And the topic is debatable because it is controversial. It debatable because it gave rise to situations in which we have to decide that Whether we should accept those Changes taking place or show our disagreement. Last but not the least; the topic is ambiguous because very few know what really the fashion is? Most of the people thinks that Fashion is the basically the trendy clothes we wear or the models which walk on ramp in fashion. But in reality it is not so. This project is basically incorporated with various dimensions and elements which the fashion is related to like: The very basic one; Clothes the main ingredient for which fashion is known for. This project contain detail study regarding the Clothes mainly including that how there came a revolution in clothes which includes the effect of industrial revolution and various other event of history on the clothes. The other one in this row is Literature. The project deals in various form of literature existing like poetry, biography etc. Apart from this we will be talking about revolution in technology, music and how these revolutions contributed to the field of Fashion.

Fashion in Clothes
Clothes were made to cover the human body. But with the march of time it became a status symbol. For instance the head of the clan in tribe have different costume than the rest of the member. Clothing and textiles have been important in human history and reflects the materials available to a civilization as well as the technologies that it has mastered. The social significance of the finished product reflects their culture. The development of textile and clothing manufacture in prehistory has been the subject of a number of scholarly studies since the late 20th century, including Prehistoric Textiles. Genetic analysis suggests that the human body louse, which lives in clothing, may have diverged from the head louse some 107,000 years ago, evidence that humans began wearing clothing at around this time. At a slightly later date (25,000 years) the Venus figurines were depicted with clothing. Those from western Europe were adorned with basket hats or caps, belts worn at the waist, and a strap of cloth that wrapped around the body right above the breast. Eastern European figurines wore belts, hung low on the hips and sometimes string skirts. Archaeologists have discovered artifacts from the same period that appear to have been used in the textile arts: (5000 BC) net gauges, spindle needles and weaving sticks. The inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization used cotton for clothing as early as the 5th millennium BC 4th millennium BC. Evidence exists for production of linen cloth in Ancient Egypt in the Neolithic period, c. 5500 BC. Cultivation of domesticated wild flax, probably an import from the Levant, is documented as early as c. 6000 BC. Evidence for wool production in Egypt is scanty at this period.Spinning techniques included the drop spindle, hand-to-hand spinning, and rolling on the thigh; yarn was also spliced. Art in the cave depicts Egyptian men wearing linen kilts and women in narrow dresses with various forms of shirts and jackets, often of sheer pleated fabric. The Iron Age is broadly identified as stretching from the end of the Bronze Age around 1200 BC to 500 AD and the beginning of the Medieval period. Bodies and clothing have been found from this period, preserved by the anaerobic and acidic conditions of peat bogs in northwestern Europe. A Danish recreation of clothing found

with such bodies indicates woven wool dresses, tunics and skirts. These were largely unshaped and held in place with leather belts and metal brooches or pins. The history of Medieval European clothing and textiles has inspired a good deal of scholarly interest in the 21st century. European dress changed gradually in the years 400 to 1100. People in many countries dressed differently depending on whether they identified with the old Romanised population, or the new invading populations such as Franks, Anglo-Saxons, and Visigoths. Men of the invading peoples generally wore short tunics, with belts, and visible trousers, hose or leggings. The Romanised populations, and the Church, remained faithful to the longer tunics of Roman formal costume. By the first half of the 16th century, the clothing of the Low Countries, German states, and Scandinavia had developed in a different direction than that of England, France, and Italy, although all absorbed the sobering and formal influence of Spanish dress after the mid-1520s. Elaborate slashing was popular, especially in Germany. Black was increasingly worn for the most formal occasions. Bobbin lace arose from passementerie in the mid-16th century, probably in Flanders.This century also saw the rise of the ruff, which grew from a mere ruffle at the neckline of the shirt or chemise to immense cartwheel shapes. At their most extravagant, ruffs required wire supports and were made of fine Italian reticella, a cutwork linen lace. By the turn of the 17th century, a sharp distinction could be seen between the sober fashions favored by Protestants in England and the Netherlands, which still showed heavy Spanish influence, and the light, revealing fashions of the French and Italian courts. During the eighteenth century, distinction was made between full dress worn at Court and for formal occasions, and undress or everyday, daytime clothes. As the decades progressed, fewer and fewer occasions called for full dress which had all but disappeared by the end of the century. Full dress followed the styles of the French court, where rich silks and elaborate embroidery reigned. Men continued to wear the coat, waistcoat and breeches for both full dress and undress; these were now sometimes made of the same fabric and trim, signalling the birth of the three-piece suit. During the industrial revolution, fabric production was mechanised with machines powered by waterwheels and steam-engines. Production shifted from small cottage based production to mass production based on assembly line organisation. Clothing production, on the other hand, continued to be made by hand. In the early 20th century workers in the clothing and textile industries became unionised. Later in the 20th century, the industry had expanded to such a degree that such educational institutions as UC Davis established a Division of Textiles
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and Clothing. A longside these developments were changes in the types and style of clothing produced. During the 1960s, had a major influence on subsequent developments in the industry. But the fashion of the 2011s so far have not seen the mash-up styles of the previous decade. Clothing is worn in a more unified style, with vintage clothing carefully coordinated with similar modern garments.rather than haphazardly mismatching styles from many decades. The 2010s has many fashion elements from the period 1945-1991, especially the 1930s, 1950s and 1980s.The 2011s, so far, have seen many recycled fashions from the 1950s, 1970s and 1980s such as acid wash skinny jeans,bell-bottoms, tunics, baseball jackets,denim print leggings, oversized cardigans, 1940s New Look dresses and trenchcoats, leg warmers, aviator sunglasses, Tube tops, western shirts, Perfecto motorcycle jackets customized with studs, job skirts, floral camisoles worn with matching hot pants, sundresses, pencil skirts, jean skirts, small handbags rather than the large designer It bags of the early-2000s. In 2011, many styles from the late 2000s remain fashionable in both Europe and America, including Ed Hardy T shirts,Polo Ralph Lauren, J Crew,shawl collar cardigans,, V-neck t-shirts, Cargo pants, shemaghs, skinny jeans, aviator sunglasses, Tartan flannel shirts, converse all-stars, acid wash denim work shirts,cable knit pullovers, Nike Air Jordans, Airwalk, Vans and retro sneakers, Uggs,flat caps, newsboy caps, and black leather jackets. New fashions include Bermuda shorts, pork pie hats, trilbys,turtle neck sweaters, denim jackets,Aloha shirts, car coats,1930s style linen sportcoats, tortoise shell glasses,snake skin or plaited leather belts, tapered jeans, tartan coats, espadrilles, straw hats, skechers, Timberland work boots, orange anoraks, 1980s style sheepskin coats, khaki chinos Scandinavian-inspired anoraks,knitted pullovers, 1930s style shirts with rounded collars, single-breasted suits with peaked lapels inspired by the TV show Boardwalk Empire, and Belstaff safari jackets.

Fashion in Literature
Literature from Latin word litterae (plural) meaning "acquaintance with letters"; Literature is the art of written works. But with the march of time there has been a considerable change in this art and this change in the art is the step towards what we call fashion. As far as history is considered, the Babylonian epic poem Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the earliest known literary works. It was probably composed around 1900 BC. The epic deals with themes of heroism, friendship, loss, and the quest for eternal life. Different historical periods are reflected in their literature. National and tribal sagas, accounts of the origin of the world and of customs, and myths which sometimes carry moral or spiritual messages predominate in the pre-urban eras. The epics of Homer, dating from the early to middle Iron age, and the great Indian epics of a slightly later period, have more evidence of deliberate literary authorship, surviving like the older myths through oral tradition for long periods before being written down. As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had an covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 15001000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD. In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature.

Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative. Today in the 21st century, there came a vast change in taste of reader because of the industrial revolution and globalization. In this era we find that the book on any subject irrespective of author is welcomed provided it suits the reader. For example today there are writers like Khushwant Singh writing books like The train to Pakistan , Salman Rushids The Midnight Children which consist marvelous thoughts and situations with the flair of English Language and on the other hand we have writers like Chetan Bhagat and his work like Five Point Someone and latest The Revolution 2020 which deals with the life on students in college. The books dont consist of such thoughts as dealt in above books but it became popular because it is related with life of a common man.

Fashion in Technology
The word technology comes from Greek technologa; meaning "art, skill, craft", and -loga, meaning "study of-". Human being put their first step towards Technologyis when they to produce and control fire and then the invention of the wheel which helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons. The use of the term technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, and usually referred to the description or study of the useful arts. The term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology .The meanings of technology changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into "technology." In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between Technik and Technologie that is absent in English, as both terms are usually translated as "technology." By the 1930s, "technology" referred not to the study of the industrial arts, but to the industrial arts themselves. In 1937, the American sociologist Read Bain wrote that "technology includes all tools, machines, utensils, weapons, instruments, housing, clothing, communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them."Bain's definition remains common among scholars today, especially social scientists. But equally prominent is the definition of technology as applied science, especially among scientists and engineers, although most social scientists who study technology reject this definition. More recently, scholars have borrowed from European philosophers of "technique" to extend the meaning of technology to various forms of instrumental reason, as in Foucault's work on technologies of the self ("techniques de soi"). The use of tools by early humans was partly a process of discovery and step unconsciously put towards the fashion in technology, partly of evolution. Early humans evolved from a species of foraging hominids which were
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already bipedal, with a brain mass approximately one third that of modern humans. Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history, but approximately 50,000 years ago, a complex set of behaviors and tool use emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern language. Other technological advances made during the Paleolithic era were clothing and shelter; the adoption of both technologies cannot be dated exactly, but they were a key to humanity's progress. As the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became more sophisticated and more elaborate; as early as 380,000 BC, humans were constructing temporary wood huts. Man's technological ascent began in earnest in what is known as the Neolithic period ("New stone age"). The invention of polished stone axes was a major advance because it allowed forest clearance on a large scale to create farms. The discovery of agriculture allowed for the feeding of larger populations, and the transition to a sedentist lifestyle increased the number of children that could be simultaneously raised, as young children no longer needed to be carried, as was the case with the nomadic lifestyle. Additionally, children could contribute labor to the raising of crops more readily than they could to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle Continuing improvements led to the furnace and bellows and provided the ability to smelt and forge native metals (naturally occurring in relatively pure form).Gold, copper, silver, and lead, were such early metals. The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone, and wooden tools were quickly apparent to early humans, and native copper was probably used from near the beginning of Neolithic times (about 8000 BC). Native copper does not naturally occur in large amounts, but copper ores are quite common and some of them produce metal easily when burned in wood or charcoal fires. Eventually, the working of metals led to the discovery of alloys such as bronze and brass (about 4000 BC). The first uses of iron alloys such as steel dates to around 1400 BC. Meanwhile, humans were learning to harness other forms of energy. The earliest known use of wind power is the sailboat. The earliest record of a ship under sail is shown on an Egyptian pot dating back to 3200 BC. From prehistoric times, Egyptians probably used the power of the Nile annual floods to irrigate their lands, gradually learning to regulate much of it through purposely built irrigation channels and 'catch' basins. Similarly, the early peoples of Mesopotamia, the Sumerians, learned to use the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for much the same purposes. But more extensive use of wind and water (and even human) power required another invention. The invention of the wheel revolutionized activities as disparate as transportation, war, and the production of pottery (for which it may have been first used). It didn't take long to discover that
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wheeled wagons could be used to carry heavy loads and fast (rotary) potters' wheels enabled early mass production of pottery. But it was the use of the wheel as a transformer of energy (through water wheels, windmills, and even treadmills) that revolutionized the application of nonhuman power sources. Innovations continued through the Middle Ages with innovations such as silk, the horse collar and horseshoes in the first few hundred years after the fall of the Roman Empire. Medieval technology saw the use of simple machines (such as the lever, the screw, and the pulley) being combined to form more complicated tools, such as the wheelbarrow, windmills and clocks. The Renaissance brought forth many of these innovations, including the printing press (which facilitated the greater communication of knowledge), and technology became increasingly associated with science, beginning a cycle of mutual advancement. The advancements in technology in this era allowed a more steady supply of food, followed by the wider availability of consumer goods. Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, metallurgy and transport, driven by the discovery of steam power. Technology later took another step with the harnessing of electricity to create such innovations as the electric motor, light bulb and countless others. Scientific advancement and the discovery of new concepts later allowed for powered flight, and advancements in medicine, chemistry, physics and engineering. The rise in technology has led to the construction of skyscrapers and large cities whose inhabitants rely on automobiles or other powered transit for transportation. Communication was also greatly improved with the invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio and television. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a revolution in transportation with the invention of the steam-powered ship, train, airplane, and automobile. The 20th century brought a host of innovations. In physics, the discovery of nuclear fission has led to both nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Computers were also invented and later miniaturized utilizing transistors and integrated circuits. These advancements subsequently led to the creation of the Internet, which ushered in the current Information Age. Humans have also been able to explore space with satellites (later used for telecommunication) and in manned missions going all the way to the moon. In medicine, this era brought innovations such as open-heart surgery and later stem cell therapy along with new medications and treatments. Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and organizations are needed to construct and maintain these new technologies, and entire industries have arisen to support and develop
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succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools. Modern technology increasingly relies on training and education their designers, builders, maintainers, and users often require sophisticated general and specific training. Moreover, these technologies have become so complex that entire fields have been created to support them, including engineering, medicine, and computer science, and other fields have been made more complex, such as construction, transportation and architecture.

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Conclusion
Therefore with this project researcher want to widen the horizon of the reader that; the fashion is just not only concern with clothes but also with other subjects like technology and literature. But one after analyzing this should not again restrict this topic is to these topic only. And should also try to apply this topic with other social subjects like culture, lifestyle etc. This project only dealt with the application of fashion in mainly three subject which are basically Literature, Clothes and Technology. Researcher choose only these three subject because they are very contemporary and so much present around us. Apart from this, the topic is controversial, debatable and ambiguous as stated in the beginning.

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Bibliography
Web Resources http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/ftp/literature.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles http://www.insightinstore.com/wpcontent/themes/tarski/pdfs/The%20Indian%20Fashion%20Scenario%20%20A%20Preview.pdf http://www.forumforthefuture.org/project/fashion-futures-2025/overview

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