KEY TERMS

a-, an- = no, not (as in anemia}. AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm. AAA diagnostic arthroscopy, operative arthroscopy, and operative arthrotomy. A&P anterior and posterior vaginal repair Ab, ab abortion. ab- = away from. abdomen the anterior portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis. abdomin/o = abdomen (as in abdominocentesis). abdominal cavity contains organs such as the stomach, liver, intestines, and gallbladder. abdominal quadrants four topographic subdivisions of the abdomen determined by two imaginary lines dividing the body through the naval one vertical, one horizontal; health professionals use these designations to help locate specific internal organs. abdominal regions nine topographic subdivisions of the abdomen determined by four imaginary lines configured in a tic-tac-toe pattern; anatomists use these named regions to identify the location of internal organs. abdominal thrusts emergency procedure in which sudden pressure on the abdomen of a person who is choking may dislodge material from the airway; formerly called Heimlich maneuver. abdominocentesis paracentesis of the abdomen. abdomniopelvic cavity - the single cavity containing the abdominal and pelvic organs; the 4 quadrants being right upper, left upper, right upper and right lower. abdominoperineal resection removal of the entire lower bowel, including the anus. abduction moving away from the midline of the body; opposite motion of adduction. ABGs arterial blood gases. ablation total removal of a part, normal or abnormal, by surgical or chemical means. abnormal not typical; unusual.

ABO system human blood classification system based on RBC antigens (A, B, AB, and O) and their corresponding antibodies. abruptio placentae separation of normally positioned placenta from the uterine wall; may result in hemorrhage and death of the fetus and/or mother. abscess a localized zone of inflammation, generally due to infection, in which pus forms in a tissue space walled off from surrounding tissues by fibrin, coagulated tissue fluids, and eventually fibrous tissue. absence seizure (petit mal) brief loss of attention and perception. absorption passage of a substance through a membrane, such as skin or mucosa, into blood. absorption tests based on determination of blood or stool levels of substances that have been ingested in measured amounts. abulia lack of willpower; diminished ability to make decisions. a.c. before meals. acanth/o = thorny, spiny (as in acanthoma). acanthoma a tumor in the prickle cell layer of the skin. accessory muscles of respiration neck and upper chest muscles not needed for normal breathing. accessory organ an organ that assists other organs in accomplishing their functions. acetone, urinary acetone in the urine can be measured with a dipstick. Small amounts are found in starvation and other abnormal metabolic states, larger amounts in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. acetylcholine chemical neurotransmitter. achalasia failure to relax of the smooth muscle fibers of the gastrointestinal tract at any junction of one part with another; especially failure of the lower esophagus to relax with swallowing, due to degeneration of ganglion cells in the wall of the organ. acid any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of H+ ions (that is, a low pH). acid-base balance maintaining the concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluids. acid-fast stain a staining procedure in which sputum, tissue, or other material is exposed to fluorochrome dye and then washed with acid-alcohol. Organisms of the genus Mycobacterium and some others retain the dye and are said to be acid-fast.

acidosis condition in which there is an excessive proportion of acid in the blood and thus an abnormally low blood pH; opposite of alkalosis. ACIF anterior cervical interbody fusion. ACL anterior cruciate ligament (in knee). ACLS advanced cardiac life support. acne bacterial infection of the skin characterized by red pustules formed when hair follicles become infected. acne vulgaris a chronic eruption of comedones, papules, pustules, and cysts occurring primarily in adolescence. acoustical shadowing the inability of ultrasound to reach and delineate structures located in the shadow of an organ or tissue that reflects a large amount of ultrasound. acquired immunity immunity that is obtained after birth through the use of injections or exposure to a harmful agent. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). suppression or deficiency of the immune response caused by exposure to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). acr/o = extremities (as in acrogeria). acrogeria a rare condition consisting of partial progeria, primarily of the skin, which is thin and parchmentlike, especially on the hands and feet; in some cases it is inherited in autosomal recessive fashion. Called also metageria. acrognosis sensory recognition of the limbs. acromegaly enlargement of extremities as a result of thickening of the bones and soft tissues. It is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland (after the completion of puberty). acrosome specialized structure covering the sperm head containing enzymes that break down the covering of the ovum to allow entry. ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone. actin/o = ray, radiation (as in actinodermatitis). actin contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle. actinic keratosis sharply outlined, red or skin colored, flat or elevated growth that sometimes develops into a cutaneous horn or gives rise to a squamous cell carcinoma. It usually affects the middle-aged or elderly, especially those of fair complexion, and is caused by excessive exposure to the sun; called also solar keratosis.

actinodermatitis cutaneous inflammation due to excessive exposure to sunlight or to exposure to x-rays. action potential nerve impulse. active transport movement of a substance into and out of a living cell requiring the use of cellular energy. acu- = needle (as in acupuncture). acupuncture the Chinese practice of inserting needles into specific points along the meridians of the body to relieve the discomfort associated with painful disorders, to induce surgical anesthesia, and for preventative and therapeutic purposes. In general, acupuncture is employed to treat functional disorders rather than organic diseases that bring about severe tissue changes. acute sharp, sudden and intense for a short period of time. acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) type of acute (rapid onset and progression) blood cancer most common in children 3 to 7 years of age; characterized by cancerous transformation and increased numbers of B lymphocytes. acute myeloid leukemia (AML) type of acute (rapid onset and progression) blood cancer most common in adults; characterized by cancerous transformation and increased numbers of myeloid precursor cells. acute myocardial ischemia sudden decrease in blood flow to heart muscle (MI). acute pharyngitis sore throat. ad- = toward, near. ADA American Diabetes Association diet. ADD attention deficit disorder. Addison disease disease of the adrenal gland resulting in low blood sugar, weight loss, weakness, increase in blood sodium and decrease in blood potassium. adduction moving toward the midline of the body; opposite motion of abduction. adductor muscle any of several muscles that adduct a joint, moving a body part in from the side (lateral and thus toward the midline (median or midsagittal plane) of the body or of the body region for example, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles contract together to pull the upper arm toward the trunk, thus adducting the shoulder joint. adenectomy removal of a gland.

adenine one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleotides, which in turn make up nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA; in the cell, it can chemically bind to another nitrogenous base, thymine (T or t) or uracil (U or u), to form a more complex structure or in translating genetic codes; symbolized by the letter A or a. adenitis inflammation of a gland. aden/o = gland (as in adenectopia). adenectopia displacement of a gland. adenocarcinoma cancerous tumor derived from glandular cells. adenohypophysis anterior pituitary gland, which has the structure of an endocrine gland. adenoid/o = adenoids (as in adenoidectomy). adenoid literally, glandlike; adenoids, or pharyngeal tonsils, are paired lymphoid structures in the nasopharynx. adenoidectomy surgical excision of the adenoids. adenoma benign tumor of a gland. adenopathy enlargement of glands, especially of the lymph nodes. adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency rare, inherited condition in which production of the enzyme adenosine deaminase is deficient, resulting in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID); first human disorder treated by gene therapy. adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule similar to adenosine triphosphate but containing only two phosphate groups. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) chemical compound that provides energy for use by body cells. adenotonsillectomy removal of the tonsils and adenoids. ADH antidiuretic hormone. ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. adhesed attached firmly or securely. adipocere a waxy substance that forms in a dead body after prolonged immersion. adipose fat tissue; specialized tissue that stores lipids. adipsia absence of thirst; abnormal avoidance of drinking. ADLs activities of daily living.

adnexa appendages. adnexa uteri accessory structures of the uterus (ovaries and fallopian tubes). adolescence period of life between puberty and adulthood. adontobothritis alveolitis. adren/o = adrenal glands (as in adrenomegaly). adrenal cortex outer portion of adrenal gland that secretes hormones called corticoids. adrenal glands two endocrine glands, one above each kidney. They produce hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and hydrocortisone (cortisol). adrenal medulla inner portion of adrenal gland that secreted epinephrine and norepinephrine. adrenalectomy removal (excision) of adrenal glands. adrenergic fibers axons whose terminals release norepinephrine and epinephrine. adrenocortical pertaining to the adrenal cortex; corticoadrenal. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete larger amounts of hormones. adrenomegaly enlargement of the adrenal gland. adult polycystic kidney disease hereditary condition characterized by development of multiple cystic spaces in one or both kidneys that often fill with clear fluid or blood. adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) relative inability to inflate alveoli normally; caused by impairment or removal or surfactant following accidental inhalation of destructive substances. adulthood period of life after adolescence. aerobic requiring oxygen. aerobic respiration the stage of cellular respiration requiring oxygen. aerobic training continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and develop the muscles ability to sustain activity over a long period. aerosol pentam slang for aerosolized pentamidine. afebrile without fever. affect ones prevailing mood or emotional state, pleasant or unpleasant, particularly as perceived by the examiner: basic emotional state, and emotional content of responses to examiner (apathetic, blunted, depressed, elated, euphoric, flat, inappropriate, and labile).

afferent carrying or conveying toward the center (e.g., an afferent neuron carries nerve impulses toward the central nervous system); opposite of efferent. AFI amniotic fluid index. A fib slang for atrial fibrillation. AFP alfa fetoprotein. agglutin/o = clumping (as in agglutinophilic). agglutinate antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together. agglutinophilic agglutinating readily. agglutinins, cold antibodies formed by persons with mycoplasmal pneumonia, which case red blood cells to clump when chilled but not at room or body temperature. agglutinins, febrile a group of antibody tests, each for a specific febrile (fever-causing) infectious disease, used as a screening procedure in patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO). aging process the gradual degenerative changes that occur after young adulthood as a person ages. -agogue = producer, leader (as in cholagogue). -agra = severe pain (as in dentagra). agranulocytosis an acute disease in which there is a dramatic decrease in the production of granulocytes, and therefore a pronounced neutropenia evolves, leaving the body defenseless against bacterial invasion. A great majority of the cases of agranulocytosis are caused by sensitization to drugs or chemicals that affect the bone marrow and thereby depress the formation of granulocytes. AHG antihemophilic globulin. AHIMA American Health Information Management Association. AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS-related complex (ARC) early manifestation of AIDS that produces fever, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes in those whose immune systems are less deficient than those with full-blown AIDS. air-fluid level a line representing the level of a collection of fluid as seen in a radiographic image, which air or gas above it. air-space disease as seen on the chest x-ray, disease or abnormality of lung tissue that encroaches on space normally filled by air.

AK above-knee amputation. akathisia extreme restlessness, inability to remain seated. akinesia 1. absence or loss of the power of voluntary movement. 2. the temporary paralysis of a muscle by the injection of procaine. -al = pertaining to (as in abdominal). albinism recessive, inherited condition, characterized by a lack of the dark brown pigment melanin in the skin and eyes, resulting in vision problems and susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancer. albumin/o = albumin (as in albuminometer). albumin one of several types of proteins normally found in blood plasma; it helps thicken the blood. albuminometer an instrument used in determining the proportion of albumin present, as in the urine. Also called albuminimeter Albuterol a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator administered by aerosol for relief of bronchospasm in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease. Aldomet trademark for a preparation of methyldopa, an antihypertensive. aldosterone hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water. -algesia, alges/o = pain sensitivity (as in analgesia). -algia = pain (as in cephalgia). alimentary canal principal tubelike structure of the digestive system extending from mouth to anus; sometimes called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. alk phos slang for alkaline phosphatase. alkaline any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of OH- ions (thus creating a high pH value). alkaline phosphatase enzyme present in blood plasma in high concentration during certain liver and malignant bone marrow disorders. alkalosis condition in which there is an excessive proportion of alkali (base) in the blood; opposite of acidosis. ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia. all or none when stimulated, a muscle fiber will contract fully or not at all; whether a contraction occurs depends on whether the stimulus reaches the required threshold.

allergen harmless environmental antigen that stimulates an allergic react ion (hypersensitivity reaction) in a susceptible, sensitized person. allergy hypersensitivity of the immune system to relatively harmless environmental antigens. allo- = other, different (as in allotoxin). allopurinol a drug that inhibits uric acid production and reduces serum and urinary uric acid levels; used to treat hyperuricemia of gout and that secondary to blood dyscrasia or cancer chemotherapy. allotoxin any substance formed by tissue change within the body which serves as a defense against toxins by neutralizing their poisonous properties. alopecia clinical term referring to hair loss. alpha cell pancreatic cell that secretes glucagon. ALT (alanine aminotransferase) formerly called SGPT. An enzyme whose level in the serum is elevated in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and other liver diseases. altered level of consciousness varying from slight drowsiness or inattentiveness to confusion and disorientation to deep coma from which the subject cannot be aroused by any stimulus. alveol/o = alveolus (as in alveolitis). alveolar pertaining to air sacs (alveoli) within the lungs. alveolar duct airway that branches through the smallest bronchioles; alveolar sacs arise from alveolar ducts. alveolar sac sacs in the lungs that arise from the alveolar ducts and resemble a cluster of grapes. alveolitis adontobothritis. alveolus literally, a small cavity; alveoli of lungs are microscopic saclike dilations of terminal bronchioles. Alzheimer disease brain disorder of the middle and late adult years characterized by loss of memory and dementia. ambi- = around; on both sides (as in ambidextrous). ambidextrous able to use either hand with equal dexterity. ambly/o = dim, dull (as in amblyoscope). amblyopia dulling of vision that cannot be corrected with a lens.

amblyoscope an instrument for measuring binocular vision or for training an amblyopic eye to take part in vision. amenorrhea absence of menstruation. amino acid structural units from which proteins are built. ammonia, serum a breakdown product of protein metabolism, increased in hepatic failure. amnesia loss of memory, recent, remote, or total. amni/o = amnion (as in amnioscope). amniocentesis surgical puncture to remove fluid from the amnion (sac surrounding the developing fetus). The fetal cells and chemicals in the fluid are studied to identify fetal abnormalities. amnion sac of fluid surrounding the embryo. amnioscope an endoscope that by introduction into the cervical canal, permits direct visualization of the fetus and amniotic fluid. amniotic cavity cavity within the blastocyst that will become a fluid-filled sac in which the embryo will float during development. amoeba protozoan of changing shape capable of causing infection. amphidiarthrosis slightly movable joint such as the one joining the two pubic bones. amp slang for ampule, ampicillin. amphi- = around, on both sides. amplitude 1. largeness or fullness; wideness or breadth of range or extent. 2. in a phenomenon that occurs in waves, the maximal deviation of a wave from the baseline, measured as either peak or peak-to-peak. ampulla (of rectum) the dilated portion of the rectum just proximal to the anal canal. Amvisc trademark for a preparation of hyaluronan, a preparation extracted from chicken combs. It is used for the treatment of pain in osteoarthritis, administered by intra-articular injection. It is also used as an adjunct, injected into the anterior or posterior chamber during surgical procedure on the eye to maintain the shape of the eye, to manipulate and separate tissues by hydraulic pressure, and to protect intraocular structures from trauma. amylase enzyme that digests carbohydrates. amylase, serum An enzyme whose level is increased in pancreatitis and mumps. amyl/o = starch (as in amylolysis).

amylolysis the degradation of starch to water-soluble dextrins and sugars, particularly catalyzed by enzymes. ANA (antinuclear antibody) an antibody detected by immunofluorescence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and other autoimmune diseases. ana- = upward, backward. anabolic steroid a lipid molecule of the steroid variety that acts as a hormone to stimulate anabolism (specifically protein synthesis) in body tissues such as muscle (e.g., testosterone). anaerobic requiring the absence of oxygen. anal pertaining to the anus. anal canal terminal portion of the rectum. analysis separating a substance into its component parts. anaphase stage of mitosis; duplicate chromosomes move to poles of dividing cell. anaphylactic shock circulatory failure (shock) caused by a type of severe allergic reaction characterized by blood vessel dilation; may be fatal. anaphylaxis an unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction of an organism to foreign protein or other substances. anaplasia growth of abnormal (undifferentiated) cells, as in a tumor or neoplasm. anaplastic referring to tumor tissue containing primitive, undifferentiated cells, unlike the structurally differentiated cells of normal tissue. anastomosis new surgical connection between two previously unconnected bowel parts, vessels, or ducts. anatomic pathology concerned with the gross and microscopic changes brought about in living human tissues by disease. anatomical position the standard neutral reference position for the body used to describe sites or motions of various body parts; gives meaning to directional terms. anatomy the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts. anatropia upward deviation of the visual axis of one eye when the other eye is fixing. ANCA anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody lab test. Ancef trademark for a preparation of cefazolin sodium, used in the treatment of a wide variety of infections caused by sensitive pathogens; administered intramuscularly and intravenously.

andr/o = male (as in androgen). anemia deficient number of red cells or deficient hemoglobin. androgen any steroid hormone that promotes male characteristics. The two main androgens are androsterone and testosterone. anencephaly absence of cerebral hemispheres. anesthesia total loss of sensation on one or more parts of the body surface. anesthesiology study of how to administer agents capable of bringing about loss of sensation and unconsciousness. anemia deficiency of hemoglobin and/or number of red blood cells. aneurysm/o = aneurysm (as in aneurysmectomy). aneurysm local widening of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall or breakdown in the wall from atherosclerosis. aneurysm resection surgical removal of a segment of vessel that has an abnormal ballooning and threatens to rupture. aneurysmectomy excision of an aneurysm. angi/o = vessel (usually a blood vessel). angina chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to heart muscle. Called also angina pectoris (chest). angioblast 1. the earliest formative tissue from which blood cells and blood vessels arise. 2. an individual vessel-forming cell. angiography (arteriography) the radiographic study of arteries into which radiopaque medium has been injected. Still pictures may be made showing the flow of blood and contrast medium through vessels. angioplasty surgical repair of a blood vessel. angstrom - .01 mm. anhedonia inability to experience pleasure from normally pleasurable activities. anion negatively charged particle. anion gap referring to electrolytes. anis/o = unequal (as in anisocoria). anisocoria inequality in the size of the nuclei of cells.

ankl/o = stiff, crooked, bent (as in ankylosis). ankle mortise the normal articulation between the talus and the distal tibia and fibula. ankylosing spondylitis chronic inflammation of the vertebrae (backbones) with stiffening of spinal joints so that movement becomes increasingly painful. ankylosis stiffening and immobility of a joint caused by injury, disease, or a surgical procedure. annulus a small ring or encircling structure. an/o = anus (as in anorectocolonic). anodontia congenital absence of some or all of the teeth. anomal/o = irregular (as in anomaly). anomaly irregularity; a deviation from the normal. A congenital anomaly (irregularity) is present at birth. anorectocolonic pertaining to the anus, rectum, and colon. anorectoplasty plastic surgery of the anus and rectum. anorexia loss of appetite (a symptom, rather than a distinct disorder). anorexia nervosa behavior eating disorder characterized by chronic refusal to eat, often related to an abnormal fear of becoming obese. anoscopy examination of the anus and lower rectum by means of an anoscope. anosmia absence of the sense of smell. anovulation failure of ovulation to occur at the expected times. antagonist muscle those muscles having opposing actions; for example, muscles that flex the upper arm are antagonists to muscles that extend it. ante- = before, forward. antebrachial refers to the forearm. antecardium epigastrium. antecubital - refers to the elbows. antenatal medicine prenatal medicine. antepartum - before birth. anter/o = front.

anteromedial situated anteriorly and to medial side. anteroposterior (AP) view an x-ray done when the thoracic spine is the center of interest; the body is x-rayed with the patients back nearest the filmholder. anterior located in the front of the body or in the front of a structure. anterior drawer test with the patient supine, the injured knee is bent to 90 degrees. The physician then grasps the upper end of the tibia and pulls it anteriorly. Excessive movement means the anterior cruciate ligament within the knee joint is damaged or torn. anthracosis a lung disease due to inhalation of coal dust not containing silica. anthracotic pertaining to or affected with anthracosis, a usually asymptomatic form of pneumoconiosis caused by deposition of anthracite coal dust in the lungs. anthrax bacterial infection caused by Bacillus anthracis. anthrop/o = man, human being (as in anthroposomatology). anti- = against. antiarrhythmic pertaining to a drug that works against or prevents abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias). antibiotic compound usually produced by living organisms that destroys or inhibits microbes. antibody a substance that works against germ or bacterial life. antibody-mediated immunity immunity that is produced when antibodies make antigens unable to harm the body; also referred to as humoral immunity. anticoagulant drug that prevents clotting (coagulation). antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water. antigen foreign protein (such as on a bacterium or virus) that stimulates white blood cells to make antibodies. Antigens are then destroyed by the antibodies antihypertensive drug that reduces high blood pressure. antineoplastic inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms; checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. antioxidant substance such as vitamin E that can inhibit free radicals (oxidants), which are highly reactive, electron-seeking molecules occurring normally in cells but which may damage electron-dense molecules such as DNA or molecules in cell membranes.

antiparkinsonian effective in the treatment of parkinsonism; an agent effective in the treatment of parkinsonism. antisepsis 1. the prevention of sepsis by antiseptic means. 2. any procedure that reduces to a significant degree the microbial flora of skin or mucous membrane. antr/o = antrum (as in antrotomy). antrilobular preferred spelling is interlobular. antrotomy incision of an antrum (a cavity or chamber). antrum cavity. anuria lack of urine formation by the kidneys. anus distal end or outlet of the rectum. anxiety disorders social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder. aort/o = aorta (as in aortomalacia). aorta largest artery, which leads from the lower left chamber of the heart to arteries all over the body. aortic body small cluster of chemosensitive cells that respond to carbon dioxide and oxygen levels. aortic semilunar valve valve between the aorta and left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricle. aortic stenosis - narrowing of the aorta. aortomalacia softening of the walls of the aorta. aortostenosis narrowing of the aorta. AP angina pectoris. AP anteroposterior. AP repair anterior and posterior repair. Apgar score assessment of the general health of newborn infant, in which heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, skin color and response to stimuli are scored (a perfect total score is 10); named for the American physician Virginia Apgar. aphakia absence of the lens of the eye. aphasia absence or impairment of communication through speech.

apical pertaining to an apex. aplastic anemia - blood disorder characterized by a low red blood cell count, caused by destruction of myeloid tissue in the bone marrow. apnea - not able to breathe; temporary stoppage of breathing. In sleep apnea, during sleep, a person is momentarily unable to contract respiratory muscles and maintain air flow through the nose and mouth. apo- = away, separation. apocrine sweat gland sweat glands located in the axilla and genital regions; these glands enlarge and begin to function at puberty. apophysis bony outgrowth. apoptosis programmed cell death by means of several biochemical processes built into each cell; apoptosis clears space for newer cells, as in early embryonic development or in tissue repair. appendage something that is attached; for example, an attached body part such as an arm. appendectomy surgical removal of the appendix. appendicitis inflammation of the appendix. appendicular refers to the upper and lower extremities of the body. appendix small sac that hangs from the juncture of the small and large intestines in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. Its function is unknown. approximation the act or process of bringing into proximity or opposition. appy slang for appendectomy. aque/o = water (as in aqueous). aqueous liquid mixture in which water is the solvent; for example, saltwater is an aqueous solution because water is the solvent. aqueous humor - watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye, in front of the lens. aqueous solution a mixture made up of molecules dissolved in water. -ar = pertaining to (as in areolar). arachnoid mater - delicate, web-like middle membrane covering the brain and the meninges.

archaea type of microbe resembling bacteria but with different chemical makeup (especially in the cell wall) and different metabolic pathways; often capable of thriving in very harsh environments (very acid, very salty, etc.); not known to infect humans. arcus sinilis a white or gray opaque ring in the corneal margin, present at birth, or appearing later in life, and becoming quite frequent in those over 50; it results from cholesterol deposits in or hyaline degeneration of the corneal stroma and may be associated with ocular defects or with familial hyperlipidemia. areola small space; the pigmented ring around the nipple. areolar connective tissue a type of connective tissue consisting of fibers and a variety of cells embedded in a loose matrix of soft, sticky gel. Argyll Robertson pupil a pupil that constricts when the subject focuses on a near object, but not when the eye is stimulated with light; due to central nervous system disease, most often syphilis. arrector pili smooth muscles of the skin, which are attached to hair follicles; when contraction occurs, the hair stands up, resulting in goose flesh, or goose bumps. arrhythmia abnormal heart rhythm. arsenic/o = arsenic (as in arsenicophagy). arsenicophagy the practice of eating arsenic. arteri/o = artery (as in arteriolosclerosis). arterial blood gases (ABGs) so-called because they are usually measured in a specimen of blood drawn from an artery. arterial system canals that carry blood from the heart to the organs. arteriography the radiographic study of arteries into which radiopaque medium has been injected. Still pictures may be taken immediately after injection, or motion pictures may be made showing the flow of blood and contrast medium through vessels. arteriole small artery. arteriolitis inflammation of small arteries. arteriolosclerosis sclerosis and thickening of the walls of arterioles. The hyaline form may be associated with nephrosclerosis; the hyperplastic with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arteries.

arteriovenous fistula - an abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. It can also be created surgically to provide access for hemodialysis. artery largest blood vessel. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. arthr/o = joint (as in arthralgia). arthralgia pain in a joint. arthritis inflammation of a joint. arthrodysplasia any abnormality of joint development. arthrogram - record (x-ray) of a joint. arthropathy disease of joints. arthroplasty - surgical repair of a joint; especially to restore mobility to osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. arthropod type of animal capable of infesting or parasitizing humans. arthroscope instrument used to examine the inside of a joint. arthroscopy a surgical procedure which involves an incision into a joint and the insertion of an arthroscope to view the structures inside the joint. articul/o = joint (as in articulation). articular cartilage cartilage covering the joint ends of bones. articulation place of junction between two or more bones of the skeleton; also called a joint. artificial kidney mechanical device that removes wastes from the blood that would normally be removed by the kidney. artificial pacemaker an electrical device that is implanted into the heart to treat a heart block. -ary = pertaining to. ASC-US abnormal squamous cells of undetermined significance. ascites abnormal collection of fluid in the abdomen. ASCVD arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Asendin trademark for preparations of amoxapine, an antidepressant. aseptic technique - approach to limiting the spread of infection by preventing or reducing contacts with contaminating surfaces.

asexual one-celled plants and bacteria that do not produce specialized sex cells. ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease. ASO titer a test to detect and measure antistreptolysin O in serum. This antibody is present during and shortly after streptococcal infections. The value is measured in Todd units. aspergillosis a disease caused by species of Aspergillus, marked by inflammatory granulomatous lesions in the skin, ear, orbit, nasal sinuses, lungs, and sometimes bones and meninges. Aspergillus a genus of fungi (molds), several species of which are endoparasitic (a parasite living within the body of the host) and opportunistic pathogens. asphyxia a condition in which there is a deficiency of oxygen in the blood and an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues. The symptoms include irregular and disturbed respirations, or complete absence of breathing, and pallor or cyanosis. Asphyxia may occur whenever there is an interruption in the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the outside air. Some common causes are drowning, electric shock, lodging of a foreign body in the air passages, inhalation of smoke and poisonous gases, and trauma to or disease of the lungs or air passages. Treatment includes immediate remedy of the situation by artificial respiration and removal of the underlying cause whenever possible. aspir/o, aspirat/o = inhaling, removal (as in aspiration). aspiration 1. the inspiration into the airway of foreign material. Pathologic aspiration of vomitus or mucus into the respiratory tract may occur when a person is unconscious or under the effects of a general anesthetic. This can be avoided by keeping the head turned to the side and removing foreign material such as vomitus, mucus, or blood from the air passages. 2. withdrawal of fluid by an aspirator. The method is widely used in hospitals, especially during surgery, to drain the area of the body being operated on and keep it clear of excess fluids to facilitate visualization of the surgical field. Sometimes after extensive surgery, suction drainage under the skin is used to speed the healing process. assimilation takes place when food molecules enter the cell and undergo chemical changes. association area region of the cerebral cortex of the brain that functions to put together or associate information from many parts of the brain to help make sense of or analyze the information. AST (aspartate aminotransferase) formerly called SGOT. An enzyme whose level in the serum is elevated in myocardial infarction, liver disease, and other conditions. -asthenia, asthen/o = weakness (as in myasthenia). asthma - characterized by recurring spasms of muscles in bronchial walls accompanied by edema and mucus production, making breathing difficult.

asthmalike symptoms symptoms associated with asthma; recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea, with airway inflammation and wheezing due to spasmodic contraction of bronchi. Some cases are allergic manifestations in sensitized persons (allergic asthma); others are provoked by factors such as vigorous exercise, irritant particles, psychological stresses, and others. astigmatic keratotomy (AK) type of refractive surgery for treatment of astigmatism that involves placement of transverse cuts across the corneal surface to alter its shape. astigmatism irregular curvature of the cornea or lens that impairs refraction of a well-focused image of the eye. ASTM American Society for Testing of Materials. astr/o = star, star shaped (as in astrocytoma). astrocyte a neurological cell. astrocytoma a tumor composed of astrocytes; classified in order of malignancy as Grade I, consisting of fibrillary or protoplasmic astrocytes; Grade II (astroblastoma); Grades III and IV (glioblastoma multiforme), brain tumor (malignant). asymptomatic showing no symptoms. ataxia impairment of complex movements due to loss of proprioceptive impulses from the muscles of the trunk or limbs. ataxic characteristic of failure of muscular coordination; irregularity of muscular action. atel/o = incomplete, imperfect (as in ateloglossia). atelectasis collapsed lung (ATEL = incomplete) (ECTASIS = widening or dilation). ateloglossia congenitally incomplete development of the tongue. atelomyelia imperfect development of the spinal cord. ather/o = plaque; a yellow, fatty material (as in atheroma). atheroma an abnormal mass of fatty or lipid material with a fibrous covering, existing as a discrete, raised plaque within the intima of an artery. atherosclerosis hardening of the arteries caused by a collection of fatty, cholesterol-like deposit (plaque) in arteries. athletes foot tinea pedis. Ativan trademark for a preparation of lorazepam, an anxiolytic (antianxiety agent).

atom smallest particle of a pure substance (element) that still has the chemical properties of that substance; composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons (subatomic particles). atomic mass combined total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. atomic number total number of protons in an atoms nucleus; atoms of each element have a characteristic atomic number. atopic dermatitis eczema. -atresia = closure, occlusion (as in urethratresia). atri/o = atrium (as in atrioseptopexy) atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) hormone secreted by the heart cells that regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. atriomegaly abnormal enlargement of an atrium of the heart. atrioseptopexy surgical correction of a defect in the interatrial septum. atrioventricular node a small mass of special impulse-generating cardiac muscle tissue near the junction of the left atrium and ventricle; part of the conduction system of the heart. atrium chamber or cavity; for example, atrium of each side of the heart. atrophy decrease in size of cells within an organ. attenuation the act of thinning or weakening; the change in a beam of radiation as it passes through matter. The intensity of the electromagnetic radiation decreases as its depth of penetration increases. audiography a precise measurement of the faintest loudness (in decibels) that the subject can hear, each ear tested separately at each of several pitches (for example, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz); this can be performed by a trained technician with carefully calibrated testing equipment, or by automated machinery activated by the subject. auditory (eustachian) tube - tube ending from the inside of the middle ear to the throat to equalize air pressure. aura a peculiar sensation preceding the appearance of more definitive symptoms. aural 1. pertaining to the ear. 2. pertaining to an aura. auricle - part of the ear attached to the side of the head; earlike appendage of each atrium of the heart. ausculation listening for sounds produced within the body, chiefly to ascertain the condition of the thoracic or abnormal viscera and to detect pregnancy; it may be performed with the unaided ear (direct or immediate auscultation) or with a stethoscope (mediate ausculation).

auriculotemporal pertaining to the ear and the temporal region. auscultation of the heart the physician notes the quality and loudness of heart sounds heard through a stethoscope at the four valve areas. aut- = self (as in autolysis). auto- = self (as in autoantitoxin). autoantitoxin normal tissue constituent, is the target of a humoral or cell-mediated immune response, as in autoimmune disease. Called also self-antigen. autoimmunity process in which a persons immune system attacks the persons own body tissues the underlying cause of several diseases. autoinoculation implantation of infective viral material at new sites, with spread of lesions. autolysis more commonly known as self-digestion, refers to the destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes. automated lamellar keratoplasty (ALK) type of refractory eye surgery that employs a microkeratome to cut off a cap of corneal tissue, which is replaced after the underlying tissue is reshaped. automatic external defibrillator (AED) small, lightweight device that detects a persons heart rhythm using small electrode pads placed on the torso and, if ventricular fibrillation is detected, a nonmedical rescuer will be led through some simple steps to defibrillate the victim by applying brief electroshock to the heart. autonomic effector - tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses. autonomic neuron motor neurons that make up the autonomic nervous system. autopsy examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death. autosome one of the 44 (22 pairs) chromosomes in the human genome other than the two sex chromosomes; means same body, referring to the fact that each member of a pair of autosomes match each other in size and other structural features. aux/o = growth, acceleration (as in auxotonic). auxotonic contracting against increasing resistance. AV arteriole-venule ratio. AV arteriovenous. AV atrioventricular.

AV bundle fibers in the heart that relay a nerve impulse from the AV node to the ventricles; also known as the bundle of His. AV (arteriovenous) nicking tapering of a venule where an arteriole crosses it as seen on funduscopy. avascular necrosis death of tissue due to loss of blood supply. aversion therapy a form of behavior therapy that associates an objectionable or undesirable pattern of behavior with an unpleasant experience or consequence, so as to reduce or extinguish the behavior. avian flu a term used to describe the influenza viruses that infect birds, including wild birds such as ducks, and domestic birds such as chickens. Many forms of avian flu virus cause only mild symptoms in the birds or no symptoms at all. However, some of the viruses produce a highly contagious and rapidly fatal disease, leading to severe epidemics. These virulent viruses are known as highly pathogenic avian influenza, and it is these viruses that cause particular concern. Until 1997 avian flu was believed to infect only birds; however, in 1997 it was discovered that the virus can occasionally infect people who have been in close contact with live birds in markets or farms. It is possible that a highly pathogenic avian flu virus could merge with a human flu virus and create a new virus that could be easily passed between humans. avitaminosis general name for any condition resulting from a vitamin deficiency. aVL augmented voltage, left arm. AVNRT atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. aVR augmented voltage, right arm. avulsed ripped or torn away. avulsion the ripping or tearing away of a part. avulsion fracture fracture occurring when a powerful muscle contraction pulling on a ligamentous or tendinous attachment to a bone forcibly pulls a fragment of bone free from underlying osseous tissue. axi/o = axis (as in axial). axial pertaining to an axis (imaginary line through the center of a body or about which a structure revolves). Axial (transverse plane) views are seen in CT and MRI scans. axial CT views lumbar overhead view. axial skeleton the bones of the head, neck, and torso. axill/o = armpit; underarm (as in axillary).

axillary pertaining to the armpit or underarm. axon nerve cell process that transmits impulses away from the cell body. Ayre spatula used to sample ectocervix and posterior fornix in cervical cancer screening procedures. azoospermia absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa. azot/o = nitrogen, urea (as in azoturia). azoturia excess of urea in the urine. B cell a lymphocyte, activated B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood. Babinski reflex consists of dorsiflexion of the great toe and flaring of the other toes in response to stroking the sole of the foot toward the toes; an indication of disease or injury affecting a corticospinal tract. A normal reflex is downgoing, except in newborns and infants, in which the normal Babinski reflex is upgoing. Bacillus rod-shaped bacterium. bacitracin an antibacterial substance elaborated by the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis, found in a contaminated wound; useful in a wide range of infections, applied topically or given intramuscularly. backward failure inability of the heart to distend adequately during diastole, with resulting increase of pressure in the venous system. bacterial vaginosis a mixed vaginal infection that causes a thin grayish discharge with a foul fishy odor but little vulvar irritation or itching. bacterium microbe capable of causing disease; it is a primitive, single-celled organism without membranous organelles. bagged manually ventilated with an Ambu bag. Baker cyst fluctuant swelling of the bursa behind the knee joint. BAL bronchoalveolar lavage. balan/o = glans penis (as in balanoblennorrhea). balanoblennorrhea gonorrheal inflammation of the glans penis. balloon angioplasty stretching or breaking up atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries. band forms, bands immature neutrophils whose nuclei appear as bands, in contrast to mature neutrophils whose nuclei are segmented or lobed.

bands brief form for banded neutrophils. bar/o = weight, pressure (as in barotaxis). Bard endoscopic suturing system use of an endoscope to place sutures in the lower esophageal sphincter to narrow the lumen. barium substance used as a radiopaque (x-rays cannot pass through it) contrast medium for x-ray examination of the digestive tract). barium enema (BE) the standard radiographic examination of the large intestine by introduction of barium solution into the rectum. Indications for barium enema are unexplained lower abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, hematochezia, detection of occult blood in stool, unexplained anemia or weight loss, and history of colonic polyps or cancer. barotaxis stimulation of living matter by change of atmospheric pressure. barrel chest in pulmonary emphysema the anteroposterior diameter of the chest is often increased so that the rib cage approaches a cylindrical shape. Barrett esophagus precancerous condition of esophageal lining. Bartholin glands exocrine mucous glands located on either side of the vaginal outlet; also known as greater vestibular glands. bartholinitis inflammation of the Bartholin glands, accessory organs of the female reproductive tract. BAs business associates bas/o, basi/o = base, foundation (as in basophil). basal body temperature daily determination of oral temperature on arising is useful in confirming and dating ovulation. Daily graphing of basal body temperature will show a rise of 0.75-1.0 degrees F (0.25-0.5 degrees C) approximately one day after ovulation. basal cell carcinoma skin cancer, often occurring on upper face, with low potential for metastasizing. basal ganglia islands of gray matter located in the cerebral cortex that are responsible for automatic movements and postures; also called cerebral nuclei. basal metabolic rate number of calories of heat that must be produced per hour by catabolism to keep the body alive, awake, and comfortably warm. base a chemical that, when dissolved in water, reduces the relative concentration of H+ ions in the whole solution (sometimes by adding OH- ions). In the context of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), base or nitrogen base refers to one part of a nucleotide (sugar, phosphate and base) that

is the basic building block of nucleic acid molecules, possible bases include adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. basement membrane the connective tissue layer of the serous membrane that holds and supports the epithelial cells. Basic Four history and physical examination, consultation report, operative report, discharge summary. basilar pertaining to the bases (lowermost parts) of the lungs. basophil white blood cell that stains readily with basic dyes. basos brief form for basophils. BCC basal cell carcinoma. BCG bacilli Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy. BE barium enema. Beaver blade used for ophthalmic and other microsurgical procedures. behavior (behavioral) therapy any type of psychotherapy that focuses on the alteration or correction of undesirable behavior, including such responses to external stimuli as anxiety, depression, and physical symptoms of emotion (tachycardia, muscle tension, sweating). Behavior therapy uses conditioning, muscle relaxation techniques, meditation, breathing retraining, biofeedback, guided learning, and other methods. belching burping. Bell palsy temporary or permanent paralysis of facial features caused by damage to cranial nerve VII (facial nerve). benign not cancerous; a tumor that does not spread and is limited in growth. benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - benign enlargement of the prostate, a condition common in older males. benign tumor a noncancerous and generally harmless neoplasm. Bentyl trademark for preparations of dicyclomine hydrochloride, an anticholinergic, used as a gastrointestinal antispasmodic. benzoin - a balsamic resin from Syntax benzoin species, used chiefly as a topical protectant and antiseptic. beta cell pancreatic islet cell that secretes insulin.

Betadine trademark for preparations of providone iodine, which have a longer antiseptic action than most iodine solutions. Bethesda system a uniform system for reporting findings on Pap (Papanicolaou) smear of the uterine cervix. Betopic eye drops trademark for preparations of betaxolol hydrochloride, a cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent, used as an oral antihypertensive and also as an ophthalmic preparation to treat ocular hypertension and glaucoma. bi/o, bio = life (as in biogenesis). bicarb slang for bicarbonate. bicarbonate loading ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate to counteract the effects of lactic acid buildup, thereby reducing fatigue; however, there are potentially dangerous side effects. biceps brachii the primary flexor of the forearm. biceps femoris powerful flexor or the lower leg. bicuspid tooth with a large flat surface and two or three grinding cusps; also called premolar. bicuspid valve one of the two AV valves, it is located between the left atrium and ventricle and is sometimes called the mitral valve. b.i.d. twice a day. bilateral having two sides; pertaining to two both sides. bile a yellow-orange fluid produced by the liver. It breaks up large fat globules and helps in the digestion of fats. bile duct tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine. bili slang for bilirubin. bil/i = bile (as in biligenesis). biligenesis production of bile. bilirubin a red blood cell pigment excreted with bile from the liver into the intestine. bilirubin, conjugated (direct) bilirubin that has been conjugated (combined with glucuronic acid) by the liver. Because it is water-soluble, it can be excreted in the urine, and reacts directly with testing chemicals. Its level is increased in biliary obstruction. bilirubin, unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin in the serum that has not been conjugated (combined with glucuronic acid) by the liver. Because unconjugated bilirubin is lipid-soluble but

not water-soluble, it is not excreted in the urine and does not react directly with testing chemicals. Its level is increased in disorders that impair the function of liver cells. bilirubin, urinary bilirubin in the urine; it can be measured with a dipstick. Any amount is considered abnormal; usually it indicates obstructive liver disease or hepatitis. biogenesis 1. the theory, opposed to spontaneous generation, that living matter always arises by the agency of preexisting living matter. 2. recapitulation. biological filtration process in which cells alter the contents of the filtered fluid. biology study of life. biopsy living tissue is removed and viewed under a microscope. biopsy, excisional complete excision or removal of a skin lesion. In addition, some adjacent normal-appearing tissue is also removed for comparison. biopsy, incisional partial removal of a lesion by making an incision into the lesion and removing a section of it as well as some adjacent normal-appearing tissue for comparison. biopsy, punch removal of one section of a lesion using a sharp surgical instrument known as a punch. biopsy, skin removal of all or part of a skin lesion. The tissue is sent to the pathology laboratory for histologic diagnosis and to determine whether it is malignant. bioterrorism unlawful release of biological agents (toxins or pathogens) for the purpose of intimidation. BiPAP bilevel positive airway pressure. birth defect any abnormality, whether caused by genetic or environmental factors that exists at birth. BK below-knee amputation. blackhead description of sebum that accumulates, darkens, and enlarges some of the ducts of the sebaceous glands; also called a comedo. bladder usually referring to the urinary bladder. bladder flap a fold of peritoneum incised during low cervical cesarean section so the bladder can be separated from the uterus. bladder washings allow the doctor to obtain cells from inside the bladder. These cells are then evaluated in a laboratory for the presence of cancer. blast/o, -blast = early embryonic stage, immature (as in blastocyst).

blast forms, blasts very immature cells, particularly leukocytes, not normally found in peripheral blood but present in acute leukemia. blastocyst postmorula stage of developing embryo; hollow ball of cells. bleeders any blood vessels cut during surgery that require clamping, cautery, or ligature. bleeding time the number of minutes it takes for a small incision in the skin, made with a lancet, to stop bleeding. Either the Duke method (puncture of the earlobe) or the Ivy method (puncture of the forearm) may be used. blenn/o = mucus (as in blennothorax). blennothorax an accumulation of mucus in the chest. blepharitis inflammation of one or both eyelids. blepharorrhaphy - 1. suture of an eyelid. 2. tarsorrhaphy. blepharospasm spasm of the eyelids, usually due to local irritation, photophobia, or both. blister fluid-filled skin lesion; also called a vesicle. bloating an overly full, distended feeling, usually from excessive intestinal gas. blood type of connective tissue characterized by a watery liquid matrix (blood plasma) and a variety of mobile cells that include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. blood-brain barrier (BBB) structural and functional barrier formed by astrocytes and blood vessel walls in the brain; it prevents some substances from diffusing from the blood into brain tissue. blood doping a practice used to improve athletic performance by removing red blood cells weeks before an event and then reinfusing them just before competition to increase the oxygencarrying capacity of the blood. blood dyscrasia a pathologic condition of the blood, usually referring to a disorder of the cellular elements of the blood. blood gases oxygen and carbon dioxide, the principal gases dissolved in the blood. Sometimes called arterial blood gases because they are usually measured in a specimen of blood drawn from an artery. Blood gas measurements include partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) and of carbon dioxide pCO2) and oxygen saturation. From these data and the serum pH, it is possible to calculate the bicarbonate level. Alternatively, the base excess may be reported as the variation from a neutral blood pH. blood pool the circulating blood, into which radionuclides are injected for various types of circulatory scans.

blood pressure pressure of blood in the blood vessels, expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure (e.g., 120/80 mmHg). blood pressure gradient the difference between any two blood pressures in the body; for example, the pressure difference between the blood in the left ventricle of the heart and the blood in the aorta is a pressure gradient. blood sugar determination of the concentration of glucose in circulating blood. blood type a genetically determined and permanent characteristic of a persons red blood cells based on the presence of certain antigens. Two blood type systems of clinical importance are the ABO (comprising types A, B, AB, and O) and the Rh (comprising Rh-positive and Rhnegative. Blood for transfusion must be typed and then cross-matched (experimentally combined) with the prospective recipients blood to avoid reactions due to incompatibility of bloods. Other red cell antigens not used for type and cross-matching include Duffy, Kell, Kidd, and Lewis. These are often used when blood typing is used as evidence of nonpaternity. blunted costophrenic angle on chest x-ray, a costophrenic angle that is flattened or distorted by scarring or pleural fluid. BM bowel movement. BMI body mass index. BMP basic metabolic panel. BNP brain natriuretic peptide level. body unified and complex assembly of structurally and functionally interactive components. body composition assessment that identifies the percentage of the body that is lean tissue and the percentage that is fat. body mass index (BMI) a measure of the proportion of fat to lean body mass. bolus a small, rounded mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed. bond a chemical bond or union between two or more atoms to form a molecule. bone hard, rigid type of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton. It is composed of calcium salts. bone grafting bone transplanted from one site to another. bone marrow soft, sponge-like material in the inner part of bones. Blood cells are made in the bone marrow. bone marrow transplant treatment in which healthy blood-forming marrow tissue from a donor is intravenously introduced into a recipient.

bone scan a nuclear imaging test which, following the intravenous administration of a radioisotope, uses a scanning device to detect areas of abnormal uptake in the bones to identify fracture, infection, or malignancy. bone wax gel-like material that is exactly like wax that you would use in the kitchen. It has the ability to seal little pores in the bone that are exuding blood. bony island benign developmental abnormality consisting of a localized zone of increased density in a long bone. bony labyrinth the fluid-filled complex maze of three spaces (the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea) in the temporal lobe. borborygmus (pl. borborygmi) audible rumbling and gurgling sounds in the digestive tract due to intestinal activity. Bouchard nodes abnormal enlargements seen at the proximal interphalangeal joints in people with osteoarthritis. Bovie a brand name for an electrosurgical tool which uses high-frequency electric current for cutting or destroying tissue, as in cauterization. bowel gas pattern on abdominal film, the normal radiographic appearance of gas in the intestine. BP blood pressure. BPD biparietal diameter. BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia. brachi/o = arm (as in brachiocephalic). brachiocephalic of or involving the arm and head. The brachiocephalic artery supplies oxygenated blood from the aorta to the head, neck, and arm regions of the body. brachial pertaining to the arm. brachy- = short (as in brachypnea). brachypnea a slow breathing rate. brachytherapy placement of radioactive seeds in close or direct contact with cancerous tissue. brady- = slow (as in bradycardia). bradyarrhythmia a pulse that is both irregular and abnormally slow. bradycardia slow heartbeat.

bradylexia abnormal slowness in reading, due neither to defect in intelligence or of vision, nor to ignorance of the alphabet. brain organ in the head that controls the activities of the body. brain ischemia any pathophysiological state in cerebral blood flow to all or any part of the brain. brain scan an examination based on the distribution of a radioactive isotope injected systematically. breast anterior aspect of the chest in females, also an accessory sex organ. bridging formation of a bridge from one bone to another by abnormal calcium deposition, as in osteoarthritis. bridging osteophytes osteophytes on adjacent vertebrae that meet and fuse, forming a bridge across the joint space. brom/o = bromine containing compound, odor (as in bromoderma). bromocriptine mesylate used to suppress prolactin secretion in the treatment of pituitary prolactinomas and of hyperprolactemia-associated amenorrhea, galactorrhea, infertility, or male hypogonadism. It is also used as an antidyskinetic (prevention of dyskinesia, distortion or impairment of voluntary movement, as in tic, spasm, or myoclonus), usually in conjunction with levodopa, in the treatment of parkinsonism, and is used as a growth hormone suppressant in the treatment of acromegaly (hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults). Administered orally. bromoderma a skin eruption due to the use of bromides. bronch/o = bronchial tubes. bronchi the branches of the trachea. bronchial tubes tubes that carry air from the windpipe (trachea) to the lungs. bronchiectasis abnormal, irreversible dilation of bronchi, related to chronic infection. bronchiol/o = bronchiole (as in bronchiolectasis). bronchiole small branch of a bronchus. bronchiolectasis dilation of the bronchioles. bronchitis inflammation of bronchial tubes. bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtaining of material from lung tissue by washing. bronchopulmonary pertaining to the bronchi and the lungs.

bronchorrhagia hemorrhage from the bronchi. bronchoscopy visual examination of the bronchial tubes by passing an endoscope through the trachea (windpipe) into the bronchi. bronchospirometry - determination of vital capacity, oxygen intake, and carbon dioxide excretion of a single lung, or simultaneous measurements of the function of each lung separately. Brostrom procedure a repair of damaged ligaments on the outer (lateral) side of the ankle. Brudzinski sign 1. In meningitis, bending of the patients neck usually produces flexion of the knee and hip. 2. in meningitis, passive flexion of the lower limb on one side causes a similar movement in the opposite limb. bruise contusion. bruit a rough vascular sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, heard with a stethoscope over a narrowing in an artery. BSS balanced salt solution. bucc/o = cheek (as in buccal). buccal pertaining to the cheek. buffalo hump soft tissue prominence over upper back. buffer compound that combines with an acid or with a base to form a weaker acid or base, thereby lessening the change in hydrogen-ion concentration that would occur without the buffer. buffer pairs two kinds of chemical substances that prevent a sharp change in the pH of a fluid; for example, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). buffy coat thin layer of white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets located between red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma in a centrifuged sample of blood. bulboid corpuscle mucous membrane receptor that detects sensations of touch and vibration; also known as Krause end bulb. bulbourethral gland small glands located just below the prostate gland whose mucus-like secretions lubricate the terminal portion of the urethra and constitute less than 5% of the seminal fluid volume; also known as Cowper gland. -bulia, -boulia = will (as in abulia). bulimarexia condition in which people purposely induce the vomiting reflex to purge themselves of food they just ate; an eating disorder.

bulimia nervosa a common behavioral disorder of young women characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating. The typical patient engages in uncontrollable gorging with highcarbohydrate food several times a week. bulla (pl. bullae) a blister; a fluid-filled epidermal sac larger than a vesicle. BUN blood urea nitrogen. bundle of His AV bundle. burn an injury of tissues resulting from contact with heat, chemicals, electricity, friction, or radiant and electromagnetic energy; classified into three categories, depending on the number of tissue layers involved. burr cell an abnormal red blood cell with a jagged contour. burs/o = bursa (as in bursolith). bursas purselike cushions containing a little fluid to protect underlying surfaces and reduce friction. bursitis inflammation of a bursa. BUS Bartholin glands, urethra, and Skene glands. Bx abbreviation for biopsy. by ( x as in 2 x 3 x 4 cm). ca slang for carcinoma. cabbage CABG, coronary artery bypass graft. CABG (pronounced cabbage), coronary artery bypass graft. cachexia syndrome associated with cancer and other chronic diseases that involves loss of appetite, weight loss, and general weakness; also called wasting. Calan trademark for preparations of verapamil, a calcium channel blocker. calcane/o = heel (as in calcaneodynia). calcaneal near the point of the heel. calcaneodynia pain in the heel. calcaneus (pl. calcanei) the irregular quadrangular bone at the back of the tarsus; also called heel bone. calci/o = calcium (as hypocalciuria).

calcitonin, serum a hormone produced by the thyroid gland and affecting the metabolism of calcium. It is markedly elevated in certain malignancies of the thyroid and lung. calculi hard, crystalline stones that form in the lumen of hollow organs such as the gallbladder or liver (biliary calculi) or renal passages (renal calculi). Caldwell view a posteroanterior projection of the head, used for viewing the frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses; the central ray enters the back of the head from a slightly superior angle cali/o = calyx (as in pyelocaliectasis). callus formation an unorganized meshwork of woven bone, which is formed following fracture of a bone and is normally replaced by hard adult bone. calor/i = heat (as in calorie). calorie (C) heat unit; kilocalorie; the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree C. calvaria the domelike superior portion of the cranium, derived from the membranous neurocranium and consisting of the frontal and parietal bones and the squamous parts of the occipital and temporal bones. calyx cup-shaped division of the renal pelvis. Campylobacter pylori older name for the organism now called Helicobacter pylori. canaliculi an extremely narrow tubular passage or channel in compact bone. cancellous of a reticular, spongy, or lattice-like structure; said mainly of bony tissue. cancer tumor (neoplasm) capable of metastasizing (spreading) to other parts of the body. C&S culture and sensitivity. Candida albicans a yeastlike fungus capable of causing superficial infection in the mouth (thrush) or vagina and on the skin. candidiasis infection of the skin and mucous membranes with the yeastlike fungus Candida albicans. Also called candidosis. canine tooth the tooth with the longest crown and the longest root, which is located lateral to the second incisor that serves to pierce or ear food being eaten; also called a cuspid tooth. capillary smallest blood vessel with a smooth, slippery synovial membrane. capillary blood pressure the blood pressure found in the capillary vessels. -capnia, capn/o = carbon dioxide (as in hypercapnia).

Capoten trademark for a preparation of captopril, a diuretic, for treatment of hypertension. capsule hollowed out space found in diarthrotic joints, holds the bones of joints together while still allowing movement; made of fibrous connective tissue lines. capsulotomy incision of a capsule, as that of the lens, the kidney, or a joint. carbaminohemoglobin compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin. carbohydrate organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in certain specific proportions (C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio); for example sugars, starches, and cellulose. carbohydrate loading a method used by athletes to increase the stores of muscle glycogen, allowing more sustained aerobic exercise; also called glycogen loading. carbon one of the chemical elements found in great quantity in the human body and always found in organic compounds; symbolized by C, as in CO2 (carbon dioxide). carbon dioxide odorless, colorless gas formed in tissues and eliminated by the lungs. carbonic anhydrase the enzyme that converts carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. carbuncle a necrotizing infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue composed of a cluster of boils (furuncles), usually due to Staphylococcus aureus, with multiple formed or incipient drainage sinuses. They are often a symptom of poor health. carcin/o = cancer, cancerous (as in carcinoma). carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) not a reliable diagnostic indicator of colon cancer, but useful in watching for recurrence or metastatic disease after surgery. carcinogen substance that promotes the development of cancer. carcinoma a malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells. cardi/o = heart (as in cardioptosis). cardiac pertaining to the heart. cardiac catheterization a procedure that involves passing a flexible catheter through the femoral artery and into the heart to measure pressures within the hearts chambers. Dye is then injected to show patency or obstruction of the coronary arteries. cardiac cycle each complete heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles. cardiac muscle the involuntary type of muscle that makes up the heart wall. cardiac output volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute.

cardiac sphincter a ring of muscle between the stomach and esophagus that prevents food from reentering the esophagus when the stomach contracts. cardiac tamponade compression of the heart caused by fluid buildup in the pericardial space, as in pericarditis or mechanical damage to the pericardium. cardiogenic shock circulatory failure (shock) caused by heart failure; literally heart-caused shock. cardiologist physician specializing in the study of the heart and heart disease. cardiology study of the heart. cardiomegaly enlargement of the heart. cardiomyopathy disease of heart muscle. cardioptosis downward displacement of the heart. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) combined external cardiac (heart) massage and artificial respiration. cardiovascular pertaining to the heart and blood vessels. cardiovascular surgeon specialist in operating on the heart and blood vessels. cardiovascular system the system that transports cells throughout the body by way of blood vessels; sometimes also called circulatory system. cardioversion small discharge of electricity across the chest to stop cardiac arrhythmia (fibrillation). caries (cavity) decay of teeth or of bone. carinii former name for Pneumocystitis pneumonia. carinal pertaining to a carina, a ridgelike structure, such as the carina tracheae or the carina urethralis vaginae. carmine a red coloring matter derived from cochineal (dried female insects) by the addition of alum and used as a histologic stain. carotid pertaining to the principal artery of the neck. carotid body - chemoreceptor located in the carotid artery that detects changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood acid levels. carotid endarterectomy removal of hardened plaque from an obstructed carotid artery. carp/o = wrist (as in carpoptosis).

carpal pertaining to the wrist. carpal tunnel syndrome muscle weakness, pain, and tingling in the radial side (thumb side) of the wrist, hand, and fingers perhaps radiating to the forearm and shoulder; caused by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (a passage along a ventral concavity of the wrist). carpopedal spasm painful cramps of wrists and ankles. carpoptosis wristdrop. carrier in genetics, a person who possesses the gene for a recessive trait, but who does not actually exhibit the trait. cartilage flexible, fibrous connective tissue, found as part of the nose, ears, voice box, and windpipe and chiefly attached to bones at joints. CAT scan computerized axial tomography. X-rays are taken to show a cross-sectional view of an organ or structure. cata- = down, downward (as in catabiotic). catabiotic pertaining to the natural senescence (the process of growing old) of cells. catabolism breakdown of food compounds or cytoplasm into simpler compounds; opposite of anabolism, the other phase of metabolism. catalyst chemical that speeds up reactions without being changed itself. cataract clouding of the lens of the eye. catecholamine category of signaling molecule that includes norepinephrine and epinephrine. cath slang for catheterization. cathd slang for catheterized. catheterization passage of a flexible tube (catheter) into the bladder through the urethra for the withdrawal of urine (urinary catheterization). cation positively charged particle. caud/o = tail (as in caudal). cauda equina the collection of spinal roots descending from the spinal cord and occupying the vertebral canal below the cord. caudal pertaining to the tail or the lower portion of the body. caus/o, cauter/o = burn, burning (as in causalgia).

causalgia burning or stinging due to irritation or inflammation of nerves. cautery the application of a caustic agent, a hot instrument, an electric current, or other agent to destroy tissue. cavity hollow place or space in a tooth resulting from decay; also referred to as dental caries. CBC (complete blood count) a group of blood tests, including counts of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; a differential count of the various types of white blood cells; and a determination of hemoglobin and hematocrit. CBD common bile duct. CC chief complaint. cc cubic centimeter; used in laboratory values but not in drug doses; equivalent to mL, milliliter. CDC Centers for Disease Control. CE covered entity. CEA carcinoembryonic antigen test; titer. cec/o = cecum (as in cecoileostomy). cecoileostomy ileocecostomy; surgical anastomosis of the ileum to the cecum. cecum blind pouch; the pouch at the proximal end of the large intestine. cefotetan a semisynthetic cephamycin derived from cephamycin C and generally classified with the second-generation cephalosporins, effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. -cele = hernia, swelling (as in hydrocele). celi/o = abdomen (as in celiomyositis). cell smallest unit or part of an organ. cell body the main part of a neuron from which the dendrites and axons extend. cell-mediated immunity resistance to disease organisms resulting from the actions of cells; chiefly sensitized T cells. cellar a small more or less enclosed space. cellular respiration enzymes in the mitochondrial wall and matrix using oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients to release energy needed for cellular work.

cellulitis an of infection occurring in soft tissues, including the skin, whose cardinal features are diffuse and spreading tissue swelling, redness, pain, and fever often caused by streptococci. Celluvisc lubricant eyedrops for temporary relief of burning, irritation, and discomfort due to dryness of the eye. cementum bonelike dental tissue covering the neck and root areas of teeth. -centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid (as in amniocentesis). centimeter 1/100 of a meter; approximately 2.5 cm equal 1 inch. centr/o = center (as in centrosclerosis). central canal longitudinal canal containing vascular elements and nervous tissue located in the center of an osteon, or Haversian system. central nervous system the brain and spinal cord. central venous pressure - venous blood pressure within the right atrium that influences the pressure in the large peripheral veins. centriole one pair of tiny cylinders in the centrosome of a cell; believed to be involved with the spindle fibers formed during mitosis. centrolectithal having the yolk centrally located, surrounded by a peripheral layer of cytoplasm, such as the eggs of arthropods and insects. centromere a beadlike structure that attaches one chromatid to another during the early stages of mitosis. centrosclerosis osteosclerosis of the marrow cavity of a bone. cephal/o = head (as in cephalgia). cephalgia head pain. cephalic pertaining to the head. cerebell/o = cerebellum (as in cerebellospinal). cerebellospinal conducting or proceeding from the cerebellum, to the red nucleus, and then to the spinal cord. cerebellum the second largest part of the human brain that plays an essential role in the production of normal movements. cerebr/o = cerebrum (as in cerebroid).

cerebral cortex a thin layer of gray matter made up of neuron dendrites and cell bodies that compose the surface of the cerebrum. cerebral nuclei islands of gray matter located in the cerebral cortex that are responsible for autonomic movements and postures; also called basal ganglia. cerebral pertaining to the cerebrum. cerebral palsy abnormal condition characterized by permanent, nonprogressive paralysis (usually spastic paralysis) of one or more extremities caused by damage to motor control areas of the brain before, during, or shortly after birth. cerebroid resembling brain substance. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fluid that fills the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord and in the cerebral ventricles. cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - inadequate blood supply to the brain. Also called stroke. cerebrum the largest and uppermost part of the human brain that controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary movements. cerumen ear wax. ceruminous gland gland that produces a waxy substance called cerumen (ear wax). cervic/o = neck of the body; neck of uterus (as in cervicovaginitis). cervical pertaining to the neck of the body or the neck of the uterus (cervix). cervical disk and spur cervical osteophytes, bone spurs in the neck. Also called cervical spondylosis. cervicitis inflammation of the cervix of the uterus. cervicofascial pertaining to the neck and the face cervicovaginitis inflammation involving both the cervix uteri and vagina. cesarean section surgical removal of a fetus, often through an incision of the skin and uterine wall; also called a C-section. cesium a chemical element, atomic number 55, atomic weight 132.905, symbol Cs. Chaddock reflex extension of the great toe elicited by tapping the ankle behind the lateral malleolus, a sign of disease or injury of a corticospinal tract. -chalasia = relaxation (as in achalasia). chalazion a small eyelid mass resulting from chronic inflammation.

chandelier sign the term fancifully implies that the pain on the physicians palpation of the uterine adnexa causes the patient to leap into the air and cling to the chandelier. cheil/o, chil/o = lip (as in cheiloisis). cheilectomy lip. cheilosis chapping and fissuring of lips; a characteristic of riboflavin deficiency. chem/o = drug; also chemical (as in chemotherapy). chemical level the level of the bodys organization that includes atoms and molecules; the chemical substances that make up the bodys structure. chemo brief form for chemotherapy. chemoreceptors receptors that respond to chemicals and are responsible for taste and smell. chemosis marked watery edema and bulging of the conjunctiva. chemosurgery the removal of diseased tissue after first chemically treating it. chemotaxis process in which white blood cells move toward the source of inflammation mediators. chemotherapy treatment with drugs; most often used in the treatment of cancer. chem-7 seven different blood chemistry tests. chest thorax. chest x-ray (CXR) x-rays of the chest are taken to assess the clarity of the lung fields. Milky or opaque shadows in the lung fields can denote edema or mucus secretions. An anteriorposterior (anteroposterior) (AP) film shows the lungs as the x-rays pass from the front of the body (anterior) to the back (posterior). A posterior-anterior (posteroanterior) (PA) film shows the lungs as the x-rays pass from the back of the body to the front. Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) pattern of breathing associated with critical conditions such as brain injury or drug overdose and characterized by cycles of apnea and hyperventilation. -chezia, -chesia = defecation (as in dyschezia). CHF congestive heart failure. childhood age period from infancy to puberty. chips (bladder) actually chips of tumor removed during a transurethral resection of the bladder using a rectoscope. chir/o, cheir/o = hand (as in chiropodalgia).

chiropodalgia pain in the hands and feet. Also called cheiropodalgia. chlamydia small bacterium that infects human cells as an obligate parasite. Chlamydia trachomatis a gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes sexually transmitted infections of the genital tract and other types of infection. chlorthalidone a diuretic drug used to treat hypertension. chocolate agar a culture medium containing blood which, when autoclaved, turns chocolate brown. It is used to culture Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae. choked disk edema of the optic disk due to increased intracranial pressure caused by intracranial hemorrhage, neoplasm, or disturbance of cerebrospinal fluid circulation. chol/e = gall, bile (as in cholangiostomy). cholague an agent that stimulates gallbladder contraction to promote bile flow. cholangiography specialized x-ray procedure used to visualize the gallbladder and the major bile and pancreatic ducts. cholangiostomy fistulization of a bile duct. chole slang for cholecystectomy. cholecyst/o = gallbladder (as in cholecystitis). cholecystectomy removal of the gallbladder. cholecystitis inflammation of the gallbladder. cholecystokinin (CCK) hormone secreted from the intestinal mucosa of the duodenum that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder, resulting in bile flowing into the duodenum. cholecdoch/o = common bile duct (as in choledocholithiasis). choledochoduodenostomy new surgical attachment of the common bile duct to the duodenum; an anastomosis. cholecdocholithiasis calculi in the common bile duct. cholelithiasis abnormal condition of gallstones. cholera potentially fatal, infectious bacterial disease characterized by severe diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, and dehydration. cholesterol, serum a lipid (fatty) material formed in the liver and transported in the blood, which serves as a building block for various hormones and other substances. Elevation of

serum cholesterol, which is usually due to an inherited disturbance of lipid metabolism, is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis. cholesteatoma a benign but locally invasive growth of the tympanic membrane caused by prolonged negative pressure (partial vacuum) in the middle ear. cholinergic fiber axon whose terminals release acetylcholine. chonal posterior nares (nostrils). chondr/o = cartilage (as in chondroma). chondrocyte cartilage cell. chondrodystrophy a disorder of cartilage formation. chondroma benign tumor of cartilage. chondromalacia softening of the articular cartilage, most frequently in the patella. chondrosarcoma cancer of cartilage tissue. chordae tendineae stringlike strictures that attach the AV valves to the wall of the heart. chorea rapid, jerky, purposeless involuntary movements of one or several muscle groups. chori/o = chorion (as in chorioadenoma). chorioadenoma adenoma of the chorion. chorioamnionitis inflammation of the chorion (outer layer of the amniotic membrane) and amnion. chorion structure that develops into an important fetal membrane in the placenta. chorionic gonadotropins hormones that are secreted as the uterus develops during pregnancy. chorionc villi structures that connect the blood vessels of the chorion to the placenta. chorionic villus sampling procedure in which a tube is inserted through the (uterine) cervical opening and a sample of the chorionic tissue surrounding a developing embryo is removed for genetic testing; compare with amniocentesis. choroid middle layer of the eyeball that contains a dark pigment to prevent the scattering of incoming light rays. choroid plexus a network of brain capillaries that are involved with the production of cerebrospinal fluid. -chroia = skin coloration (as in xanthochromia).

chrom/o = color (as in chromomycosis). chromatids a chromosome strand. chromatin granules deep-staining substance in the nucleus of cells; divides into chromosomes during mitosis. chromomycosis a chronic fungal infection of the skin, producing wart-like nodules or papillomas that may ulcerate. Called also chromoblstomycosis. chromosome DNA molecule that has coiled to form a compact mass during mitosis or meiosis; each chromosome is composed of a regions called genes, each of which transmits hereditary information. chron/o = time, timing (as in chronobiology). chronic lasting a long time. chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) type of chronic (slow onset and progression) blood cancer most common in older adults; characterized by cancerous transformation and increased numbers of B lymphocytes. chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) type of chronic (slow onset and progression) blood cancer characterized by cancerous transformation and increased numbers of granulocytic white blood cells (WBCs). chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) general form referring to a group of disorders characterized by progressive, irreversible obstruction of air flow in the lungs. chronobiology the scientific study of the effect of time on living systems and of biological rhythms. chrys/o = gold (as in chrysiasis). chrysiasis 1. deposition of gold particles in the tissues as a result of prolonged or excessive parenteral (not by mouth but by intramuscular, intrasternal, or intravenous injection) chrysotherapy, which commonly causes adverse reactions consisting primarily of dermatitis, stomatitis, or transient mild proteinuria; more serious toxicity involves the hematopoietic system, liver, kidney, eye (cornea, lens), or other vital organs. 2. chrysoderma. chrysoderma manifestation of chrysiasis presenting as a permanent gray to light purple color on the face, eyelids, and other sun-exposed areas of the body. Called also aurobromoderma. chthonophagia the habit of eating clay or earth (soil); geophagia. Chvostek test, sign twitching of the face after percussion over the facial nerve in front of the ear, a sign of latent tetany due to hypocalcemia. chyl/o = chyle (as in chylopoiesis).

chyle the milky fluid taken up by the lacteals from the intestine during digestion, consisting of lymph and triglyceride fat (chylomicrons) in a stable emulsion, and conveyed by the thoracic duct to empty into the venous system. chylification the formation of chyle; chylopoiesis. chylopoiesis the formation of chyle; chylification. cicatrix (scar) a zone of fibrous tissue occurring at the site of a healed injury or inflammatory or destructive lesion extending into the dermis. -cide = killing, agent which kills (as in spermicide). ciguatera a form of ichthyosarcotoxism, marked by gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms due to ingestion of tropical or subtropical marine fish such as the grouper and the snapper that have cigutoxin in their tissues. cigutoxin a seafood toxin that is acquired by eating fish that have consumed toxic single-celled organisms called dinoflagellates. cilia hairlike projections of cells. ciliate type of protozoan having cilia. cine (for cinematograph) view a moving picture of the cardiac cycle, constructed from individual frames, each of which is a composite image of one point in the cardiac cycle obtained by cardiac gating. cine- = movement (as in cineangiography). cineangiography) the photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the blood vessels by motion picture techniques. Cipro trademark for preparations of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, a fluoroquinolone antibacterial effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including some strains resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. circ slang for circumflex artery. circulatory shock failure of the circulatory (cardiovascular) system to deliver adequate oxygen to the tissues of the body. circulatory system organs (heart and blood vessels) that carry blood throughout the body. circum- = around. circumcision surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce on the penis or clitoris. cirrhosis chronic disease of the liver with degeneration of liver cells.

cis/o = to cut. cistern a closed space serving as a reservoir for lymph or other body fluids, especially one of the enlarged subarachnoid spaces containing of cerebrospinal fluid. cisterna chyli an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system. citric acid cycle the second series of chemical reactions in the process of glucose metabolism; it is an aerobic process; also referred to as the Krebs cycle. -clasis, -clast, -clasia = break, breaking (as in cranioclasis). clavicle (collar bone); connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton. cleavage furrow appears at the end of anaphase and begins to divide the cell into two daughter cells. cleft lip congenital defect resulting in one or more clefts in the upper lip. cleft palate congenital defect resulting in a fissure of the palate in the roof of the mouth. cleid/o = clavicle (as in cleidorrhexis). cleidorrhexis the intentional crushing of the fetal clavicle in order to allow delivery of the shoulders. client the recipient of psychotherapy; a term preferred to patient when the therapist is not a physician. client-centered therapy a form of psychotherapy in which the client is encouraged, with a minimum of direction by the therapist, to discover the sources of distressing mental symptoms and means of resolving them. climacteric the time in a mans life when sexual activity naturally begins to decrease. In women, climacteric describes the changes that take place during the menopause. clinical pertaining to the bedside or clinic; involving patient care. clinical pathology refers to the laboratory examination of bodily fluids and waste products such as blood, spinal fluid, urine, and feces. clitoris erectile tissue located within the vestibule of the vagina. CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CLO (Campylobacter-like organism) test to detect H. pylori in acid peptic disease. clone any of a family of many identical cells descended from a single parent cell.

closed fracture simple fracture; a bone fracture in which he skin is not pierced by bone fragments. clotting time the time needed for a clot to form in a tube of freshly drawn blood under standard conditions. The Lee-White method is the one most often used. Cloward fusion (PLIF) posterior lumbosacral interbody fusion. clubbing club-shaped deformity of fingertips, seen in chronic pulmonary disease. -clysis = irrigation, washing (as in venoclysis). cm centimeter. CML chronic myelogenous leukemia. CMT Certified Medical Transcriptionist. CMV cytomegalovirus retinitis. CNS central nervous system. CO2 carbon dioxide. coags slang for coagulation studies. coagul/o = coagulation, clotting (as in coagulopathy). coagulopathy any disorder of blood coagulation. coapted joined together, as the edges of a wound or the ends of a fractured bone. cobblestoning coarsely granular appearance of the conjunctiva. Coca-Cola urine urine of smoky brown color often indicates the presence of hemolysis blood. coccus spherical bacterial cell. coccyg/o = coccyx, tailbone (as in coccygodynia). coccygeal pertaining to the tailbone. coccyx tailbone. cochineal dried female insects. cochlea snail shell or structure of similar shape; pertains to a structure within the inner ear. cochlear duct membranous tube within the bony cochlea of the inner ear. cochlear implant artificial hearing device that uses electronic circuits to perform the functions of the cochlea of the inner ear.

cochleitis inflammation of the cochlea of the ear. codominance in genetics, a form of dominance in which two dominant versions of a trait are both expressed in the same individual. coenzyme molecule that assists an enzyme during metabolism, often by carrying a molecule (or molecule fragment) from one chemical pathway to another. cognitive therapy a form of psychotherapy based on promoting the clients rational understanding of the source of distressing emotions, thought patterns, and undesirable behaviors, and correction of these by adoption of more mature, balanced, and realistic attitudes. col/o = colon; large intestine or bowel (as in proctocolectomy). colchicine a poisonous alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron), used in treatment of gout and usually effective in terminating an attack of acute gout colectomy surgical excision of part or the entire colon. colic sharp, crampy pains. colitis inflammation of the colon (large intestine). collagen principal organic constituent of connective tissue. collateral vessels vascular channels newly formed from existing ones to maintain the circulation of a tissue or organ whose normal blood supply has been impaired by disease or injury. collecting duct (CD) a straight part of a renal tubule formed by distal tubules of several nephrons joining together. collecting system the nonexcretory portions of the kidney, which collect newly formed urine and conduct it to the ureter; the minor and major calices and renal pelvis. colloid dissolved particles with diameters of 1 in 100 millimicrons (1 millimicron equals about 1/25,000,000 inch). coloboma (iridis) a congenital defect in the iris, in which a wedge-shaped segment is absent, giving a keyhole appearance to the pupil; similar defects are created by certain types of ocular surgery. colocolostomy new surgical connection between two previously unconnected portions of the colon. This is an anastomosis. colon large intestine (bowel). colonic polyposis condition of growths protruding from the mucus membrane lining the large intestine.

colonoscopy visual examination of the colon. color blindness X-linked inherited condition in which one or more photopigments in the cones of the retina are abnormal or missing. colorectal cancer common form of cancer, usually adenocarcinoma, associated with advanced age, low-fiber/high-fat diet, and genetic predisposition. colorectal surgeon physician specializing on operating on the colon and rectum. colorimetry the process of measuring color differences; especially using an instrument called a colorimeter to determine the color of blood for the purpose of calculating the level of hemoglobin. colostomy opening of the colon to the outside of the body. colp/o = vagina (as in colporrhaphy). colpoperineoplasty plastic repair of the vagina and perineum. colporrhaphy 1. suture of the vagina. 2. the operation of denuding and suturing the vaginal wall to narrow the vagina. colposcopy visual examination of the vagina and cervix. colpractectomy surgical removal of the rectum and colon. Called also proctocolectomy. columnar cell shape in which cells are higher than they are wide. -coma = deep sleep (as in semicoma). combining sites antigen-binding sites; antigen receptor regions on an antibody molecule; shape of each combining site is complementary to shape of a specific antigen. comedones inflamed lesions associated with early stages of are formed when sebaceous gland ducts become blocked. comminuted fracture bone fracture characterized by many bone fragments. commissurotomy surgical enlargement of the aperture of a stenotic heart valve, particularly the mitral, by stretching or cutting. communicable able to spread from one individual to another. compensated metabolic acidosis the bodys successful adjustment of its body chemistry for the purpose of returning the blood pH value to near normal levels after metabolic acidosis has developed. compensation (overcompensation) a mechanism by which one covers up a defect or weakness by exaggerating or overdeveloping some other property or faculty.

complement any of several inactive protein enzymes normally present in blood, which when activated kill foreign cells by dissolving them. complement-binding sites locations on an antibody molecule that become available after exposure to an antigen and that bind to complement proteins in the blood plasma to trigger to complement cascade (immune system response) that harms the antigen-containing cell. complementary base pairing bonding purines and pyrimidines in DNA; adenine always binds with thymine, and cytosine always bonds with guanine. complete fracture bone fracture characterized by complete separation of bone fragments. compound substance whose molecules have more than one kind of element . computed tomography (CT) scan also computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. An application of computer technology to diagnostic radiology. Instead of exposing a film after passing through the subject, x-rays are detected and recorded by a scintillation counter. The xray tube moves around the subject on a frame called a gantry, rotating through an arc and cutting across one plane of the subject. A series of scintillation counters are so placed that each detects the rays passing through the subject at a different angle. (Alternatively a single counter may rotate in perfect alignment with the x-ray source.) Data on the amount of x-ray that penetrates the subject at each angle are collected from the counters, digitized, stored, and analyzed by a minicomputer programmed to generate a cross-sectional image of the subject corresponding to the plane cut by the moving x-ray beam. Contrast medium may be injected into the circulation immediately before CT scanning. IV contrast enhances the sensitivity of CT scanning of certain structures and body regions and improves the visibility of some tumors. concave a rounded, somewhat depressed surface. concentric lamella ring of calcified matrix surrounding the central (Haversian) canal. conchae shell-shaped structure; for example, bony projections into the nasal cavity. concussion a violent jar or shock to the head, or the condition that results from such an injury. conduction in regard to body temperature regulation, transfer of heat energy to the skin and then the external environment. condyle a round projection of a bone. cone receptor cell located in the retina that is stimulated by bright light. coned-down view a study limited to a small area by the use of a cone that narrows and focuses the x-ray beam. confabulation invention of stories about ones past, often bizarre and complex, to fill in gaps left by amnesia; a typical feature of Korsakoff syndrome in chronic alcoholics.

conflictual issues in psychiatry, psychic struggles, often unconscious, arising from the clash of incomparable or opposing impulses, wishes, drives, or external demands. congenital term that refers to a condition present at birth; congenital conditions may be inherited or may be acquired in the womb of during delivery. congenital anomaly irregularity or a deviation from the normal present at birth. congestive heart failure condition of inability of the heart to pump the required amount of blood, resulting in inadequate oxygen to body cells. coni/o = dust (as in coniofibrosis). conidia plural of conidium. conidiospore exposure; conidium. conidium an asexual fungal spore that is deciduous (shed at maturity) and formed by budding or splitting off from the summit of a conidiophore. Called also conidiospore and exospore. coniofibrosis pneumoconiosis with exuberant growth of connective tissue in the lungs. conization of the cervix removal of a cone of tissue from the cervix for microscopic examination. conjunctiva mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera (white portion). connective tissue most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body and has numerous functions. connective tissue membrane one of the two major types of body membranes; composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue. conjunctivitis inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera (white portion). consolidative process an abnormal process that increases the density of a tissue or region. constipation condition caused by decreased motility of the large intestine, resulting in the formation of small, hard feces and difficulty in defecation. contact dermatitis a local skin inflammation that lasts a few hours or days and is initiated by the skin being exposed to an antigen. contiguous images a series of scans without intervals of unexamined tissue between them. continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) an alternative for of treatment for renal failure that may be used instead of the more complex and expensive hemodialysis. contra- = against, opposite.

contractile unit the sarcomere, the basic functional unit of skeletal muscle. contractility - the ability of muscle cells to shorten or contract. contraction ability of muscle cells to shorten or contract. contraindicated any condition that renders a particular line of treatment improper or undesirable. contrast media solutions of metallic salts or iodides that are opaque to x-rays. control center part of a homeostatic feedback loop that integrates (puts together) setpoint (pre-programmed) information with actual sensed information about a physiological variable and then possibly sends out a signal to an effector to change the variable. contusion local injury caused by mechanical trauma characterized by limited hemorrhaging under the skin, as in a muscle contusion or skin contusion caused by a blow to the body; a bruise. conus 1. a cone or cone-shaped structure. 2. posterior staphyloma of the myopic eye. 3. conus arteriosus the anterosuperior portion of the right ventricle of the heart, at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk. 4. conus medullaris the cone-shaped lower end of the spinal cord, at the level of the upper lumbar vertebrae. convection transfer of heat energy to air that is flowing away from the skin. convex a rounded, somewhat elevated surface. Coombs test, direct a test to determine whether the patients red blood cells have become coated with an antiglobulin. The test is positive in newborns with hemolytic disease due to Rh incompatibility and in others with acquired hemolytic disease. Coombs test, indirect a test to determine whether the patients serum contains antiglobulin to red blood cells. This test is positive in the mother of an infant with hemolytic disease due to Rh incompatibility and in others with acquired hemolytic disease. Coopers ligament pectineal (pertaining to the pubis) ligament along the pubis. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. copper-wire or silver-wire appearance of narrowed arteries in the retina. Seen in some patients with arteriosclerosis in the funduscopic examination. cor pulmonale failure of the right atrium and ventricle to pump blood effectively, resulting from obstruction of pulmonary blood flow. corectasis morbid dilation of the pupil of the eye. corectomy surgical excision of a full-thickness piece of the iris; called also iridectomy.

corneoscleral pertaining to or affecting the cornea and the sclera. coron/o = heart (as in coronary). coronal a coronal plane divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior regions. coronary arteries blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the aorta to the heart muscle. coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgical procedure done to bypass one or more occluded coronary arteries by using a vein graft (often from the leg). coronary bypass surgery surgery to relieve severely restricted coronary blood flow; veins are taken from other parts of the body and then reattached where needed to bypass the partial blockage. coronary circulation delivery of oxygen and removal of waste products from the myocardium (heart muscle). coronary embolism blocking of a coronary blood vessel by a clot. coronary heart disease disease (blockage or other deformity) of the vessels that supply the myocardium (heart muscle); one of the leading causes of death among adults in the United States. coronary sinus area that receives deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins and empties it into the right atrium. coronary thrombosis formation of a blood clot in a coronary blood vessel. coronary vein any vein that carries blood from the myocardial capillary beds to the coronary sinus. coronavirus category of RNA-containing viruses that infect humans and other vertebrate animals, sometimes causing severe respiratory infections (and sometimes intestinal infections and neurological syndromes); for example, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is caused by a type of coronavirus, SARS-associated coronavirus. corpor/o = body (as in corporeal). corpus body of. corpus callosum brain structure at which the right and left cerebral hemispheres are joined. corpus luteum a hormone-secreting glandular structure that is transformed after ovulation from a ruptured follicle; it secretes chiefly progesterone, with some estrogen secreted as well. corpus spongiosum a column of erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis.

correlate radiographic findings clinically interpret x-ray appearance in light of the patients medical history and objective findings on physical examination and laboratory testing. cortex outer part of an internal organ; for example, the outer part of the cerebrum and of the kidneys. cortic/o = cortex (as in corticoadrenal). cortical nephron microscopic unit of the kidney that makes up 85% of all nephron units in the kidney; is located almost entirely in the renal cortex. corticoadrenal pertaining to the adrenal cortex; adrenocortical. corticoids hormones secreted by the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex. corticosteroid cortisol or aldosterone (hormones of the adrenal cortex), or any synthetic drug having similar effects. corticotropin adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). A pharmaceutical preparation derived from the anterior pituitary of mammals and used to stimulate adrenal cortical activity in various conditions such as allergy, hypersensitivity, and rheumatoid arthritis. cortisol (hydrocortisone) hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to stimulate the availability of glucose in the blood; in large amounts, cortisol can depress immune functions, as when it is used as a drug treatment. coryza common cold, including acute rhinitis. cost/o = rib (as in costochondral). costochondral pertaining to a rib and its cartilage. cottonoids a certain absorbent material, made primarily of cotton with some felt as well, used for various purposes during surgery. cotransport active transport process in which two substances are moved together across a cell membrane; for example, sodium and glucose may be transported together across a membrane. cough may be variously described as brassy, bubbling, croupy, hacking, harsh, hollow, loose, metallic, nonproductive, productive, rasping, rattling, or wracking. counterstain used to treat a slide with a contrasting color, which is taken up by tissues decolorized in the prior step in the staining procedure. covalent bond chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons. cox/o = hip (as in coxoarthrosis).

coxal bone pelvic bone or hipbone (also known as the ox coxae or the innominate bone); formed by fusion of three distinct bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) during skeletal development. CPAP continuous positive airway pressure. CPK creatine phosphokinase. CPR - cardiopulmonary resuscitation; the use of external compression of the heart coupled with breathing techniques to revive a victim whose heart and respirations have stopped. CR cardiorespiratory. cramps painful muscle spasms (involuntary twitches) that result from irritating stimuli, as in mild inflammation, or from ion imbalances. crani/o = skull (as in craniectomy). cranial pertaining to the cranium or to the superior end of the body. cranial cavity space surrounding the skull and containing the brain and other organs. cranial nerve any of 12 pairs of nerves that attach to the undersurface of the brain and conduct impulses between the brain and structures in the head, neck, and thorax. craniectomy surgical removal of part of the bone of the skull. cranioclasis craniotomy. cranioclast an instrument for performing craniotomy. craniotomy surgical incision into the cranium, which necessitates drilling a hole through the bone of the skull craniosacral pertaining to parasympathetic nerves. craniotomy incision of the skull. cranium bony vault made up of eight parasympathetic nerves. -crasia = mixture (good or bad), temperament (as in eucrasia). creatine phosphokinase (CPK) a serum enzyme that can be chemically distinguished into three isoenzymes or fractions; the BB isoenzyme is elevated in cerebral infarction, the MM in muscular dystrophy and muscle crush injury, and MB in myocardial infarction. When separated in the laboratory by electrophoresis, these isoenzymes appear as distinct bands in a visual display. Hence, the expression MB band is roughly synonymous with MB isoenzyme. Do not confuse creatine with creatinine. crenation abnormal notching in an erythrocyte caused by shrinkage after suspension in a hypertonic solution.

crepitus rubbing or grating sound. cretinism dwarfism caused by hyposecretion of the thyroid gland. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease a degenerative disease of the cerebral cortex caused by a prion. crepitant rale a fine crackling rale. crepitus rubbing, grating, grinding, or crunching sounds. crin/o = secrete (as in crinogenic). crinogenic stimulating a gland to increased function; causing secretion. crista ampullaris a specialized receptor located within the semicircular canals that detect head movements. -crit = separate (as in thrombocytocrit). crit slang for hematocrit. Crohn disease chronic inflammatory bowel disease. crossed (or contralateral) straight leg raising with the patient supine, the unaffected leg is held straight and flexed at the hip. If sciatica is present, the patient will experience pain in the opposite, affected side. croup type of laryngitis generally seen in children less than age 3; characterized by bark-like cough and caused by parainfluenza viruses. crown topmost part of an organ or other structure, such as a tooth. cruciate cruciform; shaped like a cross. crural refers to the leg. crust scab; area of the skin covered by dried blood or exudate. cry/o = cold (as in cryoprobe). cryoprobe a cryosurgical instrument containing a circulating refrigerant, which can be rapidly chilled so as to deliver subfreezing temperature to tissues. cryosurgery the application of liquid nitrogen (at a temperature of minus 196 degrees Celsius) to destroy superficial skin lesions. cryotherapy local treatment of neoplasms or other lesions by freezing. crypt/o = hidden, concealed (as in cryptorchism). cryptorchidism undescended testicles.

C-section cesarean section delivery. CSF ( cerebrospinal fluid) the fluid medium of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), which can be sampled by lumbar puncture (spinal tap) for chemical testing, cell counts, and culture. C-spine cervical spine. CT computed tomography scan. CTS carpal tunnel syndrome. cubit/o = elbow, forearm (as in genucubital). cubital refers to the elbow. cuboid resembling a cube. cuboidal cell shape resembling a cube. cuffing, peribronchial thickening of bronchial walls as seen on chest x-ray. cul-de-sac lowermost part of the pelvic cavity, between uterus and rectum. culd/o = cul-de-sac (as in culdoscopy). culdoscopy endoscopic inspection of the cul-de-sac (pouch of Douglas), the lowermost part of the peritoneal cavity, which lies between the uterus and rectum. The instrument is introduced vaginally under anesthesia. culture growth of microbes in a laboratory medium for the purpose of isolating and identifying pathogens from human body fluids. cupping of the disk the normal optic nerve head has a slight central depression (physiologic cupping). Increase in the depth of the cup occurs with increased intraocular pressure (glaucoma) or atrophy of the optic nerve. cupr/o = copper (as in cupruresis). cupruresis the urinary excretion of copper. curet curette. curette a loop, ring, or spoon-shaped instrument attached to a handle and having sharp or blunt edges; used to scrape tissue from a surface. curettage a surgical scraping. CUSA Cavitron ultrasonic aspirator.

Cushing syndrome condition caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. cuspid having cusps or points; for example, the canine tooth located lateral to the second incisor that serves to pierce or tear food being eaten is also called a cuspid tooth. cut a CT section or image; a scan. cutane/o = skin (as in subcutaneous). cutaneous pertaining to the skin. cutaneous membrane (skin) primary organ of the integumentary system; the skin. cuticle skinfold covering the root of the nail. cyclodialysis creation of a communication between the anterior chamber of the eye and the suprachordial space, in glaucoma. CV cardiovascular. CVA cerebrovascular accident. CVA costovertebral angle. CVA costovertebral pertaining to a rib and a vertebra. CVA tenderness costovertebral angle tenderness. CVP central venous pressure catheter. CXR chest x-ray. cyan/o = blue (as in urocyanosis). cyanosis bluish discoloration of the skin due to deficient oxygen in the bloodstream. cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate) one of several second messengers that deliver information inside the cell and thus regulate the cells activity. cyclothymia abnormal lability of mood, which varies between excitement and depression without becoming severe enough to be called bipolar disorder. -cyesis = pregnancy (as in ovariocyesis). cystectomy removal of the entire bladder. cystic duct joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. cystic fibrosis (CF) inherited disease involving abnormal chloride ion (Cl-) transport; causes secretion of abnormally thick mucus and other problems.

cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder. cystitome used by eye surgeons during cataract surgery (capsulotomy) to make an incision in the eye. cysto slang for cystoscopy. cyst/o = bladder, cyst (as in cystogram). cystogram the film obtained by cystography. cystography roentgenography of the urinary bladder using a contrast medium, so that the outline of the organ can be seen clearly. This type of examination frequently is part of a complete x-ray study of the kidneys, urethra, and ureters as well as the bladder. It is useful in diagnosing tumors or other defects in the bladder wall, vesicoureteral reflux, or calculi or other pathologic conditions of the bladder. -cyte = cell (as in lymphocyte). cyto/o = cell (as in cytology). cytology study of cells that have been detached from a surface for microscopic study, such as a Pap smear. cytomegalovirus (CMV) a herpesvirus that is often not symptomatic but can cause infections, particularly virulent in persons with AIDS, resulting in CMV retinitis. cytopoiesis production of cells. cystoscope - instrument inserted through the urethra into the bladder that permits passage of a light source and surgical instruments to be used for direct examination, biopsy, surgical removal, or treatment of bladder or other urinary tract lesions. cytology study of cells. cytoplasm the gell-like substance of a cell exclusive of the nucleus and other organelles. cystoscopy visual examination of the urinary bladder. cytosine one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleotides, which in turn make up nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA; in the cell, it can chemically bind to another nitrogenous base, guanine (G or g), to form a more complex structure or in translating genetic codes, symbolized by the letter C or c. dacryoadenectomy excision of a lacrimal gland (tear duct). dactyl/o = digit; finger or toe (as in dactylospasm). dactylomegaly abnormally large fingers or toes.

dactylospasm spasm or cramp of a finger or toe. daily alternative for q. day. D&C dilation and curettage. D&E dilation and evacuation. dark-field microscopy a microscopic technique using special lighting that makes it easier to identify Treponema pallidum, the organism that causes syphilis. D/C, DC transcribe discharge or discontinue. DCT distal convoluted tube. debridement successive scraping away of dead skin down to viable tissue that bleeds, especially for burns. Decadron trademark for preparations of dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory adrenocortical steroid. decibel a measure of the loudness of sound; one tenth of a bel (named for Alexander Graham Bell). decidual pertaining to the endometrium of the pregnant uterus, all of which, except the deepest layer, is shed at parturition (the act of giving birth to a child). decolorizer removes stain from all parts of the tissue to which it has not become chemically bound, following application of the first stain. decreased skin turgor loss of normal consistency and fullness. decubitus position the position of an individual lying on a horizontal surface, designated according to the portion of the body resting on the surface, dorsal decubitus (lying on the back), left lateral decubitus (on the left side), right lateral decubitus (on the right side), or ventral decubitus (on the abdomen). decubitus ulcer pressure sore that often develops over a bony prominence, such as the heel, when lying in one position for prolonged periods. deep farther away (internally) from the bodys surface. deep tendon reflexes also called muscle stretch reflexes; occur in response to sudden stretching of a muscle, usually induced by tapping a tendon with a rubber-headed reflex hammer. Tendon reflexes are tested in several muscles of the upper and lower extremities, with comparison of the two sides. deferred put off; postponed; delayed. defervescence the period of abatement of fever.

defibrillation electrical stimulation of the heart in order to restore normal heart rhythm (used when the heart fibrillates, or gets out of rhythm). degeneration a biological process, still somewhat puzzling to scientists, in which tissues break down as a normal consequence of aging; degeneration of one or more tissues resulting from disease can occur at any time. deglutition swallowing. deglutition mechanism the coordinated sequence of muscular contractions in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus involved in normal swallowing, as demonstrated in a barium swallow or upper gastrointestinal series (UGI). degradation conversion of a chemical compound to one less complex, as by splitting off one or more groups of atoms. dehydration chemical term that refers to an abnormal loss of fluid from the bodys internal environment. dehydration synthesis chemical reaction in which large molecules are formed by removing water from smaller molecules and joining them together. delayed scaphoid union a scaphoid fracture resulting in a break in one of the small bones of the wrist known as the scaphoid. When the scaphoid bone breaks, the blood supply can also be disrupted, this leads to a lack of nutrients reaching the bone. Because of this, a fractured scaphoid can take longer to heal (called delayed union) or fail to heal (called nonunion). deltoid having a triangular shape; for example, the deltoid muscle. delusion a distorted belief or perception, such as thinking that one is a famous historical figure (Jesus, Napoleon) or that one is the object of persecution. dementia syndrome of brain abnormalities that includes loss of memory, shorted attention span, personality changes, reduced intellectual capacity, and motor dysfunction. Demerol trademark for preparation of meperidine hydrochloride, a synthetic opioid analgesic, used as an analgesic to relieve moderate to severe pain, including during childbirth, and as an adjunct to anesthesia, administered orally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intravenously. Called also pethadine hydrochloride. demineralization reduction in the amount of calcium present in bone, due to disease or immobilization. dendrite branching or tree-like; a nerve cell process that transmits impulses towards the body. denial a mechanism by which one refuses to believe, remember, or accept an unpleasant fact or circumstance, such as a past painful experience or the fact of being ill. dense bone bone that has a hard, dense outer layer; also called compact bone.

densitometry determination of variations in density (for example, bone density) by comparison with that of another material or with a certain standard. dent/i = tooth (as in dentalgia). dentagra - 1. a forceps or key for extracting teeth. 2. toothache. dentalgia toothache. dentin chief bonelike dental tissue covered by enamel in crown and by cementum in neck and root areas of tooth. denudation the stripping or laying bare of any part. deoxyhydrose sucrose. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical blueprint of the body. dependent edema edema of the lower extremities, aggravated by the dependent (downward hanging) position. depilatories hair removers. depression a mental state of depressed mood characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, and discouragement. derm/o, dermat/o = skin (as in dermatolopathy). dermal pertaining to the skin. dermal-epidermal junction junction between the thin epidermal layer of the skin and the dermal layer; provides support for the epidermis. dermal-papilla upper region of the dermis that forms part of the dermal-epidermal junction and forms the ridges and grooves of fingerprints. dermatitis inflammation of the skin. dermatographism the property of abnormally sensitive skin by which strokes or writing with a pointed object are reproduced on the skin surface as red raised lines. dermatologist physician specializing in the skin and its diseases. dermatology study of the skin and its diseases. dermatome skin surface area supplied by a single spinal nerve. dermatopathy any disease of the skin; dermopathy. dermatosis abnormal condition of the skin.

dermis the deeper of the two major layers of the skin, composed of dense fibrous connective tissue interspersed with glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels; sometimes called the true skin. -desis = surgical fixation, fusion. desquamation the shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or sheets. detumescence the subsidence of congestion and swelling. developmental process changes and functions occurring during a humans early years as the body becomes more efficient and more effective. deviated septum abnormal condition in which the nasal septum (dividing wall between the two nasal air passages) is located far from its normal position, possibly obstructing normal nasal breathing. DEXA dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dexon trademark for a preparation of polyglycolic acid, a polymer used to make nonirritating absorbable sutures. dextr/o = right. dextrin any of a range of glucose polymers of varying sizes formed during the hydrolysis of starch. dextrogastria displacement of the stomach to the right, either simple displacement or situs inversus. dia- = complete, thorough (as in diagnosis). diabetes insipidus condition resulting from hyposecretion of ADH in which large volumes of urine are formed and, if left untreated, may cause serious health problems. diabetes mellitus disorder marked by deficient insulin in the blood, which causes sugar to remain in the blood rather than entering cells. diabetic retinopathy growth or hemorrhage of blood vessels caused by diabetes mellitus. diagnosis complete knowledge of a patients condition. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) a description and classification of mental disorders based on objective categories. Recognized as a diagnostic standard and widely used for reporting, coding, and statistical purposes, DSM is published by the American Psychiatric Association. The current (fourth) edition (DSM-IV) appeared in 1994. dialysis complete separation (-LYSIS) of wastes (urea) from the blood, when the kidneys fail. diameter width of a circle.

diaphoresis sweating. diaphragm muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. diaphysis shaft of a long bone. diarrhea discharge of watery wastes from the colon. diarthrosis freely movable joint. diascopy inspection of red or purplish lesions through a transparent plastic or glass plate, which compresses the skin. If the color is due to dilated blood vessels, it blanches (fades) with compression; color due to the deposition of pigment, including blood pigment, in tissues is not altered by surface pressure. diastasis dislocation or separation of two normally attached bones between which there is no true joint. Also, an abnormally large separation between associated bones, as between the ribs. diastole relaxation of the heart, interposed between its contractions; opposite of systole. diastolic pressure blood pressure in arteries during diastole (relaxation of the heart). diathesis an unusual constitutional susceptibility or predisposition to a particular disease. DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation. didge, dig, didg slang for digoxin. diencephalons between brain; parts of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mesencephalon, or midbrain. diener the morgue attendant. diff slang for differential count. differential white blood cell count a determination of the relative numbers of the six types of white blood cells normally found in peripheral blood. When the count is performed visually, a technician observes 100 white blood cells in a stained smear of whole blood and reports the number of each cell type found as a percent. The differential count can also be done electronically. The six types of white blood cells are segmented neutrophils (PMNs or segs), band neutrophils (bands, representing the immature form), eosinophils (eos), basophils (basos), lymphocytes (lymphs), and monocytes (monos). differentiate process by which daughter cells become different in structure and function (by using different genes from the genome, all cells of the body share), as when some of the original cells of early developmental stages differentiate to become muscle cells and other cells become nerve cells, and so on. (Differentiation is another form of this term). diffusion spreading; for example, scattering of dissolved particles.

digestion the breakdown of food materials either mechanically (that is, by chewing) or chemically (that is, by action of digestive enzymes). digestive system organs that work together to ensure proper digestion and absorption of nutrients. digital refers to fingers and toes. digital clubbing enlargement of fingertips with elevation of proximal parts of nails, due to chronic pulmonary disease. digoxin a cardiotonic glycoside obtained from the leaves of Digitalis lanata; used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. It has a relatively rapid action and rapid elimination. dilation and curettage (D&C) scraping of the endometrium, after stretching of the cervix with graded dilators, to obtain specimen material for the diagnosis of endometrial disease. This procedure, performed under anesthesia (general, spinal, or intravenous), is also used therapeutically for various endometrial disorders. diopter a unit of refractive power of lenses: the reciprocal of the focal length in meters is the refractive power in diopters. Symbol D. DIP joint distal interphalangeal joint. diplopia double vision; seeing two overlapping two-dimensional images instead of one threedimensional image; may result from injury or disease of one or both eyes or from failure of fusion of images in the cerebral cortex, due to alcohol, drugs, fever, infection, neoplasm, or trauma. diploscope an apparatus for the study of binocular vision. sips/o = thirst (as in adipsia). dis- = apart, to separate. discharging chambers the two lower chambers of the heart called ventricles. discoid consisting of small, flat plaques. disease any significant abnormality in the bodys structure or function that disrupts a persons vital function or physical, mental, or social well-being. disk (disc) pad of cartilage that is between each backbone. dislocation abnormal movement of body parts, as in separation of bones of a joint. disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia severe breakdown of mental function and incongruous or silly behavior. dissection cutting technique used to separate body parts for study.

dissociate action in which a compound breaks apart in solution. distal toward the end of a structure opposite of proximal. distal convoluted tubule (DCT) the part of the tubule distal to the ascending limb of the Henle loop in the kidney. disuse atrophy condition in which prolonged inactivity results in the muscles getting smaller in size. diuresis increased excretion of the urine. diuretic a substance that promotes or stimulates the production of urine; diuretic drugs are among the most commonly used drugs in medicine. diverticulitis inflammation of diverticula (abnormal outpouchings) of the large intestine, possibly causing constipation. diverticulum an abnormal outpouching of a hollow organ such as the colon. dizygotic twins fraternal twins. DJD degenerative joint disease. DKA diabetic ketoacidosis. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA replication the unique ability of DNA molecules to make copies of themselves. DOE dyspnea on exertion. dolichomorphic having a long, thin, asthenic lacking in energy and strength; weak) body type. dominant in genetics, the term dominant refers to genes that have effects that appear in the offspring (dominant forms of a gene are often represented by upper case letters); compare with recessive. dopamine chemical neurotransmitter. doping the addition of blood (or blood products), steroids, or other performance-enhancing substances to the bloodstream, a practice performed by some athletes that can have serious (even fatal) side effects and is outlawed worldwide. Doppler ultrasound technique that focuses sound waves on blood vessels that bounce off red blood cells to detect abnormal blood flow from the heart to body cells. dors/o = back (as in dorsoventral). dorsal referring to the back; opposite of ventral; in humans the posterior is dorsal.

dorsal body cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities. dorsiflexion movement in which the top of the foot is elevated (brought toward the front of the lower leg) with the toes pointing upward. dorsoventral 1. pertaining to the back and belly surfaces of a body. 2. passing from the back to the belly surface. double-contrast technique a modification of the barium enema (BE) procedure. After the standard barium enema examination has been completed, the patient expels most of the barium, and the colon is then inflated with air. The coating of barium remaining on the surface may outline masses or defects not seen during the standard examination. double helix shape of DNA molecules; a double spiral. Dowager hump kyphosis (abnormal backward curvature of thoracic spine) caused by vertebral compression fractures in osteoporosis. Down syndrome group of symptoms usually caused by trisomy of chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and multiple structural defects, including facial, skeletal, and cardiovascular abnormalities. -drom/o, -drome = running (as in dromotropic). Dromotropic affecting conductivity of a nerve fiber. DS discharge summary. DSM-IV Diagnositic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. DTs delirium tremens. dual photon densitometry a quantitative assessment of a patients bone density, and comparison with normal ranges for persons of the same age and sex. DUB dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Duchenne macular dystrophy (DMD) form of muscular dystrophy (abnormal muscle development in which normal muscle is replaced with fat and fibrous tissue) inherited on the X chromosome and characterized by mild leg muscle weakness and progresses rapidly to include the shoulder muscles and eventually death from cardiac or respiratory muscle weakness; also called pseudohypertrophy (false muscle growth). duct/o = to lead (as in conduction). ductless gland specialized gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood; endocrine gland.

ductus arteriosus connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery, allowing most blood to bypass the fetuss developing lungs. ductus deferens a thick, smooth, muscular tube that allows sperm to exit from the epididymis and pass from the scrotal sac into the abdominal cavity; also known as the vas deferens. ductus venosus a continuation of the umbilical vein that shunts blood returning from the placenta past the fetuss developing liver directly into the inferior vena cava. dullness to percussion muffling on percussion due to consolidation of lung tissue by infection or neoplasm, or to fluid in the pleural space. duoden/o = duodenum (as in duodenohepatic). duodenal pertaining to the duodenum. duodenal bulb onion-shaped dilation of the duodenum immediately below its origin at the pylorus. duodenal C-loop C-shaped loop formed by the duodenum as it courses around the head of the pancreas. duodenal papillae ducts located in the middle third of the duodenum that empty pancreatic digestive juices and bile from the liver into the small intestine; there are two ducts, the major duodenal papilla and the minor papilla. duodenal sweep the normal course of the duodenum, from the pylorus and around the head of the pancreas to the ligament of Treitz, as visualized with contrast medium in an upper GI series. duodenohepatic pertaining to the duodenum and liver. duodenum first part of the small intestine. duplex scan an ultrasound test that allows doctors to look at the flow of blood vessels within arteries and veins. dur/o = dura mater (outermost meningeal membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord). dura mater the outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord. dust cells macrophages that ingest particulate matter in the small air sacs of the lungs. DVT deep vein thrombosis. dwarfism condition of abnormally small stature, sometimes resulting from hyposecretion of growth hormone. Dx diagnosis.

dynam/o = power, strength (as in dynamogenesis). dynamogenesis the development of energy or force, as in muscle or nerves. -dynia = pain (as in gastrodynia). dys- = painful, difficult, abnormal (as in dysentery). dysarthric characterized by or pertaining to dysarthria, a speech disorder consisting of imperfect articulation due to loss of muscular control after damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. dyschezia difficult or painful defecation. dysentery condition of painful intestines, usually caused by a bacterial infection. dysequilibrium loss of balance sense; tendency to fall without support. dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) irregular or excessive bleeding from the uterus resulting from a hormonal imbalance. dysgraphia inability to write properly; it may be a part of a language disorder due to disturbance of the parietal lobe or of the motor system. dysmenorrhea painful menstruation. dyspareunia pain in the vulva, vagina, or pelvis with sexual intercourse. dyspepsia impairment of the power of function of digestion; usually applied to epigastric discomfort after eating meals. dysphagia difficulty swallowing. dysphasia difficult (impairment of) speech. dysphonia any impairment of voice; a speech disorder or other difficulty in speaking. Also called mogiphonia. dysphoria a general feeling of mental or emotional discomfort. dysplasia abnormality of the development or the formation of cells. Normal cells change in size, shape and organization. dyspnea painful (difficult, labored) breathing. dysrhythmia any abnormality of cardiac rhythm. dystaxia difficulty in arranging voluntary movements; partial ataxia. dysthymia a depressed mood, usually chronic or recurrent, that is not severe enough to be called major depression.

dystocia abnormal labor or childbirth. dystrophy any disorder due to defective or faulty nutrition. dysuria painful or difficult urination. -eal = pertaining to (as in extracorporeal). eardrum membrane separating the outer and middle parts of the ear; the tympanic membrane. early satiety feeling that the stomach is full after only one or two mouthfuls of food. eating disorders see anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. EBL estimated blood loss. eburnation increased density of articular ends of a bone. EBV Epstein-Barr virus. ECC endocervical curettage. ec-, ecto- = outside, out. eccrine sweat gland small sweat glands distributed over the total body surface. ECG, EKG (electrocardiogram) a tracing of the electrical activity of the heart. An EKG traces the conduction of the electrical impulse generated by the SA node as it travels through the atria (P wave on the EKG) and through the ventricles (QRS complex on the EKG). Then, during the recovery period as the heart prepares to contract again, the T wave is evident on the EKG. echo characteristics the frequency, intensity, and distribution of echoes produced by a structure or region on ultrasound examination. echo pattern the ultrasonographic appearance of a structure as seen on a visual display. echocardiography a noninvasive diagnostic procedure in which an ultrasonic beam is directed at the heart and the returning echoes are recorded and analyzed; valuable for the measurement of cardiac chambers (wall thickness and cavity volume), assessment of ventricular function, and identification of valvular malfunction. ecmnesia forgetfulness of recent events with remembrance of more remote ones. E. coli Escherichia coli. -ectasis, -ectasia = dilation, expansion (as in nephrectasia). ectoderm the innermost of the primary germ layers that develops early in the first trimester of pregnancy. -ectomy = cutting out, excision or removal (as in tonsillectomy)l.

ectopic pregnancy development of the zygote (early product of conception) in a place outside the uterus. The fallopian tubes are the most common ectopic site. ectropion eversion (turning outward) and drooping of the lower eyelid, exposing the conjunctival surface and allowing overflow of tears. eczema (atopic dermatitis) inflammatory skin condition associated with a variety of diseases and characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, and crusts. ED, ER emergency department, emergency room. -edema = swelling (as in lymphedema). edema swelling in tissues. Caused by retention (holding back) of fluid and salt by the kidneys. edentulous without teeth. EEG electroencephalogram. EF ejection fraction. effacement abnormal flattening of the contour of a structure. effector responding organ; for example voluntary and involuntary muscle, the heart, and glands. effector cell plasma cell. efferent carrying from; as neurons that transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the periphery; opposite of afferent. effusion an abnormal accumulation of fluid in a body cavity, such as the pericardium. EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy. EHL muscle extensor halluces longus muscle; big toe. EHR electronic health record. ejaculation sudden discharging of semen from the body. ejaculatory duct duct formed by the joining of the ductus deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle that allows sperm to enter the urethra. ejection fraction (EF) the percentage of the blood contained in a ventricle at the end of diastole that is ejected from the heart during the succeeding systole, normally 65% or higher. EKG, ECG electrocardiogram. Elavil a trademark for preparations of amitriptyline hydrochloride, an antidepressant.

electr/o = electricity (as in electrocardiogram). electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) a record of the electricity in the heart. electroconvulsive (electroshock) therapy delivery of controlled electric shocks to the brain to alter electrochemical function, primarily in depression. The treatment, administered only by a physician, causes convulsions and loss of consciousness; the patient awakens in a state of disorientation. Several treatment sessions may be necessary before improvement is noted. electrodesiccation fulguration. electroencephalogram (EEG) a record of the electricity in the brain. electroencephalography (EEG) measurement and recording of electrical activity of the brain. Electrodes are attached with fine needles to standard sites on the scalp and the record is made on a strip of moving paper. Tracings are usually made after administration of a short-acting sedative (with the subject asleep, if possible). The effects of hyperventilation and photic stimulation (exposure to a flashing light) are recorded also. The EEG is particularly useful in identifying and classifying seizure disorders. electrolyte balance homeostasis of electrolytes. electrolytes, sweat sodium and chloride ions in the sweat, increased in persons with cystic fibrosis. electromyogram (EMG) test to determine the response pattern of muscles when stimulated by an electrical impulse from a needle electrode inserted into the muscle. electron small, negatively charged subatomic particle found in the outer regions of an atom. electron microscope a device that produces a greatly enlarged image of a tiny structure by using a beam of electrons focused by magnets (rather than a beam of light focused by glass lenses, as in a light microscope). electron transport system cellular process within mitochondria that transfers energy from highenergy electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to ATP molecules so that the energy is available to do work in the cell. electrophoresis laboratory procedure in which different types of molecules are separated according to molecular weight by passing a weak electric current through their liquid medium. electrophysiologic studies measurement of electrical activity in nerves and muscles. Electromyography (EMG) involves insertion of fine needle electrodes into voluntary muscles. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) is measured by timing the passage of nerve impulses between a stimulating and recording electrode, which are a precisely measured distance apart. element pure substance, composed of only one type of atom.

elephantiasis extreme lymphedema (swelling due to lymphatic blockage) in the limbs caused by a pancreatic worm infestation, so called because the limbs swell to elephant proportions. ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. embalming treatment of a dead body to retard decomposition. embol/o = embolus (as in embolectomy). embolectomy surgical removal of an embolus. embolism obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign matter carried in the bloodstream. embolization use of a substance to block or reduce blood flow in a vessel. embolus foreign object (air, tissue, tumor or clot) that circulates in the bloodstream until it lodges in a vessel. embry/o = embryo (as in embryopathy). embryo animal in early stages of intrauterine development; in humans, the first 3 months after conception. embryology study of the development of an individual from conception to birth. embryonic phase the period extending from fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation; during this phase the term embryo is used. embryopathy a morbid condition of the embryo or a disorder resulting from abnormal embryonic development, with consequent congenital anomalies. emergency medicine care of patients requiring immediate action. -emesis = vomiting (as in hyperemesis). EMG (electromyography) a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph, to produce a record called an electromyogram. -emia = blood condition (as in erythremia). -emphraxis = stoppage, obstruction (as in splenemphraxis) emphysema abnormal condition characterized by trapping of air in alveoli of the lung that causes them to rupture and fuse to other alveoli. EMR electronic medical record. EMT emergency medical technician. emulsify in digesting, when bile breaks down fats.

en-, endo- = inside, within. encephal/o = brain (as in encephalomalacia). encephalomalacia softening of the brain. encephalopathy disease of the brain. endemic refers to a disease native to a local region of the world. endo- = within (as in endocrine). endobronchial pertaining to the epithelial lining of the bronchi. endocarditis inflammation of the lining of the heart. endocardium lining of the blood vessels and valves in the heart. endocervix the mucous membrane lining the canal of the cervix uteri; the region of the opening of the uterine cervix into the uterine cavity. endochondral ossification the process in which most bones are formed from cartilage models. endocrine secreting into the blood or tissue fluid rather than into a duct; opposite of exocrine. endocrine glands organs within the body that secrete hormones. endocrine system organs that produce (secrete) hormones. endocrinologist specialist in the study of endocrine glands and their disorders. endocrinology study of the endocrine glands. endoderm the outermost layer of the primary germ layers that develops early in the first trimester of pregnancy. endolymph the fluid medium contained in the inner ear. endometriosis presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus. endometrium mucous membrane lining the uterus. endoneurium the thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each axon in a nerve. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network tubules and vesicles in cytoplasm; two types; rough and smooth. endorectal inside the rectum; said of diagnostic or therapeutic instruments or procedures.

endorphin chemical in the central nervous system that influences pain perception; a natural painkiller. endoscopy insertion of a tube with a light source into a body cavity to view and often to biopsy internal structures. Common types of endoscopies are esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, gastroduodenoscopy, anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. endosteum a fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity. endothelium squamous epithelial cells that line the inner surface of the entire circulatory system and the vessels of the lymphatic system. endotracheal intubation medical procedure in which a tube is placed through the mouth, pharynx, and larynx into the trachea to ensure an open airway. endurance training continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and develop the muscles; ability to sustain activity over a prolonged period of time. energy level limited region surrounding the nucleus of an atom at a certain distance containing electrons; also called a shell. ENG (electronystagmography) a diagnostic test to record involuntary movements of the eye caused by a condition known as nystagmus. enkephalin - peptide chemical in the central nervous system that acts as a natural painkiller. ENT ears, nose, and throat. enter/o = intestines; particularly the small intestine (as in enteroclysis). enteric pertaining to the small intestine. enteritis inflammation of the intestines. enteroclysis the injection of liquids into the intestine. enterocolitis inflammatory disease of both the small and large intestines. entropion inward turning of the margin of the lower eyelid, often so that the lower lashes touch the eyeball. enucleation removal of an organ or other mass intact from its supporting tissues, as of the eyeball from the orbit. enuresis involuntary urination. enzyme biochemical catalyst allowing chemical reactions to take place in a suitable timeframe.

EOM extraocular movements. EOMI extraocular muscles intact. eos brief form for eosinophils. eosin/o = red, rosy, dawn (as in eosinopenia). eosinopenia abnormal deficiency of eosinophils in the blood. eosinophil white blood cell that is readily stained by eosin. ependymal pertaining to, or composed of ependymal, the lining membrane of the ventricles of the brain and of the central canal of the spinal cord. epi- = above, over, upon (as in epicutaneous). epicardium the inner layer of the pericardium that covers the surface of the heart; it is also called the visceral pericardium. epicutaneous upon the skin; pertaining to the surface of the skin. epidemic refers to a disease that occurs in many individuals at the same time. epidemiology study of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations. epidermal inclusion cyst a type of epidermal cyst that is an inclusion cyst (one formed by the inclusion of a small portion of epithelium or mesothelium within connective tissue along a line of fusion of embryonic processes) on the head, neck, or trunk. epidermis false skin; outermost layer of the skin. epididym/o = epididymis (as in epididymectomy). epididymis one of two comma-shaped, long, tightly coiled tubes that carry sperm from testes to vas deferens. epidural hematoma mass of blood above the dura mater (outermost layer of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). epiglott/o = epiglottis (as in epiglottitis). epiglottis flap of cartilage that covers the mouth of the trachea when swallowing occurs so that food cannot enter the airway. epiglottitis life-threatening type of laryngitis generally seen in children 3 to 7 years of age; characterized by laryngeal edema and high fever and caused by Haemophilus influenza virus. epilepsy a seizure disorder characterized by recurring seizures.

epilemma endoneurium. epinephrine (Epi) adrenaline; hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla. epineurium a touch fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve. epiphora chronic overflow of tears from the lower eyelid onto the cheek; may be due to blockage of the nasolacrimal duct or to deformity of the lower lid (ectropion). epiphyseal fracture when the epiphyseal plate is separated from the epiphysis or diaphysis; this type of fracture can disrupt the normal growth of the bone. epiphyseal line point of fusion seen in a mature bone that replaces the epiphyseal cartilage or growth plate that once separated the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone. epiphyseal plate the cartilage plate that is between that epiphysis and the diaphysis and allows growth to occur; sometimes referred to as a growth plate. epiphysis end of a long bone. episcleral overlying the sclera; pertaining to the episclera; the loose connective tissue forming the sclera and the conjunctiva. episi/o = vulva (as in episiostenosis). episiostenosis narrowing of the vulvar orifice. episiotomy a surgical procedure used during birth to prevent of a laceration of the mothers perineum or the vagina. epispadias congenital defect in males characterized by the urethral meatus on dorsal (top) surface of glans or penile shaft. epistaxis clinical term referring to a bloody nose. epitheli/o = skin, surface tissue (as in epithelial). epithelial membrane membrane composed of epithelial tissue with an underlying layer of specialized connective tissue. epithelial tissue covers the body and its parts; lines various parts of the body; forms continuous sheets that contain no blood vessels; classified according to shape and arrangement. Epstein-Barr virus a herpesvirus that is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis. It has been isolated from cells cultured from Burkitts lymphoma, and has been found in certain cases of nasopharyngeal cancer. equi- = equality, equal (as in equilibrium).

equilibrium a state of balance between opposing forces or influences. In the body, equilibrium may be chemical or physical. A state of chemical equilibrium is reached when the body tissues contain the proper proportions of various salts and water. Physical equilibrium, such as the state of balance required for walking, standing, or sitting, is achieved by a very complex interplay of opposing sets of muscles. The labyrinth of the inner ear contains the semicircular canals, or organs of balance, and relays to the brain information about the bodys position and also the direction of the body motions. ER, ED emergency room, emergency department. ER endoplasmic reticulum. ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram. erectile dysfunction (ED) impotence. erg/o = work (as in ergometer). ergometer an instrument that measures the amount of work performed during muscular activity. erosion a surface defect in the epidermis produced by rubbing or scratching. eructation the oral ejection of gas or air from the stomach; belching; burping. erumontanum a portion of the urethra. erythema/o = flushed, redness (as in erythema). erythema redness or inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes. erythr/o = red (as in erythrocytoschisis). erythremia erythroblastosis fetalis condition of a fetus or infant caused by the mothers Rh antibodies reacting with the babys Rh-positive RBCs, characterized by massive agglutination of the blood and resulting in life-threatening circulatory problems. erythrocyte red blood cell. erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, sed rate) the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a specimen of whole blood that has been treated with anticoagulant. The rate is expressed in millimeters per hour (mm/h), as measured in a standard glass column. Elevation of the sedimentation rate occurs in various inflammatory and malignant diseases but is diagnostic of none. An acceptable brief form is sed rate. erythrocytoschisis a morphological change in erythrocytes consisting of their degeneration into disklike bodies similar to platelets.

erythropoietin glycoprotein secreted to increase red blood cell production in response to oxygen deficiency (erythro- = red, -poiet = make, -in = substance). eschar 1. a slough produced by a thermal burn, a corrosive application, or by gangrene. 2. tache noir. eschar/o = scab (as in escharotomy). escharotomy a surgical incision of the eschar and superficial fascia of a circumferentially burned limb in order to permit the cut edges to separate and restore blood flow to unburned tissue distal to the eschar. Edema may form beneath the inelastic eschar of a full-thickness burn and compress arteries, thus impairing blood flow and necessitating and escharotomy. The incision is protected from infection with the same antimicrobial agent being used on the burn wound. Eskalith trademark for preparations of lithium carbonate, a treatment for manic-depressive disorder. ESL English as a second language. eso- = within. esophag/o = esophagus (as in esophagocele). esophageal pertaining to the esophagus. esophageal dysmotility seen on upper GI series; abnormality in the strength or coordination of peristaltic movements in the esophagus. esophageal hiatus hernia weakness or dilation of the opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through, with herniation of part or all of the stomach into the thorax; often asymptomatic. esophagocele abnormal distention of the esophagus; protrusion of the esophageal mucosa through a rupture in the muscular coat. esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) endoscopic procedure to view the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. esophagus tube leading from the throat to the stomach. esophoria inward deviation of one eye. ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate; sed rate. essential amino acids amino acids that cannot be made in the body and must be obtained from diet.

essential organs reproductive organs that must be present for reproduction to occur; known as gonads. esthesi/o, -esthesia = sensation, feeling (as in esthesioneurosis). esthesioneurosis any disorder of sensory nerves. estradiol the principal estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovary. Measurement of its level in serum gives an estimate of ovarian function. estrogen sex hormone secreted by the ovary that causes the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and stimulates growth of the epithelial cells lining the uterus. estropia cross-eye. ESWL extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. ET enterostomal therapy nursing. ethmoid sinuses the air-filled cavities that are located between the eye sockets. eti/o = cause (as in etiology). etiology theory, or study, of the factors involved in causing a disease. etopyorrhea a copious purulent discharge from the ear. eucrasia 1. a state of health; proper balance of different factors constituting a health state. 2. a state in which the body reacts normally to ingested or injected drugs, proteins, etc. eupnea normal respiration. eury- = wide, broad (as in eurycephalic). eurycephalic having a wide head. eustachian tube auditory tube. euthyroid normal thyroid. evaporation heat being lost from the skin by sweat being vaporized. Evista (raloxifene) selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Prescribed for osteoporosis prevention and treatment and breast cancer prevention. ex- = out, away from. exacerbation increase in the seriousness of a disease, with greater intensity in the signs and symptoms.

exam examination. examination of stool for occult blood, fat, pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites), abnormal constituents. excimer laser surgery refractory eye surgery that uses an excimer or cool laser to vaporize corneal tissue in treating mild to moderate nearsightedness; also called photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). excision act of cutting out, removing or resecting. excisional biopsy the surgical removal of an entire tumor, lesion, or diseased organ from a living patient. excoriation skin lesions in which epidermis has been removed, as in a scratch wound. exercise stress test test during which the patient exercises on a treadmill to stress the heart and reproduce symptoms of angina and EKG changes. exhalation moving air out of the lungs; opposite of inhalation, or inspiration; also known as expiration. exo- = out, outside (as in exocrine). exocrine secreting into a duct; opposite of endocrine. exocrine glands secrete substances to the outside of the body, sweat, tears, mammary; opposite of endocrine. exogenous developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease; growing by additions to the outside. exophoria outward deviation of one eye. exophthalmos abnormal bulging of the eye between the lids; may be due to local disease (orbital cellulitis or neoplasm) or (when bilateral) to systemic disease (Graves disease). exophytic - growing outward. exostosis a benign new growth projecting from a bone surface and characteristically capped by cartilage. experimental controls any procedure within a scientific experiment that ensures that the test situation itself is not affecting the outcome of the experiment. experimentation performing an experiment, which is usually a test of a tentative explanation of nature called a hypothesis. expiration (exhalation) moving air out of the lungs; opposite of inhalation, or inspiration; also known as exhalation.

expiratory muscles muscles that allow more forceful expiration to increase the rate and depth of ventilation; the internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles. expiratory reserve volume (ERV) the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiration of the tidal volume (TV). exploratory laparotomy inspection of the abdominal and pelvic cavities through an incision in the abdominal wall. exsanguinate to deprive of blood. external auditory canal a curved tube (approximately 2.5 cm long) extending from the auricle into the temporal lobe, ending in the tympanic membrane. external auditory meatus a tube that conducts sound waves from the pinna to the middle ear. extra-articular affecting or pertaining to structures other than joints. external ear the outer part of the ear that is made up of the auricle and the external auditory canal. external genitalia external reproductive organs; also called genitals or simply genitalia. external intercostals inspiratory muscles that enlarge the thorax, causing the lungs to expand and air to rush in. external nares nostrils. external oblique the outermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall. external otitis a common infection of the external ear; also known as swimmer ear. external respiration the exchange of gases between air in the lungs and in the blood. external oblique the outermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall. extra- = outside. extra-articular affecting or pertaining to structures other than joints. extracapsular situated or occurring outside a capsule. extracellular fluid (ECF) the water found outside of cells located in two compartments between cells (interstitial fluid) and in the blood (plasma). extracorporeal situated on occurring outside the body. extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) can be used to break renal calculi into fragments, which then pass with the urine. extrahepatic pertaining to the outside of the liver.

extravasation of contrast leakage of contrast medium from the structure into which it is injected through a perforation or other abnormal orifice. extubation removal of a previously inserted tube, such as an endotracheal tube, catheter, drain, or feeding tube, from an organ, orifice or other body structure. exudate a material deposited in or on tissues as a result of inflammation or degeneration and consisting of protein-rich fluid, inflammatory cells, and tissue debris. FA fluorescent antibody. faci/o = face (as in facioplasty). facial referring to the face. facioplasty restorative or plastic surgery on the face. factitious disorder a condition in which a person acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms. factors, blood clotting substances present in the blood that participate in the clotting process: Factor I fibrinogen Factor II prothrombin Factor III tissue thromboplastin Factor IV calcium Factor V labile factor (proaccelerin) Factor VI (term not in current use) Factor VII stable factor (proconvertin) Factor VIII antihemophilic globulin (AHG) Factor IX Christmas factor Factor X Stuart-Prower factor Factor XI plasma thromboplastin antecedent Factor XII Hageman factor Factor XIII fibrin-stabilizing factor facultative not obligatory; pertaining to or characterized by the ability to adjust to particular circumstances or to assume a particular role. fallen arch condition in which the tendons and ligaments of the foot weaken, allowing the normally curved arch to flatten out. fallopian tubes uterine tubes. false ribs the eighth, ninth, and tenth pairs of ribs, which are attached to the cartilage of the seventh ribs rather than the sternum. family practitioner physician responsible for the primary care and treatment of patients on an ongoing basis.

family therapy psychotherapy that treats the family as a unit and seeks to promote understanding and correction of pathologic attitudes and relationships among members of the unit. fasci/o = fascia (as in fasciodesis). fascia a sheet or band of fibrous tissue such as lies deep to the skin or forms an investment for muscles and various other organs of the body. fascia lata - (lata = thigh); the external investing fascia of the thigh. fascial pertaining to a sheet or band of fibrous tissue such as lies deep to the skin or invests muscles and various body organs. fascicle small bundle of fibers, as in a small bundle of nerve fibers or muscle fibers. fasciculation repeated twitching of small groups of voluntary muscle fibers. fasciculus little bundle. fasciodesis suture of a fascia to skeletal attachment. fasting blood sugar (FBS) determination of serum glucose in a specimen drawn from a patient who has been fasting for several hours, usually overnight. fat one of the three basic food types, also called lipid. It is an oily or greasy substance built up of fatty acids (long, straight-chain organic acids). fat tissue adipose. fatigue loss of muscle power; weakness. faucial pertaining to the passage from the mouth to the pharynx. FBS fasting blood sugar. fecalith stonelike mass of hardened feces. feces waste material discharged from the intestines. feedback control loop a highly complex and integrated communication control network, classified as negative or positive; negative feedback loops are the most important and numerous homeostatic control mechanisms. female reproductive system organs (ovaries) that produce and transport (fallopian tubes) egg cells and secrete female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). femor/o = femur (as in ischiofemoral). femoral pertaining to the thigh.

femoral-popliteal bypass implantation of a vessel graft (real or artificial) into the femoral and popliteal arteries to bypass one or more blockages. fem-pop slang for femoral-popliteal. femur thigh bone. Feosol trademark for preparations of ferrous sulfate, an iron preparation. ferr/i, ferr/o = iron (as in ferrometer). ferritin one of the chief forms in which iron is stored in the body; it occurs at least in the gastrointestinal mucosa, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. ferrometer an instrument used to make permeability and hysteresis (shortcoming; lagging) tests of iron and steel. fertilization the action that takes place at the moment of the females ovum and the males sperm cell unite. festination an involuntary tendency to take short accelerating steps in walking. fet/o = fetus (as in fetography). fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) a condition that may cause congenital abnormalities in a baby; it results from a woman consuming alcohol during pregnancy. fetal demise miscarriage or stillbirth. fetal phase period extending from the eighth to thirty-ninth week of gestation; during this phase the term fetus is used. fetography roentgenography of the fetus in utero. fetus unborn young, especially in the later stages; in human beings, from the third month of the intrauterine period until birth. FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second) the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second following maximum inspiration. fever elevated body temperature, beyond the normal setpoint, usually triggered by the immune system, in a response to infection or injury. FH family history. fib-flutter slang for atrial fibrillation/flutter. fiberoptic pertaining to fiberoptics (the transmission of an image along flexible bundles of glass or plastic fibers each of which carried an element of the image); coated with flexible glass or plastic fibers having special optical properties and orientation.

fibers threadlike structures; for example, nerve fibers. fibr/o = fiber, fibrous (as in fibromyoma). fibrillation rapid, random, ineffectual twitching of cardiac muscle, instead of normal regular systolic contractions, due usually to metabolic or coronary vascular disease; whereas atrial fibrillation can continue for years without serious impairment of health, ventricular fibrillation is rapidly fatal. fibrin insoluble protein in clotted blood. fibrinogen soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during clotting. fibrinous pertaining to or in the nature of fibrin, an insoluble protein that is essential to clotting of blood, formed from fibrinogen by action of thrombin. fibromyalgia syndrome a syndrome of chronic musculoskeletal pain accompanied by weakness, fatigue, and sleep disorders. fibromyoma benign tumor of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue commonly occurring in the uterine wall, where it is often called a fibroid. fibromyositis inflammation of muscle tissue accompanies by inflammation of nearby tendon tissue. fibrosarcoma cancer of the fibrous connective tissue. fibrosis the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process. In other words, it is the formation of a scar. It can be caused by injury or long-term inflammation. fibrous connective tissue strong, nonstretchable, white collagen fibers that compose tendons. fibul/o = fibula (as in fibulocalcaneal). fibula smaller leg bone. fibular shaft fracture isolated fracture of the fibular shaft; uncommon and usually the result of a direct blow. More commonly, fibular shaft fractures occur in association with fractures of the tibia or ankle injury. fight-or-flight response the changes produced by increased sympathetic impulses allowing the body to deal with any type of stress. fil/i, fil/o = thread (as in filopressure). filling defect a zone within a tubular structure that is not filled by injected contrast medium (usually a tumor or abnormal mass). filopressure compression of a blood vessel by a thread.

filtration movement of water and solutes through a membrane by a higher hydrostatic pressure on one side. fimbriae fringelike projection. fine-needle aspiration a technique used to remove cells by suction from certain structures such as the prostate, subcutaneous lymph nodes and other neck masses, and breast masses. finger-to-nose test the patient extends the arms outward laterally, closes the eyes, and tries to touch the finger to the nose. Tests coordination. FiO2 (fractional inspired oxygen or inspired flow of oxygen). Note the lowercase i. first-degree burn minor burn with only minimal discomfort and no blistering; epidermis may peel but no dermal injury occurs; also called partial-thickness burn. first-pass view an image or set of images obtained immediately after injection of radionuclide into the circulation, when its concentration in the blood pool is at its highest. fissure a linear defect or crack in the continuity of the epidermis. fistula abnormal passageway from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs. fistulization 1. the process of becoming fistulous. 2. surgical creation of a fistula. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome localized peritonitis in the region of the liver, due to chlamydia or gonococcus. 5-FU therapy (fluorouracil) used intravenously as an antineoplastic (inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms; checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells) for the treatment of solid tumors, especially palliative treatment of carcinomas of the breast and gastrointestinal tract. It is also used topically for the treatment of actinic (pertaining to those rays of light beyond the violet end of the spectrum that produce chemical effects) keratosis, and other precancerous skin conditions and for superficial basal cell carcinomas. 5-nucleotidase (pronounced five prime nucleotidase) a serum enzyme whose level increases in biliary obstruction. Testing for this enzyme helps to distinguish liver disease from bone disease as possible causes of elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. fixation act of holding, sewing, or fastening apart in a fixed position. fixation device a plate, pin, nail, or screw used to hold fracture fragments in place. fixative a fluid used to arrest the process of decomposition that begins almost at once in devitalized tissue, to kill bacteria and fungi in or on the specimen, and to begin hardening the tissue to facilitate preparation for microscopic study.

flaccid paralysis a clinical manifestation characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone. flagellate protozoan possessing flagella. flagellum single projection extending from the cell surface; only example in humans is the tail of the male sperm. Flagyl trademark for a preparation of metronidazole, an antibacterial and antiprotozoal. flare and cell diminished clarity of the aqueous humor due to protein leakage from the iris; swirls of inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber due to inflammation. flat bone one of the four types of bone; the frontal bone is an example of a flat bone. flat feet condition in which the tendons and ligaments of the foot are weak, allowing the normally curved arch to flatten out. flatulence - presence of air or other gases in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. flavivirus category of RNA-containing viruses that typically require an insect vector to transmit them to humans; examples of flavivirus infections include yellow fever, dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, and West Nile virus (WNV). flex/o = bend (as in flexor). flexion act of bending, decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint. flexor any muscle that flexes a joint. floating ribs the eleventh and twelfth pairs of ribs, which are only attached to the thoracic vertebrae. fluctancy the sensation of contained fluid on palpation. fluctuance use fluctuancy. fluid balance homeostasis of fluids; the volumes of interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid, and plasma and total volume of water remain relatively constant. fluid compartments the areas in the body where the fluid is located; for example, interstitial fluid. FNA fine-needle aspiration. FOBT fecal occult blood test. foci plural of focus. folate deficiency anemia lack of folic acid in the diet (as in malnourished individuals).

Foley catheter an indwelling catheter that has a balloon filled with air or liquid to retain it in place in the bladder. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) hormone present in males and females; in males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm; in females, FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to mature and the follicle cells to secrete estrogen. follicles specialized structures required for hair growth. follow up, followup followup is a noun or adjective; follow up is a verb. To determine which is correct, substitute the word eat in the sentence, and see if the sentence makes sense. For example, He will eat (or, follow up) next week. fontanels soft spots on an infants head; unossified areas in the infant skull. foramen small opening; for example, the vertebral foramen, which allows the spinal cord to pass through the vertebral canal. foramen ovale shunts blood from the right atrium directly into the left atrium allowing most blood to bypass the babys developing lungs. forceps a two-bladed instrument with a handle for compressing or grasping tissues in surgical operations, and for handling sterile dressings, etc. fore- = before, in front of. forensic pathology involves the application of clinical and anatomical pathology to certain issues in civil and criminal law. foreskin loose-fitting, retractable casing located over the glans of the penis, also known as the prepuce. -form = specialized shape, form (as in multiform). formed elements cellular (RBC, WBC, and platelet) fraction of blood. formulation a tactile hallucination in which there is a sensation of tiny insects crawling over the skin; most commonly seen in cocaine or amphetamine intoxication. Foroblique lens trademark for an obliquely (slanted, inclined) forward visual telescopic system used in panendoscopes. forward failure inability of the heart to pump blood at a volume that is adequate for the needs of tissues. fourth-degree burn complete destruction of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue with additional damage below subcutaneous tissue to muscle and bone; also called full-thickness burn.

fovea a small depression or pit located in the center of retinal macula lutea; site of acute image formation and color vision. Fox shield a standard ophthalmic dressing that covers the eye area and its dressings. fractal geometry the study of surfaces with a seemingly infinite area, such as the lining of the small intestine. fraternal (dizygotic) twins birth of two siblings at the same time that have developed from two separate zygotes (dizygotic); also called dizygotic twins; contrast with identical (monozygotic) twins. freckle small red or brown molecules that are a common genetic variant of normal skin pigmentation. free air air or gas in a body cavity where it does not belong, usually after escape from the GI tract. free nerve endings specialized receptors in the skin that respond to pain. free radical highly reactive, electron-seeking molecules that occur normally in cells but may damage electron-dense molecules such as DNA or molecules in cell membranes; free radicals may be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E. frenulum the thin membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth. friable crumbly; fragmenting or bleeding easily on touch or manipulation; said usually of diseased tissue. frigolabile easily affected or destroyed by cold. frogleg view an x-ray of one or both hip joints for which the patient lies supine with thighs maximally abducted and externally rotated and knees flexed so as to bring the soles of the feet together. frontal lengthwise plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions; pertaining to the forehead. frontal lobe the rostral (anterior) portion of the cerebral hemisphere. frontal muscle one of the muscles of facial expression; it moves the eyebrows and furrows the skin of the forehead. frontal plane up-and-down plane that divides the body or an organ into front and back portions (the coronal plane). frontal sinusitis inflammation in the frontal sinus. frostbite local tissue damage caused by extreme cold.

frozen section specimen that is quick-frozen so that it can be examined under the microscope. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation in women and spermatogenesis in men. Measurement of serum FSH is part of the evaluation of a patient for infertility or gonadal dysfunction. FTA (fluorescent treponemal antibody) test an indirect immunofluorescence test, highly specific for syphilis. FTP file transfer protocol. fulguration the application of an electrical current to destroy superficial skin lesions. full-bladder technique an ultrasonographic examination of the pelvic region performed while the subjects bladder is distended with urine. This is done to improve the recognition of the bladder outline, which cannot be distinguished adequately when the bladder is empty. full-column barium enema barium enema examination in which the contrast medium is injected into the colon under full pressure, by elevation of the barium reservoir to the maximum safe height. full-thickness burn burn that (1) destroys epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue (thirddegree burn) and (2) extends below skin and subcutaneous tissue to reach muscle and bone (fourth-degree burn). functional protein protein that has the role of regulating chemical reactions in the body, such as enzymes, some neurotransmitters, and some hormones. fundi plural of fundus. fundus the bottom base of something. fundus (of stomach) enlarged portion to the left of and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach. fundus (of uterus) bulging prominence above level where uterine tubes attach to the body of the uterus. fungus organism similar to plants but lacking chlorophyll and capable of producing mycotic (fungal) infections. FUO fever of undetermined origin. furosemide a loop diuretic used for treatment of edema and hypertension. furuncle (boil) a pus-filled cavity formed by some hair follicle infections. fusc/o = dark brown (as in urofuscohematin).

fusion and plating anterior cervical discectomy, used to decompress the spinal cord, within the neck. FVC (forced vital capacity) the total amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully following maximum inspiration. Fx fracture. g gram. G gravida (as in G1, P1). G protein a protein molecule usually embedded in a cells plasma membrane that plays an important role in getting a signal from a receptor (also in the plasma membrane) to the inside of the cell. GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid. gadolinium a nonradioactive metallic element that acts as a contrast agent in MRI studies by enhancing the signal of areas or tissues in which it is present. galact/o = milk (as in galactacrasia). galactacrasia an abnormal state of the breast milk. galactorrhea excessive or spontaneous flow of milk irrespective of nursing; it is sometimes associated with hyperprolactinemia (increased levels of prolactin in the blood). gallbladder sac below the liver that stores bile and delivers it to the small intestine. gallop rhythm a cardiac rhythm that simulates the sound of a galloping horse on auscultation, usually due to the presence of a third or fourth heart sound, or both. gallstone solid concretions of stones, often composed of cholesterol or bile salts, found in the gallbladder. gametes either of the two sex cells, sperm (spermatozoa) and egg (ova) that have half the usual number of nuclear chromosomes (the haploid number). gangli/o, ganglion/o = ganglion (as in gangliocytoma). ganglion a region of unmyelinated nerve tissue (usually this term is used only for regions in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). ganglion cyst excision removing a ganglion cyst from the wrist. gangrene tissue death (necrosis) that involves decay of tissue.

Garamycin trademark for preparations of gentamicin sulfate, applied topically or intravenously; it is effective against a wide range of aerobic gram-negative bacilli, especially the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas, and some gram-positive bacteria. Gardnerella vaginalis a gram-negative organism, formerly called Haemophilus vaginalis, which causes bacterial vaginosis. gas density line a linear band of maximal radiolucency, representing or appearing to represent a narrow zone of air or gas. gastr/o = stomach (as in dextrogastria). gastralgia stomach ache. gastrectomy excision or removal of the stomach. gastric pertaining to the stomach. gastric gland glands in stomach lining that secrete enzymes, mucus, or hydrochloric acid. gastritis inflammation of the stomach. gastrocnemius superficial muscle of the cell of the leg, connected (along with the soleus muscle) to the calcaneus bone of the foot by way of the Achilles (calcaneal) tendon; its action is to dorsiflex the foot, bending the toes upward. gastroenteritis inflammation of the intestines and stomach. gastroenterologist specialist in the study of stomach and intestinal disorders. gastroenterology study of the intestines and stomach. gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) a set of symptoms resulting from a hiatal hernia that allows stomach (gastric) contents to flow back (reflux) into the esophagus; symptoms include heartburn of chest pain and coughing or choking during or just after a meal; also known as GERD. gastroesophageal sphincter a ring of smooth muscle around the opening of the stomach at the lower end of the esophagus that acts as a valve to allow food to enter the stomach but prevents stomach contents from moving back into the esophagus. gastrointestinal (GI) tract principal tubelike structure of the digestive system extending from mouth to anus sometimes called the alimentary canal. gastrojejunostomy new surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum (second section of the small intestine). This procedure is an anastomosis. gastroscope instrument used to view the stomach. gastroscopy - visual examination of the stomach.

gastrotomy incision of the stomach. gated view an image obtained by a technique synchronized with motions of the heart to eliminate blurring. GC gonorrhea. GE gastroesophageal junction. Gelfoam trademark for preparations of absorbable gelatin sponge, used as a local hemostatic. gen/o to produce, to begin. gene one of many segments of a chromosome (DNA molecule); each gene contains the genetic code for synthesizing a protein molecule such as an enzyme or hormone. gene therapy manipulation of genes to cure genetic problems; most forms of gene therapy have not yet been proven effective in humans. generalized seizure a seizure in which the entire cerebral cortex is involved. -genesis = production, formation (as in neogenesis). genetics scientific study of heredity and the genetic code. geni/o = chin (as in genioplasty). genit/o = reproduction (as in genitourinary). genital ducts structures in the embryo that develop into reproductive organs; also applies to adult reproductive ducts. genitalia reproductive organs. genome entire set of chromosomes in a cell; the human genome refers to the entire set of human chromosomes. genomics field of endeavor involving the analysis of the genetic code contained in the human or other species genome. genucubital pertaining to the knees and elbows. ge/o = earth, soil (as in geophagia). geophagia the habit of eating clay or earth (soil); chthonophagia. GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease. ger/o, geront/o = aged, old age (as in geriatric). geriatric pertaining to treatment of older people.

geriatrician specialist in the treatment of diseases of old age. gerontology study of the aging process. gestation period the length of pregnancy, approximately 9 months in humans. GGT glutamyltransferase. ghrelin hormone secreted by epithelial cells lining the stomach; ghrelin boosts appetite, slows metabolism, and reduces fat burning; may be involved in the development of obesity. GI gastrointestinal. gigant/o = huge (as in gigantocyte). gigantism a condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life; results in a child who grows to gigantic size. gigantocyte a non-nucleated red blood corpuscle of large size. gingiva the part of the oral mucosa covering the tooth-bearing border of the jaw; the gum. gingiv/o = gums (as in gingivoplasty). gingivitis inflammation of the gum (gingiva), often as a result of poor oral hygiene. gingivoplasty surgical remodeling of the gingiva. gland group of cells that secretes chemicals to the outside of the body (exocrine glands) or hormones directly into the bloodstream (endocrine glands). glandular epithelium cells that are specialized for secreting activity. glans the distal end of the shaft of the penis or clitoris. glaucoma disorder characterized by elevated pressure in the eye. Gleason score a grading for prognosis in carcinoma of the prostate, on a scale of 1 through 5, from well differentiated to poorly differentiated. This test is done twice, in different areas, and the results added together (for example, 2+3 = 5 Gleason grade cancer). A combined score of 10, for example, would give a grave prognosis. gli/o = glue, neuroglia (as in gliocyte) glia supporting cells of nervous tissue; see neuroglia. glioma one of the most common types of brain tumors. Glisson capsule perivascular fibrous capsule of liver. -globin = protein (as in hemoglobin).

globulin a type of plasma protein that includes antibodies. glomerul/o = glomerulus (as in glomerulopathy). glomeruli plural of glomerulus. glomerulonephritis inflammatory disease of the glomerular-capsular membranes of the kidney. glomerulopathy any disease, especially any noninflammatory disease, of the renal glomeruli. glomerulus compact cluster; for example, capillaries in the kidneys. gloss/o = tongue (as in glossolalia). glossolalia unintelligible speech. glottis the space between the vocal cords. glucagon hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets. gluc/o = glucose, sugar (as in glucokinetic). glucocorticoid (GC) hormone that influences food metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex. glucokinetic activating sugar so as to maintain the sugar level of the body. Glucometer a small, portable device from Bayer used to measure blood sugar. gluconeogenesis formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or fat compounds. glucose monosaccharide or simple sugar; the principal blood sugar. glucose tolerance test (GTT) measurements of blood sugar made at various intervals after ingestion of a standard carbohydrate meal. glucose, urinary should be negative. Glucose (sugar) in the urine usually indicates diabetes mellitus or other endocrine dysfunction. gluteal of or near the buttocks. gluteus maximus major extensor of the thigh and also supports the torso in an erect position. glyc/o = sugar (as in glycosialorrhea). glycerol product of fat digestion. glycogen polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose (monosaccharide) molecules; animal starch. glycogenesis formation of glycogen from glucose or from other monosaccharides, fructose, or galactose.

glycogenolysis hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose-6 phosphate or to glucose. glycosialorrhea excessive flow of saliva containing sugar. glycosuria glucose in the urine; a sign of diabetes mellitus. glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c) measurement of the amount of glucose bound to the hemoglobin of red blood cells. Useful in monitoring long-term control of diabetes mellitus. gnath/o = jaw (as in gnathoschisis). gnathoschisis congenital cleft of the upper jaw or cheek. gnos/o = knowledge (as in diagnosis). goblet cells specialized cells found in simple columnar epithelium that produce mucus. goiter enlargement of the thyroid gland. Golgi apparatus small sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus that makes carbohydrate compounds, combined with protein molecules, and packages the product in a globule. gonads essential organs of reproduction; testes in males; ovaries in females. goni/o = angle (as in goniometer). goniometer a simple device consisting of two arms connected to a movable joint, with a scale that reads in degrees of rotation. gonioscopy examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye with a gonioscope. gon/o = genitals (as in gonocyte). gonad/o = gonads (as in gonadogenesis). gonadogenesis the development of the gonads in the embryo. Goodpastures syndrome an autoimmune disease in which glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage are produced by complement-mediated tissue damage caused by antibodies directed against the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes, and characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, hemoptysis, and dyspnea; the glomerulonephritis usually progresses to renal failure. gout abnormal condition in which excess uric acid is deposited in joints and other tissues as sodium urate crystals the crystals produce inflammation or gout arthritis. GPT (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) an older name for ALT (alanine transferase). graafian follicle - a mature ovum in its sac.

gradient a slope or difference between two levels; for example blood pressure gradient: a difference tween the blood pressure in two different vessels. graft a section of skin transplanted to an area of the body. -gram = record (as in electrocardiogram). gram the unit of measure in the metric system on which mass is based; approximately 454 grams equals 1 pound. grand mal seizure see tonic-clonic seizure. granul/o = granules (as in agranulocytosis). granulosa cell cell layer surrounding the oocyte. granulocytes white blood cells with conspicuous cytoplasmic granules. According to the staining properties of these granules, the cells are classified as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. granuloma any small nodular, delimited aggregation of mononuclear inflammatory cells. graph/o = writing (as in graphesthesia). graphesthesia the ability to recognize writing on the skin purely by the sensation of touch. -graphy = process of recording (as in electrocardiography). Graves disease inherited, possibly immune endocrine disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism accompanied by exophthalmos (protruding eyes). gravid/o = pregnancy (as in gravidocardiac). -gravida = pregnant woman (as in unigravida). gravida (G) pregnant. gravidocardiac pertaining to heart disease in pregnancy. gray matter tissue in the central nervous system made up of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites. great vessels the major vascular trunks entering and leaving the heart: the superior and inferior venae cavae, the pulmonary arteries and veins, and the aorta. greater omentum a pouchlike extension of the visceral peritoneum. gross description the report of the pathologists findings after examining a specimen with the naked eye.

group therapy psychotherapy administered to several persons at once, making use of sharing of perceptions, experiences, and feelings, group dynamics, and mutual understanding and support. growth hormone (GH) hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the rate of skeletal and visceral growth. GTT - glucose tolerance test. GU genitourinary. guanine one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleotides, which in turn make up nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) in the cell. guidewire a thin, usually flexible wire that can be inserted into a confined or torturous space to act as a guide for subsequent insertion of a stiffer or bulkier instrument, such as a catheter. guilt a sense of having done wrong, or having failed to meet ones own or others expectations or standards, or of being inferior or inadequate; as used in psychiatry and psychoanalysis, guilt is a distinct concept from moral guilt, which arises from deliberate violation of ethical principles or civil law. gustatory cell cells of taste. gymn/o = naked (as in gymnophobia). gymnophobia a fear of nudity. Gyn = gynecology. gynec/o = woman; female (as in gynecography). gynecography roentgenography of the female reproductive organs. gynecologist specialist in the study of females; womens health. gynecology the study of female/womens health. gyr/o = circle, spiral (as in gyrospasm). h. hour. Haemophilus vaginalis older name for Gardnerella vaginalis. hair papilla a small, cap-shaped cluster of cells located at the base of the hair follicle, where hair growth begins. hallucination a sensory experience, usually auditory or visual, without any physical basis for example, seeing snakes floating in the air, or hearing voices urging one to do something.

hallux the great toe. hamstring muscle powerful flexor of the hip made up of the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris muscles. H&E hematoxylin and eosin, the most commonly used combination of stains in histology. H&H slang abbreviation for hemoglobin and hematocrit. The hemoglobin level is usually dictated first. H&P history and physical examination. Hashimoto thyroiditis intrinsic thyroid disease. Hasson trocar a sharp-pointed instrument equipped with a cannula, used to puncture the wall of a body cavity and withdraw fluid. HAV hepatitis A virus. haversian canal - the central canal in the osteon (haversian system) that contains a blood vessel; named for English physician Clopton Havers. haversian system structural unit of compact bone tissue made up of concentric layers (lamellae) of hard bone matrix and bone cells (osteocytes); named for English physician Clopton Havers; also called osteon. hay fever allergic rhinitis. HBV hepatitis B virus. HCG, hCG - (human chorionic gonadotropin) a hormone produced by the placenta and detected in various blood and urine tests for pregnancy. A more specific test detects only the beta subunit of this hormone, hence the term beta HCG. Hct, HCT - hematocrit. HCTZ hydrochlorothiazide. HCV hepatitis C. HDL - high-density lipoproteins. HDN hemolytic disease of the newborn. headache local or generalized, intermittent or constant; can result from infection, neoplasm, or hemorrhage within the cranium, obstruction to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, trauma, or migraine. health physical, mental, and social well-being; the absence of disease.

heart block a blockage of impulse conduction from atria to ventricles so that the heart beats at a slower rate than normal. heart disease any of a group of cardiac disorders that together constitute the leading cause of death in the United States. heart failure inability of the heart to pump returned blood sufficiently. heart murmur abnormal heart sound that may indicate valvular insufficiency (leaking) or steonosing (narrowing; blockage) of the valve. heartburn esophageal pain caused by backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus. heat exhaustion condition caused by fluid loss resulting from activity of thermoregulatory mechanisms in a warm external environment. Heberden nodes abnormal enlargements seen at the distal interphalangeal joints in osteoarthritis. heel-to-shin test with the patient standing straight, the heel of one foot is placed against the shin of the opposing leg. Tests coordination. HEENT head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat. helc/o = ulcer (as in helcomenia). helcomenia occurrence of ulcers at the time of a menstruation. Helicobacter pylori spiral-shaped bacterium known to be a major cause of gastric and duodenal ulcers. heli/o = sun (as in heliophobia). heliophobia 1. a morbid fear of sunlight. 2. excessive sensitivity to sunlight. Called also photophobia. hem/o, hemat/o = blood (as in hemocytozoon). hemangioma tumor (benign) of blood vessels. hemarthrosis extravasation (a discharge or escape of blood or some other fluid normally found in a vessel or tube, into the surrounding tissues) of blood into a joint or its synovial cavity. hematemesis vomiting blood. hematochezia passage of blood from the rectum. hematocrit (Hct, HCT) the percentage of a blood sample that consists of cells. The sample is spun in a centrifuge, which quickly drives all of the cells to the bottom of the tube. The length of the column of cells is expressed as a percent of the total length of the specimen. Red and white

blood cells and platelets are all included, but red blood cells far outnumber the other formed elements. hematocrit, central a hematocrit value determined by using a blood sample drawn from a central line catheter. hematologist specialist in blood and blood disorders. hematoma mass of blood under the skin; black and blue mark. hematopoiesis blood cell formation. hematopoietic tissue specialized connective tissue that is responsible for the formation of blood cells and lymphatic system cells; found in red bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. hematuria abnormal condition of blood in the urine. hemicolectomy surgical excision of approximately half the colon. hemigastrectomy removal of half of the stomach. hemiplegia paralysis of one side of the body. Hemoccult test for occult blood in the stool. hemocytozoon an animal parasite living within a blood corpuscle. hemorrhage - bursting forth of blood. hemoglobin (Hgb, HGB) the oxygen-carrying complex of iron and protein in red blood cells. The hemoglobin level is reduced in anemia. hemoglobin A1 normal adult hemoglobin. hemoglobin A1c glycosylated hemoglobin. hemoglobin F normal fetal hemoglobin, found also in adults with certain forms of anemia and leukemia. hemoglobin S the abnormal hemoglobin found in the red blood cells of persons with sickle cell anemia. hemoglobinated containing hemoglobin. hemolytic anemia any of a group of blood disorders characterized by deficient or abnormal hemoglobin that causes deformation and fragility of red blood cells (e.g., sickle-cell anemia, thalassemia).

hemophilia - any of a group of X-linked inherited blood clotting disorders caused by a failure to form clotting factors VIII, IX, or XI. hemoptysis coughing up blood from respiratory passages. hemorrhagic anemia group of conditions characterized by low oxygen-carrying capacity of blood; caused by decreased red blood cell capacity of blood; caused by decreased red blood cell (RBC) life span and/or increased rate of RBC destruction. hemorrhoid varicose vein in the rectum; hemorrhoids are also called piles. hemorrhoidectomy surgical excision of hemorrhoids (anal varicose veins). hemosiderin an insoluble form of storage iron, visible microscopically both with and without the use of special stains. hemothorax collection of blood in the chest (pleural cavity). HemoVac drain trademark for a portable wound suction device that is compressed to provide gentle suction; an internal spring slowly expands to create a negative suction pressure of approximately 45 mmHg. Henle loop extension of the proximal tubule of the kidney; also called nephron loop. heparin naturally occurring substance that inhibits formation of a blood clot; has been used as a drug to inhibit clotting. hepat/o = liver (as in hepatosplenomegaly). hepatic referring to the liver. hepatic colic (right) flexure the bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon. hepatic ducts drain bile out of the liver. hepatic portal circulation the route of blood flow through the liver. hepatic portal vein delivers blood directly from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver. hepatitis -inflammation of the liver. hepatojugular reflux increase in jugular venous distension when the liver is compressed. hepatoma tumor in the liver. hepatomegaly enlargement of the liver. hepatosplenomegaly enlargement of the liver and spleen. hernia bulge or protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that usually contains it.

herniated (slipped) disk rupture of a fibrocartilage intervertebral disk that permits the pulpy core of the disk to push against the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots, causing pain. herniorrhaphy surgical repair of a hernia. herpes simplex virus (HSV), type 1 the herpesvirus that causes cold sores, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, and some skin infections. herpes simplex virus (HSV), type 2 the herpesvirus that causes genital herpes. herpes zoster viral infection that affects the skin of a single dermatome; commonly known as shingles. herpesvirus type 1 oral, labial, facial herpes. herpesvirus type 2 genital herpes. heteropsia unequal vision in the two eyes. heterotropia a persistent deviation of one or both eyes, due to congenital ocular muscle weakness or imbalance. -hexia = condition (as in cachexia). Hgb, HBG hemoglobin. HGSIL high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. hiatal hernia a bulging out (hernia) of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) of the diaphragm through which the esophagus normally passes; this condition may prevent the valve between the esophagus and stomach from closing, thus allowing stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus. hiccup involuntary spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm. HIDA hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan. hidr/o = sweat (as in hyperhidrosis). high-density lipoprotein (HDL) - combination of fat and protein in the blood. It carries cholesterol to the liver, which is beneficial. high field strength scanner a magnetic resonance imaging device using a static magnetic field of maximal intensity. HIM health information management. hip the joint connecting the legs to the trunk. HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.

hirsute/o = hairy (as in hirsutism). hirsutism abnormal hairiness, especially in adult male pattern of hair distribution in women. hist/o = tissue (as in histiocytes). histamine chemical released by basophils and mast cells in allergic and inflammatory reactions; results in blood vessel vasodilation and bronchoconstriction. histoclastic breaking down tissue, said of certain cells. histiocytes macrophages (cells found in bone marrow), and are responsible for immunity processes and coagulation factors. histocytoma a benign skin growth that usually goes away by itself if given enough time. histogenesis formation of tissues from primary germ layers of embryo. histology the division of anatomy concerned with the microscopic study of tissues. HIV human immunodeficiency virus disease. hives urticaria (or wheals). HMO health maintenance organization. HNP herniated nucleus pulposus. Hodgkin disease malignant tumor of lymph nodes. holo- = entire, complete (as in holoarthritis). holoarthritis thallic-arthritic conidiogenesis in which both of the cell walls form the conidia. Holter monitoring a continuously recorded EKG as monitored by a portable EKG machine worn by the patient. This procedure is done on an outpatient basis for 24 hours to detect arrhythmias. Homans sign calf pain or tightness on passive dorsiflexion of the foot. homeostasis relative uniformity of the normal bodys internal environment. homeostatic mechanism a system that maintains a constant environment enabling body cells to function effectively. hormone/o = hormone (as in hormonopoiesis). hormone substance secreted by an endocrine gland. hormonopoiesis the production of hormone.

hostile-dependent relationship is one in which one person is emotionally or financially dependent on another, and resents this dependency becoming increasingly hostile towards the person upon whom he is dependent. hot and cold testing assessing the subjects ability to recognize hot and cold (via test tubes of hot and cold water) on various parts of the body surface (a sensory examination). hpf high power field. HPI history of present illness. HPV human papillomavirus. H. pylori Helicobacter pylori. HRT hormone replacement therapy. HS half-strength. h.s. at bedtime. HSP human papillomavirus. HSV-1 type 1 herpes simplex virus. HSV-2 type 2 herpes simplex virus. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) type of self-antigen that the immune system uses to distinguish ones own tissue from that of a foreign entity. humer/o = humerus (as in humeroradial). humeral pertaining to the humerus, or arm bone. humorous funny. humerus upper arm bone. humoral pertaining to immunity from antibodies in the blood. Huntington disease (HD) degenerative, inherited brain disorder characterized by chorea (purposeless movements) progressing to severe dementia and death by age 55. hybridoma fused or hybrid cells that continue to produce the same antibody as the original lymphocyte. hydr/o = water, hydrogen (as in hydrocephalocele).

hydraencephaly a more severe form of microcephaly, with very little cerebral cortex remaining. hydrencephalocele hernia protrusion through a cleft in the skull of brain tissue containing fluid. hydrocele abnormal accumulation of watery fluid, as can occur in the scrotum. hydrocephalocele hydrencephalocele. hydrocephalus abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid; water on the brain. hydrocortisone a hormone ordinarily secreted by the adrenal cortex as cortisol, but as hydrocortisol it is used as a drug to reduce inflammation or other immune functions. hydrogen one of the chemical elements found in great quantity in the human body; symbolized by H as in H2O (water); may form ions as in H+ (hydrogen ion); or as OH- (hydroxide ion). hydrogen ion found in water and water solutions; produces an acidic solution; H+. hydronephrosis distension of the pelvis and calices of the kidney with urine, as a result of obstruction of the ureter, resulting in blockage of urine outflow. hydrolysis chemical reaction in which water is added to a large molecule, causing it to break apart into smaller molecules. hydronephrosis literally, water inside the kidney; refers to distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney. Untreated, it leads to progressive atrophy of the kidney. hydrostatic pressure the force of a fluid pushing against some surface. hydroxide ion found in water and water solutions; produces an alkaline solution; OH+. hydroxyurea an antineoplastic (antitumor) drug. hygroblepharic 1. Denoting an excessive watery condition of the eyelids. 2. Pertaining to any gland bringing moisture to the eyelids. hymen Greek for membrane; mucous membrane that may partially or entirely occlude the vaginal outlet. hymen/o = hymen (as in hymenitis). hymenitis inflammation of the hymen. hyper- = excessive, more than normal (as in hyperacidity). hyperacidity excessive secretion of acid; an important factor in the formation of ulcers. hyperactivity restlessness, fidgeting, or squirming instead of sitting or standing still; excessive talking.

hypercalcemia a condition in which harmful excesses of calcium are present in the blood. hypercapnia excess of carbon dioxide in the blood, indicated by an elevated PCO2 as determined by blood gas analysis, and resulting in respiratory acidosis. Also called hypercarbia. hypercarbia hypercapnia. hypercholesterolemia condition of high blood cholesterol content. hyperchromic condition of an abnormal increase in the hemoglobin content of erythrocytes. hyperemesis excessive vomiting. hyperglycemia above normal levels of sugar in the blood. hyperhidrosis excessive perspiration. hyperkalemia abnormally high blood potassium level. hyperlucency reduced resistance to passage of x-rays in lung tissue. hypermenorrhea abnormally high volume of menstrual discharge. hypernatremia abnormally high blood sodium level. hyperopia refractive disorder of the eye caused by a shorter than normal eyeball; farsightedness. hyperorexia excessive appetite. hyperplasia growth of an abnormally large number of cells at a local site, as in a neoplasm or tumor. hyperpnea increase in depth of breathing, which may or may not be accompanied by an increase in the respiratory rate, without any subjective sensation of increased respiratory effort. A maximal hyperpnea occurs during strenuous exercise. hyperprolactinemia increased levels of prolactin in the blood. hyperresonance accentuation or increased hollowness of the percussion note due to a cavity within lung tissue or air in the pleural space. hypersalivation sialorrhea; ptyalism; excessive salivation; also called hyperptyalism. hypersecretion too much of a substance is being secreted. hypersensitivity inappropriate or excessive response of the immune system. hypertension high blood pressure. hyperthyroidism Excessive activity of the thyroid gland.

hypertonic a solution containing a higher level of salt (NaCl) than is found in a living red blood cell (above 0.9% NaCl). hypertrichosis excessive hairiness; hirsutism. hypertriglyceridemia abnormally high level of triglycerides in the blood. hypertrophic overgrown, usually as a result of increase in the size of cells. hypertropic turning inward. hypertrophy, cardiac enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or a part of the body as a result of an increase in size of individual cells. hyperventilation very rapid, deep respirations. hypervitaminosis general name for any condition resulting from an abnormally high intake of vitamins. hypesthesia partial loss of sensation on one or more parts of the body surface. hyphema presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. hypn/o = sleep (as in hypnogenic). hypnogenic inducing sleep or a hypnotic state. hypnomania an abnormality of mood resembling mania (persistent elevated or expansive mood, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, etc.) but of lesser intensity. hypnosis a technique in which the therapist places the client into a sleeplike trance in which outside stimuli are reduced to a minimum, the subconscious is more directly accessible, and the client is more susceptible to the influence of the therapists suggestions and advice. hypo- = below, less than normal, under (as in hypoaeration). hypoaeration abnormal reduction in the amount of air in lung tissue. hypoalbuminemia condition of low albumin (protein) in the blood plasma, it often results from renal disorders or malnutrition; loss of plasma protein usually causes edema of the tissue spaces. hypocalcemia abnormally low blood calcium level. hypocalciuria an abnormally diminished amount of calcium in the urine. hypochondriac regions the left and right upper regions of the abdomniopelvic cavity, just under the lower part of the rib cartilage and on either side of the epigastric region; used when the abdomniopelvic cavity is visualized as being subdivided into nine regions as in a tic-tac-toe grid.

hypodermis the loose ordinary (areolar) tissue just under the layers of the skin and superficial to the muscles; made of loose connective tissue and fat; also called subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia. hypodermoclysis the introduction into the subcutaneous tissues of fluids, especially physiologic sodium chloride solution, in large quantity; largely supplanted in current practice by the infusion of fluids through a central vein. This method of introducing fluids into the body is contraindicated in cases of edema, and it may be complicated by abscess formation, puncture of a large blood vessel, and necrosis and sloughing of the tissues due to poor absorption; called also subcutaneous infusion. hypogastric region the central lower region of the abdomniopelvic cavity, below the stomach and umbilicus (navel) and between the left and right iliac regions; used when the abdomniopelvic cavity is visualized as being subdivided into nine regions as in a tic-tac-toe grid. hypoglycemia below normal levels of sugar in the blood. hypokalemia abnormally low blood potassium level. hypokinesia diminished motor function or activity, usually associated with Parkinson disease. hypokinesis abnormal reduction of mobility or motility; reduced contractile movement in one or both cardiac ventricles. hypomenorrhea abnormally low volume of menstrual discharge. hypopharynx laryngopharynx; the lowermost part of the throat. hypopigmented abnormally decreased pigmentation resulting from decreased melanin production. hypopyon presence of pus in the anterior chamber. hyposecretion too little secretion of a substance. hypospadias congenital defect in males characterized by opening of urethral meatus on underside of the glans or penile shaft. hypotension abnormally low blood pressure. hypothalam/o = hypothalamus (as in hypothalamohypophysical). hypothalamus lies below the thalamus at the base of the cerebrum; releases TRH, TSH hormones, and controls body temperature, metabolism, and body fluid volume. hypothermia failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in a very cold external environment. hypothesis - a proposed explanation of an observed phenomenon.

hypothyroidism below normal levels of hormone secreted by thyroid gland. hypotonic a solution containing a lower level of salt (NaCl) than is found in a living red blood cell (below 0.9% NaCl). hypoventilation slow and shallow respirations. hypovitaminosis condition of having too few vitamin molecules in the body for normal function. hypovolemia reduced blood volume due to hemorrhage, dehydration, severe burns, ascites. hypovolemic shock circulatory failure (shock) caused by a drop in blood volume that causes blood pressure (and blood flow) to drop; literally low volume shock. hypoxia abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood or tissue fluids. hypsi- = high (as in hypsicephaly). hypsicephaly oxycephaly. hyptonic a solution containing a lower level of salt (NaCl) than is found in a living red blood cell (below 0.90% NaCl). hyster/o = uterus (as in panhysterectomy). hysterectomy excision of the uterus, either through the abdominal wall (abdominal hysterectomy) or through the vagina (vaginal hysterectomy). hysterosalpingogram a test to assess infertility in which radiopaque dye is injected into the uterus and uterine tubes, and x-rays are taken to show if the tubes are patent (clear) or obstructed. Hz (hertz) a measure of the frequency of a vibration, particularly one producing sound; equivalent to one cycle (or double vibration) per second. The normal human ear can detect sounds ranging in pitch from 20 to 20,000 Hz. -ia = condition (as in anemia). I&D incision and drainage. iatr/o = treatment, physician (as in iatrogenic). IBD inflammatory bowel disease (includes Crohn disease as well as ulcerative colitis). IBS irritable bowel syndrome. IC independent contractor. -ic = pertaining to (as in cephalic). ICD implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

ichthy/o = fish (as in ichthyosis). ichthyosis a group of skin disorders characterized by increased or aberrant keratinization, resulting in dryness, roughness, and scaliness of the skin. -ician = specialist (as in physician). icterus jaundice. ICU intensive care unit. identical (monozygotic) twins birth of two siblings at the same time that have developed from a single zygote that splits into two offspring early during development; also called monozygotic twins; contrast with fraternal (dizygotic) twins. identification a mental process whereby one takes on the properties or actions of another with whom an emotional tie exists (a boy walking and talking like his father; a woman dressing and behaving like a movie idol).i ide/o = idea, mental images (as in ideomotor). ideogram a simple cartoon of a chromosome used in genomics to show the overall structure of the chromosome, including staining landmarks and the relative position of the centromere. ideomotor aroused by an idea or thought; said of involuntary motion so aroused. idi/o = individual, distinct, unknown (as in idioglossia). idioglossia imperfect articulation, with utterance of meaningless vocal sounds. idiopathic refers to a disease of undetermined cause. idiopathic epilepsy cryptogenic (obscure or doubtful origin), essential (having no obvious external exciting cause) or genetic epilepsy. Ig immunoglobulins. ile/o = ileum (as in ileoileostomy). ileocecal valve the sphincter-like structure between the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. ileoileostomy a surgical anastomosis between two parts of the ileum. ileostomy new surgical opening of the third part of the small intestine to the outside of the body. ileum the final section of the small intestine. ileus small bowel obstruction due to failure of peristalsis.

ili/o = ilium (as in iliolumbar) iliac crest superior edge of the ileum. iliac regions the left and right lower regions of the abdomniopelvic cavity, near the iliac region of the pelvis and on either side of the hypogastric region; terminology used to describe the abdomniopelvic cavity when it is visualized as being subdivided into nine regions as in a tic-tactoe grid; also called left and right inguinal regions. ilieal conduit the use of a segment of the ileum for the diversion of urinary flow from the ureters. ileocecostomy surgical anastomosis of the ileum to the cecum. Also called cecoileostomy. ilioinguinal pertaining to the iliac and inguinal regions. iliopsoas a flexor of the thigh and an important stabilizing muscle for posture. ilium one of the three separate bones that fuse to form of os coxae or hip bone. IM intramuscular. imaging studies methods and techniques that render the internal structure of the body visible for diagnostic purposes, including x-ray and its varieties (fluoroscopy, CT, contrast studies), ultrasound, MRI, and nuclear imaging. imbricated overlapping, like tiles or shingles. imipramine an antidepressant, used as the hydrochloride salt. immune/o = protection, immune (as in immunogenic). immunogenic producing immunity; evoking an immune response. immunosuppressive drugs compounds that suppress, or reduce, the capacity of the immune system; such drugs are sometimes used to prevent rejection of transplanted tissues. immunotherapy therapeutic technique that bolsters a persons immune system in an attempt to control a disease. immune deficiency general term for complete or relative failure of immune system to defend the internal environment of the body. immune system the bodys defense system against disease. immunization deliberate artificial exposure to disease to produce acquired immunity in the body. immunosuppressive drugs compounds that suppress, or reduce, the capacity of the immune system; such drugs are sometimes used to prevent rejection of transplanted tissues.

immunotherapy therapeutic technique that bolsters a persons immune system in an attempt to control a disease. impacted fracture fracture in which bone fragments are driven into each other. impaction plugging of an orifice with a dense mass of some material, as cerumen in the external auditory meatus. impetico a highly contagious bacterial skin infection that occurs most often in children. impingement contact or pressure, generally abnormal, between two structures. Implanon a single matchstick-like implant inserted into the upper arm as a contraceptive device; it releases a low dose of progestin into the body to block ovulation and thicken cervical mucus so that sperm cannot enter for up to three years. impotence failure to achieve erection of the penis, results in an inability to reproduce; also called erectile dysfunction. impulsiveness blurting out ones thoughts without adequate reflection, butting in front of others in waiting lines. IMV (intermittent mandatory ventilation) usually followed by a number, e.g., IMV of 5. in extremis at the point of death. in situ in its normal place; confined to the site of origin. in vitro occurring in a test tube, dish, or other laboratory apparatus. inattentiveness short attention span, distractibility, inability to complete tasks undertaken, difficulty in following directions, tendency to lose personal articles, disregard for personal safety. inborn immunity immunity to disease that is inherited. incarceration inability to reduce hernia. incision cutting into the body or into an organ. incisional biopsy refers to the surgical removal of part of a tumor, lesion, or diseased organ for pathologic study. incisor refers to the front teeth, which are adapted for cutting. incomplete fracture bone fracture in which the bone fragments remain partially joined. incoordination jerkiness and awkwardness in activities requiring smooth coordination of several muscles. incontinence condition in which an individual voids urine involuntarily.

incubation early, latent stage of an infection, during which an infection has begun but signs or symptoms have not yet developed. incus the anvil, the middle ear bone that is shaped like an anvil. Indocin (indomethacin) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis; ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, menstrual pain, tendonitis; painful shoulder; gout, migraine; cluster headache, sunburn. induced abortion purposeful termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is able to survive outside the womb. indwelling pertaining to a catheter or tube left within an organ or body passage for drainage, maintenance of patency (the state of being open, unobstructed, obvious), or administration of drugs or nutrients. infancy refers to age range from birth to about 18 months of age. infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) leading cause of death in premature babies, caused by a lack of surfactant in the alveolar air sacs. infarction area of dead tissue (necrosis) caused by decreased blood flow to that part of the body. infectious arthritis inflammation of joint tissues caused by a variety of pathogens (e.g., Lyme arthritis). infectious disease disorder spread by microorganisms such as bacteria. infectious mononucleosis a viral (noncancerous) white blood cell (WBC) disorder common in young adults; characterized by leukocytosis of atypical lymphocytes and severe fatigue. inferior lower; opposite of superior. infertility lower-than-normal ability to reproduce. infiltrate diffusion of inflammatory fluid or exudate into air cavities of the lung, or their walls, producing cloudiness of long tissue on chest x-ray. inflammation group of responses to a tissue irritant marked by signs of redness, heat, swelling and pain. inflammation mediators chemicals (prostaglandins, histamine, kinins) released by irritated tissues as a result of increased permeability of blood vessels). inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. inflammatory exudate inflammation that accumulates in inflamed tissues as a result of increased permeability of blood vessels.

inflammatory response nonspecific immune process produced in response to injury and resulting in redness, pain, heat and swelling and promoting the movement of white blood cells to the affected area. influenza an acute respiratory infection caused by any of several related viruses. Onset is abrupt, with fever, chills, myalgia, and cough. Inflammation of lower respiratory mucosa often progresses to pneumonitis, and bacterial superinfection is common. infra- = below, beneath (as in infraclavicular). infraclavicular subclavian; inferior to the clavicle, such as the subclavian artery. Called also subclavicular. inguin/o = groin (as in inguinodynia). inguinal pertaining to the groin or area where the legs meet the trunk (groin). inguinal hernia protrusion of abdominopelvic organs through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum. inguinodynia pain in the groin. inhalation breathing in; opposite of exhalation, or expiration; also called inspiration. inhibiting hormone (IH) hormone produced by the hypothalamus that slows the release of anterior pituitary hormones. injected congested. inorganic compound compound whose molecules do not contain carbon-carbon or carbonhydrogen bonds. INR acronym for international normalized ratio. insertion attachment of a muscle to the bone that it moves when contraction occurs (as distinguished from its origin). insertion of collar button (ventilation) tubes surgical placement of a tiny tube in the tympanic membrane to prevent chronic ear infections. inspection of the throat with a focused light, often with the aid of a tongue depressor (tongue blade) to press the tongue out of the field of vision. inspiration (inhalation) moving air into the lungs; opposite of exhalation or expiration; also referred to as inhalation. inspiratory muscle the muscles that increase the size of the thorax, including the diaphragm and external intercostals, and allow air to rush into the lungs.

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over and above a normal respiration. insulin hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets. insulin pump a portable or implantable electronic device that delivers insulin from a reservoir through an indwelling subcutaneous catheter. integument refers to the skin. integumentary system the skin; the largest and most important organ in the body. inter- = between (as in intercostal). interatrial = between the atria of the heart. intercalated disks connections that form unique dark bands between cardiac muscle fibers. intercostal muscle the respiratory muscles located between the ribs. intercostal retractions sucking in of muscles between ribs on inspiration. interferon small proteins produced by the immune system that inhibit virus multiplication. interlobular between lobes, as the interlobular branches of the portal vein. internal fixation device a plate, pin, nail, or screw used to hold fracture fragments in place. internal medicine branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis of disorders and treatment with drugs. internal oblique the middle layer of the anterolateral abdominal walls. internal respiration the exchange of gases that occurs between the blood and cells of the body. interneuron nerve that conducts impulses from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron. interphase the phase immediately before the visible stages of cell division when the DNA of each chromosome replicates itself. interrogation of pacemaker downloading monitoring information stored on a chip in the pacemaker. interstitial pertaining to lying between two areas of tissue. interstitial cell small specialized cells in the testes that secrete the male sex hormone, testosterone. interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) the previous name for luteinizing hormone in males; causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone.

interstitial fluid (IF) fluid located in the microscopic spaces between the cells. interstitial markings the radiographic appearance of air contained in the lung. interventricular between the ventricles of the heart. interval change change in the radiographic appearance of a structure or lesion in the interval between two examinations. interventricular between the ventricles of the heart. intervertebral pertaining to lying within two backbones. intestine the part of the digestive tract through which food remains pass after leaving the stomach; separated into two segments, the small and the large. intestinal gland thousands of glands found in the mucous membrane of the mucosa of the small intestines; secrete intestinal digestive juices. intra- = within (as in intradermal). intracellular fluid (ICF) fluid located within the cells; largest fluid compartment. intracutaneous within the skin; also called intradermal. intradermal test the injection between layers of the skin of a chemical or other type of substance known to produce an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. This creates a wheal which is outlined with a pen and/or measured. The area is examined again in 30 minutes. A reddened, enlarged area at the site of the injection indicates a positive allergic reaction of that chemical or allergen. intramammary inside of or within the mammary gland or breast. intraocular within the eye. intraoral within the mouth. intrasternal within the sternum. intrauterine pertaining to within the uterus. intravenous pertaining to within a vein. intravenous pyelogram (IVP) the delineation of the urinary tract (renal pelves, ureters, bladder, and urethra) by means of a contrast agent injected intravenously and then excreted by the kidneys can reveal urinary obstruction, bleeding from the urinary tract, or abdominal trauma, and can identify and localize renal calculi as well as tumors or cysts both within the urinary tract and closely adjacent to it. Also called intravenous urogram (IVU) and excretory urogram (XU). intrinsic situated entirely within, or pertaining exclusively to, a part.

introitus entrance to the vaginal vault. intubation the insertion of a tube, as into the larynx. The purpose of intubation varies with the location and type of tube inserted; generally the procedure is done to allow for drainage, to maintain an open airway, or for the administration of anesthetics or oxygen. intussusception prolapse of one part of the intestine into another. involuntary (smooth) muscle muscle that is not under conscious control and is found in organs such as the stomach and small intestine; cardiac muscle is also an involuntary type of muscle. involuntary guarding spasm of abdominal muscles on palpation. involution return of an organ to its normal size after an enlargement; also after retrograde or degenerative change. iod/o = iodine (as in iododerma). iodinated contrast medium a contrast medium containing iodine rather than a metallic salt; used in angiography, intravenous pyelography, oral cholecystography, and other studies. iodism chronic poisoning by iodine or iodides, with coryza, ptyalism, frontal headache, emaciation, weakness, and skin eruptions. iododerma any skin lesion resulting from iodism. IOL intraocular lens. ion electrically charged atom or group of atoms. ionic bond chemical bond formed by the positive-negative attraction between two ions. IOP intraocular pressure. iridectomy surgical excision of a full-thickness piece of the iris; called also corectomy. iridemia congenital absence of the iris. iridotomy incision of the iris. iris circular, pigmented ring of muscle tissue behind the cornea; the center of the iris is perforated by the pupil. iron deficiency anemia condition in which there are inadequate levels of iron in the diet causing less hemoglobin to be produced; results in extreme fatigue. irrigating-aspirating needle a type of cannula used in ophthalmic procedures. irritative urinary symptoms frequency, urgency, nocturia. isch/o = suppress, restrain (as in ischemia).

ischemia deficiency of blood flow to a part of the body, caused by narrowing or obstruction of blood vessels. ischi/o = ischium (as in ischiodynia). ischiodynia pain in the ischium. ischiofemoral pertaining to the ischium and femur. ischium one of three separate bones that forms the os coxae; the inferior, dorsal portion of the hip bone. ISMP Institute for Safe Medication Practices. isoenzyme any of a group of enzymes having similar chemical effects but differing in structure and often arising from different sources in the body. isoimmunity immune response to antigens of another human, as in transplanted (grafted) tissues; in some cases it is called rejection syndrome. isometric contraction type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten. isotonic contraction type of muscle contraction that maintains uniform tension or pressure. isotope atom with the same atomic number as another atom, but with a different atomic weight (that is with a different number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom). ITE hearing aid in-the-ear hearing aid. ithy- = erect, straight (as in ithylordosis). ITT internal tibial torsion. IU international unit. IUD intrauterine device. Examples: Mirena, a T-shaped device the size of a quarter, contains a type of progestin called levonorgestrel, which blocks sperm and alters the lining of the uterus; it provides protection for 5 years. ParaGard T 380A contains copper and kills sperm; it provides protection for 10 years. IV intravenous. IVC inferior vena cava filter. IVC intravenous cholangiography. IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin. IVP intravenous pyelogram. IVU intravenous urogram.

JAAMT Journal of the American Association for Medical Transcription. Janeway spots painless red spots of palms and soles. jaundice yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues. JCAHO Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. jejun/o = jejunum (as in jejunorrhaphy). jejunorrhaphy operative repair of the jejunum. jejunum second part of the small intestine. jelling stiffness of the joints after prolonged inactivity (overnight). jirovecii fungal infection of the lungs. joint capsule fibrous connective tissue sleeve, lined with synovial membrane that holds together opposing ends of articulating bones in a synovial joint. Jones dressing a compression bandage used for ankle or knee sprains; an elastic bandage is used. JP Jackson-Pratt drain. junctional bradycardia a condition where the heart beats slower than normal because of a defect in the electrical impulses in the upper right chamber of the heart. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) form of rheumatoid arthritis affecting people under 16 years of age; it may affect bone development. juxta- = near. juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus complex of cells in nephron near the glomerulus and adjacent to distal tubule and afferent arteriole; secretes enzyme (renin) important in regulation of blood pressure. juxtamedullary nephron nephron units with renal corpuscles located near junction between cortex and medullary layers of kidney. JVD jugular venous distention. JVP jugular venous pressure. K potassium. kal/i = potassium (as in hyperkalemia). Kaposi sarcoma (KS) a malignant neoplasm (cancer) of the skin characterized by purplish spots.

kary/o = nucleus (as in karyorrhexis). karyorrhexis rupture of the cell nucleus in which the chromatin disintegrates into formless granules that are extruded from the cell. karyotype ordered arrangement of photographs of chromosomes from a single cell used in genetic counseling to identify chromosomal disorders such as trisomy of monosomy. Kefzol trademark for a preparation of cefazol in sodium, the monosodium salt of cefazolin, having the same actions of the base; used in the treatment of a wide variety of infections caused by sensitive pathogens; administered intramuscularly and intravenously. Keith-Wagener-Barker classification often used to grade (using Roman numerals I through IV) hypertensive retinopathy on funduscopic observations. kel/o = tumor, fibrous growth (as in keloid). keloid an unusually thick, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging fibrous scar on the skin. Kenalog trademark for preparations of triamcinolone acetonide, applied topically to the skin or oral mucosa as an anti-inflammatory, and administered by inhalation for the chronic treatment of asthma, intranasally in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and other inflammatory nasal conditions, and by intra-articular, intradermal, intralesional, intramuscular, intrabursal, or tendon sheath injection as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant in a wide variety of disorders. keratic precipitates (KPs) whitish deposits of inflammatory cells on the posterior surface of the cornea. keratin protein substance found in hair, nails, outer skin cells, and horny tissues. kerat/o = horny tissue, cornea (as in keratolysis) keratolysis loosening or separation of the horny layer of the epidermis. keratomalacia a usually bilateral condition associated with vitamin A deficiency. It begins with xerotic (characterized by xerosis or dryness) spots (Bitot spots) on the conjunctiva, while the cornea becomes xerotic and insensitive (xerotic keratitis); as the condition progresses, the haze increases until finally the entire cornea becomes soft, and colliquative (characterized by an excessive fluid discharge) necrosis occurs. keratosis any horny growth, much as a wart or callosity. Kernig sign inability to extend the knee when the thigh is flexed, a sign of meningitis. ketoacidosis a condition of abnormally low blood pH (acidity) caused by the presence of an abnormally large number of ketone bodies or keto-acids that are produced when fats are converted to forms of glucose to be used for cellular respiration; often occurs in those with diabetes mellitus, when it is more specifically called diabetic ketoacidosis.

ketone bodies acidic products of lipid metabolism that may accumulate in blood of individuals with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes. ketones, serum a group of waste products resulting from abnormal metabolism of fat in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Ketones may be called ketone bodies or simply acetone. keton/o = ketones (as in ketonuria). ketonuria an excess of ketone bodies in the urine. kg kilogram. kidney one of two organs located behind the abdomen that produce urine by filtering out wastes from the blood. kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) film a plain film often done to screen for a stone in the urinary tract. kilo slang for kg, kilogram. kilocalorie (keal) 1000 calories. kinesi/o, kinesia, -kinetic = movement (as in kinesioneurosis). kinesioneurosis a functional nervous disorder characterized by motor disturbances, such as spasms or tics. kinesitherapy treatment of disease by movements or exercise. kinesthesia muscle sense; that is, sense of position and movement of body parts. klept/o - theft, stealing (as in kleptomania). kleptomania an impulse control disorder consisting of an abnormal, uncontrollable desire to steal. Klinefelter syndrome genetic disorder caused by the presence of two or more X chromosomes in a male (typically XXY); characterized by long legs, enlarged breasts, low intelligence, small testes, sterility, chronic pulmonary disease. Kocher clamp a heavy, straight hemostat with interlocking teeth on the tip. Koebner phenomenon formation of lesions at sites of trauma. KOH potassium hydroxide. koil/o = hollow, concave, depressed (as in koilonychia) koilonychia dystrophy of the nails in which they are abnormally thin and concave from side to side, with the edges turned up.

Korsakoff syndrome an organic mental disorder associated with chronic alcoholism and caused by vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency, characterized by amnesia. KPs keratic precipitates. Krause end bulb mucous membrane receptor that detects sensations of touch and vibration; also known as bulboid corpuscle. KUB kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder. KUB x-ray plain x-ray to image the kidneys, bladder, and ureters (hence KUB). Kupffer cell phagocytic cell found in spaces between liver cells. kyph/o = humpback (as in kyphoscoliosis). kyphosis abnormally exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column. kyphoscoliosis backward (kyphosis) and lateral (scoliosis) curvature of the spine, in vertebral osteochondrosis (Scheurmanns disease). L liter. LA long acting. lab laboratory. label to render a substance radioactive by incorporating a radionuclide in it; also, to cause a tissue or organ to take up radioactive material. labia majoria large lips of the vulva. labia minora small lips of the vulva. -labile = unstable, perishable (as in frigolabile). labor the process that results in the birth of the baby. laceration a torn, ragged, mangled wound. Lachman test similar to the anterior drawer test, but performed with the patients knee flexed only to 15 or 20 degrees. Also used to evaluate anterior cruciate ligament stability. Lacri-Lube ointment ocular lubricant solution especially formulated to moisten the eyes. lacrimo/o = tears (as in lacrimation). lacrimal gland gland that produces tears; one gland located in the upper lateral portion of each eye orbit. lacrimation (tearing) increased flow of tears.

lacrimotomy incision of the lacrimal gland, duct, or sac. lact/o = milk (as in lactorrhea). lactation producing milk from the breasts. lacteal a lymphatic vessel located in each villus of the intestine; serves to absorb fat materials from the chime passing through the small intestine. lactic dehydrogenase see LDH. lactiferous duct the duct that drains the grapelike cluster of milk-secreting glands in the breast. lactorrhea excessive or spontaneous milk flow; persistent secretion of milk irrespective of nursing; galactorrhea. lactose intolerance lack of the enzyme lactase, resulting in an inability to digest lactose (a disaccharide present in milk and dairy products). lacuna space or cavity; for example, lacunae in bone contain bone cells. LAD left anterior descending coronary artery. LADD left anterior descending diagonal artery. lal/o, -lalia (speech, babble (as in laliatry). lalitary the study and treatment of disorders of speech. lambdoidal suture a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull that connects the parietal and temporal bones with the occipital bone. lamella thin layer, as of bone. lamin/o = lamina (as in laminectomy). lamina (vertebral) either of the pair of broad plates of bone flaring out from the pedicles of the vertebral arches and fusing together at the midline to complete the dorsal part of the arch and provide a base for the spinous process. lamina propria proper mucous membrane; the connective tissue coat of a mucous membrane just deep to the epithelium and basement membrane. laminectomy surgical cutting through the posterior arch of one or more vertebrae and removal of herniated disk material. lampr/o = clear (as in lamprophonia). lamprophonia clearness of voice. Lanoxin trademark for preparations of digoxin.

lanugo the extremely fine and soft hair found on a newborn infant. lap slang for laparoscopy. lapar/o = abdomen; abdominal wall (as in laparoscope). laparoscope an endoscope for examining the peritoneal cavity. laparoscopy inspection of pelvic viscera through a laparoscope, a tubular instrument with illumination and magnification, inserted through a small incision in the abdominal wall. Surgical procedures can be performed through the instrument. laparotomy incision of the abdomen. lap chole slang for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. large intestine part of the GI tract that includes cecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons, rectum, and anal canal. laryng/o = larynx (voice box). laryngeal pertaining to the larynx (voice box). Located at the top of the trachea and containing the vocal cords. laryngectomy removal of the larynx (voice box). laryngitis inflammation of the larynx (voice box). laryngopharynx the lowermost part of the throat. laryngoptosis a lowering and mobilization of the larynx, as sometimes seen in the aged. laryngoscopy process of visual examination of the interior of the voice box using an endoscope. laryngoxerosis dryness of the larynx. larynx the voice box, containing the vocal cords and situated between the laryngopharynx (the lowermost part of the throat) and the trachea (windpipe). Lasegue sign or test in sciatica, aggravation of pain in the back and leg elicited by passive raising of the heel from the bed with the knee straight; no pain is produced when the knee is flexed. laser ablation eradication or destruction of a lesion with a laser. laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) refractory eye surgery using a microkeratome to cut a corneal cap, which is replaced after an excimer laser is used to vaporize and reshape underlying corneal tissue.

laser therapy use of laser (intense beams of light) to destroy a tumor, abnormal tissue, damaged tissue, or scars. laser thermal keratoplasty refractive eye surgery employing ultrashort bursts (3 seconds) of laser energy to reshape the cornea. LASIK laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis. Lasix a trademark for preparations of furosemide, a diuretic. later/o = side (as in bilateral). lateral pertaining to the side. lateral longitudinal arch outer lengthwise (anteroposterior) support structure of the foot. latissimus dorsi an extensor of the upper arm. law a scientific law is a theory, or explanation, of a scientific principle that is based on experimentation results and supported by scientists who have an extraordinarily high degree of confidence in its validity. LDH - lactic dehydrogenase; an isoenzyme, LDH1 Is found in heart muscle; levels are increased after myocardial infarction. LDH2 is normally found in higher amounts in the serum than is LDH1. When the level of LDH1 surpasses that of LDH2, this is called a flipped LDH. LDL - low-density lipoprotein. LE lupus erythematosus cell prep (test). lecith/o = yolk, ovum (as in centrolecithal). left shift see shift to the left. lei/o = smooth (as in leiomyoma). leiomyoma benign tumor derived from smooth (involuntary) muscle. Lembert suture a type of inverting suture commonly used in gastrointestinal surgery. -lemma = confining membrane (as in epilemma). lens the refracting mechanism of the eye that is located directly behind the pupil. Leopold maneuvers palpation of the gravid uterus to determine the position in which the fetus lies within the uterus. lepid/o = flakes, scales (as in lepidosis). lepidosis a scaly skin disease; icthyosis.

lepr/o = leprosy (as in leproma). leproma superficial granulomatous nodule, rich in bacilli, the characteristic lesion of lepromatous leprosy. -lepsy = seizure (as in epilepsy). leptin hormone, secreted by fat-storing cells, that regulates how hungry or full we feel and how fat is metabolized by the body. leptomeninges the two more delicate components of the meninges: the pia mater and arachnoid considered together; the pia-arachnoid. leptomeninx singular of leptomeninges. leptophonia weakness or feebleness of the voice. LES lower esophageal sphincter. lesion any objective abnormality in a body structure. lesser vestibular glands exocrine mucus glands located on either side of the urinary outlet in women. leuk/o = white (as in leukocytotoxin). leukemia - increase in the number of cancerous white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow. leukocyte white blood cell. leukocytosis slight increase in the number of normal white blood cells as a response to infection. leukocytotoxin a substance that causes degeneration and necrosis of white blood cells. Also called leukotoxin. leukopenia abnormally low white blood cell numbers in the blood. leukoplakia white patches in the mouth; commonly seen in chronic cigarette smokers, may lead to mouth cancer. leukorrhea whitish discharge from the urogenital tract. leukotoxin a substance that causes degeneration and necrosis of white blood cells. Also called leukocytotoxin. levo- = left.

levodopa chemical manufactured by the brain cells and then converted into the neurotransmitter dopamine; has been used to treat disorders involving dopamine deficiencies such as Parkinson disease; also called L-dopa. -lexia = speech, word (as in bradylexia). L5-S1 fifth lumbar vertebra and first sacral vertebra. LFTs - liver function tests. LGSIL low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion. LH luteinizing hormone. libido sexual desire or drive; often, more generally, the totality of pleasure-directed energy or activity. Librium trademark for preparations of chlordiazepoxide, a tranquilizer. Lichen simplex chronicus a skin condition caused by chronic itching and scratching. lichenification thickening, coarsening, and pigment change of skin due to chronic irritation, usually scratching. lid lag slowness of upper eyelids to move with eye movements. lien/o = spleen (as in lienomalacia). lienomalacia abnormal softness of the spleen; splenomyelomalacia. lientery passage of undigested food in stools. ligament connective tissue that joins bones to other bones. ligament/o = ligament (as in ligamentopexy). ligamentopexy fixation of the uterus by shortening the round ligament. ligamentum flavium yellow ligaments; a series of bands of yellow elastic tissue attached to and extending between the ventral portions of the laminae of two adjacent vertebrae, from the junction of the axis and the third cervical vertebra to the junction of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum. They assist in maintaining or regaining the erect position and serve to close the spaces between the arches. ligature any material, such as a thread or wire, used in surgery to tie off blood vessels to prevent bleeding, or to treat abnormalities in other parts of the body by constricting the tissues. light touch test assessing the subjects ability to recognize a wisp of cotton drawn across the skin on various parts of the body surface (a sensory examination).

limbic system a collection of various small regions of the brain that act together to produce emotion and emotional response; sometimes called the emotional brain. limbus an edge, fringe, or border; used in anatomic nomenclature to designate the edge of the cornea, where it joins the sclera (limbus corneae), and other margins of the body. linea alba white line; the tendinous median line on the anterior abdominal wall between the two rectus muscles. linear fracture bone fracture characterized by a fracture line that is parallel to the bones long axis. lingu/o = tongue (as in retrolingual). lingula a small, tonguelike anatomical structure. lip/o = fat (as in lipochondroma). lipase benign tumor of adipose (fat) tissue. lipid organic compound usually composed of glycerol and fatty acid units; types include triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol; a fat, wax, or oil. lipoma benign tumor of adipose (fat) tissue. lipoproteins, serum serum proteins that bind and transport lipid materials including cholesterol. -lipsis = omit, fail (as in menolipsis). listhesis = slipping (as in spondylolisthesis). lithium a chemical element, atomic number 3, symbol Li. lithium carbonate a psychotropic drug used to treat acute manic attacks and, when given on a maintenance basis, to prevent the recurrence of manic-depressive episodes. lith/o = stone, calculus (as in pyelolithotomy). lithotomy incision of a duct or an organ for removal of calculi. lithotomy position the patient lies on his back, legs flexed on the thighs, thighs flexed on the abdomen and abducted. Stirrups may be used to support the feet and legs. lithotriptor a specialized ultrasound generator that is used to pulverize kidney stones. liver organ in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The liver produces bile, stores sugar, and produces blood-clotting proteins. liver glycogenolysis chemical process by which liver glycogen is converted to glucose. liver span the width of liver dullness between lung and bowel resonances.

livor mortis a purplish discoloration of the skin due to engorgement of capillaries that occurs shortly after death. LLQ lower left quadrant. LMP last menstrual period. lob/o = lobe (as in lobectomy). lobectomy surgical removal of a single lobe of an organ, as in the removal of one lobe of a lung. located effusion a collection of fluid in a body cavity whose distribution is limited by adjacent normal or abnormal structures. lock and key model concept that explains how molecules react when they fit together in a complementary way in the same manner that a key fits into a lock to cause the lock to open or close; the analogy is often used to explain the action of hormones, enzymes, and other biological molecules. loculated effusion a collection of fluid in a body cavity whose distribution is limited by adjacent normal or abnormal structures. log/o, -log, -logue = word, speech, thought (as in logorrhea). logadectomy excision of a portion of the conjunctiva. -logist = specialist (as in neurologist). logorrhea excessive volubility, with rapid, pressured speech, as seen in manic episodes of bipolar disorder and in some types of schizophrenia. Called also agitolalia, agitophasia, pressured speech, tachylalia, tachyphasia, and verbomania. -logy = study of (as in cardiology). long bones hollow, with bone marrow in their cavities. longitudinal arch two arches, the medial and lateral that extend lengthwise in the foot. loph/o = ridge (as in lophodont). lophodont having cheek teeth on which the cusps have become connected to form ridges, as in elephants and some rodents. lord/o = curvature, bending (as in lordoscoliosis). lordosis 1. a concave portion of the spinal column as seen from the side. 2. abnormally increased concavity in the curvature of the lumbar spinal column as viewed from the side; called also hollow back, saddle back, and swayback.

low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - combination of lipid (fat) and protein. It has high cholesterol content and is associated with forming plaques in arteries. low-dose screen film technique a radiographic technique used in mammography to provide adequate imaging with less radiation than is used in conventional techniques. lower esophageal sphincter ring of muscular tissue (sphincter) located between terminal esophagus and stomach. lox/o = oblique, slanting (as in loxarthron). loxarthron an oblique deformity of a joint without luxation (dislocation). LP lumbar puncture. -lucent = light-admitting (as in radiolucent). lucent defect an abnormal zone of decreased resistance to x-rays. LUL left upper lobe. lumb/o = loin; waist (as in lumbodynia). lumbar lower back, between the ribs and the pelvis. lumbar myelogram x-ray of spinal cord using contrast medium. lumbar puncture (LP) withdrawal of a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space by inserting a needle between two vertebrae (usually L4 and L5) at the lower end of the spinal cord. A manometer (graduated glass tube) is used to measure the pressure of the fluid at the beginning of the procedure (opening pressure) and the end (closing pressure). lumbar regions the left and right middle regions of the abdomniopelvic cavity, near the lumbar area of the vertebral column and on either side of the umbilical region; terminology used when the abdomniopelvic cavity is visualized as being subdivided into nine regions as in a tic-tac-toe grid. lumbar strain an injury to the large muscles in the lower back. lumbar vertebrae the five vertebrae between the thoracic vertebrae and the sacrum. lumen the hollow space within a tube. lumin/o = light (as in luminescence). lung one of two paired organs in the chest through which oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the body. lunula crescent-shaped white area under the proximal nail bed.

luteinization the process of development of a corpus luteum (golden body) in the ovary after an ovum is released from the follicle; stimulated by the action of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. luteinizing hormone (LH) anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the development of a corpus luteum (literally yellow body) that secretes hormones at the surface of the ovary after a follicle has released its ovum; a tropic hormone also known as LH. LVAD left ventricular assist device. LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction. LVF left ventricular function. LVH left ventricular hypertrophy. ly/o = dissolve, loosen (as in lyophilic) lymph/o lymph (as in lymphangiophlebitis). lymph specialized fluid formed in the tissue spacers that returns excess fluid and protein molecules to the blood via lymphatic vessels. lymph node performs biological filtration of lymph on its way to the circulatory system. lymph nodule is a mass of lymphoid tissue (developing white blood cells) within a lymph node or making up a patch of lymph nodules (as in the tonsils). lymphadenitis inflammation of a lymph node, usually caused by a bacterial infection or occasionally a neoplasm (benign or cancerous), and characterized by swelling and tenderness. lymphadenopathy disease of lymph glands (nodes). lymphangiogram radiograph (x-ray) of a part of the lymphatic network, which is produced by injecting a special dye that is opaque to x-rays into the soft tissues drained by the lymphatic network. lymphangiophlebitis inflammation of lymphatic vessels and veins. lymphangitis inflammation of lymph vessels, usually caused by infection, characterized by painful red streaks extending from the site of infection, may progress to septicemia (blood infection). lymphatic capillaries tiny, blind-ended tubes distributed in the tissue spaces. lymphatic duct terminal vessel into which lymphatic vessels empty lymph; the duct then empties the lymph into the circulatory system.

lymphatic system a system that plays a critical role in the functioning of the immune system, moves fluids and large molecules from the tissue spaces and fat-related nutrients from the digestive system in the blood. lymphatic tissue tissue that is responsible for manufacturing lymphocytes and monocytes; found mostly in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. lymphatic vessels vessels that carry lymph to its eventual return to the circulatory system. lymphedema swelling (edema) of tissues caused by partial or total blockage of the lymph vessels that drain the affected tissue. lymphocyte white blood cell that is found within lymph and lymph nodes. (T-cells and B-cells are types of lymphocytes). lymphocytopenia reduction in the number of lymphocytes in the blood. lymphocytosis increase in the percentage of lymphocytes among white blood cells, and in their total number. lymphoid neoplasm abnormal proliferation of lymphoid tissue or lymphoid precursor cells often associated with cancerous transformation. lymphoma cancer of lymphatic tissue. lymphosarcoma a diffuse lymphoma. lymphs brief form for lymphocytes. lyophilic having an affinity for, or stable in, solution. lyse disintegration of a cell. -lysis = dissolution, breakdown (as in myolysis). lysosome membranous organelles containing various enzymes that can dissolve most cellular compounds; thus called digestive bags or suicide bags of cells. lytes slang for electrolytes. lytic (osteolytic) lesion a disease or abnormality resulting from or consisting of focal breakdown of bone, with reduction in density. mA milliampere. MAC Marcaine, adrenaline, and cocaine anesthesia. MAC monitored anesthesia care. macrophages phagocytic cells in the immune system, found in bone marrow.

macula lutea yellowish area near the center of the retina filled with cones permitting acute image formation and color vision. macular degeneration progressive deterioration of macula lutea of retina causing loss of central visual field. macule a flat skin lesion distinguished from the surrounding tissue by a difference in colorization. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image of the body with magnetic and radio waves. Organs are seen in three planes (coronal) front to back, (sagittal) side to side and (transverse) cross-section. MAI, MAC - M. avium intracellulare complex. Maissonneuve-type ankle injury a spinal fracture of the proximal third of the fibula. malabsorption syndrome group of symptoms associated with the failure to absorb food properly: anorexia, ascites, cramps, anemia, and fatigue. malaise a vague sense of being unwell. malar pertaining to or situated on the cheeks. male erectile dysfunction (ED) disorder in which the penis fails to become erect during the male sexual response, usually due to a lack of relaxation in smooth muscles in the wall of blood vessels in the penis; the drug Viagra (sildenafil) treats ED by promoting the same response in the penis as NO (nitric acid), which relaxes smooth muscles in the vessel walls. malignant refers to a tumor or neoplasm that is capable of metastasizing or spreading to new tissues (i.e., cancer). malignant hyperthermia (MH) inherited condition characterized by an abnormally increased body temperature (hyperthermia) and muscle rigidity when a person is exposed to certain anesthetics (e.g., succinylcholine). malleolus bony prominence on either side of ankle. malleus hammer; the tiny middle ear bone that is shaped like a hammer. malnutrition insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients, often causing any of a variety of diseases. malocclusion abnormal contact between the teeth of the upper and lower jaw. mamm/o = breast (use with -ARY, -GRAPHY, -GRAM, and -PLASTY). mammary gland breasts; classified as external accessory sex organs in females.

mammogram, mammography radiologic evaluation of the female breast, primarily to search for or evaluate abnormal masses that may be malignant. Special equipment and techniques have been devised to limit radiation exposure and enhance the diagnostic value of the procedure. Used as a screening test in large numbers of women, particularly those over age 40, to detect breast carcinomas. mammoplasty surgical repair (reconstruction) of the breast. -mania = madness, obsessive preoccupation (as in hypomania). manic-depressive disorder bipolar disorder. Mantoux test skin test for tuberculosis (TB). A needle is inserted intradermally, and a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) from the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is inserted under the skin. A Mantoux test is a definitive test and is usually done to confirm a previously positive tine test. A positive reaction means the patient has or has had tuberculosis. Marcaine trademark for preparations of bupivacaine hydrochloride. Marcaine 0.5% - half percent. Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz (MMK) procedure an operation for urinary stress incontinence, performed retropubically. mass effect the radiographic appearance created by an abnormal mass in or adjacent to the area of study. masseter large muscle of the cheek, used to lift the lower jaw (mandible) and thus provide chewing movement. MAST military antishock trousers. mast/o = breast (use with ECTOMY and IT IS). mast cells immune system cells (related to basophils) that secrete histamine and other inflammatory chemicals mastalgia pain the breast. mastectomy removal (excision) of the breast. mastication chewing. mastoiditis inflammation or infection of the air cells within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone; usually caused by infection. matrix the intracellular structure of tissue; for example, the surface of bone is calcified; whereas that of blood is liquid. matter any substance that occupies space and has mass.

maxilla/o = maxilla (as in maxillotomy). maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) the maximum amount of oxygen taken up by the lungs, transported to the tissues, and used to do work. MB bands see creatine phosphokinase. McBurney point about one third of the distance from the right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus. It corresponds with the normal position of the appendix and is tender in acute appendicitis. mcg micrograms. MCH - mean corpuscular hemoglobin; the average weight of hemoglobin per red blood cell, calculated from the hemoglobin level and the red blood cell count. MCHC - mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells, calculated from the hemoglobin level and the hematocrit. McIvor mouth gag a metal instrument used in tonsillectomies. mcL microliters; used in cell counts to avoid using such abbreviations as pL or mm3 or 103 because special characters and symbols used in medical transcripts do not transmit well electronically. mcU/mL microunits per milliliter. MCV - mean corpuscular volume; the average volume of a red blood cell, calculated from the hematocrit and the red blood cell count. McMurray test or sign extension of the knee from full flexion with the leg and foot externally rotated causes an audible or palpable snap in medial meniscus tear; extension with the leg and foot internally rotated causes a snap in lateral meniscus tear. MD, M.D. - doctor of medicine. MDI metered-dose inhaler. mechanism (also defense mechanism, ego-defensive mechanism, mental mechanism, unconscious mechanism) an automatic, unconscious mental process whereby repressed emotions (painful feelings, sexual urges) generate new beliefs or attitudes to protect the ego from a sense of guilt, inadequacy, or other negative feelings; see compensation, identification, projection, rationalization, repression, sublimation. mechanoreceptor receptors that are mechanical in nature; for example, equilibrium and balance sensors in the ears. Meckels diverticulum an occasional sac or appendage of the ileum, derived from an unobliterated yolk stalk and sometimes attached to the umbilicus; also called ileal diverticulum.

meconium a dark green mucilaginous (slimy and adhesive) material in the intestine of a fullterm fetus, being a mixture of the secretions of the liver, intestinal glands, and some amniotic fluid. med, meds - slang for medications. medi/o = middle (as in medial). medial of or toward the middle; opposite of lateral. medial longitudinal arch inner lengthwise (anteroposterior) support structure of the foot. mediastin/o = mediastinum (as in mediastinoscopy). mediastinal pertaining to the mediastinum. mediastinoscopy examination of the mediastinum by means of an endoscope inserted through an anterior midline incision just above the thoracic inlet. mediastinum space between the lungs and the chest. Contains the heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland and lymph nodes.; the inner portion of an organ in contrast to the outer portion or cortex. medull/o = medulla, marrow (as in medulloadrenal). medulla oblongata lower part of the brain near the spinal cord. Controls breathing and heartbeat. medullary cavity hollow area inside the diaphysis of the bone that contains yellow bone marrow. medulloadrenal pertaining to the adrenal medulla. medulloblast an undifferentiated cell of the neural tube that may develop into either a neuroblast or spongioblast. mega-, megalo- = large (as in megalopodia). megakaryocyte the giant cell of bone marrow; it is a large cell with a greatly lobulated nucleus, and is generally supposed to give rise to blood platelets. megalopodia abnormal largeness of the feet. -megaly = enlargement (as in atriomegaly). meiosis nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes are reduced to half their original number; produces gametes. Meissner (tactile) corpuscle a sensory receptor located in the skin close to the surface that detects light touch; also known as tactile corpuscle.

mel/o = limb, limbs (as in melalgia). melagia pain in the limbs. melanin brown skin pigment. melanocyte specialized cells in the pigment layer that produce melanin. melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) responsible for a rapid increase in the synthesis and dispersion of melanin granules in specialized skin cells. melanoma a malignant neoplasm (cancer) of the pigment-producing cells of the skin (melanocytes). melatonin important hormone produced by the pineal gland; believed to regulate the onset of puberty and the menstrual cycle; also referred to as the third eye because it responds to levels of light and is thought to be involved with the bodys internal clock. melena black stools (often due to the presence of blood). Mellaril trademark for preparations of thioridazine hydrochloride, a tranquilizer. membrane thin layer or sheet. membranous labyrinth a membranous sac that follows the shape of the bony labyrinth and is filled with endolymph. memory cell cell that remains in reserve in the lymph nodes until its ability to secrete antibodies is needed. men/o = menses (menstruation); month (as in menorrhagia). menarche beginnings of the menstrual function. Meniere disease chronic inner ear disorder characterized by tinnitus, progressive nerve deafness, and vertigo. mening/o = meninges; membrane (as in meningocele). meninges fluid-containing membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. meningitis inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). meniscus a crescent-shaped wedge of fibrocartilage found in some synovial joints. menolipsis temporary cessation of menstruation. menometrorrhagia excessive menstrual bleeding occurring both during menses and at irregular intervals. menopause termination of menstrual cycles.

menorrhagia excessive bleeding from the uterus at the time of menses (menstruation). menses menstrual flow. menstrual cycle the cyclical changes in the uterine lining. ment/o = mind (as in dementia). mEq milliequivalent. mer/o = part (as in meromicrosomia). meromicrosomia unusual smallness of some part of the body. mesentery a large double fold of peritoneal tissue that anchors the loops of the digestive tract to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. meso- = middle (as in mesoderm). mesoappendix the peritoneal fold connecting the appendix to the ileum. mesoderm the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo, lying between the ectoderm; from it are derived the connective tissue, bone, cartilage, muscle, blood and blood vessels, lymphatics, lymphoid organs, notochord, pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, kidneys, and gonads. messenger RNA (mRNA) a duplicate copy of a gene sequence on the DNA that passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. metabolic acidosis a disturbance affecting the bicarbonate element of the bicarbonatecarbonic acid buffer pair; bicarbonate deficit. metabolic alkalosis disturbance affecting the bicarbonate element of the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer pair; bicarbonate excess. metabolism complex process by which food is used by a living organism. metacarpals bones of the hand between the wrist bones (carpals) and the finger bones (phalanges). metachromatic stain one that changes color on becoming chemically bound to certain tissues. metageria a rare condition consisting of partial progeria, primarily of the skin, which is thin and parchmentlike, especially on the hands and feet; in some cases it is inherited in autosomal recessive fashion. Called also acrogeria. metaphase second stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.

metatarsal arch the arch that extends across the ball of the foot; also called the transverse arch. metatarsals foot bones. metatarsophalangeal pertaining to the metatarsus and the phalanges of the toes. metatarsus the part of the foot between the ankle and the toes; its skeleton being the five bones (metatarsals) extending from the tarsus to the phalanges. metastases plural of metastasis. metastasis spread of a cancerous tumor to a distant organ or location. meter a measure of length in the metric system; equal to about 39.5 inches. metrorrhagia menstrual bleeding occurring at irregular but frequent intervals. metr/o = uterus (as in myometritis). metritic pertaining to the uterus. mets slang for metastases to the brain. Metz slang for Metzenbaum scissors. mg milligram. mg/dL milligrams per deciliter. mg/kg milligrams per kilogram. mg/mL milligrams per milliliter. MI myocardial infarction. microbe refers to any microscopic organism. microdiskectomy (open discectomy) the surgical removal of herniated disk material that presses on a nerve root or the spinal cord. microencephaly a congenital abnormality in which an infant is born with a small head. microglia one type of connective tissue found in the brain and spinal cord. micrographia a dysgraphia (inability to write properly; it may be a part of a language disorder due to disturbance of the parietal lobe or of the motor system), in which handwriting is tiny or decreases in size from normal to minute, seen in parkinsonism. microhematocrit a hematocrit measurement performed on a small specimen of blood obtained by finger stick and centrifuged in a capillary tube.

micron measurement that equals 1/1000 millimeter; 1/25,000 inch. Micronase trademark for a preparation of glyburide, a sulfonylurea compound used as a hypoglycemic in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus; administered orally. microrongeur a rongeur used in microsurgery. microscopic description the pathologists findings upon examination of a specimen under the microscope. microscopic examination of scrapings from the skin to identify fungal material, the mites of scabies, and distinctive kinds of scales; skin scrapings are usually treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and heat, which partially or completely dissolve human tissue but leave fungal elements unchanged. microvilli brushlike border made up of epithelial cells made up on each villus in the small intestine and other parts of the body; increases the surface area (as for absorption of nutrients). micturition urination; voiding. midbrain one of the three parts of the brainstem. middle ear a tiny and very thin epithelium-lined cavity in the temporal bone that houses the ossicles; in the middle ear, sound waves are amplified. midline shift displacement of a structure that is normally seen at or near the midline of the body, such as the pineal gland or the trachea. midpelvis the line between the narrowest bone points and connects the ischial spines (hip joint). midpole (of kidney) the middle portion of the kidney. midportion a middle part. midsagittal plane a cut or plane that divides the body or any of its parts into two equal halves. mineralocorticoid (MC) hormone that influences mineral salt metabolism; secreted by adrenal cortex; aldosterone is the chief mineralocorticoid. minerals inorganic elements or salts found naturally in the earth that are vital to the proper functioning of the body. mi/o = less, smaller (as in miocardia). miocardia the contraction of the heart; systole. Miochol trademark for a preparation of acetylcholine chloride, a miotic (an agent that causes the pupil to contract) administered by instillation into the anterior chamber of the eye during intraocular surgical procedures.

miosis sustained constriction of the pupil, which may be due to ocular or nervous system disease or to the effect of drugs (pilocarpine, morphine). Mirena IUD intrauterine device. MIS manager of information systems director. Mitochondria - threadlike structures. mitochondrial DNA DNA located in the mitochondria of each cell, constituting a single chromosome, also called mtDNA or mDNA. mitosis indirect cell division involving complex changes in the nucleus. mitral valve heart valve located between the left atrium and ventricle; also known as the bicuspid valve. mitral valve prolapse (MVP) condition in which the bicuspid (mitral) valve extends into the left atrium, causing incompetence (leaking) of the valve. mittelschmerz intermenstrual pain due to peritoneal irritation by a small volume of blood escaping from the ovary at the time of ovulation. mL milliliter. mL/h milliliters per hour. mm millimeter. mmHg - millimeters of mercury. MMK Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure. -mnesia = memory (as in ecmnesia). modality 1. homeopathy, a condition that modifies drug action; a condition under which symptoms develop, becoming better or worse. 2. a method of application of or the employment of, any therapeutic agent, limited usually to physical agents. 3. a specific sensory entity, such as taste. mogi- = difficult (as in mogiphonia). mogiphonia any impairment of voice; a speech disorder or other difficulty in speaking. Also called dysphonia. mold large fungus (compared to a yeast, which is a small fungus). molecule a group of atoms joined by chemical bonds; the smallest amount of a substance that possesses its characteristic properties.

mono slang for mononucleosis test. monoclonal antibody specific antibody produced from a population of identical cells. monocyte largest type of white blood cell; a type of agranular leukocyte; often involved in phagocytosis of abnormal cells or particles. mononucleosis condition characterized by an increase in the number of mononuclear leukocytes; can be caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); also commonly called mono. monos brief form for monocytes. monosaccharide a simple sugar composed of only a single saccharide group (C6H12O6); examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose. monosomy abnormal genetic condition in which cells have only one chromosome where there should be a pair; usually caused by nondisjunction (failure of chromosome pairs to separate) during gamete production. monozygotic twins twins that develop from a single zygote that has split during early development into two separate, but genetically identical, offspring; identical twins. mons pubis skin-covered pad of fat over the symphysis pubis in the female. morbid 1. pertaining to, affected with, or inducing disease; diseased. 2. unhealthy, unwholesome. morbidity illness or disease, the rate of incidence of a specific illness or disease in a specific population. mordant renders the tissue chemically more receptive to staining. morph/o = shape, form (as in dolichomorphic). mortality death; the rate of deaths caused by a specific disease within a specific population. morula a solid mass of cells formed by the divisions of a fertilized egg. -motor = movement, motion (as in venomotor). motor neuron neuron that transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues. motor unit a single motor neuron along with the muscle cells it innervates. MQ memory quotient. MRA magnetic resonance angiography. MRCP magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.

MRI magnetic resonance imaging. MRI scan uses magnetism and radio waves to create a detailed image of what the doctor needs to see inside the patients body such as tumors, injuries, infections, and more. MS multiple sclerosis. msec millisecond. MT medical transcriptionist. MTA metatarsus adductus. MTF&P Medical Transcription Fundamentals & Practice, 3rd edition. mucin a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein that is the chief constituent of mucus. mucocutaneous junction the transitional area where the skin and mucous membrane meet. mucosa mucous membrane. mucous membrane epithelial membranes that line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior and secrete a thick, slippery material called mucus. mucus thick, slippery material that is secreted by the mucous membrane and keeps the membrane moist. MUGA - multiple gated acquisition scan; a study of cardiac shape and dynamics in which a radionuclide is introduced into the circulation. Radioactive emissions from the heart are electronically monitored, stored, and analyzed, resulting in a composite scan consisting of a series of successive images all taken at the same point in the cardiac cycle. multiaxial assessment as outlined in DSM-IV, provides for a comprehensive diagnostic formulation of mental illness that includes consideration of five distinct domains or axes. multi-echo images on MRI, a series of spin-echo images obtained with various pulse sequences. multiform occurring in many forms; polymorphic. multip slang for multipara. multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan a study of cardiac shape and dynamics in which a radionuclide is introduced into circulation. Radioactive emissions from the heart are electronically monitored, stored, and analyzed, resulting in a composite scan consisting of a series of successive images all taken at the same point in the cardiac cycle. multiple myeloma cancer of plasma cells.

multiple neurofibromatosis disorder characterized by multiple, sometimes disfiguring, benign tumors of the Schwann cells (neuroglia) that surround nerve fibers. multiple sclerosis (MS) the most common primary disease of the central nervous system; a myelin disorder. mural thrombus a localized clot adjacent to the infarcted area of ventricular wall. murmur an abnormal sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, due to flow of blood through a valve or other passage in the heart. Murmurs are distinguished as to sound quality (harsh, blowing, high-pitched); timing (systolic, mid-systolic, late diastolic); loudness (grade 1 to 6 in one system, 1 to 4 in another; 1/6 = grade 1 on a scale of 1 to 6, a barely audible murmur); radiation (to apex, carotids, left axilla); where best heard (left sternal border, aortic valve area); effect of position (squatting, standing, recumbency); and effect of respiratory movements (inspiration, expiration, breath-holding). murmur, grade 1-2/6 one to two over six. Murphy ball a hand-held surgical probe, with a small ball on the tip of the hook-shaped end. Murphys sign a sign of gallbladder disease consisting of pair on taking a deep breath when the examiners fingers are on the approximate location of the gallbladder. muscle fiber the specialized contractile cells of muscle tissue that are grouped together and arranged in a highly organized way. muscle strain muscle injury resulting from overexertion or trauma and involving overstretching or tearing of muscle fibers. muscul/o = muscle (as in musculoskeletal). muscular dystrophy a group of muscle disorders characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle without nerve involvement; Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common type. muscular system the muscles of the body. muscularis two layers of muscle surrounding the digestive tube that produce wavelike, rhythmic contractions called peristalsis, which move food material. musculoskeletal system organs that support the body and allow it to move, including the muscles, bones, joints and connective tissue. musical chest in asthma, rhonchi of many different pitches may be heard together. mutagen agent capable of causing mutation of DNA. mV millivolt. my/o, myos/o = muscle (as in myorrhexis).

myalgia pain in a muscle or muscles. myasthenia gravis auto immune muscle disorder characterized by progressive weakness and chronic fatigue. myatonia defective muscular tone. mycoplasma a genus of highly pleomorphic, gram-negative, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria that lack cell walls. mycotic infection - fungal infection . mydriasis sustained dilation of the pupil, which may be due to ocular or nervous system disease or to the effect of drugs (atropine, cyclopentolate). mydriatics drugs used to dilate the pupil. myel/o = spinal cord (nervous tissue connected to the brain and located within the spinal column or backbone); in other terms MYEL/O means bone marrow (the soft, inner part of the bones where blood cells are made). myelin lipid substance found in the myelin sheath around some nerve fibers. myelinated fiber axons outside the central nervous system that are surrounded by a segmented wrapping of myelin. myeloblast an immature cell of bone marrow, not normally found in peripheral blood; it is the most primitive precursor in the granulocytic series, which develops into the promyelocyte and eventually into a granulocyte. myelocyte 1. a precursor in the granulocytic series intermediate between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte, normally occurring only in the bone marrow. In this stage, differentiation into specific cytoplasmic granules has begun. 2. any cell of the gray matter of the nervous system. myelocytosis increase of myelocytes in the blood. myelogram x-ray image of the spinal cord after contrast is injected within the membranes surrounding the spinal cord in the lumbar area of the back. myelography visualization of the spinal canal (the tubular enclosure of the spinal cord formed collectively by the vertebrae) by x-ray with contrast medium introduced into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture. myeloid pertaining to bone marrow. myeloid neoplasm abnormal proliferation of myeloid tissue or myeloid precursor cells often associated with cancerous transformation. myeloma malignant tumor originating in the bone marrow.

myocardial pertaining to the muscle of the heart. myocardial infarction (MI) - heart attack. An infarction is an area of dead (necrotic) tissue. myocardium muscle of the heart. myoclonus involuntary jerking or twitching of certain muscles or muscle groups. myofilaments ultramicroscopic, threadlike strictures found in myofibrils; two types; thick and thin. myoglobin a red, oxygen-storing protein pigment similar to hemoglobin found in muscle fibers. myolysis degeneration of muscle tissue. myoma tumor (benign) of muscle. myomectomy surgical removal of small or solitary myomas. myometritis inflammation of the myometrium. myometrium muscle layer in the uterus. myopathy general term referring to any muscle disease. myopia refractive disorder of the eye caused by an elongated eyeball; nearsightedness. myorrhexis rupture of a muscle. myosarcoma tumor (malignant) of muscle. (SARC- means flesh, indicating that the tumor is of connective or fleshy tissue origin). myosin contractile protein found in the thick myofilaments of skeletal muscle. myositis general term referring to muscle inflammation, as in infection or injury. myostasis stretching of a muscle. myringomycosis fungal disease of the tympanic membrane. myringotomy surgical puncture of the tympanic membrane to drain fluid from the middle ear. myx/o = mucus (as in myxedema). myxedema condition caused by deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults. nail body the visible part of the nail. nail root the part of the nail hidden by the cuticle. nanometer a measure of length in the metric system; one billionth of a meter.

Naprosyn trademark for a preparation of naproxen; a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. narc/o = numbness, stupor (as in narcoanesthesia). narcoanesthesia anesthesia produced by a narcotic drug (as morphine). nares plural of naris. narcissism extreme self-love; excessive preoccupation with oneself and ones own concerns and needs, to the exclusion of normal emotional ties with others. naris nostril. nas/o = nose (as in nasolabial). nasal cavity the moist, warm cavities lined by mucosa located just beyond the nostrils; olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa. nasal septum a partition that separates the right and left nasal cavities. nasal smear examination of a stained smear of scrapings from the nasal mucosa for evidence of infection (neutrophilic leukocytes) or allergy (eosinophilic leukocytes). nasolabial pertaining to the nose and lip. nasopharynx the uppermost portion of the tube just behind the nasal cavities. nat/o = birth (as in neonatology). natr/o = sodium (as in hypernatremia). nausea unpleasant sensation of the gastrointestinal tract that commonly precedes the urge to vomit; upset stomach. NCV nerve conduction velocity. nebulizer an atomizer; a device for dispensing liquid in a fine spray. necr/o = death (of cells). necrosis - death of cells. needle biopsy a needle is passed through the skin directly into the organ to be studied, and an inner cutting needle slices and removes a core of tissue. negative feedback homeostatic control system in which information feeding back to the control center causes the level of a variable to be changed in the direction opposite to that of the initial stimulus. Neisseria gonorrhoeae the gram-negative diplococcus that causes gonorrhea.

nematode roundworms; large parasites capable of infesting humans. neo- = new (as in neonatal). neogenesis tissue regeneration. neonatal pertaining to new birth; the first 4 weeks after birth. neonate another name for an infant during the first 4 weeks after birth. neonatology diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the newborn infant. neoplasm an abnormal mass of proliferating cells that may be either benign or malignant. neoplastic pertaining to new growth; or neoplasm. nephr/o = kidney (use with all suffixes, except -AL and -GRAM, use -REN/O with -AL and -GRAM). nephrectasia distension of the kidney. nephrectomy removal or excision of a kidney. nephritis term referring to the inflammatory or infectious conditions of renal (kidney) tissue. nephrolithiasis abnormal condition of stones in the kidney. nephrologist - specialist in the diagnosis treatment of kidney diseases. nephrology study of the kidneys. nephron anatomical and functional unit of the kidney consisting of the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. nephropathy kidney disease. nephroptosis downward displacement of a kidney; called also floating, hypermobile, or wandering kidney. This is found mostly in young women, especially those who are thin and long waisted. Correction of nephroptosis is usually by nephropexy, surgical fixation of the floating kidney. nephrosclerosis hardening of the kidney associated with hypertension and disease of the renal arterioles. It is characterized as benign or malignant depending on the severity and rapidity of the hypertension and arteriolar changes. nephrosis abnormal condition of the kidneys. nephrostomy draining urine from the renal pelvis.

nephrotic syndrome group of symptoms and signs that often accompany glomerular disorders of the kidney; proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. nephrotoxic destructive to kidney cells. nerve collection of nerve fibers. nerve conduction velocity (NCV) measured by timing the passage of nerve impulses between a stimulating and a recording electrode, which are a precisely measured distance apart. nerve impulse signals that carry information along the nerves. nervous system organs (brain, spinal cord and nerves) that transmit electrical messages throughout the body. nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia and provides rapid communication and control of body function. neur/o = nerve (as in neurotripsy). neural pertaining to nerves. neuralgia nerve pain. neurilemma nerve sheath. neuritis inflammation of a nerve. neuroblastoma malignant tumor of sympathetic nervous tissue, found mainly in young children. neurodegenerative relating to or marked by degeneration of nerve tissue. neurogenic bladder condition in which the nervous control of the urinary bladder is impaired, causing abnormal or obstructed flow of urine from the body. neurogenic shock circulatory failure (shock) caused by a nerve condition that relaxes (dilates) blood vessels and thus reduces blood flow; literally nerve-caused shock. neuroglia supporting cells of nervous tissue; also called simply glia. neurohypophysis posterior pituitary gland. neurologist specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of nerve disorders. neurology study of nervous system and nerve disorders. neuroma general term for nervous tissue tumors. neuromata plural of neuroma. Tumors growing from a nerve or made up largely of nerve cells and nerve fibers.

neuromuscular junction the point of contact between the nerve endings and muscle fibers. neuron a nerve cell, including its processes (axons and dendrites). neuropathy disease of nervous tissue. neuropore an opening in the anterior or posterior end of the neural tube of the developing embryo that closes eventually. neurosis a mental disorder in which the patient experiences, and gives evidence of, emotional distress, but remains in touch with reality at all times. neurosurgeon physician who operates on the organs of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and nerves). neurothecitis inflammation of the sheath of a nerve. neurotomy incision of a nerve. neurotransmitter a normal chemical substance produced in minute quantities by nerve tissue and involved in the transmission of electrical impulses from one nerve cell to another; the effect of a neurotransmitter may be to stimulate or inhibit the nerve cell on which it acts; well-known neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, dopamine, epinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine, and serotonin. neurotripsy the surgical crushing of a nerve. neutr/o = neutral (as in neutropenia). neutron electrically neutral particle within the nucleus of an atom. neutropenia diminished number of neutrophils in the blood. neutrophil, segmented a mature neutrophil with a segmented or lobulated nucleus. Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes or polys or segs. nevus (mole) pigmented lesion on the skin; a mole. NG nasogastric tube. NICU neonatal intensive care unit (pronounced nick-yoo). nifedipine a calcium channel blocker used as a coronary vasodilator in the treatment of angina pectoris. nightly use for q.h.s. NIH National Institutes of Health. nitric oxide (NO) small-molecule neurotransmitter.

nitro slang for nitroglycerin. Nitrodisc trademark preparation for a preparation of nitroglycerin transdermal infusion, a coronary vasodilator. nitrogen one of the chemical elements found in great quantity in the human body; especially in nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins and amino acids; symbolized by N, as in NH3 (ammonia). NKDA no known drug allergies. Nobel prize international award crested by the late Alfred Nobel and awarded each year to up to three recipients in each of several categories such as chemistry, physics, and medicine or physiology (each Nobel laureate [prizewinner] receives a diploma, a medal, and a cash prize at a ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden). noci- = to cause harm, injury or pain (as in nociceptor). nociceptor a receptor for pain caused by injury to body tissues; the injury may be from physical stimuli such as mechanical, thermal, or electrical stimuli, or from chemical stimuli such as the presence of a toxin or an excess of nontoxic substance. Most nociceptors are in either the skin (cutaneous nociceptors) or the walls of viscera (visceral nociceptors). noct/i = night (as in noctalbuminuria). noctalbuminuria excess of albumin in the urine secreted at night. nocturia the need to rise from bed to urinate during the night. nocuous likely to cause injury. nod/o = knot (as in nodular). nodes of Ranvier indentations found between adjacent Schwann cells. nodular marked with, or resembling, nodules. -noia = mind, will (as in paranoia). nom/o = custom, law (as in nomotopic). nomen- = name ( as in nomenclature). nomotopic occurring at a normal pace. non-absorbable surgical suture a strand of material resistant to the action of living mammalian tissue, available in various diameters and tensile strengths. nonelectrolyte compound that does not dissociate into ions in solution; for example, glucose.

non-Hodgkin lymphoma type of lymphoma (malignant lymph tumor) characterized by swelling of lymph nodes and progressing to other areas. noninflammatory not inflammatory. nonreactive NST nonstress test. nonsteroid hormone general type of hormone that does not have the lipid steroid structure (derived from cholesterol) but is instead a protein or protein derivative; also sometimes called protein hormone. norepinephrine (NR) hormone secreted by adrenal medulla; released by sympathetic nervous system; also known as noradrenaline. norm/o = normal, usual (as in normochromocyte). normal saline sodium chloride solution isotonic with body fluids. normocephalic (literally translated means normal head) is a medical term referring to a person whose head and all major organs of the head are in normal condition and without significant abnormalities. normochromocyte a form of anemia in which the concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cells is within the standard range. normovolemia normal blood volume. nos/o = disease (as in nosology). nose - respiratory organ. nosebleed epistaxis. nosocomial pertaining to or originating in a hospital. A nosocomial infection is acquired during hospitalization. nosocomial infection infection that begins in the hospital or clinic. noxious constituting a harmful influence on mind or behavior. n.p.o. nothing by mouth. NSAID anti-inflammatory drug, the term is applied to aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and many other anti-inflammatory agents that do not contain steroid hormones or their derivatives. NST nonstress test. NSVD normal spontaneous vaginal delivery. nuchal pertaining to the nape, or back, of the neck.

nucle/o = nucleus (as in nucleoplasm). nuclear envelope the boundary of a cells nucleus. nuclear membrane membrane that surrounds the cell nucleus. nuclei plural of nucleus. nucleic acids the nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) found in the cytoplasm, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), found in the nucleus and mitochondrion; made up of units called nucleotides that each include a phosphate, a high-carbon sugar and a nitrogen base. nucleolus intracellular structure critical to protein formation because it programs the formation of ribosomes found in the nucleus. nucleoplasm - a special type of cytoplasm found in the nucleus; karyoplasm. nucleotide molecule that connects to other molecules to form a nucleic acid such as RNA or DNA; each nucleotide has three parts: a phosphate pump, a sugar (ribose or deoxyhydrose) and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine [or uracil], guanine or cytosine). Nuclepore preparation used in microbiology where they are used to trap cells while removing all other fluids and smaller particles. nucleus a spherical structure within a cell; a group of neuron cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord; central core of the atom, made up of protons and (sometimes) neutrons. nucleus pulposus pulpy nucleus of an intervertebral disk; a semifluid mass of fine white and elastic fibers that forms the central portion of an intervertebral disk; it has been regarded as the persistent remains of the embryonic notochord. nulli- = none (as in nulliparity). nulliparity never having borne a viable child. nutri/o = to nourish (as in nutrition). nutrition food, vitamins, and minerals that are ingested and assimilated into the body. nyctalopia condition caused by retinal degeneration or avitaminosis A and characterized by abnormally high proportion of body fat. nystagmus a rhythmic back-and-forth movement of the eyes usually due to congenital abnormality or central nervous system disease. o/o = egg, ovum (as in oogenesis). O&P ova and parasites. obesity a condition characterized by abnormally high proportion of body fat.

oblique slanted, inclined. oblique fracture a bone fracture characterized by a fracture line that is diagonal to the long axis of the broken bone. OBrien akinesia paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle produced by injection of an anesthetic solution directly over the orbital branch of the seventh nerve as it emerges from behind the ear and extends toward the orbital region along the ramus of the jaw, permitting better exposure of the bulb of the eye. obstretr/o = midwife (as in obstetrician). obstetrician a specialist in the delivery of a baby and the care of the mother during pregnancy and labor. obstetrics practice or branch of medicine concerned with the management of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the period just after delivery of the infant. obstipation total inability to pass stool. obstructive urinary symptoms decreased force and caliber of urinary stream, hesitancy, intermittency. obtunded rendered dull or blunt; to render a sensation less acute; to reduce the level of alertness. occipital pertaining to the area at the back of the lower skull. occipitotransverse (OT) position a position of the fetus in cephalic presentation in labor with its occiput (the posterior part of the head) directed toward the right (ROT) or the left (LOT) iliac fossa of the maternal pelvis. occult - hidden; not obvious, but sometimes able to be inferred from indirect evidence. occult blood blood present in quantities too small to be detected by naked-eye observation but detected by microscopic or chemical examination. OCD obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ocean nasal spray a sodium chloride and phenylcarbinol and benzalkonium chloride (as a preservative) solution for relief of dry nasal membranes and rhinitis. Also used for patients with glaucoma or diuretics having dry nasal capillaries. OCG oral cholecystogram. ocular discharge a serous, mucous, or purulent material formed on conjunctival surfaces, often gluing the eyelids together and producing crusting of the eyelashes; usually due to infection or allergy.

oculo eye (as in oculonasal). oculonasal pertaining to the eye and the nose. OD overdose. OD translate: right eye. odont/o = tooth (as in anodontia). odynophagia pain on swallowing. Ogen trademark for a preparation of estropipate, an estrone used in the treatment of estrogen deficiency associated with menopausal symptoms. OGTT oral glucose tolerance test. ohm the SI (International System of Units) unit of electrical resistance of a circuit in which a current of one ampere is maintained by an electromotive force of one volt. olecranial pertaining to olecranon (back of the elbow). olecranon fossa a large depression on the posterior surface of the humerus. olecranon fracture an injury to the most prominent bone of the elbow. olecranon process the large bony process of the ulna; commonly referred to the tip of the elbow. olfaction sense of smell. olfactory receptor chemical receptors responsible for the sense of smell; located in the epithelial tissue in the upper part of the nasal cavity. olig/o = scanty, few, little (as in oligospermia). oligoidendrocyte a cell that holds nerve fibers together and produces the myelin sheath around the axons in the CNS. oligomenorrhea infrequent or scanty menstrual bleeding. oligospermia deficiency of spermatozoa in the semen. oliguria scanty amounts of urine. om/o = shoulder (as in omodynia). -oma = tumor, mass (as in histocytoma). omental pertaining to the omentum, a fold of peritoneum extending from the stomach to adjacent abdominal organs.

omentum a fold of peritoneum extending from the stomach to adjacent abdominal organs. omodynia pain in the shoulder. omphal/o = navel (as in omphalocele). omphalocele protrusion, at birth, of part of the intestine through a defect in the abdominal wall at the umbilicus. onc/o = tumor (as in oncogenic). oncogene gene (DNA segment) thought to be responsible for the development of cancer. oncogenesis the production and causation of tumors. oncogenic pertaining to producing tumors. oncologist specialist in the study and treatment of tumors. onych/o = nail (as in onychomycosis). onycholysis separation of a nail from the nail bed that begins at the distal or free edge of the affected nail. onychomycosis fungal disease of the nails; the nails become opaque, white, thickened, and friable. oocyte immature stage of the female sex cell. oogenesis production female gametes. oogenexis development of mature ova from oogonia (plural of oogonium). oogonium an ovarian egg during fetal development; near the time of birth it becomes a primary oocyte. oophor/o = ovary (as in oophorohysterectomy). oophorectomy removal of an ovary or ovaries. oophoritis inflammation of the ovaries. oophorohysterectomy excision of the ovaries and uterus. opacification an increase in the density of a tissue or region, with increased resistance to xrays. open fracture compound fracture; bone fracture in which bone fragments pierce the skin. open-mouth odontoid view a view of the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra, for which the x-ray beam is aimed through the patients open mouth.

open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) a surgical procedure to correct a fracture that requires alignment and fixation with a plate, pin, or screw. Also, open reduction, external fixation (OREF). operating microscope a specially designed magnifying instrument employed in the performance of delicate microsurgical procedures, as in operations on the middle ear, or small blood vessels, or on a vocal cord; called also surgical microscope. ophryitis spasm of the eyebrow. ophthalmic pertaining to the eye. ophthalimodynia pain in the eye. ophthalmologist specialist in the study of the eye and the treatment of eye disorders. ophthalmology study of the eye; diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. ophthalmoscope an instrument with a light source and a set of changeable lenses to enable the examiner to focus on the fundus regardless of refractive errors in the subjects lens. opisth/o = backward, behind (as in opisthognathism). opisthognathism retrognathism. opposition moving the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers; the movement used to hold a pencil to write. optic disc the area in the retina where the optic nerve fibers exit and there are no rods or cones; also known as a blind spot. optic neuritis intrinsic eye disease. optician nonmedical specialist trained to provide eyeglasses by filling prescriptions. optometer a device for measuring ocular refraction. optometrist nonmedical specialist trained to examine and test eyes and prescribe corrective lenses. or/o = mouth (as in intraoral). oral cavity mouth. orbicularis oculi facial muscle that causes a squint. orbicularis oris facial muscle that puckers the lips. orbital pertaining to the orbit of the eye. orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o = testis (as in orchidopexy).

orchiectomy removal of a testicle or testicles. Also called orchidectomy. orchiopexy surgical fixation of an undescended testicle to its proper position within the scrotum. This surgery corrects the condition of cryptorchism (CRYPT = hidden) when the testicle is not in the scrotal sac at birth. orchitis inflammation of the testes, often caused by infection. OREF open reduction and external fixation. -orexia = appetite (as in hyperorexia). organ/o = organ (as in organomegaly). organ independent part of the body composed of different tissues working together to do a specific job. organ of Corti organ of hearing located in the cochlea and filled with endolymph; also called spiral organ. organelles intercell organ, for example, a ribosome. organic compound compound whose large molecules contain carbon and that include C-C bonds and/or C-H bonds. organism an individual living thing. organization the characteristic of the body of being organized, that is, structured in different levels of complexity and coordinated in function; the human body is often said to be organized into different levels or organization: chemical, cell, tissue, organ, system and body. organogenesis formation of organs from the primary germ layers of the embryo. organomegaly enlargement of the viscera; visceramegaly (viscera is plural of viscus = any large interior organ in any of the great body cavities, especially those in the abdomen). orientation awareness of ones environment, with reference to place, time and people. ORIF open reduction and internal fixation. origin the attachment of a muscle to the bone, which does not move when contraction occurs, as distinguished from insertion. origin of a vessel the commencement of a vessel as it branches off from a larger vessel. oropharynx the portion of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth. orth/o = straight, normal, correct (as in orthodontics). ortho orthopedics.

orthodontics dental specialty dealing with diagnosis and treatment of malocclusion of the teeth. orthopedic hardware wires, pins, screws, plates, and other devices of metal or other material that are implanted in or attached to bone in the course of a surgical procedure. orthopedist specialist in the surgical correction of musculoskeletal disorders. orothopnea - dyspnea (difficulty in breathing) that is relieved after moving into an upright or sitting position. OS translate: left eye. os coxae hip bones. osche/o = scrotum (as in oscheoplasty). oscheoplasty plastic surgery of the scrotum. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Osler nodes tender purplish lumps in fingers, toes. osm/o, -osmia = sense of smell, odor, impulse (as in anosmia). osmosis movement of a fluid through a semipermeable membrane. osphresi/o, -osphresia = sense of smell, odor (as in osphresiometer). osphresiometer instrument for measuring the acuteness of the sense of smell. osseous bony. ossicles small bones, (malleus, incus, stapes), especially found in the ears. oste/o = bone (as in osteoarthritis). osteitis inflammation of a bone. osteo slang for osteomyelitis. osteoarthritis inflammation of bones & joints. osteochondral 1. pertaining to or composed of bone and cartilage. 2. pertaining to a bone and its articular cartilage. osteoblast bone-forming cell. osteoclast bone-absorbing cell. osteocyte bone cell.

osteogenesis imperfect dominant, inherited disorder of connective tissue characterized by imperfect skeletal development, resulting in brittle bones. osteoma benign tumor of bone. osteomalacia bone disorder usually caused by vitamin D deficiency and characterized by loss of mineral in the bone matrix; the adult form of rickets. osteomyelitis bacterial (usually staphylococcus) infection of bone tissue. osteon structural unit of compact bone tissue made up of concentric layers (lamellae) of hard bone matrix and bone cells (osteocytes); also called Haversian system. osteophytes, osteophyte formation outgrowths of bone from the surface. osteoporosis bone disorder characterized by loss of minerals and collagen from bone matrix, reducing the volume and strength of skeletal bone. osteosarcoma bone cancer. osteosclerosis the hardening of abnormal density of bone, as in eburnation and condensing osteitis. ostia plural of ostium, an opening, aperture, or orifice. ostium an opening, aperture, or orifice. ot/o = ear (as in otalgia). otalgia pain in an ear. otitis inflammation of an ear. otitis media a middle ear infection. otolaryngologist specialist in the treatment of diseases of the ear, nose and throat. otosclerosis inherited bone disorder involving structural irregularities of the stapes in the middle ear and characterized by tinnitus progressing to deafness. otoscope an instrument that directs a light into the ear through a conical speculum, and is equipped with a magnifying lens. otoscopy inspection of the external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane with an otoscope; mobility of the tympanic membrane can be assessed when the subject swallows or performs the Valsalva maneuver (or when, in children, the examiner blows a puff of air into the ear). O2 oxygen.

O2 sat slang for oxygen saturation. O2 saturation the amount of oxygen being carried by the hemoglobin, compared to the amount that could be carried, and expressed as a percent (100% being total saturation). When the slang form O2 sat is dictated, it should be expanded. OT oxytocin. OT occipitotransverse position of the fetus. OTC over-the-counter medications. OU each eye. Outerbridge classification a grading system for joint cartilage breakdown: Grade I Cartilage with softening and swelling; Grade II A partial-thickness defect with fissures on the surface that do not reach subchondral bone or exceed 1.5 cm in diameter; Grade III fissuring to the level of subchondral bone in an area with diameter more than 1.5 cm; Grade IV exposed subchondral bone. ov/o, ov/i = egg, ovum (as in ovicide). ova female sex cells. oval window a small, membrane-covered opening that separates the middle and inner ear. ovalocytosis abnormal oval shape of red blood cells, seen in various congenital disorders of red blood cell formation, including elliptocytosis. ovarian cyst smooth fluid-filled sac that forms in ovarian tissue. ovarian follicle each contains an oocyte. ovariocyesis ovarian pregnancy. ovary one of two organs in the female abdomen that produce egg cells and female hormones. overactive bladder refers to frequent urination characterized by sensation of urgency and pain. overhydration too much fluid input in the body, which can put a burden on the heart. ovicide an agent destructive to the ova of certain organisms. oviducts also called uterine or fallopian tubes. ovum female sex cell. oxycephaly a condition in which the top of the head is pointed or conical owing to premature closure of the coronal and lamboid sutures. Called also acrocephaly, bypsicephaly, turricephaly, steeple head or skull, and tower head or skull.

ox/o, -oxia = oxygen (as in hypoxia). oxygen one of the chemical elements found in great quantity in the human body; symbolized by O, as in H2O (water) or Ox (oxygen gas). oxygen concentrator a device used in health care that increases the proportion of oxygen gas in the air of the room in which it is placed; sometimes used in treatment of persons in respiratory distress and in other such conditions that produce hypoxia (low oxygen concentrations in the blood). oxygen debt continued increased metabolism that occurs in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that resulted from exercise. oxygen therapy administration of oxygen gas to individuals suffering from low oxygen concentration in the blood (hypoxia). oxyhemoglobin hemoglobin combined with oxygen. oxypurinal the active metabolite of allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor responsible for much of the activity of allopurinol against gout. oxytocin (OT) hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland in a woman before and after she has delivered a baby; thought to initiate and maintain labor and also causes the release of breast milk into the mammary ducts to provide nourishment for the baby. PA posteroanterior. pachy- = thick (as in pachydermatocele). pachydermatocele plexiform neuroma attaining large size, producing an elephantiasis-like condition. p-arm the short segment of a chromosome that is divided into two segments by a centromere. PACs premature atrial contractions. pacemaker implantation placement of pacemaker electrodes to the heart to correct heart block or control persistent irregular rhythms. pacinian lamellar corpuscles; they are nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure. pacinian corpuscle a receptor found deep in the dermis that detects pressure on the skin surface. PACU postanesthesia care unit. Paget disease osteitis deformans; a common, often mild bone disorder characterized by replacement of normal spongy bone with disorganized bone matrix.

-pagus = conjoined twins (as in thoracopagus). pain in the eye may be a superficial irritation or scratchy feeling on the cornea or sclera (as from an abrasion or ulcer) or a deep, throbbing pain within the eyeball (as in acute glaucoma). pain test assessing the subjects ability to recognize a prick from a sterile needle on various parts of the body surface (a sensory examination). palat/o = palate (as in palatoplegia). palate the roof of the mouth; made up of the hard (anterior portion of the mouth) and soft (posterior portion of the mouth) palates. palatoplegia paralysis of the palate. pale/o = old (as in paleokinetic). paleokinetic old kinetic; a term applied to the nervous motor mechanism concerned in automatic associated movements. palikinesia pathologic repetition of movements. palin-, pali- = recurrence, repetition (as in palikinesia). palliative directed to the relief of symptoms rather than the elimination of their cause. palmar palm of the hand. palmar mass soft tissue mass on the palm of the hand. palpable can be felt or touched. palpebra eyelid. palpebritis inflammation of the glands and lash follicles along the margin of the eyelids; blepharitis. palpit/o, palpitate/o = flutter, throbbing (as in palpitation). palpitation(s) various abnormal sensations accompanying heartbeat; unduly rapid heartbeat; noticeably irregular beat; a feeling that some or all heartbeats are unusually strong; a sense of missed beats; or intermittent flip-flop sensations in the heart. pan- = all (as in panarthritis). pancreas gland that produces digestive juices (exocrine function) and the hormone insulin (endocrine function). pancreat/o = pancreas (as in pancreatolithotomy).

pancreatic islets endocrine portion of the pancreas; made up of alpha and beta cells, among others; also known as islets of Langerhans. pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas. pancreatolithotomy incision of the pancreas for removal of calculi. P&A percussion and ausculation. pandemic refers to a disease that affects many people worldwide. panendoscope an endoscope for wide-angle viewing; particularly of the bladder and urethra. panhysterectomy total hysterectomy. panlobular emphysema generalized obstructive emphysema affecting all lung segments, with atrophy and dilation of the alveoli and destruction of the vascular bed. Pap (Papanicolaou) smear removal of superficial cells from the vagina and cervix for cytologic examination, to judge hormonal effect and to identify abnormal cell changes due to inflammation, infection, dysplasia, or actual malignancy. Specimens are taken from three areas: 1) the vaginal vault, with a flat wooden spatula; 2) the squamocolumnar junction (transition line between the squamous epithelium of the vagina and he columnar epithelium of the endocervical canal), with a specially shaped wooden spatula (Ayre spatula); 3) the endocervical canal, with a bristle brush to ensure sampling of columnar epithelial cells. papilledema swelling of the optic disk, as observed with an ophthalmoscope; usually due to increased intracranial pressure (choked disk) (caused by intracranial hemorrhage, neoplasm, or disturbance of cerebrospinal fluid circulation) or intrinsic eye disease (optic neuritis). The disk appears edematous and perhaps injected, and the retinal vessels as they emerge from the swollen disk appear to be kinked (stepping of vessels). papillae small, nipple-shaped elevations. papilloma benign skin tumor characterized by finger-like projections (e.g., a wart) papul/o = papule, pimple (as in papulopustular) papule raised, firm skin lesion less than 1 cm in diameter. papulopustular marked with papules and pustules. para (P) live birth. para-, -parous = to bear, bring forth (as in septipara). paracentesis removal of peritoneal fluid with a needle passed through the abdominal wall. Parafon Forte DSC ( chlorzoxazone) - skeletal muscle relaxant. Prescribed for pain and spasm of muscular conditions, including strain, sprain, bruising, and lower back problems.

paralysis loss or impairment of movement of a part of the body. paranasal sinuses cavities within the bones of the skull, somewhat variable in size and shape, and lined with mucosa like that of the nose. paranoid schizophrenia a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of thought processes and by poor emotional responsiveness. parapatellar located around the kneecap. parapelvic cyst a cyst in the kidney; uncommon condition that is usually found during autopsy. Their ultrasonic appearance is similar to hydronephrosis. paraphimosis retraction of a phimotic foreskin, causing swelling of the glans. paraplegia impairment or loss of movement in the lower part of the body (primarily the legs) and in some cases bowel and bladder function. parapraxia a lapse of memory or mental error, such as a slip of the tongue or misplacement of an object, which, in psychoanalytic theory, is due to unconscious associations and motives; commonly called a freudian slip. parasite an organism that lives in or on another organism (a host) to obtain its nutrients. paraspinous muscles - (para = next to; spinous = spine); a series of muscles that run next to the spine. parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord; controls many visceral effectors under normal conditions. parathyroid/o = parathyroid (as in parathyroidoma). parathyroid glands - four endocrine glands behind the thyroid gland. Concerned with maintaining the proper levels of calcium in the blood and bones. parathyroid hormone (PTH) - hormone released by the parathyroid gland that increases the concentration of the calcium in the blood. parathyroidectomy surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands. parathyroidoma parathyroid adenoma or carcinoma. parenchyma the essential or functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its stroma or framework. -paresis = partial, paralysis (as in hemiparesis). paresis muscle weakness.

paresthesia a sense of tingling or prickling (pins and needles) on a part of the body surface. The lay term numbness is applied indiscriminately to hypesthesia, anesthesia, and paresthesia. parietal of the walls of an organ or cavity. parietal pericardium pericardium surrounding the heart like a loose-fitting sack to allow the heart enough room to beat. parietal peritoneum serous membrane that lines and is adherent to the wall of the abdominal cavity. parietal pleura serous membrane that lines and is adherent to the wall of the thoracic cavities. parietal portion serous membrane that lines the walls of a body cavity. Parkinson disease a chronic disease of the nervous system characterized by a set of signs called parkinsonism that results from a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in certain regions of the brain that normally inhibit overstimulation of skeletal muscles; parkinsonism is characterized by muscle rigidity and trembling of the head and extremities, forward tilt of the body, and shuffling manner of walking. parkinsonism a group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. Parlodel trademark for a preparation of bromocryptine mesylate. parotid ducts the ducts of the parotid salivary glands; also known as Stensen ducts. parotid glands paired salivary glands that lie just below and in front of each ear at the angle of the jaw. paroxysmal occurring in sudden attacks or seizures (paroxysms). paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea sudden attacks of labored breathing awakening the patient from sleep. partial saturation technique a magnetic resonance technique in which single excitation pulses are delivered to tissue at intervals equal to or shorter than T1. partial-thickness burn term used to describe both minor burn injury (first-degree burn) and more severe burns that injure both epidermis and dermis (second-degree burn). -partum = childbirth, labor (as in postpartum). parturition the act or process of giving birth to a child. passive-aggressive personality disorder a personality disorder whose essential feature is resistance to the demands of others that is expressed indirectly under the cover of

obstructionism, procrastination, stubbornness, dawdling, forgetfulness, and intentional inefficiency. This behavior pattern persists even when more effective behavior is possible. Such people are manipulative and attempt to make themselves dependent on others; they are often pessimistic and resentful but do not realize that their ineffective behavior is the source of their problems. PAT paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. patch test the application to the skin of a piece of filter paper containing a chemical or other type of substance known to produce an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. Many patches are taped to the skin and labeled. After 24-48 hours the skin underneath is examined. Reddened, raised areas of skin indicate a positive allergic reaction to that chemical or allergen. patell/o = patella (as in patellofemoral). patella small, shallow pan; the kneecap. patency the quality or state of being open, unobstructed, obvious. path/o = disease (as in pathogenic). pathogen disease-producing organism (such as bacteria or viruses). pathogenesis pattern of a diseases development. pathologic reflexes present only in neurological disorders, such as Babinski reflex or Chaddock reflex. pathologist specialist in the study of disease. pathology study of diseases. pathophysiology studying of the underlying physiological aspects of a disease. p.c. after meals. PCA patient-controlled analgesia. pCO2, PCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide. PCP pneumocystis due to Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly P. carinii). PDA posterior descending coronary artery. PD posterior descending ligation. PDS sutures synthetic absorbable material, made of polyester, with complete absorption in 200 days. PE physical examination.

PE - polyethylene tubes; placed in the tympanic membrane(s) to aerate the middle ear(s) and allow for escape of purulent secretion. PE pulmonary embolism, embolus. pectineal pertaining to the pubis. pector/o = chest (as in pectoralgia). pectoral girdle shoulder girdle; the scapula and clavicle. pectoralgia 1. Pain in the pectoral muscles. Called also stethalgia, and thoracodynia. 2. thoracalgia. pectoralis major major flexor of the upper arm. pedal foot. pediatric pertaining to treatment of a child. pediatrician specialist in the treatment of childhood diseases. pedigree chart used in genetic counseling to illustrate genetic relationships over several generations. ped/o = foot, child (as in pedal). peds slang for pediatrics. PEG percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy. pelv/i = pelvis (bones of the hip). pelves plural of pelvis. pelvic pertaining to the pelvis or hip bones. pelvic cavity space contained within the hip bones (front and sides) and the lower part of the backbone (sacrum and coccyx). pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) acute inflammatory condition of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries usually the result of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). pelvis lower part of the trunk of the body including the hipbone, tailbone and sacrum (lower backbones). -penia = deficiency (as in lymphocytopenia). penis structure that forms part of the male genitalia; when sexually aroused, becomes stiff to enable it to enter and deposit sperm in the vagina.

pentam slang for pentamidine. pen VK use penicillin V potassium. -pepsia = digestion (as in dyspepsia). pepsinogen component of gastric juice that is converted into pepsin by hydrochloric acid. peptide bond covalent bond linking amino acids within a molecule. per os use p.o., by mouth, or orally. per- = through, throughout. percussion the act of striking a part with short, sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition of the underlying parts by the sound obtained. percutaneous transluminal angioplasty procedure used to dilate an occluded artery, usually a coronary artery, by passing a catheter (with a deflated balloon section) to the site of the occlusion and inflating the balloon to compress the obstruction and enlarge the lumen of the vessel. perfusion delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues by the circulatory system, with removal of carbon dioxide and other wastes. peri- = around, surrounding (as in perilymphangitis). perianal pertaining to surrounding the anus. periaortic near or around the aorta. peribronchial cuffing thickening of bronchoid walls by edema or fibrosis, as seen in asthma, emphysema, cardiac failure, and other acute and chronic respiratory and circulatory disorders. pericarditis condition in which the pericardium becomes inflamed. pericardium membrane that surrounds the heart. perilymph a watery fluid that fills the bony labyrinth of the ear. perilymphangitis inflammation around a lymphatic vessel. perinatal infection infection passed from a mother to an infant during the time of the birth process. perine/o = perineum (as in colpoperineoplasty). perineal area between the anus and genitals; the perineum. perineurium connective tissue that encircles a bundle (fascile) of nerve fibers within a nerve.

periodontitis inflammation of the periodontal membrane (periodontal ligament) that anchors teeth to jaw bone); common cause of tooth loss among adults. periodontal membrane - fibrous tissue that lines each tooth socket and serves to attach the tooth to underlying bone. periosteal pertaining to the periosteum. periosteum a specialized connective tissue covering all bones of the body, and possessing bone-forming potentialities. Periosteum also serves as a point of attachment for certain muscles. The connective tissues of the muscle fuse with the fibrous layers of the periosteum. peripheral pertaining to the outside surface. peripheral edema edema of the extremities. peripheral nervous system (PNS) the nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. peripheral resistance resistance (blocked effort) to blood flow encountered in the peripheral arteries (arteries that branch off the aorta and pulmonary arteries). peristalsis the wormlike movement by which the alimentary canal or other tubular organs with both longitudinal and circular muscle fibers propel their contents, consisting of a wave of contraction passing along the tube. peristaltic rushes urgent-sounding series of squeaking or gurgling sounds occurring with overactive peristaltic movements. peristaltic wave a wave of muscular contractions passing along a tubular organ, such as the intestine, by which its contents are advanced. peritomy surgical incision of the conjunctiva, and subconjunctival tissue about the whole circumference of the cornea; usually done as part of enucleation (removal of an organ or other mass intact from its supporting tissues, as of the eyeball from its socket) and retinal attachment procedure. peritone/o = peritoneum (as in peritoneoclysis). peritoneal pertaining to the peritoneum. peritoneal lavage injection of fluid through a needle passed through the abdominal wall, followed by its withdrawal and laboratory examination. peritoneal space small, fluid-filled space between the visceral and parietal layers that allows the layers to slide over each other freely in the abdomniopelvic cavity. peritoneoclysis injection of fluid into the peritoneal cavity.

peritoneum membrane that surrounds the abdomen and holds the abdominal organs in place. peritonitis inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdomniopelvic cavity; sometimes a serious complication of an infected appendix. permanent section prepared, stained, and fixed specimen that is ready for microscopic examination. permeable membrane a membrane that allows passage of substances. permease system a specialized cellular component that allows a number of active transport mechanisms to occur. pernicious anemia deficiency of red blood cells caused by a lack of vitamin B12. per/o = deformed, maimed (as in peromelia). peromelia congenital deformity of the limbs. perone/o = fibula (as in peroneotibial). peroneal pertaining to the fibula. peroneus group a group of lateral muscles of the lower leg that act to pronate the foot, rotating it toward the midline, and plantar flex the foot, pulling it toes-downward. PERRL pupils equal, round and reactive to light. PERRLA pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation. Perspectives on the Medical Transcription Profession published by Health Professions Institute. perspire/o = breathe through (as in perspiration). perspiration (sweat) transparent, watery liquid released by glands in the skin that eliminates ammonia and uric acid and helps maintain body temperature. PET positron emission tomography scan. petechia (pl. petechiae) a very small spot of hemorrhage under the surface of skin or mucous membrane, usually multiple, due to a local or systemic disorder. petr/o = stone, petrous region of temporal bone (as in petromastoid). petromastoid 1. pertaining to the petrous portion of the temporal bone and its mastoid process. 2. otocranium. -pexy = fixation. Pfannenstiel incision a curved abdominal incision just above the pubis.

PFT, PFTs pulmonary function tests. pH hydrogen ion content; a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. A pH of 7.0 indicates neutrality. Numbers above 7.0 indicate alkalinity, numbers below indicate acidity. The p is always a lowercase letter. When the term pH begins a sentence, insert the article The before it. phacocele hernia of the eye lens. phag/o, -phagia = eating, ingestion (as in phagocytosis). phagocyte white blood cell that engulfs microbes and digests them. phagocytosis ingestion and digestion of particles by a cell. phako eyelid. phalang/o = phalanges (as in phalangitis). phalangeal pertaining to a phalanx. phalanges finger and toe bones. phalanx any bone of a finger or toe. phalanx reconstitution (reconstitution) to constitute again; reconstruct; recompose. Usually encountered in the middle finger (phalanx). Phalen sign reproduction of pain or paresthesia in carpal tunnel syndrome when both wrists are flexed with the hands firmly pressing one or another back-to-back for 60 seconds. phall/o = penis (as in phallodynia). pharmacy/o = drugs (as in pharmacology). pharmacology study of drugs and their actions in the body. pharmacotherapy treatment of disease with drugs, as contrasted with methods such as counseling, diet, and surgery. phaner/o = visible, apparent (as in phaneromania). phaneromania an irresistible desire to pick at superficial body parts (as in obsessive nailbiting). pharyng/o = pharynx; throat (as in pharyngitis). pharyngeal pertaining to the pharynx (throat). pharyngitis sore throat; inflammation or infection of the pharynx.

pharynx organ behind the mouth that receives swallowed food and delivers it into the esophagus. The pharynx (throat) also receives air from the nose and passes it to the trachea (windpipe). phas/o, -phasia = speech (as in dysphasia). phenylketonuria (PKU) - recessive, inherited condition characterized by excess of phenylketone in the urine, caused by accumulation of phenylalanine (an amino acid) in the tissues; may cause brain injury and death if phenylalanine intake is not managed properly. phe/o = dusky (as in pheochromotoma) pheochromotoma a rare tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands. It results in the release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that control heart rate, metabolism, and blood pressure. -pheresis = removal (as in plateletpheresis). PHI protected health information. -phil, -philia = affinity for, tendency towards (as in hemophilia). phim/o = muzzle (as in paraphimosis). phimosis abnormal condition in which the prepuce (foreskin) fits tightly over the glans of the penis. phisiometry measurement of the physiologic functions of the body by serologic and physiologic methods. Also called physiatry. -phlaxis = protection (as in anaphylaxis). phleb/o = vein (as in phleborrhexis). phlebitis inflammation of a vein. phleboclysis injection of fluid into a vein; venoclysis. phlebography 1. a radiography of a vein filled with contrast medium. 2. the graphic recording of the venous pulse. 3. a description of the veins. phleboliths a venous calculus or concretion. phleborrhexis rupture of a vein. phlebotomy incision of a vein. -phobia, phob/o = fear, aversion (as in phobophobia). phobophobia irrational fear of ones own fears or of acquiring a phobia.

phon/o, -phonia = voice, sound (as in rhinophonia). -phore = bearer, processor (as in siderophore). -phoresis = hearing, transmission (as electrophoresis). -phosphat/o = phosphate (as in phosphatemia). phosphatemia an excess of phosphates in the blood. Phospholine Iodide trademark for a preparation of echothiophate iodide, an anticholinesterase agent applied topically to the conjunctiva to produce miosis (excessive contraction of the pupil), reduce intraocular pressure, and potentiate accommodation in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma after iridectomy, and certain secondary types of glaucoma, and in the management of accommodative estropia (cross-eye). phospholipid phosphate-containing fat molecule. photodynamic therapy use of laser energy to trigger photosensitizing drugs in specialized treatment of superficial cancers and wet age-related macular degeneration. photophobia aversion to bright light, which causes a sense of pain in the eye, usually because of irritability or spasm of the iris. photopigments chemicals in retinal cells that are sensitive to light. photoreceptor specialized nerve cell stimulated by light. photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) refractory eye surgery that uses an excimer or cool laser to vaporize corneal tissue in treating mild to moderate nearsightedness; also called excimer laser surgery. PHR personal health record. phren/o = mind, diaphragm (as in phrenalgia). phrenalgia pain in the diaphragm. phrenic pertaining to the diaphragm. phrenic nerve the nerve that stimulates the diaphragm to contract. phthisis wasting. physi/o = nature (as in physiology). physiologic cupping the slight central depression normally seen in the optic nerve head. physiologist a specialist in physiology (the study of body function).

physiology 1. the science that treats the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved. 2. the basic processes underlying the functioning of a species or class of organism, or any of its parts or processes. phys/o = air, gas (as in physometra). physometra gas in the uterine cavity. phyt/o = plant (as in phytophotodermatitis). phytophotodermatitis phototoxic dermatitis due to contact with certain plants and subsequent exposure to sunlight. PI present illness. pia mater the vascular innermost covering (meninx) of the brain and spinal cord. pica eating nonfood materials such as clay. picr/o = bitter (as in picrotoxin). picrotoxin an active principle obtained from the seed (cocculus indicus) of Anamirta cocculus; it stimulates all portions of the central nervous system by blocking presynaptic inhibition of neural impulses and can cause convulsions. It has been used medicinally as an antidote in the treatment of poisoning by central nervous system depressant drugs, especially the barbituates, administered intravenously. PID pelvic inflammatory disease. pies/o, piez/i, -piesis = pressure (as in piesesthesia). piesesthesia pressure sense. pigment layer the layer of the epidermis that contains the melanocytes that produce melanin to give skin its color pil/o = hair (as in pilomotor) Pilocar trademark for preparations of pilocarpine hydrochloride, the monohydrochloride salt of pilocarpine, applied topically to the eye in the treatment of glaucoma or to counter the effects of cycloplegics and mydriatics (drugs used to dilate the pupil) following examination or surgery; also administered orally in the treatment of xerostomia (dryness of the mouth from salivary gland dysfunction) caused by radiotherapy for head and neck cancer or associated with Sjogren syndrome. piloerection erection of the hair. pilomotor causing movement of the hairs; pertaining to the arrector muscles, the contraction of which produces cutis anserine (goose flesh) and piloerection.

pimel/o = fat, fatty (as in pimelorthopnea). pimelopterygium a fatty outgrowth on the conjunctiva. pimelorthopnea dyspnea while lying down, due to obesity. Called also ptorthopnea. pineal/o = pineal gland (as in pinealopathy). pineal gland endocrine gland located in the third ventricle of the brain; produces melatonin. pinealopathy any disease of the pineal gland. pinkeye acute epidemic conjunctivitis. pinna the cartilaginous appendage on either side of the head, which collects sound waves like a funnel. pinocytosis active transport mechanism used to transfer fluids or dissolved substances into cells. pins and needles (paresthesia) a sense of tingling or prickling on a part of the body surface. PIP joint proximal interphalangeal joint. pit a small depression in the skin resulting from local atrophy or scarring after trauma or inflammation. Pitocin trademark for a preparation of oxytocin, administered intramuscularly or intravenously to induce labor, increase the force of uterine contractions, contract uterine muscle after hemorrhage, and intranasally to stimulate milk ejection. pitting edema depressions in swollen subcutaneous tissue that do not rapidly refill after exerted pressure is removed. pituitary/o = pituitary gland (as in pituitarism). pituitarism disorder of pituitary function. pituitary gland organ at the base of the brain that secretes hormones. These hormones enter the blood to regulate other organs and other endocrine glands. pituitary microadenoma a tumor in the pituitary gland that is less than 10 mm in size. pityriasis rosea a mild, benign, self-limited scaly eruption. pivot-shift test with the patient supine, the foot is held in the physicians hand. The physician then turns the foot inward while pushing on the outside of the knee with the opposite hand, at the same time flexing and extending the patients leg. This test is also used to evaluate anterior cruciate ligament stability.

PKU phenylketonuria. placenta anchors the developing fetus to the uterus and provides a bridge for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and developing baby. placenta previa abnormal condition in which a blastocyst implants in the lower uterus, developing a placenta that approaches or covers the cervical opening; placenta previa involves the risk of placental separation and hemorrhage. plain film a radiographic study performed without contrast medium. planes (of body) any completely flat cut through the body or any of its parts; a body plane can be oriented in any of several directions (e.g. sagittal, midsagittal, frontal [coronal], transverse [horizontal]), and is used to visualize the body from different perspectives. plantar pertaining to the sole of the foot. plantar fasciitis a painful inflammatory process of the plantar fascia, the connective tissue on the sole of the foot. plantar flexion movement in which the bottom of the foot is directed downward; this motion allows a person to stand on tiptoe. plaque raised skin lesion greater than 1cm in diameter. plas/o, -plasm = formation, growth, development (as in neoplasm). plasma the liquid part of the blood. plasma cell cell that secretes copious amounts of antibody into the blood; also called effector cell. plasma membrane membrane that separates the contents of a cell from the tissue fluid, encloses the cytoplasm, and forms the outer boundary of the cell. plasma protein any of several proteins normally found in the plasma; includes albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen. plasmid small circular ring of bacterial DNA. plastic surgery surgery concerned with the restoration, reconstruction, correction, or improvement in the shape and appearance of body structures that are defective, damaged, or misshapen by injury, disease, or growth and development. -plasty = surgical correction/repair. platelet noncellular formed element in circulating blood, produced in bone marrow and active in blood coagulation. Also called thrombocyte.

platelet plug a temporary accumulation of platelets (thrombocytes) at the site of an injury; it precedes the formation of a blood clot. plateletpheresis the selective separation and removal of thrombocytes (platelets) from withdrawn blood, the remainder of the blood then being retransfused into the donor. Called also thrombocytapheresis and thrombapheresis. platycoria a dilated condition of the pupil of the eye. platyhelminth flatworm or fluke; animal parasite capable of infesting humans. Plavix (clopidogrel) prescribed for heart attack and stroke prevention; also used for blood thinning after placement of a vascular stent. play therapy a form of psychotherapy used with children, in which structured or unstructured play settings with dolls and other toys enable the therapist to identify and correct false or unhealthy attitudes and behavior patterns. -plegia = paralysis (as in quadriplegia). ple/o = more (as in pleocytosis). pleocytosis the presence of a greater than normal number of cells, as of more than the normal number of lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid. pleur/o = pleura (as in pleurisy). pleura double membrane surrounding the lungs. pleural cavity a subdivision of the thorax. pleural effusion collection of fluid between the double membranes surrounding the lungs (pleura). pleural exudates fluid higher in protein than transudates and also containing LDH. pleural friction rub a creaking, grating, or rubbing sound caused by friction between inflamed pleural surfaces during breathing. pleural or lung biopsy either by percutaneous (needle) or open procedure. pleural space the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae filled with just enough fluid to allow them to glide effortlessly with each breath. pleural transudates fluid relatively low in protein. pleurisy inflammation of the pleura; also called pleuritis.

pleuritic chest pain sharply localized, stabbing pain in the chest that is aggravated by taking a deep breath, and virtually abolished by breathholding. It typically results from irritation of the pleura due to pleurisy, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, or chest wall injury. pleuritis inflammation of the pleura, also called pleurisy. pleurocholecystitis inflammation of the pleura and the gallbladder. plexiform resembling a plexus or network. plexus network formed by converging and diverging nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels and diverging nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels. Plexus published by the American Association for Medical Transcription. plica fold; general anatomical nomenclature for a ridge or fold, as of peritoneum or other membrane. PMH past medical history. PMI point of maximal intensity, or impulse. PMNs - polymorphonuclear neutrophils, also, polys. PMS premenstrual syndrome. PND paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. PND postnasal drip. -pnea = breathe (as in hyperpnea). pneum/o = lung, air (as in peneumopexy). pneumon/o = lung, air (as in pneumonomycosis). pneumocytosis a protozoan infection, most likely to invade the body when the immune system has been compromised. pneumomycosis any fungal disease of the lungs. Also called pneumonomycosis. pneumonectomy surgical procedure in which an entire lung is removed. pneumonia abnormal condition of the lungs marked by inflammation and a collection of material. pneumonomycosis any fungal disease of the lungs. Also called pneumomycosis. pneumonopexy surgical fixation of the lung to the thoracic wall. Called also pneumopexy.

pneumoperitoneum the presence of air or gas in the peritoneal cavity, occurring pathologically or introduced intentionally. pneumopexy surgical fixation of the lung to the thoracic wall. Called also pneumonopexy. pneumothorax abnormal condition in which air is present in the pleural space surrounding the lung possibly causing collapse of the lung. pneumotympanometry assessment of the mobility of the tympanic membrane by applying pressure to its outer surface with a device fitting tightly in the external meatus. p.o. may also use by mouth, or orally. pO2, PO2 partial pressure of oxygen. pod/o = foot (as in podiatrist). -poiesis = formation (as in cytopoiesis). poikilocytosis an abnormally wide variation in the shapes of red blood cells as seen in a stained smear. poikoblast an abnormally shaped erythroblast. point of maximal intensity (PMI) the point on the chest wall where the impulse of the beating heart is most distinctly felt by the examiners fingers. polar body small, nonfunctional cell produced during meiotic divisions in the formation of female sex cells (gametes); incapable of being fertilized. pole of kidney the upper or lower extremity of a kidney. poli/o = gray (matter) (as in poliomyelitis). poliomyelitis a viral disease that damages motor nerves, often progressing to paralysis of skeletal muscles. polychrome stain a mixture of two or more coloring agents in one solution. With a polychrome stain, differential staining of tissue components takes place even though the tissue is exposed to all of the coloring agents simultaneously. polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) condition that is characterized by ovaries usually twice the normal size and that are studded with fluid-filled cysts. polycythemia an excessive number of red blood cells. polydipsia - excessive thirst. polymenorrhea menstrual bleeding that occurs with abnormal frequency.

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs, polys) white blood cells with segmented or lobulated nuclei. An acceptable brief form is polys. The term is often used synonymously with neutrophils, although eosinophils and basophils are also polymorphonuclear leukocytes. polyneuropathy disease of many nerves. polypectomy the surgical removal of outgrowths (polyps). polyphagia excessive hunger. polyposia ingestion of abnormally increased amounts of fluids for long periods of time. polyps massive overgrowths of chronically inflamed mucosa. polys brief form for polymorphonuclear leukocytes; also PMNs. polystichia two or more rows of eyelashes on an eyelid. polyuria - excessive urination. pons the part of the brainstem between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. popliteal behind the knee. -pore = opening, passageway (as in neuropore). pore pinpoint-size openings on the skin that are outlets of small ducts from the eccrine sweat glands. porencephaly one or more cysts or cavities in a cerebral hemisphere communicating with the ventricular system. There may be little or no neurologic impairment. -porosis = porous, decrease in density (as in osteoporosis). port-wine stain pigmented, benign tumor of the skin present at birth and ranging in color from pale to red to a deep reddish purple; also called nevus flammeus. portable film an x-ray picture taken with movable equipment at the bedside or in the emergency department or operating room when it is not feasible to move the patient to the radiology department. portacaval shunt surgical procedure allowing portal vein blood to bypass the liver and empty directly into the inferior vena cava. -posia = drinking (as in polyposia). positive feedback homeostatic control system in which information feeding back to the control center causes the level of a variable to be pushed farther in the direction of the original deviation. Causing an amplification of the original stimulus; ordinarily this mechanism is used by the body to amplify a process and quickly finish it, as in labor contractions and blood clotting.

positron emission tomography (PET) a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses positronemitting radioisotopes to assess the metabolic activity and physiologic function of organs and tissues rather than their anatomic structure; particularly useful in diagnosis of subtle cerebral and cardiac lesions. post- = after, behind. post short for postmortem. post partum noun. post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event resulting in psychological trauma. This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to ones own or someone elses physical, sexual, or psychological integrity, overwhelming the individuals ability to cope. postchemo slang for post-chemotherapy. poster/o = back, behind (as in posterior). posterior located in the back of a structure or of the body. posterior pituitary gland neurohypophysis; produces hormones ADH and oxytocin. posterior rhinoscopy inspection of posterior nares with angled mirror placed in the oropharynx. posterior root ganglion ganglion located near the spinal cord; where the neuron cell body of the dendrites of the sensory neuron is located. posterior sulcus the groove formed by the intersection of the diaphragm and the posterior thoracic wall, as seen in a lateral chest x-ray. posteroanterior pertaining to the direction from back to front. posteroanterior (PA) view a standard chest x-ray taken with the front of the patients chest against the filmholder and the x-ray source behind the patient. posterolateral situated posteriorly and to one side. postganglionic neurons autonomic neurons that conduct nerve impulses from a ganglion to cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue. postherpetic neuralgia pain (often severe) along nerve pathways previously affected by an outbreak of shingles (herpes zoster). postictal state after awakening from seizure, subject is drowsy and amnesic for a variable period. postmortem after death.

postnatal period the period beginning after birth and ending at death. postop postoperative. postpartum after birth. postpartum hemorrhage adjective. postprandial after meals. postrenal azotemia increase of nitrogenous wastes in the circulation due to obstruction of the outflow of urine from the kidney. posture position of the body. posturing the assumption of abnormal patterns of flexion and extension in a patient with severe brain injury; rigidity. powder burn lesions on peritoneal surfaces endometrial implants appearing as hemorrhagic cysts. PP postprandial. PPD test see Mantoux test, tine test. PR pressure response. -prandial = meal (as in postprandial). -praxia = action, activity (as in parapraxia). pre- = before, in front of. precancerous pertaining to a condition that may come before a cancer; a condition that tends to become malignant. precapillary sphincter smooth muscle cells that guard the entrance to the capillary. precordial in front of the heart. precordium the region of the anterior surface of the body covering the heart and stomach. preeclampsia syndrome of abnormal conditions in pregnancy of uncertain cause; syndrome includes hypertension, proteinuria, and edema, also called toxemia of pregnancy - it may progress to eclampsia severe toxemia that may cause death. preganglionic neurons autonomic neurons that conduct nerve impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion. pregnancy test see HCG.

premature (cardiac) contractions contractions of the heart wall that occur before expected; extrasystoles. premenstrual syndrome (PMS) syndrome of psychological changes (such as irritability) and physical changes (localized edema) that occur before menstruation in many women. prenatal period the period after conception until birth. preop preoperative. prerenal azotemia increase of nitrogenous wastes in the circulation due to reduction of renal blood flow. presby- = aging, elderly (as in presbycardia). presbycusis progressive hearing loss associated with advanced age. presbyopia farsightedness associated with advanced age. pressured speech rapid, strained speech as if the subjects mouth cant keep up with the flow of thoughts. presynaptic neuron a neuron situated proximal to a synapse. presyncope feeling dizzy, light-headed, and about to faint. primary amenorrhea failure of menses to start at puberty (by age 14-16). primary bronchi first branches of the trachea (right and left primary bronchi). primary follicles - the ovarian follicles present at puberty; covered with granulosa cells. primary germ layers three layers of specialized cells that give rise to definite structures as the embryo develops. primary protein the preliminary structure of a protein; the sequence of amino acids held together with peptide bonds (this structure will then fold to become the secondary protein structure). primary spermatocyte specialized cell that undergoes meiosis to ultimately form sperm. prime mover the muscle responsible for producing a particular movement. primip slang for primipara. prion shortened from the term Proteinacious Infectious Particle. Pathogenic protein molecule that converts normal proteins of the body into abnormal proteins, causing abnormalities of function (the abnormal form of the protein also may be inherited by offspring of an affected person).

probe ultrasound transducer. p.r.n. as needed. pro- = before. Procardia trademark for a preparation of nifedipine, a coronary vasodilator. procto slang for proctoscopy. proct/o = rectum, anus (as in proctopexy). proctocolectomy surgical removal of the rectum and colon. Called also colpractectomy. proctopexy rectopexy; fixation of the rectum to some adjacent tissue or organ by suture. proctoscopy inspection of the anus and rectum with a proctoscope (endoscope). Proctoscopy is often performed before rectal surgery. proctotresia- surgical correction of an imperforate (malformed) anus. product any substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction. production of sputum phlegm from the respiratory passages. Can be watery, viscous, or purulent. progeria rare, inherited condition in which a person appears to age rapidly as a result of abnormal, widespread degeneration of tissues; adult and childhood forms exist, with the childhood form resulting in death by age 20 or so. progesterone hormone produced by the corpus luteum; stimulates secretion of the uterine lining; with estrogen, helps to initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty. prognosis prediction of the outcome of a patients illness or treatment. projection a mechanism whereby one unconsciously attributes ones own thoughts and attitudes (usually negative or unpleasant) to others as a means of dealing with a sense of guilt or inadequacy. prolactins anterior pituitary hormones with 198 amino acids, which stimulate and sustain lactation in postpartum mammals after the mammary glands have been prepared by other hormones such as estrogens, progesterone, growth hormone, corticosteroids, and insulin, and also play essential roles in the maintenance of immune system functions. Prolene trademark for a preparation of polypropylene, used in sutures. proliferative phase phase of menstrual cycle that begins after the menstrual flow ends and lasts until ovulation.

promyelocyte a precursor in the granulocytic series, intermediate between myeloblast and myelocyte, containing a few undifferentiated cytoplasmic granules. pronate to make a rotational movement of the forearm (turning the palm medially to face backward) or of the leg and ankle (turning the foot so toes point outward and the medial edge of the sole hits the ground); opposite of supinate. pronation action in which the forearm or leg and ankle pronates; opposite of supination. prolapse falling down or drooping of a part of the body. prone used to describe the body lying in a horizontal position facing downward. prophase first stage of mitosis during which chromosomes become viable. proprioception test tested by having the subject report whether a toe or finger is moved up or down by the examiner. proprioceptors receptors located in the bones, tendons, and joints; allow the body to recognize its position. prostaglandins (PG) a group of naturally occurring fatty acids that affect many body functions. prostat/o = prostate gland (as in prostatocystotomy). prostate gland hormone producing gland that stands in front of the male urinary bladder. prostate-specific antigen (PSA) a protein (antigen) produced by prostate tissue that may be elevated in the blood of men with prostate cancer. prosthesis artificial substitute for a missing part of the body. prote/o = protein (as in proteolysis). protease protein-digesting enzyme. protein one of the three basic food types, made up of long strands of amino acids. Proteins are responsible for maintenance and repair of tissues and organs, and for production of intracellular enzymes, hormones, and other substances. protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) abnormal condition resulting from a deficiency of calories in general and protein in particular; likely to result from reduced intake of food but is also caused by increased nutrient loss or increased use of nutrients by the body. protein hormone a nonsteroid. proteinuria presence of abnormally high amounts of plasma protein in the urine; usually an indicator of kidney disease.

proteolysis the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds, with formation of smaller polypeptides. proteome the entire group of proteins encoded by the genome. proteomics the endeavor that involves the analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome. prothrombin a glycoprotein present in the plasma that is converted into thrombin by extrinsic thromboplastin during the second stage of blood clotting; called also clotting factor II. prothrombin activator -a combination of clotting factors and circulating plasma proteins that initiates conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the clotting mechanism. prothrombin time time it takes for a blood sample to clot after tissue thromboplastin (prothrombin activator) is added a way to assess efficiency of a persons extrinsic clotting mechanism. pro time prothrombin time. proton positively charged particle within the nucleus of an atom. protozoa single-celled organelle with nuclei and other membranous organelles that can infect humans. protuberance a projecting part, or prominence. Proventil trademark for a metered-dose inhaler for administration of albuterol, a bronchodilator. proxim/o = near. proximal next or nearest; located nearest the center of the body or the point of attachment of a structure; opposite of distal. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) the first segment of a renal tubule. Prozac trademark for preparations of fluoxetine hydrochloride, a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, used in the treatment of depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and premenstrual dysmorphic disorder. prurit/o = itching (as in pruritogenic). pruritogenic causing pruritus, or itching. pruritus a skin disorder, usually allergic inflammation and parasitic infestations. PSA prostate-specific antigen. psamm/o = sand, sand-like material (as in psammoma).

psammoma a tumor, especially a meningioma, which contains psammoma (sand-like) bodies. pseudo- = false (as in pseudochromhidrosis). pseudochromhidrosis discoloration of sweat caused by the action of pigment-producing bacteria. pseudohypertrophy literally, false muscle growth; another name for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). pseudomembranous enterocolitis due to toxin-producing clostridium diffcile, often following treatment with antibiotics that kill normal intestinal flora. pseudophakia a condition in which the degenerated crystallized lens is replaced by mesodermal tissue. pseudostratified epithelium type of tissue similar to simple columnar epithelium that forms a membrane made up of a single layer of cells that are tall and narrow but that are squeezed together in a way that pushes the nuclei into two layers and thus gives an initial impression that it is stratified (having more than one layer of cells); compare to simple columnar epithelium. psor/o = itching (as in psoriasis). psoriasis chronic, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by cutaneous inflammation and scaly plaques. pyretogenic pertaining to or caused by high fever. pyrogen an agent that causes fever. psych/o = mind (as in psychokinesis).. psych slang for psychiatric, psychiatry. psyche a vague term roughly equivalent to mind. psychiatrist specialist in the treatment of the mind and mental disorders. psychiatry the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders; all psychiatrists are physicians. psychoanalysis a school of clinical psychology founded by Sigmund Freud and based on lengthy, searching analysis of the patients mental life, including particularly the content of the subconscious, which can be made manifest by hypnosis, dream interpretation, free association (nondirected reflections voiced by the patient), and other methods; many psychiatrists are psychoanalysts, but not all psychoanalysts are psychiatrists (physicians).

psychodrama a type of group therapy in which clients resolve conflicts and distressing emotional states by acting out their fantasies and fears in the setting of a dramatic performance before an audience of fellow clients. psychogenic pertaining to anything caused by psychological mechanisms. psychokinesis the postulated production or alteration of motion by directed thought processes. psychologic of or relating to psychology. psychology broadly, the study of all mental processes and functions (perception, memory, judgment, learning ability, mood, and social interaction, communication, and others). Clinical psychology is a professional discipline concerned with the nonmedical treatment of mental disorders; a clinical psychologist ordinarily does not hold a medical degree. psychomotor retardation delayed development in muscle strength and coordination and impairment in the ability to understand and learn. psychosis a mental disorder in which, in addition to emotional distress, the patient experiences a break with reality, manifested by delusions, hallucinations, and grossly bizarre or socially inappropriate behavior. psychotherapy any method or technique, except the administration of medicines, used in the treatment of mental disorders. psychr/o = cold (as in psychrophobia). psychrophobia abnormal sensitivity to cold. PTCA - percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. PT - pro time, prothrombin time; the time required for a clot to form in blood treated with certain reagents. The result may be reported as both a time (in seconds) and a percent of normal prothrombin activity as detected by the same test in a control. The prothrombin time is prolonged in deficiency of certain coagulation factors and after treatment with heparin or coumarone anticoagulants. PTA percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. PTC percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. PTH parathyroid hormone. PT/INR or PT-INR pro time/international normalized ratio. ptosis drooping of an upper eyelid that cannot be fully corrected by voluntary effort. Adjective: stoic.

PTT, PTH prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time. PTT - partial thromboplastin time; the time required for a clot to form in blood treated with certain reagents. Abnormal prolongation of this time occurs in deficiency of various coagulation factors and after treatment with heparin. ptyal/o = saliva (as in ptyalogenic). ptyalism sialorrhea; excessive salivation; also called hypersalivation; hyperptyalism. ptyalogenic formed from or by the action of saliva. pub/o = pubis (as in pubovesical). pubis joint in the midline between the two pubic bones. PUD peptic ulcer disease. puerperal pertaining to the puerperium, the period from the end of the third state of labor until involution of the uterus is complete, usually lasting 3 to 6 weeks. puerperal fever condition caused by bacterial infection in a woman after delivery of an infant, possibly progressing to septicemia and death; also called childbed fever. pulmonary pertaining to the lungs. pulmonary artery artery carrying blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. pulmonary circulation venous blood flow from the right atrium to the lung and then to the left atrium. pulmonary edema abnormal collection of fluid in the lung (within the air sac of the lung). Fluid backs up into lung tissue commonly due to congestive heart failure as the heart weakens and is unable to pump blood effectively. pulmonary embolism from the deep veins of the leg. pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to measure the rate and volume of gas exchange in the respiratory system by means of finely calibrated instruments. pulmonary semilunar valve valve located at the beginning of the pulmonary artery. pulmonary specialist physician trained to treat lung disorders. pulmonary vascular markings as seen on chest x-ray, the normal radiographic appearance of the branches of the pulmonary arteries and veins about the hila of the lungs. pulmonary vascular redistribution increased prominence of upper pulmonary vessels and reduced prominence of lower pulmonary vessels at the lung hila in left ventricular failure and other disturbances of circulatory dynamics.

pulmonary vein any vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. pulmonary ventilation breathing; process that moves air in and out of the lungs. pulsatile characterized by a rhythmic pulsation. pulse the heartbeat, and by extension the rate of the heartbeat, as measured at the wrist (radial pulse), the cardiac apex (apical pulse), or elsewhere. pulses +2/4 plus two over four. pulses 2+/4 two plus over four. punctate keratitis an autosomal (pertaining to any of the 22 pairs of chromosomes in man not concerned with determination of sex) dominant form of palmoplantar keratoderma in which the lesions are localized in multiple points on the palms and soles, called also keratosis punctata. -puncture = to pierce a surface (as in venipuncture). Punned square grid used in genetic counseling to determine the probability of inheriting genetic traits. pupil the opening in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye. pupillatonia tonic pupil. Purkinje fibers specialized cells located in the walls of the ventricles; relay nerve impulses from the AV node to the ventricles, causing them to contract. purulent containing or consisting of pus. pus accumulation of white blood cells, dead bacterial cells, and damaged tissue cells at the site of an infection. pustule small, raised skin lesion filled with pus. PUVA psoralen + ultraviolet wavelength A. PVCs premature ventricular contractions. P wave deflection on an ECG that occurs with depolarization of the atria. pyel/o = renal pelvis (as in pyelophlebitis). pyelocaliectasis distention of the pelvis and calices of the kidney with urine, as a result of obstruction of the ureter. Also called hydronephrosis. pyelogram record of the renal pelvis after injection of a contrast. pyelolithotomy incision of the renal pelvis for removal of calculi.

pyelonephritis inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis because of bacterial infection; it begins in the interstitial tissues (interstitial nephritis) and rapidly extends to involve the tubules (tubulointerstitial nephritis); glomeruli (glomerulonephritis), and then the renal blood vessels. pyelophlebitis inflammation of the veins of the renal pelvis. pyg/o = buttocks (as in pygalgia). pygalgia pain in the buttocks. pykn/o-, pycn/o = thick, dense (as in pyknocyte). pyknocyte distorted and contracted, occasionally spiculed erythrocyte. pyl/e = portal vein (as in pylemphraxis) pylemphraxis obstruction of the portal vein. pylor/o = pylorus (as in pyloroplasty). pyloric sphincter sphincter that prevents food from leaving the stomach and entering the duodenum. pyloric stenosis anatomic abnormality in which the opening through the pylorus or pyloric sphincter is unusually narrow. pyloroplasty incision of the pylorus and reconstruction of the pyloric channel to relieve pyloric obstruction. pylorospasm spasm of pyloric sphincter of the stomach. pylorus the small narrow section of the stomach that joins the first part of the small intestine. pynkocyte a distorted and contracted, occasionally spiculated erythrocyte. py/o = pus (as in pyoderma). pyoderma general term for any purulent (pus-forming) infection of the skin. pyodermatitis pyoderma. pyr/o = fire, fever, heat (as in pyrosis). pyramids triangular-shaped divisions of the medulla of the kidney. pyret/o = fever (as in pyretogenic). Pyridium trademark for preparations of phenazopyridine hydrochloride, a urinary analgesic used orally to relieve symptoms of irritation in cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and other conditions causing irritation of the lower urinary tract mucosa.

pyrosis a burning sensation in the esophagus and stomach, with sour eructation (the oral ejection of gas or air from the stomach; belching). q. each; every. q.a.m. every morning. q. day daily; every day. q.4 h. every four hours. q.h. every hour. q.i.d. four times a day. q.q.h. every four hours. q.s. a sufficient amount. Q equals blood flow (in mL/min) in ventilation-perfusion scan. Q-arm the long segment of a chromosome that is divided into two segments by a centromere. QRS complex deflection on an ECG that occurs as a result of depolarization of the ventricles. quadriceps exercises repeatedly bringing the knee into full extension, with tensing of the muscles of the front of the thigh. quadriceps muscle the large four-headed muscle on the front of the thigh that extends the knee joint. quadriplegia - paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk of the body caused by an injury to the spinal cord in the cervical region of the spine. quarter percent 0.25%. quaternary protein the fourth level of structure in a protein formed when two or more tertiary (third-level) proteins unite to form a larger protein molecule. quickening when a pregnant woman first feels recognizable movements of the fetus. quinsy peritonsillar abscess. RA rheumatoid arthritis. RA test rheumatoid arthritis test. See rheumatoid factor. rachi/o = spine (as in rachioplegia). rachioplegia spinal paralysis.

RAD reactive airways disease. radial ulnar styloid refers to the slender, pointed process (protrusion) of the radius bone and the ulna bone of the lower arm. radiation flow of heat waves away from the blood. radiation oncologist physician trained in the treatment of disease (cancer) with high-energy xrays or particles. radiation therapy treatment often used for cancer in which high-intensity radiation is used to destroy cancer cells. radical mastectomy surgical procedure in which a cancerous breast is removed along with nearby muscle tissue and lymph nodes. radicul/o = nerve root (as in radiculitis). radiculitis inflammation of a spinal nerve root, especially the portion of the root that lies between the spinal cord and the spinal canal. radiculopathy characterized by motor and/or sensory changes in the neck and arms or the legs and feet, which results in extrinsic pressure on the nerve root. radioactive isotope form of an element in which atoms have a unique atomic number (or also isotope) and also release particles or waves of radiation. radiography imaging technique using x-rays that pass through some tissues more easily than others, allowing an image of tissues to form on a photographic plate or other sensate surface; invented by Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895. radiologist physician trained in the use of x-rays (such as computed tomography and also including ultrasound) to diagnose illness. radiolucent offering relatively little resistance to x-rays (by analogy with translucent). radionuclide radioactive isotope; a species of atom that spontaneously emits radioactivity. radionuclide scans the essence of any radioactive scan procedure is the introduction into the body of a radioactive substance whose distribution in tissues, vessels, or cavities can be detected and recorded by a device that senses radiation. A variety of radioactive substances (radionuclides, isotopes) are used in scanning procedures. In some cases the choice of material is governed by the tendency of certain organs or tissues to take up (absorb, concentrate) certain elements or compounds. Radionuclides may be swallowed, inhaled, or injected into a body cavity or into the circulation. radiopaque resisting penetration by x-rays.

radiotherapy treatment of disease (cancer) with high-energy x-rays in the diagnosis with disease. radius one of two lower arm bones. The radius is located on the thumb side of the hand. rale an irregular discontinuous sound, like bubbling fluid, cracking paper, or popping corn. Rales are heard on auscultation of the lungs and are due to passage of air though fluid mucus, pus, edema fluid, or blood or to the sudden expansion of small air passages that have been plugged or sealed by mucus. rapidly alternating movements test a test for coordination, this test has the patient perform rapid alternating movements of the hands or feet. rasp, raspatory a surgical file. RAST radioallergosorbent test. rational therapy form of treatment in which mental disorders, which are thought to result from misinformation, wrong belief systems, and distorted logic, are improved by the therapists use of direct, positive teaching and advice. rationalization a mental process of justifying some act or omission through logical reasoning or argumentation, usually as a means of reducing feelings of guilt or inadequacy. rbc/hpf - red blood cells per high power field. RBCs - red blood cells; the most numerous cells of the blood, which carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. RCA right coronary artery. RDA recommended daily allowance. re- = back (as in reabsorption). reabsorption process of absorbing again that occurs in the kidneys. reactant any substance entering (and being changed by) a chemical reaction; reactive forms of a gene are represented by lowercase letters); compare with dominant. reality testing an individuals ability to perceive reality as it is, not as distorted by abnormal thought processes, disorders of perception, delusions, or hallucinations. real-time examination ultrasonographic examination performed by sweeping the ultrasound beam through the scan plane at a rapid rate, generating up to 30 images per second. The display of images at this frequency is in effect a motion picture, providing visualization of movement of internal structures as it actually occurs.

rebound tenderness additional stab of pain when pressure on abdomen is released, often indicating peritoneal irritation. receiving chambers atria of the heart; receive blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae. receptor peripheral beginning of a sensory neurons dendrite. recessive in genetics, the term recessive refers to genes that have effects that do not appear in the offspring when they are masked by a dominant gene. reconstitution maintenance of flow in an artery beyond an area of narrowing or obstruction by establishment of collateral circulation. reconstruction study generation of an image by computer processing of scan data. rect/o = rectum (as in rectocele). rectocele hernia (protrusion) of the rectum into the vagina. rectopexy proctopexy; fixation of the rectum to some adjacent tissue or organ by suture. rectoscope proctoscope. rectovaginal exam with the patient in the lithotomy position, the examiner inserts one finger in the vagina and another in the rectum at the same time. rectum end of the colon. The rectum delivers wastes (feces) to the anus for elimination. rectus abdominis muscle that runs down the middle of the abdomen; protects the abdominal viscera and flexes the spinal column. red blood cells, nucleated immature red blood cells, released from the bone marrow before disappearance of their nuclei. red blood cell indices measures of the volume and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, derived by calculating from the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count. The red cell indices are the MCV, MCH, and MCHC. reflex involuntary action. reflex arc allows an impulse to travel in only one direction. reflux backflow, as in flow of stomach contents back into esophagus. refraction bending of a ray of light as it passes from a medium of one density to one of a different density. regeneration the process of replacing missing tissue with new tissue by means of cell division. rehab rehabilitation.

Reiter syndrome arthritis, conjunctivitis, mucocutaneous lesions. rejection reaction immune responses to a donated or grafted tissue or organ. relapse return of a disease after its apparent termination. releasing hormones (RH) hormone produced by the hypothalamus gland that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release its hormones. Relton-Hall frame a frame placed on top of a conventional operating table, the frame having a generally rectangular base frame; used for spinal surgeries. remission lessening signs and symptoms of a disease. ren/o = kidney (use with -AL and -GRAM). renal pertaining to the kidney. renal azotemia parenchymal or intrinsic; disease of the kidney proper. renal calculus kidney stone. renal colic pain caused by the passage of a kidney stone. renal columns extensions of cortical tissue that dip down into the medulla of the kidney between the renal pyramids. renal corpuscle the part of the nephron located in the cortex of the kidney. renal cortex outer portion of the kidney. renal failure acute or chronic loss of kidney function; acute kidney failure is often reversible, but chronic kidney failure slowly progresses to total loss of renal function (and death if kidney function is not restored through a kidney transplant or use of an artificial kidney). renal medulla inner portion of the kidney. renal papilla nipple-like point of a renal pyramid, from which urine drips out of the kidney tubules. renal pelvis central section of the kidney where urine collects. renal ptosis condition in which one or both kidneys descend, often because of loss of the fat pad that surrounds each kidney. renal pyramid triangular-shaped division of the medulla of the kidney. renal tubule one of the two principal parts of the nephron. renin enzyme produced by the kidney that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin, a substance that increases blood pressure.

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) causes changes in blood plasma volume and blood pressure mainly by controlling aldosterone secretion. renogastric pertaining to the kidney and stomach. repolarization begins just before the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle activity. repression the mental process of thrusting out of consciousness impulses or desires that are perceived as incompatible with ones own standards or sense of fitness, and that therefore generate unpleasant emotions; repressed material occupies a large part of the subconscious. reproductive system produces hormones that permit the development of sexual characteristics and the propagation of the species. research laboratory investigation of a medical problem. resection removal (excision) of an organ or structure. residual schizophrenia history of schizophrenia but only mild, nonpsychotic residual impairment of mental function. residual volume (RV) the air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration. resolution the ability of an optical, radiographic, or other image-forming device to distinguish or separate two closely adjacent points in the subject. In CT, resolution is measured in lines per millimeter. The higher the resolution, the sharper and more faithful the image. resorption 1. the destruction, disappearance, or dissolution of a tissue or part by biochemical activity, as the loss of bone or tooth dentin. 2. also called reabsorption; the selective uptake into the bloodstream of substances previously filtered out of the blood. respire/o, respirat/o = breathe, breathing (as in respirator). respiration breathing or pulmonary ventilation. respirator an apparatus to qualify the air breathed through it, or a device for giving artificial respiration or to assist in pulmonary ventilation. respiratory acidosis a respiratory disturbance that results in a carbonic acid excess. respiratory alkalosis a respiratory disturbance that results in a carbonic acid deficit. respiratory arrest cessation of breathing without resumption. respiratory control center centers located in the medulla and pons that stimulate the muscles of respiration. respiratory distress syndrome difficulty in breathing caused by absence or failure of the surfactant in fluid lining the alveoli of the lung; IRDS is infant respiratory distress syndrome; ARDS is adult respiratory distress syndrome.

respiratory membrane the single layer of cells that makes up the wall of the alveoli. respiratory mucosa mucous-covered membrane that lines the tubes of the respiratory tree. respiratory muscles muscles responsible for the changing shape of the thoracic cavity that allows air to move in and out of the lungs. respiratory system organs that control breathing, allowing air to enter and leave the body. respiratory therapist health professional who helps patients increase respiratory function and learn to cope with the effects of respiratory conditions. respiratory tract the two divisions of the respiratory system are the upper and lower respiratory tracts. resting tremor tremor occurring only when the affected muscles are not being used for purposeful activity. reticular formation located in the medulla where bits of gray and white matter mix intricately. reticulocyte an immature red blood cell whose cytoplasm contains an irregular network of degenerating nuclear material. An increase in the number of reticulocytes indicates increased red blood cell production in response to blood loss or hemolysis. retina innermost layer of the eye; contains rods and cones and continues posteriorly with the optic nerve. retinitis inflammation of the retina, the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eyeball. retinitis pigmentosa a group of diseases, frequently hereditary, marked by progressive loss of retinal response (as recorded by the electroretinograph), retinal atrophy, attenuation (the act of thinning or weakening) of retinal vessels, and clumping of the pigment, with contraction of the field of vision. retinotoxic exerting a toxic or deleterious effect upon the retina. retraction the act of drawing back, or condition of being drawn back. retractor 1. an instrument for maintaining operative exposure by separating the edges of a wound and holding back underlying organs and tissues; many shapes, sizes, and styles are available. 2. any retractile muscle. retro- = behind (as in retrobulbar). retrobulbar behind the pons (brain stem); behind the eyeball. retroflexed bent posteriorly; in a state of retroflexion. retrogastric pertaining to behind the stomach.

retrognathism abnormal posterior positioning of one or both jaws, particularly the mandible, relative to the facial skeleton and the soft tissues. Called also retrognathia. retrolingual behind the tongue. retroperitoneal pertaining to the behind the peritoneum. retroperitoneal mass a mass in the posterior of the peritoneum (abdominal cavity). revascularization a surgical procedure for the provision of a new, additional, or augmented blood supply to a body part or organ. RF rheumatoid factor. Rh-negative red blood cells that do not contain the antigen called Rh factor. Rh system classification of blood based on the presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh-) of a unique antigen on the surface of RBCs. rhabdomy/o = striated/skeletal muscle (as in rhabdomyolysis). rhabdomyolysis disintegration of striated muscle fibers with excretion of myoglobin in the urine. rhe/o = flow, current, stream (as in rheocardiography). rheocardiography the recording of the changes in the bodys electrical conductivity that are synchronous with the beating of the heart. rheumatic heart disease cardiac damage (especially to the endocardium, including the valves) resulting from a delayed inflammatory response to streptococcal infection. rheumatoid arthritis an autoimmune inflammatory joint disease characterized by synovial inflammation that spreads to other tissue. rheumatoid factor (RF) an antibody present in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders. rheumatologist specialist in the treatment of disease of connective tissues, especially the joints. rheumatology branch of medicine dealing with inflammation, degeneration or chemical changes in connective tissue, such as joints and muscles. Pain, stiffness and limit of motion are characteristics of rheumatological disorders. RHIA Registered Health Information Technician. rhin/o = nose (as in rhinolithiasis). rhinitis inflammation of the nose.

rhinolith nasal calculus. rhinolithiasis a condition associated with formation of rhinoliths. rhinophonia a nasal twang or quality of voice. rhinophyma enlargement and deformity of the external nose, usually as a result of rosacea. rhinoplasty surgical repair of the nose. rhinorrhea discharge from the nose. rhinoscope an instrument for examining the interior of the nose. rhinotomy incision of the nose. rhiz/o = root (as in rhizotomy). rhizotomy division or transection of a nerve root, either within the spinal canal or outside it. RhoGAM an injection of a special protein given to an Rh-negative woman who is pregnant to prevent her body from forming anti-Rh antibodies, which may harm an Rh-positive baby. Rh-negative red blood cells that do not contain the antigen called Rh factor. Rh-positive red blood cells that contain an antigen called Rh factor. Rh system classification of blood based on the presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh-) of a unique antigen on the surface of RBCs. rhonchus (pl. rhonchi) whistling or honking sounds resulting from passage of air through a respiratory passage narrowed by bronchospasm (in asthma), swelling, thickened secretions, or tumor. Rhonchi vary widely in patch and intensity; in asthma, rhonchi of many different pitches may be heard together (musical chest). rhytid/o = wrinkle (as in rhytidectomy). rhytidectomy plastic surgery for the elimination of wrinkles from the skin around the face; called also rhytidoplasty. Popularly known as a face lift. rhytidoplasty rhytidectomy. RIA radioimmunoassay. rib one of twelve paired bones surrounding the chest. Seven (true ribs) attach directly to the breastbone, three (false ribs) attach to the seventh rib, and two (floating ribs) are not attached at all! ribonucleic acid (RNA) a nucleic acid found in the cytoplasm that is crucial to protein synthesis.

ribosomal RNA also called rRNA, it is a form of RNA that makes up most of the structures (subunits) of the ribosome organelle of the cell. ribosome organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesizes proteins; also known as a protein factory. rickets childhood form of osteomalacia, a bone-softening condition caused by vitamin D deficiency. rickettsia small bacterium that infects human cells as an obligate parasite. rigor mortis literally stiffness of death, the permanent contraction of muscle tissue after death caused by the depletion of ATP during the actin-myosin reaction preventing miosin from releasing actin to allow relaxation of the muscles. Rinne test the sound of a vibrating tuning fork positioned so that the tines are near the pinna (air conduction) should be heard by the subject even after the sound sensed when the shank of the tuning fork is placed on the mastoid process behind the ear (bone conduction) can no longer be heard; when bone conduction is heard longer than air conduction in an ear with reduced hearing, the hearing loss is due to obstruction of the meatus or disease of the middle ear. risk factor predisposing condition factor that puts one at a higher than usual risk for developing a particular disease. RLL right lower lobe. RLQ right lower quadrant. RMT Registered Medical Transcriptionist. rods receptors located in the retina that are responsible for night vision. roentgenography the taking of pictures (roentgenograms) of internal structures of the body by passage of x-rays through the body to act on specially sensitized film. ROM range of motion. Romberg test has the subject stand with feet together and eyes open, then eyes closed, so assess position sense in the trunk and legs. romied verb form of ROMI (rule out MI). rongeur a heavy-duty forceps for removing small pieces of bone or tough tissue. rosette formation a formation occurring in a loosely attached cluster resembling a rose. rot/o, rotat/o = turn, revolve (as in rotator). rotation movement around a longitudinal axis; for example, the motion of shaking your head no.

rotator 1. causing rotation. 2. muscle that rotates a body part. Roth spots retinal exudates. RPR - rapid plasma regain; test for antibody to Treponema pallidum. Used in the diagnosis of syphilis. -rrhagia, -rrhage = excessive flow. -rrhaphy = suture. -rrhea = flow, discharge. -rrhexis = rupture. rrhythm/o = rhythm. RSI repetitive stress injury. RSV respiratory syncytial virus. rugae wrinkles or folds. rugous characterized by wrinkles. RUL right upper lobe. rule of nines a frequently used method to determine the extent of a burn injury; the body is divided into 11 areas of 9% each to help estimate the amount of skin surface burned in an adult. runoff the flow of blood and contrast medium through the branches of an artery into which the medium has been injected. RUQ right upper quadrant. RV right ventricular to PA (pulmonary artery) conduit. sacchar/o = sugar (as in saccharogalactorrhea). saccharogalactorrhea secretion of milk containing an excess of sugar. sacr/o = sacrum (five fused bones in the lower back). sacral pertaining to the sacrum, a wedge-shaped mass of bone at the lower end of the spine that represents the fusion of five vertebrae and articulates with the pelvic bones. sacralization abnormal bony fusion between the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum. sacrum triangular bone in the lower back, below the lumbar bones and formed by five fused bones.

SAD seasonal affective disorder. sagittal longitudinal; like an arrow. sagittal plane an imaginary plane that divides an organ or the body into right or left portions. The midsagittal plane divides a structure equally into right and left halves. salivary amylase digestive enzyme found in the saliva that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates (begins conversion of starch to smaller carbohydrate molecules). salping/o = fallopian (uterine) tube (as in salpingocyesis). salpingectomy removal of a fallopian (uterine) tube. salpingitis inflammation of the uterine (fallopian) tubes. salpingocyesis tubal pregnancy. salt compound formed when an acid and a base combine; sometimes specifically refers to the common salt, sodium chloride (NaCl). saltatory conduction when a nerve impulse encounters myelin and jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next. sangu/I, sanguine/o = blood (as in sanguiferous). sanguiferous 1. containing blood. 2. circulatory. sanit/a = heath (as in sanitarian). sanitarian a public health worker skilled in the surveillance of food services, water and air pollution, and sewage planning and control. sapr/o = rotten, decay (as in sapremia). sapremia blood poisoning caused by the toxins produced by bacterial putrefaction, as in gangrene. sarc/o = flesh (as in lymphosarcoma). sarcoidosis chronic, progressive disorder of cells in connective tissue, spleen, liver, bone marrow, lungs, and lymph nodes. Small collections of cells (granulomas) form in affected organs and tissues. sarcoma cancerous (malignant) tumor of the fleshy tissues (fat, bone, muscle, cartilage). sarcomere contractile unit of muscle; length of a myofibril between two z bands. SARS-associated coronavirus a type of coronavirus shown to be the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

satting slang for oxygen saturation. saucerization radical surgical excision of infected bone. SBE subacute bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis. SBFT small bowel follow-through. SC, Sq, subQ slang for subcutaneous (use subcu if dictated) scabies contagious skin condition caused by the itch mite. scale a flake of epidermis shed from the skin surface. scalpel a small surgical steel knife with a straight handle, and, usually, a blade with a convex edge. scaphoid shaped like a boat. scapul/o = scapula (as in scapulopexy). scapula shoulder bone. scar mass of tissue, usually fibrous connective tissue that remains after a damaged tissue has been repaired. scarlatinal pertaining to scarlet fever. Scarpas fascia abdominal fascia. Scheie operation scleral cauterization with peripheral iridectomy (surgical excision of a fullthickness piece of the iris; called also corectomy), for treatment of glaucoma. Schirmer test a test of tear production in which a piece of filter paper is inserted over the conjunctival sac of the lower lid, with the end of the paper hanging down on the outside. schist/o, -schisis = split, cleft (as in schistocyte). schistocyte a fragment of an erythrocyte, commonly observed in the blood in hemolytic anemia. schiz/o = split, division (as in schizophasia). schizophasia word salad. schizoid the traits of shyness, sensitivity, social withdrawal, and introversion that characterize a person with schizoid personality disorder. Schwann cells large nucleated cells that form myelin.

sciatica a set of symptoms including pain that may be caused by general compression or irritation of one of five spinal nerve roots that give rise to each sciatic nerve, or by compression or irritation of the left or right or both sciatic nerves. The pain is felt in the lower back, buttock, or various parts of the leg and foot. Also called lumbar radiculopathy, which involves compression of the sciatic nerve roots, caused by a herniated (torn) or protruding disc in the lower back. scientific method any logical and systematic approach to discovering principles of nature; often involving testing of tentative explanations called hypotheses. scintillating scotomas transitory visual field defects. scirrh/o = hard (as in scirrhoma). sclerae plural of sclera; the tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior five-sixths of its surface, and continues anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. sclerectasia a bulging state of the sclera. scleroderma rare disorder affecting the vessels and connective tissue of skin and other tissues, characterized by tissue hardening. scoli/o = crooked, twisted (as in scoliorachitic). scoliorachitic affected with scoliosis and rickets. scoliosis abnormal lateral (side-to-side) curvature of the vertebral column. scotoma a blind spot; a gap in the visual field of one or both eyes in which objects cannot be seen. A scotoma that appears identical in each eye is always due to a disease or condition of the central nervous system (for example, migraine headache). A scotoma may appear as a black hole or may show flashes or swirls of white or colored light. scotopia 1. night vision. 2. the adjustment of the eye for darkness; dark adaptation. scratch test the application, to a superficial scratch made in the skin, of a chemical or other type of substance known to produce an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. Many scratches are made in the skin, and the area is examined again in 30 minutes. Reddened, raised areas of skin indicate a positive allergic reaction. script prescription. scrotum - pouchlike sac that contains the testes scurvy condition caused by avitaminosis (lack of vitamin C), which impairs the normal maintenance of collagen-containing connective tissues, causing bleeding and ulceration of the skin, gums, and other tissues.

sebaceous gland oil-producing glands in the skin. seb/o = sebum (as in seborrhea). seborrhea excessive discharge from the sebaceous glands; forming greasy scales or cheesy plugs on the body; it is generally attended with itching or burning. sebum secretion of sebaceous glands. second-degree burn burn injury that is more severe than a first-degree burn and often involves damage to the dermis; also a partial-thickness burn. second-messenger molecule that provides communication within the target cell of a chemical signal such as a hormone; for example, cyclic AMP. second-messenger mechanism a system of cellular communication (signal transduction) in which a molecule provides a communication link within the target cell of a chemical signal such as a hormone; for example, cyclic AMP links the external signal (arrival of the hormone or neurotransmitter) to the internal cellular processes that produce changes in the target cell. secondary amenorrhea cessation of menses that have been normal in the past. secondary bronchi smaller bronchial branches that result from division of the primary bronchi. secondary infection infection that occurs as a consequence of the weakened state of the body or damage caused by a previously existing disease. secondary protein second level of protein structure formed by the folding of the primary protein (string of amino acids) into helices (spirals) and pleated folds. secondary sexual characteristics external physical characteristics of sexual maturity resulting from the action of the sex hormones; they include growth of male and female patterns of body hair and fat distribution, as well as development of the external genitals. secretion in kidney function refers to active movement of substances such as electrolytes, waste products, or drugs through kidney tubule cells into the urine. secretory phase phase of menstrual cycle that begins at ovulation and lasts until the next menses begins. -sect = to cut. sections small samples of representative tissue used by the pathologist for gross examination. sections (of body) a cut, ordinarily flat, through the body or any body part. sed rate see erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). segmentectomy surgical removal of a segment, as of the lung or liver.

segs brief form for segmented neutrophils, segmented mature RBCs. seizure sudden onset of abnormal body function, as in a brain seizure when a sudden disruption in the normal firing of neurons in the brain causes mild to severe neurological symptoms such as involuntary muscle spasms, changes in consciousness, or abnormal sensations. sella turica - a small depression of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland. sellar pertaining to the sella turica, a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone of the skull. semen male reproductive fluid or seminal fluid. semen analysis examination of semen to determine the number, shape, and motility of spermatozoa as a part of an infertility evaluation. semicircular canals - located in the inner ear; contain a special receptor called crista ampullaris that generates a nerve impulse on movement of the head. semicoma a stupor from which the patient may be aroused. semilunar (SL) valves valves located between the two ventricular chambers and the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart; valves found in the veins. semin/i = semen (as in seminiferous). seminiferous producing or carrying semen. seminal vesicle paired, pouchlike glands that contribute about 60% of the seminal fluid volume; rich in fructose, which is a source of energy for sperm. seminiferous tubule long, coiled structure that forms the bulk of the testicular mass. senescence older adulthood; aging. sensitize to introduce radioactive material into a fluid, tissue, or space for purposes of performing a radioactive scan; essentially the same as label. sensitized 1. rendered sensitive. 2. pertaining to tissues that have been made reactive to antigens. sensor part of a homeostatic feedback loop that detects (senses) changes in the physiological variable that is regulated by the feedback loop. sensory neurons neurons that transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. sensory receptors sense organs in skin, internal organs, and muscles that allow a body to respond to various stimuli.

-sepsis = putrefaction (as in antisepsis). septic/o = pertaining to infection (as in septicemia). septic shock circulatory failure (shock) resulting from complications of septicemia (toxins in blood resulting from infection). septicemia infection in the blood. Commonly called blood poisoning and is associated with the presence of bacteria or their poisons in the blood. septipara a woman who has had seven pregnancies which have resulted in viable offspring; also written para VII or VII-para. sept/o = partition (as in septorhinoplasty). septorhinoplasty a plastic operation combining reconstruction of the nasal septum and correction of deformities of the external nose. septum dividing wall or partition. sequelae lesions following or caused by an attack of disease. serial scans a series of scans made at regular intervals along one dimension of a body region. serial sections multiple slices of a specimen to provide a three-dimensional concept of a tissue or lesion. ser/o = serum, serous (as in serosanguineous). serosa outermost covering of the digestive tract; composed of the parietal pleura in the abdominal cavity. serosal pertaining to a serous membrane. serosanguineous composed of serum and blood. serotonin a neurotransmitter that belongs to a group of compounds called catecholamines. serous pertaining to serum; thin and watery, like serum; producing or containing serum. serous gland one producing a thin, watery secretion, not containing mucus. serous membrane a two-layer epithelial membrane that lines body cavities and covers the surfaces of organs. serum blood plasma minus its clotting factors, still contains antibodies. sesamoid 1. denoting a small nodular bone embedded in a tendon or joint capsule. 2. a sesamoid bone (chiefly hands and feet).

17-ketosteroids urinary breakdown products of adrenal cortical hormones, increased in certain disorders of the adrenal gland. severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) viral infection characterized by pneumonia and symptoms of fever, dry cough, dyspnea (shortness of breath), headache, hypoxia (low oxygen concentration in the blood), and sometimes progressing to death due to respiratory failure caused by damage to the alveoli of the lungs. severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) nearly complete failure of the lymphocytes to develop properly, in turn causing failure of the immune systems defense of the body; very rare congenital immune disorder. sex chromosomes pair of chromosomes in the human genome that determine gender; normal males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY), whereas females have two X chromosomes (XX). sex hormone - any hormone that has a direct effect on sexual structure or function, such as testosterone (male) and estrogens (female). sex-linked trait nonsexual, inherited trait governed by genes located in a sex chromosome (X or Y); most known sex-linked traits are X-linked. sexually transmitted disease (STD) any communicable disease that is commonly transmitted through sexual contact. sexually transmitted infection (STI) any infection that is commonly transmitted through sexual contact and which may or may not produce symptoms; a sexually transmitted infection that produces symptoms (makes a person sick) may also be called a sexually transmitted disease (STD). SGOT (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) an older name for AST. SGPT (serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) an older name for ALT. SH social history. shave biopsy a thin layer of skin consisting mostly or entirely of epidermis is removed with a blade held approximately parallel to the surface. sheath a tubular case or envelope. shift to the left an increase in the relative number of immature neutrophils, as detected in a differential white blood count. The various types of cells were formerly recorded on forms arranged in columns, the more immature neutrophils being recorded at the extreme left of the form. shock (precordial) an abnormally strong thrust applied to the chest wall by the beating heart, as detected by the examiners fingers.

shock a group of signs and symptoms (paleness of skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow breathing) indicating poor blood circulation to tissues and insufficient return of blood to the heart. shortness of breath feeling out of breath; breathlessness; difficulty catching ones breath. shotty nodes (not shoddy). sial/o = saliva (as in sialolith). sialorrhea ptyalism; excessive salivation; also called hypersalivation; hyperptyalism. sickle cell an abnormal red blood cell found in persons with sickle cell anemia; the cell assumes a sickle or crescent shape at reduced oxygen levels. sickle cell anemia severe, possibly fatal, hereditary disease caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin. sickling an abnormal sickle or crescent shape observed in red blood cells on a blood smear. sider/o = iron (as in sideropenia). sideropenia deficiency of iron in the body or blood. siderophore macrophage containing hemosiderin. SIDS sudden infant death syndrome. sigmoid/o = sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy). sigmoid colon s-shaped lower portion of the colon. sigmoidoscopy visual examination of the sigmoid colon using an endoscope inserted through the anus and rectum. sign objective deviation from normal (perceived by an examiner) that marks the presence of a disease. signal intensity the strength of the signal or stream of radiofrequency energy emitted by tissue after an excitation pulse. signal transduction term that refers to the whole process of getting a chemical signal (such as a hormone or neurotransmitter) to the inside of a cell; in a way, signal transduction is really signal translation by the cell. silic/o = silica, quartz (as in silicosis). silicosis a lung disease caused by the prolonged inhalation of silica dust.

simple columnar epithelium type of tissue that forms a membrane made up of a single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide. simple cuboidal epithelium type of tissue that forms a membrane made up of a single layer of cube-like cells simple seizure no unconsciousness; local twitching or jerking; perception of flashing lights or other abnormal sensory phenomena. simple squamous epithelium type of tissue that forms a membrane made up of a single layer of flattened cells. Sinemet trademark for a preparation of carbidopa and levodopa, a combination used to control the symptoms of Parkinson disease. In the presence of carbidopa, levodopa enters the brain in larger quantities, thus avoiding the need for excessively high doses of it. single-chamber St. Jude ICD implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. single-proton emission computed tomography (SPECT) a form of nuclear imaging using computer software to generate two-and three-dimensional images. Used to evaluate regional blood flow, assess disorders of the heart and lungs, and evaluate head injuries, seizure disorders, stroke, brain tumors, and dementia. sinister/o = left. sinoatrial (SA) node the hearts pacemaker; where the impulse conduction of the heart normally starts, located in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava. Sinskey hook a slender hook used in eye surgery. sinus/o = cavity, sinus (as in sinusotomy). sinus a cavity or space, such as in a bone. Also refers to the sinoatrial node or pacemaker of the heart. sinus dysrhythmia variation in the rhythm of heart rate during the breathing cycle (inspiration and expiration). sinus rhythm normal heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial lobe. sinusitis sinus infection. sinusotomy incision of a sinus. sit/o = food (sitophobia). sitophobia irrational fear of eating or of food. situs site or position.

situs inversus total or partial transposition of the body organs to the side opposite the normal. Sjogren syndrome a symptom complex of unknown etiology, usually occurring in middle-aged or older women, marked by the triad of keratoconjunctivitis sicca with or without lacrimal gland enlargement. An abnormal immune response has been implicated. skelet/o = skeleton (as in skeletogenous). skeletal muscle muscles under willed or voluntary control; also known as voluntary muscle. skeletal system the bones, cartilage, and ligaments that provide the body with a rigid framework for support and protection. skeletogenous producing skeletal structures or tissues. skip areas intervening zones of normal mucosa on sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. skull bone that surrounds the brain and other organs in the head. sliding filament model concept in muscle physiology describing the contraction of muscle fiber in terms of the sliding of microscopic protein filaments past each other within the myofibrils in a manner that shortens the myofibrils and thus the entire muscle. SMAC panel Sequential Multiple Analyzer plus Computer. small bowel transit time the time required for swallowed contrast medium to pass through the small bowel and appear in the colon. small intestine part of GI tract that includes duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. smear material spread thinly over a microscopic slide. smear and culture microbiologic study of secretions or other materials from the cervix, vagina, urethra, rectum, or from superficial lesions, to identify causes of infection. smooth muscle muscle that is not under conscious control; also known as involuntary or visceral muscle; forms the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach and small intestine. snuff dippers pouch precancerous leukoplakia (white patches) in fold between cheek and gum caused by use of smokeless tobacco. SOAP subjective, objective, assessment, plan. SOB shortness of breath. sodium-potassium pump a system of coupled ion pumps that actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell at the same time found in all living cells.

solute substance that dissolves into another substance; for example, in saltwater the salt is the solute dissolved in water. solvent substance in which other substances are dissolved; for example, in saltwater the water is the solvent for salt. somat/o = body (as in somatoscopy). somatic nervous system the motor neurons that control the voluntary actions of skeletal muscles. somatoscopy examination of the body. somatotype a particular type of body build. somatostatin a hormone that inhibits production and release of growth hormone. -some = body (as in chromosome). somn/I, -somnia = sleep (as in insomnia). son/o = sound (as in sonolucent). sonogram see ultrasound. sonolucent offering relatively little resistance to ultrasound waves (as air or fluid) and hence generating few or no echoes. sounds clicking, popping, rubbing, grating. SPA single-photon absorptiometry. span/o = scanty, scarce (as in spanopnea). spanopnea a condition marked by abnormally slow and deep breathing or lack of breathing. spasm sustained contraction, usually painful, of a muscle. -spasm = involuntary contraction (as in vasospasm). spastic paralysis loss of voluntary muscle control characterized by involuntary contractions of affected muscles. spasticity tight muscles with resistance to manipulation and hyperactive reflexes. specific immunity the protective mechanisms that provide specific protection against certain types of bacteria or toxins. SPECT - single photon emission computed tomography; a form of nuclear imaging using computer software to generate two- and three-dimensional images. Used to evaluate regional

blood flow, assess disorders of the heart and lungs, and evaluate head injuries, seizure disorders, stroke, brain tumors, and dementia. spectro/o = image, spectrum (as in spectrocolorimeter). spectrocolorimeter an ophthalmospectroscope using a source of light from a selected wavelength of the spectrum to detect colorblindness for one color. speculum an instrument for opening or distending a body orifice or cavity to permit visual inspection. sperm the male spermatozoon; sex cell. sperm/o, spermat/o = spermatozoa (as in spermatogenesis). spermatids the resulting daughter cells from the primary spermatocyte undergoing meiosis; these cells have only half the genetic material and half the chromosomes of other body cells. spermatogenesis production of sperm cells. spermatozoa sperm cells or male sex cells. sphere/o = round, sphere (as in spherocytosis). spherocyte small, globular, completely hemoglobinated erythrocyte without the usual central pallor; characteristically found in hereditary spherocytosis but also in acquired hemolytic anemia. spherocytosis abnormal spherical shape of red blood cells as noted in a stained smear of whole blood on microscopic examination. sphincter ring-shaped muscle. sphincterotomy through the scope cutting the sphincter of Oddi, which is located in the second portion of the duodenum through which the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct enter the small intestine. sphygm/o = pulse (as in sphygmoscope). sphygomomanometer device for measuring blood pressure in the arteries of a limb. sphygmoscope a device for rendering the pulse beat visible. -sphyxia = pulse (as in asphyxia). spiculated having spicules (sharp, needle-like bodies or spikes). spin/o = spinal cord, spine (as in spinocerebellar).

spina bifida a failure of closure of one or more vertebrae in the posterior midline, which may be associated with bulging of meninges (meningocele) or of spinal cord and meninges (meningomyelocele). spinal cavity space in the back that contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by the backbones. spinal column backbones; vertebrae. spinal cord bundle of nerves that extends from the brain down the back. The spinal cord carries electrical messages to and from the spinal cord. spinal nerves nerves that connect the spinal cord to peripheral structures such as the skin and skeletal muscles. spinal tap see lumbar puncture. spinal tracts the white columns of the spinal cord that provide two-way conduction paths to and from the brain, whereas descending tracts conduct impulses from the brain. spindle fiber a network of tubules formed in the cytoplasm between the centrioles as they are moving away from each other. spin-echo image am MRI obtained by the spin-echo technique. With this technique, T2 is determined indirectly, as a function of TE, the echo time. spinnbarkeit when the estrogen level is high but the progesterone level is low (the conditions existing just before and just after ovulation), a specimen of cervical mucus can be drawn out into strings or strands several centimeters in length. This property is called spinnbarkeit (German, ability to be drawn out into a string). When both estrogen and progesterone are present in large amounts, cervical mucus loses this property, and attempts to draw it out into a string fail. spirochete a spiral-shaped bacterium. The organisms that cause syphilis and Lyme disease are spirochetes. spir/o = breathe (as in bronchospirometry). spirometer an instrument used to measure the amount of air exchanged in breathing. splanchn/o = viscera (as in splanchnoptosis) splanchnomegaly enlargement of the viscera. splanchnoptosis prolapse or backward displacement of the viscera. spleen organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Stores blood cells and destroys red blood cells while producing white blood cells called lymphocytes. splen/o = spleen (as in splenectasis).

splenectasis enlargement of the spleen; splenomegaly. splenectomy surgical removal of the spleen. splenectopy displacement of the spleen. splenemphraxis congestion of the spleen. splenic colic (left) flexure point in which the descending colon turns downward on the left side of the abdomen. splenomegaly condition of enlargement of the spleen. spline flat nail that is placed across a fracture of osteotomy to hold it in place. splitting separation of the first or second heart sound, or both, into two distinctly audible components. spondyl/o = vertebra (as in spondylopyosis). spondylolisthesia forward displacement of one vertebra over another. spondylopyosis suppuration (formation or discharge of pus) of a vertebrae. spondylosis a congenital defect in the pars interacrticularis of a lumbar vertebra (usually L5) that predisposes to spondylolisthesis. spongeoblast 1. any of the embryonic epithelial cells developed about the same neural tube, which become transformed, some into neurological and some into ependymal cells. 2. amacrine (without long processes). spongy bone porous bone in the end of the long bone, which may be filled with marrow. spontaneous abortion miscarriage; loss of an embryo or fetus before the twentieth week of gestation (or fetus under a weight of 500 g). spontaneous pneumothorax sudden leakage of air from a lung into the pleural space. spore nonreproducing form of a bacterium that resists adverse environmental conditions, spores revert to the active multiplying form when conditions improve. sporozoa coccidia; parasitic protozoan that enters a host cell during one phase of a two-part life cycle. sprain an acute injury to soft tissues surrounding a joint, including muscle, tendon, and/or ligament. spurring formation of one or more jagged osteophytes, as in osteoarthritis.

sputum may be variously described as blood-streaked, bloody, clear, foul-tasting, frothy, gelatinous, green, purulent, putrid, ropy, rusty, viscid, viscous, watery, or yellow. sputum examination for pathogenic organisms (by smear and culture), neoplastic cells, or other abnormal findings. squamous scale-like. squamous cell carcinoma malignant tumor of the epidermis; slow-growing cancer that is capable of metastasizing; the most common type of skin cancer. squamous suture the immovable joint between the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. SR slow release. SS soap suds enema. stabs another name for bands (immature neutrophils). The German word Stab means staff or rod, referring to the unsegmented nucleus of an immature neutrophil. stacked scans same as contiguous images. Stadol trademark for preparations of butorphanol tartrate, administered intramuscularly, intravenously, or intranasally as an analgesic and intravenously as an adjunct to anesthesia. stain coloring solution used by pathologists to impart a more or less intense coloration to the tissues, which greatly facilitates microscopic examination. -stalsis = contraction (as in peristalsis). stapedectomy surgical removal of the stapes (stirrup of the middle ear), which is then replaced with a prosthetic device composed of stainless steel, Teflon, or a similar substance. The surgical procedure is performed for the relief of deafness produced by otosclerosis, or fixation of the minute bones of the middle ear. Replacement of the fixed stapes with a device capable of vibrating permits the transmission of sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear, and hearing is thus restored. stapes tiny, stirrup-shaped bone in the inner ear. staph a short word form for Staphylococcus, a category of bacteria that can infect the skin and other organs, sometimes seriously. staphyl/o = uvula, grapelike clusters (as in staphylorrhaphy). staphylorrhaphy surgical correction of a midline cleft in the uvula and soft palate. -stasis = standing still, standing (as in myostasis). status asthmaticus severe refractory asthma.

status post a Latin phrase meaning state or condition after or following. Sometimes status is omitted from the expression status post but is understood. STD sexually transmitted disease. STD screen sexually transmitted diseases screen. steat/o = fat (as in steatocryptosis). steatocryptosis any disease of the sebaceous glands. steatorrhea excessive amounts of fat in the feces. stem cells cells capable of dividing to produce new cell types. stenosed (cardiac) valves valves that are narrower than normal, slowing blood flow from a heart chamber. -stenosis = narrowed, constricted (as in aortostenosis). Stensen ducts the ducts of the parotid salivary glands; also known as parotid ducts. stern/o - sternum (as in sternocostal). sternoclavicular joint the direct point of attachment between the bones of the upper extremity and the axial skeleton. Steri-Strips 3M Nexcare branded thin adhesive strips which can be used to close small wounds, generally known as butterfly stitches. sterility as applied to humans, the inability to reproduce. sternocleidomastoid the strap muscle located on the anterior aspect of the neck. sternum breastbone. steroid hormone lipid-soluble hormones that pass intact through the cell membrane of the target cell and influence cell activity by acting on specific genes. steth/o = chest (as in stethoscope). sthen/o, -sthenia = strength (as in sthenometry). sthenometry the measure of muscular strength. stigma (pl. stigmata) a structural of functional peculiarity or abnormality that is characteristic of an inherited or acquired condition, and may be useful in its diagnosis. stillbirth delivery of a dead fetus (after twentieth week of gestation; before 20 weeks it is termed as spontaneous abortion).

stimulus agent that causes a change in the activity of a structure. stoma an opening, such as the opening created in a colostomy procedure. stomach an expansion of the digestive tract between the esophagus and small intestine. stomat/o = mouth (as in stomatomalacia). stomatitis inflammation of the mouth. stomatomalacia excessive or abnormal softness of the oral structures. -stomy = surgical opening. stool for ova and parasites (O&P) examination of stool for parasites or their ova (eggs). strabismus abnormal condition in which lack of coordination of, or weakness in, the muscles that control one or both eyes cause improper focusing of images on the retina, thus making depth perception difficult. straight leg raising with the patient supine, the leg is elevated with the knee straight to the point where pain is experienced in the back or leg itself, or dorsiflexion of the foot causes an increase in pain. This test is done to determine if nerve root irritation is present. Also known as Lasegue sign or test. strain injury involving any component of the musculotendinous unit; although muscle is usually involved, the tendon, the junction between the two, as well as their attachments to bone, also may be involved. strandy infiltrate a pulmonic infiltrate that appears as strands or streaks of increased density. strangulation ischemia of the involved portion of bowel. stratified squamous epithelium type of tissue that forms a membrane made up of several layers of cells that can stretch out and flatten without breaking. stratum corneum the tough outer layer of the epidermis; cells are filled with keratin. stratum germinativum the innermost layer of the tightly packed epithelial cells of the epidermis; cells in this layer are able to reproduce themselves. strawberry cervix erythema of the cervix. strawberry hemangioma common pigmented and generally transient birthmark caused by a collection of dilated blood vessels. strength training contracting muscles against resistance to enhance muscle hypertrophy. strep screen faster than culture, but detecting only betahemolytic streptococci. Strep is an acceptable brief form for streptococcus.

strept/o = twisted, curved (as in streptococcemia). streptococcemia the presence of streptococcus in the blood. stress and cath slang for stress test and catheterization. stress cystogram a radiographic study of the bladder intended to demonstrate stress incontinence. Contrast medium is instilled into the bladder and films are taken while the subject coughs and bears down. stress echo echogram. stress fracture a small crack in a bone. stress test an electrocardiogram plus blood pressure and heart rate measurements show the hearts response to physical exertion (treadmill test). Stretta procedure procedure using an endoscope to deliver radiofrequency energy to burn, tighten, and reduce the size of the lumen of the lower esophageal sphincter in a person with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). striae stretch marks caused by stretching of the skin beyond its ability to rebound. striata plural of striatum; a subcortical (i.e., inside, rather than on the outside) part of the forebrain. It is the major input station of the basal ganglia system. stricture stenosis; an abnormal narrowing of a duct or canal. stridor a shrill, harsh sound, especially the respiratory sound heard during inspiration in laryngeal obstruction. string sign regional narrowing of the lumen of the bowel as shown on barium enema. stroke volume the amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricles of the heart with each beat. -stroma = supporting tissue of an organ (as in myostroma). stroma the tissue forming the ground substance, framework, or matrix of an organ, as opposed to the functioning part or parenchyma. STS - serologic test for syphilis a general term referring to any test used to identify syphilis by a serologic method. structural protein protein that has the role of building structures in the body, such as collagen fibers or keratin fibers. stye hordeolum. sub- = below, under (as in subconjunctiva).

subclavian subclavicular; infraclavicular. subconjunctiva situated under the conjunctiva, the membrane lining the inside of the eyelid and covering the sclera. subconjunctivally pertaining to beneath the conjunctiva. subconscious (mind) elements of ones personality (feelings, attitudes, prejudices, desires, behavior patterns) of which one is unaware; a general and somewhat vague term including but not always identical to what Freud called the unconscious (Unbewusstsein). subcostal pertaining to below the ribs. subcu transcribe subcutaneous. subcutaneous emphysema air or gas in subcutaneous tissue. subcutaneous fat line the radiographic appearance of the subcutaneous fat layer. subcutaneous injection injection of liquid or pelleted material into the spongy and porous subcutaneous layer beneath the skin. subcutaneous tissue lower layer of the skin composed of fatty tissue. subcuticular below the epidermis. subdural hematoma collection of blood under the dura mater (outermost layer of membrane surrounding the brain). subfascially located beneath a fascia. subgastric pertaining to below the stomach. sublimation diversion of sexual energy or impulses into higher or more socially acceptable activities. sublingual glands salivary glands that drain saliva into the floor of the mouth. subluxation abnormal, partial separation of the bones in a joint; also called incomplete dislocation. submandibular glands salivary glands that drain saliva into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum. submucosa connective tissue layer containing blood vessels and nerves in the wall of the digestive tract. suboptimal not as good as might have been expected; usually referring to technical factors in an x-ray study, such as positioning, film quality, and patient cooperation.

subQ, sq, or SC transcribe subcu or subcutaneously. subscapular pertaining to under the shoulder bone. substernal below the sternum. subtalar inferior to the talus (the ankle bone). subtotal less than total; just under the total amount. subungual beneath the tongue. suction D&C dilation and curettage. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) unexpected death of unknown origin in apparently normal infants; sometimes called crib death. sud/o = sweat (as in sudoriferous). sudoriferous (sweat) gland glands that secrete sweat; also referred to as sweat glands. suicidal ideation thoughts of committing suicide as a relief from mental distress, without actual attempts at suicide. sulci (basilar) a groove in the midline of the anterior surface of the pons, lodging the basilar artery. sulcus furrow or groove. sunrise view of the patella x-ray study of the knee region in which the patella is visualized above the distal femur and appears like a rising or setting sun. super- = above, beyond. superficial near the body surface. superficial reflexes muscle contractions in response to stroking the skin; those of the abdominal wall are tested as part of a complete neurologic examination. superior higher; opposite of inferior. superior vena cava one of two large veins returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. supinate to make a rotational movement of the forearm (turning the palm laterally to face forward) or of the leg and ankle (turning the foot so toes point inward and the lateral edge of the sole hits the ground); opposite of pronate. supination action in which the forearm or leg and ankle supinates; opposite of pronation. supine description of the body lying in a horizontal position facing upward.

supra- = above, beyond. supraclavicular area above the clavicle. supranuclear palsy (PSP) a rare brain disorder that causes serious and progressive problems with gait and balance, along with complex eye movement and thinking problems. suprapatellar superior to the patella. suprapubic above the pubis. surface coil in MRI, a simple flat coil placed on the surface of the body and used as a receiver. surfactant a substance covering the surface of the respiratory membrane inside the alveolus; it reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing. surgery branch of medicine that treats disease by manual (hand) or operative methods. suture immovable joint. swimmers view an oblique view of the thoracic spine in which the arm nearer to the x-ray source hangs at the patients side and the opposite arm is upraised. sympathetic nervous system part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; functions as an emergency system. symptom subjective deviation from normal that marks the presence of a disease (perceived by a patient). synapse junction between adjacent neurons. synaptic cleft the space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. synaptic knob a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neurons axon that contains vesicles with neurotransmitters. synarthrosis a joint in which fibrous connective tissue joins bones and holds them together tightly; commonly called sutures. syncope fainting; sudden loss of consciousness. syndesm/o = ligament, connective tissue (as in syndesmectopia). syndesmectopia unusual situation of a ligament. syndesmosis a joint in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament, such as the linking of the radius and the ulna by an interosseus membrane.

syndesmotic screws a positioning screw that is used to hold but not compress the syndesmosis. syndrome set of symptoms and signs that occur together to indicate a disease condition. synergist muscle that assists a prime mover. synov/o = synovia, synovial membrane (as in synovectomy). synovia a transparent alkaline viscid (glutinous or sticky) fluid, resembling the white of an egg, secreted by the synovial membrane, and contained in joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths; called also synovial fluid. synovial fluid the thick, colorless lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. synovial membrane connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints that secrete synovial fluid. synovitis inflammation of a synovium; it is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Some types are named for accompanying tissue changes, such as fibrinous, hyperplastic, or lipomatous synovitis; others are named for accompanying disease processes or complications, such as gonorrheal, metritic (pertaining to the uterus), puerperal (pertaining to the puerperium, the period from the end of the third stage of labor until involution of the uterus is complete, usually lasting 3 to 6 weeks), rheumatic, scarlatinal (pertaining to scarlet fever), syphilitic, or tuberculous synovitis. synovium a synovial membrane. Synthroid trademark for a preparation of levothyroxine sodium, used for replacement therapy in hypothyroidism. syring/o = tube, fistula (as in syringomyelocele). syringomyelocele hernia protrusion of the spinal cord through the bony defect in spina bifida, the mass containing a cavity connected with the central canal of the spinal cord. system/o = system (as in systematic). system a group of organs arranged so that the group can perform a more complex function than any one organ can perform alone. systematic 1. pertaining to a set or series of interconnected or interdependent parts or entities (objects, organs, or organisms) that act together in a common purpose or produce results impossible by action of one alone. 2. pertaining to an organized set of principles or ideas. systemic circulation passage of blood from the heart to the tissues to the body and back to the heart.

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) chronic inflammatory disease caused by widespread attack of self-antigens by the immune system (autoimmunity); characterized by a red rash on the face and other signs. systole contraction of the heart muscle. tab tablet. TAB therapeutic abortion. tachy- = fast (as in tachycardia). tachyarrhythmia a pulse that is both irregular and abnormally rapid. tachycardia condition of fast, rapid heartbeat. tachyphrenia abnormally rapid mental activity. tachypnea condition of rapid breathing. tactile corpuscle a sensory receptor located in the skin close to the surface that detects light touch; also known as Meissner corpuscle. tactile fremitus transmission of vocal vibrations to the examiners hand on the chest wall. tag same as label. TAH-BSO total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. tail of breast a wedge-shaped mass of normal breast tissue extending toward the axilla. takeoff of a vessel the origin of a branch from a larger vessel, as demonstrated radiographically with injected contrast medium. tal/o = talus (as in talofibular). talar pertaining to the talus (ankle bone). talus ankle bone. T&A tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. tandem walking test tests the subjects ability to walk with one foot in front of the other in a straight line. A coordination test, often used by police officers to assess drivers for substance abuse. tardive dyskinesia irreversible neurologic disorder causing twitching and writhing movements, particularly in the lips and tongue. target cell an abnormal red blood cell with a bulls-eye appearance due to flattening of the cell with a prominent spot of hemoglobin in the center.

target organ cell organ or cell that is acted on by a particular hormone and then responds to it. tars/o = tarsus, edge of eyelid (as in tarsoclasis). tarsals seven bones of the heel and back part of the foot; the calcaneus is the largest. tarsorrhaphy suture of a portion of or the entire upper and lower eyelids for the purpose of shortening or closing the palpebral fissure (the longitudinal opening between the eyelids). taste buds chemical receptors that generate nerve impulses which result in sense of taste. tauto- = identical, same (as in tautomeral). tautomeral pertaining to the same part; said especially of neurons and neuroblasts sending processes to aid in formation of the white matter in the same side of the spinal cord. -taxia, tax/o = arrangement, coordination (as in dystaxia). Tay-Sachs disease recessive, inherited condition in which abnormal lipids accumulate in the brain and cause tissue damage that leads to death by age 4. TB tuberculosis. TBG thyroid binding globulin. TCC transitional cell carcinoma. TE - echo time; the interval between the first pulse in a spin echo examination and the appearance of the resulting echo. techn/o = art, skill (as in technology). technetium (Tc 99m) a synthetic radioisotope with wide applications in nuclear imaging. In a HIDA (hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid) scan, an intravenously administered technetium compound outlines the biliary tract more precisely than is possible with conventional radiology or ultrasound. Other technetium compounds are used in scanning the scrotum to diagnose testicular torsion and in performing bone and other scans to identify local areas of inflammation such as abscesses or zones of osteomyelitis. TED hose a compression stocking designed to help prevent the occurrence and guard against further progression of venous disorders such as edema, phlebitis, and thrombosis. telangiectases visible patches of dilated skin vessels. telangiectatic pertaining to telangiectasia; a permanent dilation of small blood vessels (capillaries, arterioles, venules), visible through a skin or mucous surface. tel/e = end, distant (as in telecardiography).

telecardiography the recording of an electrocardiogram by transmission of impulses to a site at a distance from the patient. telemetry technology by which data, such as heart activity monitored by an electrocardiograph, can be sent to a remote location through telephone wires, radio waves, or other communication pathway. tel/o = end (as in telodendron). telodendron one of the branches of the axon of a neuron as it approaches the synapse with another nerve cell or muscle fiber. telophase last stage of mitosis in which the cell divides. temp/o, tempor/o = time, the temples (as in tempostabile). temp brief form for temperature. temporal muscle that assists the masseter in closing the jaw. temporally pertaining to or in the direction of the temple. tempostabile not subject to change with time. tenaculum a hook-like surgical instrument for grasping and holding parts. ten/o = tendon (as in tenorrhaphy). tendon connective tissue that joins muscles to bones. tendon sheath tube-shaped structure lined with synovial membrane that encloses certain tendons. tenesmus straining at stool, usually without result and often painful. tenont/o = tendon (as in tenontography). tenontography a written description or delineation of the tendons. tenorrhaphy suture of a tendon. tenosynovitis inflammation of a tendon sheath. TENS unit transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator, a device used in the treatment of chronic pain. -tension = stretched, strained (as in hypertension). tensor any muscle that stretches or makes tense.

tenting of hemidiaphragm on chest x-ray, a distortion of the diaphragm by scarring, in which an up-pointing angular configuration (like a tent) replaces all or part of the normal curved contour of a hemidiaphragm. tephr/o = gray (ashen) (as in tephromyelitis). tephromyelitis inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord. terat/o = monster (as in teratogenesis). teratogen any environmental factor that causes a birth defect (abnormality present at birth); common teratogens include radiation (e.g., x-rays), chemicals (e.g., drugs, cigarettes, or alcohol), and infections in the mother (e.g., herpes or rubella). teratogenesis the production of deformity in the developing embryo. teritary protein third level of protein structure formed by further folding of the secondary protein structure. tertiary contractions aberrant contractions of the esophagus, occurring after the primary and secondary waves of normal swallowing. test to locate specific orthopedic tests in a medical dictionary, look under test, sign, maneuver, or under the name of the test itself listed alphabetically. test/o, testicul/o = testis (as in testectomy). testes male gonad responsible for production of sex cells or gametes (sperm) and testosterone. testosterone male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells in the testes; the masculinizing hormone. tetan/o = tetanus. tetanic contraction sustained contraction. tetanus sustained muscular contraction. tetralogy of Fallot pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. T4, (thyroxine) thyroid hormone. thalamus located just above the hypothalamus; its functions are to help produce sensations, associate sensations with emotions, and play a part in the arousal mechanism. thalassemia any group of inherited hemoglobin disorders characterized by production of hypochromic, abnormal red blood cells.

thanat/o = death (as in thanatomania). thanatomania an obsession with death. Thayer-Martin agar a culture medium containing denatured blood and antibiotics, intended to facilitate the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. the/o = a god (as in theotherapy). thec/o = sheath (as in neurothecitis). thecal the thecal sac is a membrane of dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord and the caudal equine. The thecal sac is filled with cerebral spinal fluid. thel/o = nipple (as in thelorrhagia). thelorrhagia hemorrhage from the nipple. thenar the fleshy part of the palm proximal to the thumb and index finger. theotherapy the treatment of disease by prayer and religious exercises. therapeut/o = treatment (as in kinesiotherapy). therapeutic blood level tests the amount of measurable drug in the serum. Many drugs have optimum levels where they are most effective (therapeutic range). theory an explanation of a scientific principle that has been tested experimentally and found to be true; compare to hypothesis and law. therapist one who treats; in mental health, anyone administering psychotherapy. -therapy, therapeut/o = treatment (as in therapeutics). therm/o = heat (as in thermopolypnea). thermopolypnea quickened breathing due to great heat. thermoregulation maintaining homeostasis of body temperature. third-degree burn involves complete destruction of both epidermis and dermis with injury extending into subcutaneous tissue. thorac/o = chest (as in thoracoschisis). thoracentesis surgical puncture of the chest to remove fluid. thoracic pertaining to the chest area of the upper body (upper trunk). thoracic cavity space above the abdomen that contains the heart, lungs and other organs; the chest cavity.

thoracic duct largest lymphatic vessel in the body. thoracic surgeon physician who operates on organs in the chest. thoracopagus conjoined twins united at the thorax. thoracoschisis congenital fissure of the chest wall. thoracotomy incision of the chest. thorax bony cage of the upper torso formed by 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, and thoracic vertebrae; also called the chest. threshold stimulus minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract. thrill an abnormal sensation felt by the examiner over the heart when blood jets through an anomalous or narrowed orifice. throat culture to identify bacterial pathogens. thromb/o = clotting (as in thromboelastogram). thrombapheresis thrombocytapheresis. thrombin protein important in blood clotting. thrombocyte clotting blood cell; platelet. thrombocytocrit the volume of packed blood platelets in a given quantity of blood; also, the instrument used to measure platelet volume. thrombocytapheresis the selective separation and removal of thrombocytes (platelets) from withdrawn blood, the remainder of the blood then being retransfused into the donor. Called also plateletpheresis and thrombapheresis. thrombocytopenia general term referring to an abnormally low blood platelet count. thromboelastogram the graphic record of the values determined by thromboelastography.t thromboelastography determination of the rigidity of the blood or plasma during coagulation, by use of the thromboelastograph. thrombosis abnormal condition of clotting of the blood. thrombus stationary blood clot. thrush candidiasis of mouth (mouth infection) characterized by white, creamy patches of exudate on inflamed oral mucosa and tongue; caused by yeastlike fungal organism. thym/o = thymus (as in thymectomy).

thymectomy excision of the thymus. thymine one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleotides, which in turn make up nucleic acids such as DNA in the cell, it can chemically bind to another nitrogenous base; adenine to form a more complex structure or in translating genetic cells, symbolized by the letter T or t. thym/o = thymus gland (as in thymotoxin). thymosin hormone produced by the thymus that is vital to the development and functioning of the bodys immune system. thymotoxin an element that exerts a deleterious (hurtful, injurious) effect on the thymus. thymus gland endocrine gland in the middle of the chest that produces the hormone thymosin. A much larger gland in children, the thymus aids the immune system by stimulating the production of white blood cells (lymphocytes). thyr/o = thyroid gland (as in thyrocele). thyrocele tumor of the thyroid gland; goiter. thyroid/o = thyroid (as in thyroidectomy). thyroid gland endocrine gland in the neck that produces hormones that act on cells all over the body. The hormones increase the activity of cells by stimulating metabolism and the release of energy. thyroid panel a group of laboratory tests used to detect or identify disease of the thyroid gland. thyroidectomy surgical removal of the thyroid gland. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to increase its secretion of thyroid hormone. Thyrolar trademark for a preparation of liotrix, used as a replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. thyrotoxicosis the condition caused by excessive quantities of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism); it may be due to overproduction by the thyroid gland as in Graves disease, overproduction originating outside the thyroid, or loss of storage function and leakage from the gland. thyroxine (T4) thyroid hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism. TIA transient ischemic attack. TIBC total iron-binding capacity test. tib-fib slang for tibia-fibula.

tibi/o = tibia (as in tibiotarsal). tibia larger of the two lower leg bones; the shin bone. tibial plateau the flattened surface at the upper end of the anterior aspect of the tibia. tibialis anterior dorsiflexor of the foot. tic slang for diverticulum. tic a rapid involuntary muscle twitch, typically recurrent and stereotyped, affecting one or several body areas. t.i.d. 3 times a day. tidal volume (TV) amount of air breathed in and out with each breath. tilt test moving the patient from recumbent to erect position to measure a rise in pulse and drop in blood pressure. time interval fraction of a second. Timoptic trademark for a preparation of timolol maleate, used topically to lower intraocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension; also used orally in the treatment of hypertension, the treatment and prophylaxis of recurrent myocardial infarction, and prophylaxis of migraine. tine test skin test for tuberculosis. A multiple-puncture device is used to pierce the skin and insert a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) from the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A positive reaction is confirmed by doing a Mantoux test. The four small blades used to puncture the skin are called tines because they resemble the tips or tines of a fork. tinea capitis ringworm of the scalp. tinea cruris jock itch. tinea pedis athletes foot, a fungal infection of the skin characterized by redness and itching. tinea unguium onychomycosis. tinea versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur, consists of variable numbers of white to tan macules with very fine scales. Tinel sign shocklike pain when the volar aspect of the wrist is tapped; indicative of carpal tunnel syndrome. tinnitus abnormal sensation of ringing or buzzing in the ear. tissue groups of smaller cells that work together to do a job in the body. Examples: muscle tissue, nerve tissue and epithelial (skin) tissue.

tissue fluid a dilute saltwater solution that bathes every cell in the body. tissue hormone prostaglandins; produced in a tissue and diffused only a short distance to act on cells within the tissue. tissue plasminogen activator (TPA or tPA) naturally occurring substance that activates plasminogen and converts it to the active enzyme plasmin, which is turn dissolves fibrin blood clots. tissue typing a procedure used to identify tissue compatibility before an organ transplant. TKO to keep (the vein) open. T lymphocytes cells that are critical to the function of the immune system; produce cellmediate immunity. T max slang for maximum temperature. TMJ temporomandibular joint disease. TMs tympanic membranes. TNM tumor, nodes, metastases. TNTC - too numerous to count; this usually refers to a very large number of red blood cells or white blood cells seen on microscopic examination of urine. Because any number higher than 15-20 cells per high-power field indicates significant hematuria or pyuria, an exact count of 50 or more cells would provide no additional useful information. Doctors frequently dictate simply TNTC. Tobrex ointment trademark for preparations of tobramycin, an antibiotic effective against a wide range of aerobic gram-negative bacilli and some gram-positive bacteria, used topically in the treatment of external infections of the eye and its adnexa. It is also inhaled orally in the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis. toc/o, -tocia = childbirth, labor (as in dystocia). -tomy = surgical incision. T1 on MRI, the time it takes for protons to return to their orientation to a static magnetic field after an excitation pulse. T1-weighted image on MRI, a spin-echo image generated by a pulse sequence using a short TR (0.6 seconds or less). ton/o = tone, tension (as in myatonia). tonic 1. producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. characterized by continuous pressure.

tonic-clonic seizure in the tonic phase, the victim becomes rigid, often cries out, loses consciousness, falls, and stops breathing. In the clonic phase there is generalized muscular jerking; may bite tongue or lips, may be incontinent or urine or stool. Also, grand mal seizure. tonic contraction special type of skeletal muscle contraction used to maintain posture. tonsil/o, tonsil/o = tonsils (as in tonsillolith). tonsillectomy surgical procedure used to remove the tonsils. tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils, usually caused by infection. tonsillolith a calculus in a tonsil. tonsils masses of lymphoid tissue; protect against bacteria; three types: palatine tonsils, located on each side of the throat; pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity; and lingual tonsils, near the base of the tongue. top/o = particular place (as in splenectopy). tophi calculus-like growths or deposits in the tissues around joints; may contain urate crystals in patients with gout. topical referring to a medicine applied directly to skin or mucous membrane. Topicort trademark for preparations of desoximetasone, a synthetic corticosteroid used topically for the relief of inflammation and pruritus (a skin disorder, usually allergic inflammation and parasitic infestations) in corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. torr a unit of pressure equal to 1.0 mmHg. tortuous coiled, twisted. total metabolic rate (TMR) total amount of energy used by the body per day. towel clip clamps towels and drapes in place in surgical procedures or in clinical settings; also holds multiple drapes together. tox/o, toxic/o = poison (as in thyrotoxicosis) toxic dilation extreme dilation of the colon, compounded by effect of bacterial toxins; a complication of ulcerative colitis. tPA tissue plasminogen activator. TPI (Treponema pallidum immobilization) a diagnostic test for syphilis. TPN total parenteral nutrition. T-PRK tracker-assisted photorefractive keratectomy.

TR (repetition time) on MRI, the interval between one spin echo pulse sequence and the next. trabecula in anatomical nomenclature, a supporting or anchoring strand of connective tissue, such as one extending from a capsule into the substance of the enclosed organ. trabeculae needle-like threads of spongy bone that surround a network of spaces. trabeculate marked with transverse or radiating bars or trabeculae (plural of trabecula). trach slang for tracheostomy. trache/o = trachea (as in tracheostenosis). trachea tube that carries air from the throat to the bronchial tubes; the windpipe. tracheobronchial pertaining to the trachea and bronchi. tracheobronchitis inflammation of the trachea and bronchus. tracheostenosis constriction of the trachea. tracheostomy opening of the trachea to the outside of the body. tracheotomy incision of the trachea. trachoma chronic infection of the conjunctiva covering the eye caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis; also called chlamydial conjunctivitis. tracheobronchial - pertaining to the trachea and bronchi. tract a single nerve pathway made up of several funds of axons and extending through the central nervous system; compare to nerve. trans- = across, through (as in transabdominal). transabdominal pertaining to across the abdomen. transaminase enzyme released from damaged tissues; high blood concentration may indicate heart attack or other pathological event. transcription reaction that occurs when the double-stranded DNA molecule unwinds and forms mRNA. transdermal pertaining to through the skin. transfer RNA (tRNA) a type of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that temporarily binds to specific amino acids and transfers them to specific sequences (codons) on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule; also known as tRNA. transference the development, on the part of the client, of an emotional bond (positive or negative) with the therapist.

transgastric pertaining to through the stomach. transitional cell carcinoma a malignant tumor arising from a transitional type of stratified epithelium, usually affecting the urinary bladder. transitional epithelium type of epithelial tissue that forms membranes capable of stretching without breaking, as in the urinary bladder; cells in this type of tissue can stretch from a roughly columnar shape out to a flattened (squamous) shape and back again without sustaining damage. translation the synthesis of a protein by ribosomes. transplant tissue or organ graft; procedure in which a tissue (e.g., skin, bone marrow) or an organ (such as kidney, liver) from a donor is surgically implanted into a recipient. trans rectal said of a diagnostic or surgical procedure that is performed through the rectum. transurethral pertaining to through the urethra. transvenous performed or inserted through a vein. transversus abdominis the innermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall. transverse fracture bone fracture characterized by a fracture line that is at a right angle to the long axis of the bone. transverse plane imaginary plane that divides an organ or the body into an upper or lower portion; a cross-sectional view. trapezius triangular muscle that elevates the shoulder and extends the head backwards. trapezium the carpal bone of the wrist that forms the saddle joint that allows the opposition of the thumb. traumat/o = trauma, injury, wound (as in traumatopnea). traumatopnea passage of air through a wound in the chest wall. treadmill stress test see exercise stress test. tremor(s) shaking of parts of the body supplied by voluntary muscles, principally the arms, forearms, and hands. trep slang for Treponema titer. Treponema pallidum the spirochete that causes syphilis. -tresia = opening, perforation (as in proctotresia). triceps brachii extensor of the elbow.

trich/o = hair (as in hypertrichosis). trich slang for Trichomonas. trichiasis a growing inward of some eyelash hairs, with resultant irritation of the eye. Trichomonas vaginalis a protozoan parasite that causes vaginitis. tricuspid (molar) tooth with rather large flat surface with two or three grinding cusps, also called molar. tricuspid valve fold of tissue between the upper and lower chambers on the right side of the heart. It has three cusps or points and prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium when the heart is pumping blood trigeminal neuralgia pain in one or more (of three) branches of the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve) that runs along the face; also called tic douloureux. triglycerides, serum fat consisting of three molecules of fatty acid and glycerol. It makes up most animal and vegetable fats and is the major lipid (fat) in blood. trigone triangular area on the wall of the urinary bladder. trilodothyronine (T3) thyroid hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism. triple therapy treatment of ulcers using a combination of bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) and two antibiotics. triplegia paralysis (loss of voluntary muscle control) in three limbs, often two legs and one arm. -tripsy = to crush, break. trisomy abnormal genetic condition in which cells have three chromosomes (a triplet) where there should be a pair; usually caused by nondisjunction (failure of chromosome pairs to separate) during gamete production). trocar a sharp-pointed instrument for opening or distending a body orifice or cavity to permit visual inspection. trochanteric pertaining to the trochanter, either of the processes below the neck of the femur. trochlea a general term in anatomical nomenclature for a pulley-shaped part or structure. -trophy, troph/o = nourishment, growth (as in hypertrophy). tropic hormone hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones.

Trousseau test, sign spastic contraction of the hand after application of a constructing cuff to the arm, a sign of latent tetany. TSH thyroid stimulating hormone. TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. T3 (triiodothyronine) thyroid hormone. T2 on MRI, the time it takes for protons to go out of phase after having been shifted in their orientation by an excitation pulse. T2-weighted image on MRI, a spin-echo image generated by a pulse sequence using a long TR (2.0 seconds or more). true ribs the first seven pairs of ribs, which are attached to the sternum. tub/o = tube (as in tuboplasty). tubal ligation surgical division of the uterine tubes to obtain sterility. tuberculosis (TB) chronic bacterial (bacillus) infection of the lungs or other tissues caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. tuboplasty 1. salpingoplasty. 2. plastic repair of a tube, such as the eustachian tube. -tumescence, tumesc/o = swelling (as in detumescence). tumor growth of tissues in which cell proliferation is uncontrolled and progressive. tunica a covering or coat; used in anatomic nomenclature to designate a membranous covering of an organ or a distinct layer of the wall of a hollow structure, as a blood vessel. tunica albuginea a tough, whitish membrane that surrounds each testis and enters the gland to divide it into lobules. tunica externa the outermost layer found in blood vessels. tunica intima endothelium that lines blood vessels; also called tunica interna. tunica media the muscular middle layer found in blood vessels; the tunica media of arteries is more muscular that that of veins. tunica vaginalis the serous membrane covering the front and sides of the testis and epididymis. TUR transurethral resection.

Turner syndrome genetic disorder caused by monosomy of the X chromosome (XO) in females; characterized by immaturity of sex organs (causing sterility), webbed neck, cardiovascular defects, and learning disorders. TURP transurethral resection of the prostate. T wave deflection on an electrocardiogram that occurs with repolarization of the ventricles. 24-hour urine specimen - (consists of all the urine passed by the patient during a 24-hour period). twitch a quick, jerky response to single stimulus. two-point discrimination test test of the patients ability to distinguish two points close together on the skin. tympanic drum-like. tympanic membrane eardrum. tympanites hollow percussion note due to distention of bowel with gas. tympanocentesis puncture of the tympanic membrane and withdrawal of fluid from the middle ear for examination, including culture. tympanoplasty surgical repair for chronic perforation of the tympanic membrane. tympanosclerosis a condition caused by the presence of masses of hard, dense connective tissue around the auditory ossicles in the middle ear. tympanotomy surgical opening of the middle ear. -type, typ/o = class, representative form (as in somatotype). type 1 diabetes mellitus a condition in which the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose; formerly known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. type 2 diabetes mellitus a condition in which cells of the body become less sensitive to the hormone insulin and perhaps the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose; formerly known as maturity-onset diabetes or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. typed and cross-matched blood for transfusion must be typed and then cross-matched (experimentally combined) with the prospective recipients blood to avoid reactions due to incompatibility of bloods. typhl/o - cecum, blindness (as in typhlectasis). typhlectasis distention of the cecum.

Tzanck smear a stained smear of material from a cutaneous or mucosal lesion, intended to identify changes due to viral infection from herpes simplex or varicella. U unit UA urinalysis. UGI upper GI series. ul/o = scar, scarring (as in uloid). ulcer open sore or lesion. ulna one of two lower arm bones. The ulna is located on the little finger side of the hand. uloid a scarlike lesion due to a degenerative process in deeper layers of skin. ultrasonogram a record obtained by using sound to produce images. ultrasonography (US) a means of visualizing internal structures by observing the effects they have on a beam of sound waves. The sound used for this procedure is at a higher frequency (pitch) than the human ear can detect. Ultrasound waves pass through air, gas, and fluid without being reflected. However, they bounce back from rigid structures such as bone and gallstones, creating an echo that can be detected by a receiver. Solid organs such as the liver and kidney partially reflect ultrasound waves in predictable patterns. Waves are also reflected from the interface between two structures. Ultrasonography might be compared to taking a flash photograph. Light from the flashbulb bounces off the subject and comes back to create an image on film of the surface contours of the subject. In ultrasonography, however, the echo must be converted electronically to a visible image before it can be interpreted. Sophisticated electronic equipment permits ultrasound scanning of a body region with generation of a twodimensional picture of internal structures. In practice, the same device (a transducer) that generates the sound waves also acts as the receiver. Although it emits signals at a rate of 1000 per second, the transducer is actually functioning as a receiver 99.9% of the time. umami meaty taste proposed as a primary taste sensation comparable to sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. umbilical pertaining to the navel or umbilicus, a structure made up of blood vessels connecting the developing fetus to the placenta. umbilical artery two small arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood from the developing fetus to the placenta. umbilical cord flexible structure connecting the fetus to the placenta, which allows the umbilical arteries and vein to pass. umbilical region the very center region of the abdomniopelvic cavity, near the umbilicus (navel) and between the left and right lumbar regions; terminology used when the abdomniopelvic cavity is visualized as being subdivided into nine regions as in a tic-tac-toe grid.

umbilical vein a large vein carrying oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the developing fetus. undifferentiated schizophrenia without defining features. ungu/o = nail (as in subungual). unigravida a woman pregnant for the first time; primigravida; gravida 1. unilateral pertaining to one side. universal donor blood blood type O. universal recipient blood blood type AB. updrawn (pupil) superiorly displaced pupil; also called sunrise syndrome. UPJ ureteropelvic junction. upper esophageal sphincter (UES) ring of muscular tissue (sphincter) located between laryngopharynx and proximal end of esophagus. upper GI (UGI) series and small-bowel follow-through barium sulfate is given orally to outline the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum on x-ray film. Films are taken over a period of time to visualize the barium as it moves through the small bowel. uptake absorption or concentration of a radionuclide by an organ or tissue. ur/o = urine or urea (waste material); urinary tract (as in uroerythrin). uracil one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleotides, which in turn make up nucleic acids such as RNA (but not DNA) in the cell, it can chemically bind to another nitrogenous base, adenine (A or a), to form a more complex structure or in translating genetic codes; symbolized by the letter U or u. uran/o = palate (as in uranoschisis). uranoschisis cleft palate. urea nitrogen-containing waste product. uremia abnormal condition of excessive amounts of urea in the bloodstream. -uresis = urination (as in diuresis). ureter one of two tubes that lead from the kidney to the urinary bladder. ureteral pertaining to a ureter. ureterovesical pertaining to a ureter and the bladder.

urethr/o = urethra (as in urethritis). urethra tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. urethratresia imperforation ( having the characteristics of being closed rather than open) of the urethra. urethritis inflammation or infection of the urethra. URI upper respiratory infection. uric/o = uric acid (as in uricosuria). uric acid, serum a breakdown product of purine metabolism, increased in gout and other disorders uricosuria excretion of uric acid in the urine. urin/o = urine (as in urinalysis). urinalysis examination of urine to determine its contents. urinary retention condition in which no urine is voided. urinary suppression condition in which kidneys do not produce urine. urinary system organs that produce and send urine out of the body. These organs are the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. urination passage of urine from the body; emptying of the bladder. urine fluid waste excreted by the kidneys. urocyanosis a bluish discoloration of the urine in indicanuria (the presence of an abnormally high concentration of indican in the urine. uroerythrin a dark reddish coloring matter found in the urine, giving it the red color seen in deposits of urates. Called also purpurin. urofuscohematin a red-brown pigment in the urine in certain diseases. urolithiasis a general term for the formation of presence of calculi (stones, gravel) anywhere in the urinary tract. Most stones are formed in the kidneys (nephrolithiasis) but dont give trouble until they obstruct a ureter (ureterolithiasis) or reach the bladder and cause dysuria, bleeding, or obstruction. urologist specialist in operating on the urinary tract on males and females and on the reproductive tract in males. urticaria (hives) an allergic or hypersensitivity response characterized by raised red lesions.

US ultrasound. uter/o = uterus (as in uterolith). uterine tubes the pair of tubes that conduct the ovum from the ovary to the uterus; also called fallopian tubes or oviducts. uterolith uterine calculus; hysterolith. uterus muscular organ in a female that holds and provides nourishment for the developing fetus; the womb. UTI urinary tract infection. uveoplasty a surgical operation to repair the uvea (an inner layer of the eye that includes the iris, the blood vessels that serve the eye [choroid], and the connective tissue between the iris and the choroid. UVJ ureterovesical junction; pertaining to a ureter and the bladder. uvula cone-shaped process hanging down from the soft palate that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavities. vaccine/o = vaccine. vaccine application of killed or attenuated (weakened) pathogens (or portions of pathogens). to a patient to stimulate immunity against the pathogen. vag/o = vagus nerve (as in vagolysis). vagin/o = vagina (as in vaginography). vagina internal tube from uterus to vulva. vaginitis inflammation of the vagina. vaginography radiography of the vagina. vagolysis surgical destruction of the vagus nerve. vagus nerve the tenth cranial nerve; it has the most extensive distribution of the cranial nerves, serving structures of the chest and abdomen as well as the head and neck. valgus bent or twisted outward; denoting a deformity in which the angulation of the part is away from the midline of the body; the term is an adjective and should be used only in connection with the noun it describes, such as talipes valgus, genu valgum, and coxa valga. The meanings of valgus and varus are often reversed, so that genu valgum is knock-knee, not bowleg.

Valsalva maneuver attempt at forced expiration, with the lips and nostrils closed; this drives air into the auditory tubes unless they are obstructed. valv/o, valvul/o = valve (as in valvulotome). valve replacement excision and replacement of a valve of the heart because of stenosis or insufficiency. valvulotome an instrument for cutting a valve. van Buren sounds a standard sound, available in several calibers, with a gently curved tip designed to follow the contour of the bulbous urethra in the male, used for urethral calibration or dilation. Vancenase trademark for a beclomethasone dipropionate metered-dose inhaler, a glucocorticoid used for bronchial asthma. variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) a degenerative disease of the central nervous system caused by prions (proteinaceous infectious particles) that convert normal proteins of the nervous system into abnormal proteins, causing loss of function. varic/o = varicose veins (as in varicophlebitis). varicophlebitis varicose veins with inflammation. varicose vein enlarged vein in which blood pools; also called varix. varus knock-kneed; bent or twisted inward; denotes a deformity in which the angulation of the part is toward the midline of the body. The term varus is an adjective and should be used only in connection with the noun it describes, such as talipes varus, genu varum, and coxa vara. The meanings of varus and valgus are often reversed, so that genus varum is bowleg, not knock-knee. vascul/o = blood vessel (as in vasculitis). vascular pertaining to blood vessels. vasculitis inflammation of blood vessels. vas/o = vas deferens, vessel (as in vasohypotonic). vasoconstrictor a medicine that constricts blood vessels, either when applied topically or through systemic action. vasodilator 1. causing dilation of blood vessels. 2. a nerve or agent that causes dilation of blood vessels. vasohypotonic vasodilator.

vasomotor mechanism factors that control changes in the diameter of arterioles by changing the tension of smooth muscles in the vessel walls. vasospasm spasm of blood vessels, decreasing their caliber. vasovasostomy anastomosis of the ends of the severed vas (ductus) deferens. vasovesiculitis inflammation of ductus deferentes (vasa deferentia) and seminal vesicles. vastus wide; of good size. VBAC vaginal birth after cesarean section. VD venereal disease. VDRL - Venereal Disease Research Laboratory; a serologic test for syphilis. vector arthropod that carries an infectious pathogen from one organism to another. vegetations luxuriant fungus-like growth of pathologic tissue. vein vessel carrying blood toward the heart. vein stripping surgical removal of (usually) the saphenous leg vein and its branches to treat varicose veins. velocity plural velocities. ven/o = vein (as in venography). venere/o = sexual intercourse (as in venerologist). venipuncture insertion of a needle into a vein for the purpose of removing blood for testing, or to inject fluids, medicines, or diagnostic materials. venoclysis injection of fluid into a vein; phleboclysis. venogram phlebogram; venous-pulse tracing. venography phlebography. venomotor controlling dilation or constriction of the veins. vent-dependent ventilator-dependent. ventilation-perfusion (V-P) scan a nuclear san so named because it studies both airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs. The purpose of this test is to look for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs, called a pulmonary embolus, that lowers oxygen levels, causes shortness of breath, and sometimes is fatal. V-Q is an incorrect abbreviation for ventilation-perfusion. The initials V-Q (Q = quotient) are used in mathematical equations that calculate airflow and blood flow.

Ventolin trademark for an albuterol metered-dose inhaler; a bronchodilator. ventr/o = belly, front of (as in ventrolateral). ventral of or near the belly; in humans, front or anterior; opposite of dorsal or posterior. ventral body cavity organ-containing space in the anterior trunk of the body that includes the thoracic and abdomniopelvic cavities; compare with dorsal body cavity. ventricle one of two lower chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium (upper chamber) and sends it to the lungs. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and sends it to the body through the aorta. ventricul/o = ventricle of the heart or brain (as in ventriculogram). ventricular aneurysm extreme dilation and thinning of the ventricle, with loss of contractile power. ventricular ejection fraction that portion of the total volume of a ventricle that is ejected during ventricular contraction (systole); usually expressed as a percent rather than a fraction. ventricular fibrillation life-threatening condition in which the lack of ventricular pumping suddenly stops the flow of blood to vital tissues; unless ventricular fibrillation is corrected immediately by defibrillation or some other method, death may occur within minutes. ventricular system a set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. ventrolateral both ventral and lateral. venul/o = venule (as in venular). venule small blood vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and join to form veins. venulitis inflammation of a venule (small blood vessel). verapamil a calcium channel blocking agent used as a coronary vasodilator in the treatment of angina pectoris. vermiform appendix a tubular structure attached to the cecum and composed of lymphatic tissue. verruc/i = wart (as in verrucosis). verrucosis the presence of multiple warts. -verse = turn (as in transverse). verertebr/o = vertebra; backbone (as in vertebrosternal).

vertebra a backbone. vertebrae backbones. vertebral pertaining to a backbone. vertebral column the spinal column, made up of a series of separate vertebrae that form a flexible, curved rod. vertebral pedicle one of the paired parts of the vertebral arch that connect a lamina to the vertebral body. vertebroplasty surgical repair of backbone fractures by injecting cement into vertebrae to strengthen them and relieve pain. vertigo abnormal sensation of spinning; dizziness. vesic/o = urinary bladder (as in vesicolysis). vesical pertaining to the urinary bladder (VESIC/O = urinary bladder). vesicle a small thin-walled sac containing clear fluid. vesicocolonic pertaining to or communicating with the urinary bladder and colon. vesicolysis introduction of fluid into the bladder. vesicoureteral pertaining to the bladder and ureter. vesicul/o = seminal vesicle (as in vasovesiculitis). vestibular nerve a division of the vestibulocochlear nerve (the eighth cranial nerve). vestibular system contributes to balance in most mammals and to the sense of spacial orientation; the sensory system that provides the leading contribution about movement and sense of balance. vestibule located in the inner ear; the portion adjacent to the oval window between the semicircular canals and the cochlea. V fib slang for ventricular fibrillation. Vibramycin trademark for preparations of doxycycline; a tetracycline antibiotic. vibratory sense test test of the patients ability to sense the vibration of a tuning fork when the stem is placed on a bone near the surface, such as the elbow or the shin. Vicryl trademark for polyglactin 910, used for sutures. villi fingerlike folds covering the plicae of the small intestines.

VIN vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Vincent infection bacterial (spirochete) infection of the gum, producing gingivitis; also called Vincent angina and trench mouth. VIR vascular and interventional radiology. vir/o = virus (as in virologist). virilizing tumor neoplasm of the adrenal cortex that stimulates overproduction of testosterone and therefore an increase in masculinization, even of women. virologist microbiologist specializing in the study of virology (the study of viruses and viral diseases). virus microscopic, parasitic entity consisting of a nucleic acid bound by a protein coat and sometimes, a lipoprotein envelope. viscer/o = internal organs (as in visceromegaly). visceral pertaining to internal organs. visceral effector any muscle or gland (effector) found within the cavities of the body and controlled by the autonomic nervous system; examples include cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and internal glands. visceral pericardium the pericardium that covers the heart; also called epicardium. visceral peritoneum serous membrane that covers and is adherent to the abdominal viscera. visceral pleura serous membrane that covers and is adherent to the surface of the lungs. visceral portion - serous membrane that covers the surface of organs found in the body cavity. visceromegaly enlargement of the viscera; splanchnomegaly. visual field defect see scotoma. vit/o = life (as in vitamin). vital capacity (VC) largest amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one inspiration and expiration. vitiligo patchy areas of light skin caused by acquired loss of epidermal melanocytes. vitreocapsulitis hyalitis (inflammation of the hyaloid membrane of the eye or of the vitreous body). Called also hyaloiditis and vitreitis. vitreous humor the jelly-like fluid found in the eye; posterior to the lens. viv/i = life, alive (as in viviparous).

viviparous giving birth to living young which develop within the maternal body. VLDL - very low-density lipoproteins. vocal cords bands of tissue in larynx responsible for production of sound (speech). voiding emptying of the bladder. volar palm or sole. -volemia = blood volume (as in normovolemia). voluntary (skeletal) muscle muscles under willed or voluntary control. volvulus intestinal obstruction due to twisting or obstruction of the bowel. V-P ventilation-perfusion scan. V-Q ventilation blood flow scan (Q = blood flow). VR voice recognition. VSD ventricular septal defect repair. V tach slang for ventricular tachycardia. vulv/o = vulva (as in vulvopathy). vulva external genitals of the female. vulvitis inflammation of the vulva (the external female genitals). vulvopathy any disease of the vulva. WAIS-R Revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Wappler instrument a surgical instrument for improved viewing of a surgical site by a surgeon. warts (verrucae) raised bumps that are benign neoplasms (tumors) of the skin caused by viruses. washout phase scintiscanning of the lungs at the conclusion of the inhalation phase of a lung scan, after an interval during which all inhaled radionuclide would be expected to have been exhaled. wasting cachexia; phthisis. Watco brace a weightbearing brace for the ankle; also called boot brace or immobilizing brace.

Waters view a radiographic projection of the anterior head, used for viewing the maxillary sinuses and sphenoid bone; the central ray enters at an angle through the chin. WBC - white blood (cell) count; see leukocytes and white blood cell count. WBCs (white blood cells) see leukocytes and white blood cell count. wbc/hpf - white blood cells per high power field. Weber test a vibrating tuning fork placed against a bony surface of the head at the midline sends vibrations through the bones of the skull. These should be heard equally in the two ears; if there is hearing loss due to blockage of the external auditory meatus or to injury or disease of the middle ear, the tone of the fork will be heard louder in the affected ear; in hearing loss due to damage to the inner ear or acoustic nerve, however, the tone will be heard louder in the more normal ear. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) a group of tests for assessment of intellectual functioning in adults. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) a group of tests for assessment of intellectual functioning in children ages 5 to 15. Wechsler Memory Scale, Form 1 (WMS-1). Wegeners granulomatosis a multisystem disease chiefly affecting males, characterized by necrotizing (causing necrosis) granulomatous vasculitis involving the upper and lower respiratory tracts, glomerulonephritis, and variable degrees of systemic, small vessel vasculitis; which is generally considered to represent an aberrant hypersensitivity reaction to an unknown antigen. weightbearing the amount of weight a patient puts on the leg in which surgery has been performed. In general, it is described as a percentage of the body weight. West Nile virus (WNV) sometimes fatal viral infection caused by a type of flavivirus transmitted to humans by an insect vector such as a mosquito, sand fly, or tick, characterized by sudden onset of fever and often accompanied by malaise, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, eye pain, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), rash, swollen lymph nodes, and sometimes progressing to severe neurological disease. Wharton duct the submandibular duct; the duct that drains the submandibular gland and opens at the sublingual caruncle; also called submaxillary duct of Wharton. wheal raised red skin lesion often associated with severe itching, as in hives. wheezing whistling sound made in breathing. white blood cell count (WBC) (white count, white cell count) the number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood, as counted by a technician using a microscope or by an electronic cell counter. The count may be reported as either a simple numeral (e.g., 7,200/mm3 or mcL

[microliter]) or as the product of a small number and 10 to the third power (e.g., 7.2 x 10 to the third power). In the latter case, the report may be dictated simply as 7.2 and may be so transcribed or may be expanded to 7,200. WISC Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. withdraw reflex a reflex that moves a body part away from an irritating stimulus. WMS Wechsler Memory Scale. WMS-1 Wechsler Memory Scale, Form 1. Wood light an ultraviolet lamp with a filter that selects wavelengths under which certain funguses infecting skin or hair fluoresce brightly. working orthopedic surgery film a radiographic study done during the course of an operation; for example, to monitor the reduction of a fracture or the placement of a fixation device. wrinkles rhytides. Wydase trademark for preparations of hyaluronidase for injection, derived from mammalian testes and used to aid absorption and dispersion of other injected drugs and fluids, for hypodermoclysis, and for improving resorption of radiopaque media; administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. x by, as in 1 x 2 x 3 cm. x times, as in oriented x 3. xanthematin a yellow substance derivable from hematin by the action of nitric acid. xanthochrasia a yellow discoloration of the skin resulting from pigmentary changes. xanthochromia yellowish discoloration of the skin or spinal fluid. xanthochromic spinal fluid usually indicates hemorrhage into the central nervous system and is due to the presence of xanthematin. xen/o = strange, foreign (as in xenophonia). xenophonia alteration in the quality of the voice. xer/o = dry (as in xeroderma). xeroderma a mild form of ichthyosis; excessive dryness of skin. xerophthalmia abnormal dryness of the eye, usually due to decreased flow of tears. xerostomia dryness of the mouth from salivary gland dysfunction. xiph/o = sword-shaped, xiphoid (as in xiphocostal).

xiphocostal pertaining to the xiphoid process and the ribs. xiphoid process the pointed process of cartilage, supported by a core of bone, connected with the lower end of the body of the sternum. Called also ensiform or xiphoid cartilage; xiphoid bone; and xiphisternum. XR extended release. XRT status post radiation therapy. x-ray to identify foreign bodies, masses, or abnormalities of the airway due to injury or disease. Xylocaine trademark for preparations of lidocaine, a topical anesthetic. YAG yttrium-aluminum-garnet. YAG laser peripheral iridotomy a treatment for narrow angle glaucoma. yeast single-celled fungus (compared to mold, which is a multicellular fungus). yolk sac in humans, involved with the production of blood cells in the developing embryo. zit (acne) pustule. Z line dark band often seen in micrographs of the myofibrils of skeletal muscle fibers, separating one structural unit (sarcomere) of the myofibril from the next unit of the myofibril; also called Z disk. zo/o = animal (as in azoospermia). Zoloft trademark for preparations of sertraline hydrochloride, an antidepressant. zona fasciculata middle zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes glucocorticoids. zona glomerulosa outer zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes small amounts of sex hormones. zona reticularis inner zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes small amounts of sex hormones. zyg/o = union, junction (as in zygogenesis). zygogenesis the formation of a zygote. zygomaticus muscle that elevates the corners of the mouth and lips; also known as the smiling muscle. zygote a fertilized ovum. zym/o = enzyme, ferment (as in zymolysis).

zymolysis the digestive and fermentative action of enzymes.