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    Hashemite University - NDT Overview PDF

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    georgescribd1103
    The document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) including: - Defining NDT as using noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material or structure without harming it. - Describing the six most common NDT methods: visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, radiography, eddy current testing, and ultrasonic testing. - Explaining some common applications of NDT in engineering fields like aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering for tasks like quality control, maintenance, and inspecting materials and structures.

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    Hashemite University - NDT Overview PDF

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    georgescribd1103
    639 views7 pages
    The document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) including: - Defining NDT as using noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material or structure without harming it. - Describing the six most common NDT methods: visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, radiography, eddy current testing, and ultrasonic testing. - Explaining some common applications of NDT in engineering fields like aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering for tasks like quality control, maintenance, and inspecting materials and structures.

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    The document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) including: - Defining NDT as using noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material or structure without harming it. - Describing the six most common NDT methods: visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, radiography, eddy current testing, and ultrasonic testing. - Explaining some common applications of NDT in engineering fields like aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering for tasks like quality control, maintenance, and inspecting materials and structures.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    639 views7 pages

    Hashemite University - NDT Overview PDF

    Uploaded by

    georgescribd1103
    The document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) including: - Defining NDT as using noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material or structure without harming it. - Describing the six most common NDT methods: visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, radiography, eddy current testing, and ultrasonic testing. - Explaining some common applications of NDT in engineering fields like aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering for tasks like quality control, maintenance, and inspecting materials and structures.

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    of 7

    Overview of Non-destructive Testing (NDT)

    Outline

    Introduction to NDT Overview of Six Most Common NDT Methods Selected Applications NDT Personnel Certification

    Presentation source: NDT Education www.ndt-ed.org

    with modifications

    Definition of NDT
    The use of noninvasive techniques to: determine the integrity of a material, component or structure or quantitatively measure some characteristic of an object. (i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm) The terms:

    Methods of NDT
    Visual

    Non-destructive Examination (NDE) Non-destructive Inspection (NDI) Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE)


    are also commonly used to describe this technology.

    Fields where NDT is used


    Mechanical Engineering Aerospace Engineering Civil Engineering Electrical Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Systems Engineering Medicine Forensics Art

    Some Uses of NDT


    Flaw Detection and Evaluation Leak Detection Location Determination Fluorescent penetrant indication Dimensional Measurements Structure and Microstructure Characterization Estimation of Mechanical and Physical Properties Stress (Strain) and Dynamic Response Measurements Material Sorting and Chemical Composition Determination

    Page 1

    When are NDT Methods Used?


    NDT is used at almost every stage in the production or life cycle of a component. To assist in product development To screen or sort incoming materials To monitor, improve or control manufacturing processes To verify proper processing such as heat treating To verify proper assembly To inspect for in-service damage

    Six Most Common NDT Methods


    Visual Liquid Penetrant Magnetic Ultrasonic Radiography Eddy Current

    Visual Inspection
    Most basic and common inspection method. Tools include fiberscopes, borescopes, magnifying glasses and mirrors. Portable video inspection unit with zoom allows inspection of large tanks and vessels, railroad tank cars, sewer lines. Robotic crawlers permit observation in hazardous or tight areas, such as air ducts, reactors, pipelines.

    Liquid Penetrant Inspection


    A liquid with high surface wetting characteristics is applied to the surface of the part and allowed time to seep into surface breaking defects. The excess liquid is removed from the surface of the part. A developer (powder) is applied to pull the trapped penetrant out the defect and spread it on the surface where it can be seen. Visual inspection is the final step in the process. The penetrant used is often loaded with a fluorescent dye and the inspection is done under UV light to increase test sensitivity.

    Magnetic Particle Inspection


    The part is magnetized. Finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment are then applied to the specimen. These particles are attracted to magnetic flux leakage fields and will cluster to form an indication directly over the discontinuity. This indication can be visually detected under proper lighting conditions.

    Magnetic Particle Crack Indications

    Page 2

    Radiography
    The radiation used in radiography testing is a higher energy (shorter wavelength) version of the electromagnetic waves that we see as visible light. The radiation can come from an X-ray generator or a radioactive source.
    High Electrical Potential Electrons + -

    Film Radiography
    The part is placed between the radiation source and a piece of film. The part will stop some of the radiation. Thicker and more dense area will stop more of the radiation. The film darkness (density) will vary with the amount of radiation reaching the film through the test object. = less exposure = more exposure
    Top view of developed film

    X-ray Generator or Radioactive Source Creates Radiation

    Radiation Penetrates the Sample


    Exposure Recording Device

    X-ray film

    Radiographic Images

    Eddy Current Testing


    Coil Coil's magnetic field

    Eddy current's magnetic field Eddy currents Conductive material

    Eddy Current Testing


    Eddy current testing is particularly well suited for detecting surface cracks but can also be used to make electrical conductivity and coating thickness measurements. Here a small surface probe is scanned over the part surface in an attempt to detect a crack.

    Ultrasonic Inspection (Pulse-Echo)


    High frequency sound waves are introduced into a material and they are reflected back from surfaces or flaws. Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and f inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen showing the depth of features that reflect sound.
    initial pulse back surface echo

    crack echo

    crack
    0 2 4 6 8 10

    plate

    Oscilloscope, or flaw detector screen

    Page 3

    Ultrasonic Imaging
    High resolution images can be produced by plotting signal strength or time-of-flight using a computercontrolled scanning system.

    What is NDT used for in Engineering?


    Inspection of Raw Products Inspection Following Secondary Processing In-Service Damage Inspection

    Quality Control

    Maintenance

    Gray scale image produced using the sound reflected from the front surface of the coin

    Gray scale image produced using the sound reflected from the back surface of the coin (inspected from heads side)

    Inspection of Raw Products


    Forgings, Castings, Extrusions, etc.

    Inspection Following Secondary Processing


    Machining Welding Grinding Heat treating Plating etc.

    Inspection For In-Service Damage


    Cracking Corrosion Erosion/Wear Heat etc.

    Examples of NDT Applications


    Power Plant Inspection Wire Rope Inspection Storage Tank Inspection Aircraft Inspection Jet Engine Inspection Pressure Vessel Inspection Rail Inspection Bridge Inspection Pipeline Inspection Special Measurements

    Damage

    Page 4

    Power Plant Inspection


    Periodically, power plants are shutdown for inspection. Inspectors feed eddy current probes into heat exchanger tubes to check for corrosion damage.

    Wire Rope Inspection


    Electromagnetic devices and visual inspections are used to find broken wires and other damage to the wire rope that is used in chairlifts, cranes and other lifting devices.

    Pipe with damage

    Probe
    Signals produced by various amounts of corrosion thinning.

    Storage Tank Inspection


    Robotic crawlers use ultrasound to inspect the walls of large above ground tanks for signs of thinning due to corrosion. Cameras on long articulating arms are used to inspect underground storage tanks for damage.

    Aircraft Inspection
    Nondestructive testing is used extensively during the manufacturing of aircraft. NDT is also used to find cracks and corrosion damage during operation of the aircraft. A fatigue crack that started at the site of a lightning strike is shown below.

    Jet Engine Inspection


    Aircraft engines are overhauled after being in service for a period of time. They are completely disassembled, cleaned, inspected and then reassembled. Fluorescent penetrant inspection is used to check many of the parts for cracking.

    Crash of United Flight 232


    A defect that went undetected in an engine disk was responsible for the crash of United Flight 232.

    Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989

    Page 5

    Pressure Vessel Inspection


    The failure of a pressure vessel can result in the rapid release of a large amount of energy. To protect against this dangerous event, the tanks are inspected using radiography and ultrasonic testing.

    Rail Inspection
    Special cars are used to inspect thousands of miles of rail to find cracks that could lead to a derailment.

    Bridge Inspection
    The United States alone has more than 500000 highway bridges. Corrosion, cracking and other damage can all affect a bridges performance. The collapse of the Silver Bridge in 1967 resulted in loss of 47 lives. Bridges get a visual inspection about every 2 years. Some bridges are fitted with acoustic emission sensors that listen for sounds of cracks growing.

    Pipeline Inspection
    NDT is used to inspect pipelines to prevent leaks that could damage the environment. Visual inspection, radiography and electromagnetic testing are some of the NDT methods used.

    Remote visual inspection using a robotic crawler.

    Magnetic flux leakage inspection. This device, known as a pig, is placed in the pipeline and collects data on the condition of the pipe as it is pushed along by whatever is being transported.

    Radiography of weld joints.

    Special Measurements
    Boeing employees in Philadelphia were given the privilege of evaluating the Liberty Bell for damage using NDT techniques. Eddy current methods were used to measure the electrical conductivity of the Bell's bronze casing at various points to evaluate its uniformity.

    NDT Personnel Certification


    NDT personnel are often certified to meet certain qualifications. Standard practices that specify the certification requirements and procedures are established by professional organizations such as:

    American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)


    SNT-TC-1A, Recommended Practice, Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing

    Aviation Transport Association (ATA)


    ATA-105, Guidelines for Training and Qualifying Personnel in Nondestructive Testing Methods.

    Aerospace Industries Association, National Aerospace Standard (AIANAS)


    AIA-NAS-410, NAS Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel.

    International Organization for Standards (ISO)


    ISO 9712, Nondestructive testing - Qualification and certification of personnel.

    Page 6

    NDT Personnel Certification

    NDT Personnel Certification

    NDT certification is per method (e. g. VT, PT, MT, UT, RT, etc.). NDT certification requires; Training + Experience + Examinations. There are two approaches for personnel certification:
    Employer Based Certification: Performed by employer in accordance with their own Written Practice which is usually based on a standard recommended practice. Personal Central Certification: Obtained from a central certification authority that is recognized by most employers (such as ASNT).

    NDT personnel are generally certified to several different levels of competence within each of the NDT methods:
    Level I : are technicians qualified to perform only specific calibrations and tests under close supervision and direction by higher level personnel. Level II : are engineers or experienced technicians who are able to set up and calibrate testing equipment, conduct the inspection according to codes and standards (instead of following work instructions) and compile work instructions for Level 1 technicians. Level III : are usually specialized engineers or very experienced technicians who can establish NDT techniques and procedures and interpret codes and standards.

    For More Information on NDT


    The NDT Resource Center www.ndt-ed.org

    The American Society for Nondestructive Testing www.asnt.org

    Page 7

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