ADVANTAGES OF PVC CABLES 1. A non-hygroscopic insulation almost unaffected by moisture. 2. Non-migration of compound permitting vertical installation. 3.

Complete protection against most forms of electrolytic and chemical corrosion. 4. A tough and resilient sheath with excellent fire-resisting qualities. 5. Good ageing characteristics. 6. Not affected by vibration. ADVANTAGES OF XLPE CABLES 1. Higher Current Rating. 2. Higher short Circuit Rating. 3. Longer service Life. 4. For a short time it can withstand maximum 130 0 C and is favourable to endues short circuit stresses. 5. It is less sensitive to the setting of the network protection. 6. Because of the thermosetting process taking place due to effect of cross linking, the crack resistance is increased. 7. Due to the chemical cross-linked stresses are redused. Consequently the material is less sensitive during manufacturing process to the setting of the cooling gradient. 8. The thermal resistivity of cross-linked material is favourably low, compound to thermoplastic material. 9. The low dielectric loss is a significant advantage. 10. The excellent mechanical features of the insulation improves the protection against external effects. 11. The resistance of the XLPE to acids, alkalies is outstanding and is often compensating the adverse environmental influences. CIRCUIT PROTECTION 1. PVC insulated cables should not be operated, even for comparatively short durations, at Temperature appreciably higher than that permissible for continuous operation, since the PVC insulation is liable to soften at higher temperatures and sustain serious damage. 2. It is, therefore, essential that such cables shall by continuously operated at the rated currents given in the tables only of they are suitably protected against excess currents arising out of the fault conditions, It is assumed that duration of such faults does not exceed four hours and protection is considere to beadequated if the minimum current at which the protective device is designed to operate does not exceed 1.5* times the tabulated rating for cables laid in air or in ducts, and not more than 1.3* times the tabulated values for cables laid direct in the ground. 3. If by the nature of the circuit protection, it is not possible to operate the cable at the rated current under the foregoing provisions, the cable required for a given continuous load current shall be chosen to have a ratings as given in the tables which shall be not less than : a) The given continuous load current and b) For cables in air on in ducts, 0.57* of the minimum current at which the excess current protection is designed to operate, for cable laid direct in the ground, 0.77* of the minimum current at which excess current protection is designed to operate. ARC EWLDING CABLE (IS 434 Part 1/ 1964 Latest amendments) CONDUCTOR Nominal Nominal and Maximum Total thickness Area diameter of Resistance per of Rubber wires km at 20 0 C covering foruntinned wire Sq.mm mm Ohm mm 16 509/0.20 1.1550 2.00 25 796/0.20 0.7384 2.00 35 1114/0.20 0.5276 2.00 50 1591/0.20 0.3694 2.00 70 2228/0.20 0.2638 2.00

Nominal Hand welding current Amp. 100 150 230 400 600

Normal overall diameter

mm 10.7 12.2 13.5 15.2 17.2

CABLES Cables from the necessary connections between the machine which generates electricity and the apparatus which use it. They comprise a very wide range of size & types. A cable has three main parts. The Conductor, the insulation & the mechanical protection. Conductor materials: Copper or Aluminium Resistivities of copper 17.24 m ohm Resistivities of Aluminium 28.02 m ohm Stranding 1,3,7,19,37,61 & 91 Size of conductor range from 1.0 mm2 (1/1.113 mm) to 630 mm2 (127/2.52 mm) Insulation: Types of insulating materials (1) Polyvinyl Chloride (P.V.C.) (2) Cross Linked Polyethylene (X.L.P.E) (3) Elastomers (Vulecanized Rubber) (4) Butye Rubber (b.r.) (5) Ethylene Propylene (e.p.) (6) Silicone Rubber (s.r.) (7) Impregnated paper (8) Mineral Insulation. Cables may be Single core, Twin Core or Multi Core. Mechenical Protection: Unarmoured Cable Lead Sheathing or Jute or Hessian tape Armoured Cable Galvanized iron wire steel tape METHOD OF INSTALLATION It is recommended to lay cables as per configuration method below: FOR SINGLE CORE CABLES 1. Laid direct in the ground. a) Three in close trefoil formation, or b) Two touching in horizontal formation. 2. In ducts a) Three in trefoil formation, or b) Two in horizontal formation. 3. In air a) Two single core cables are installed one above the other fixed to a vertical wall as follows, the distance between the wall & the surface of the cable being 25mm in each case. i) Cables of sizes up to & including 185 mm2 are installed at a distance between centers of twice the overall diameter of the cables ii) Cables of sizes 240 mm2 and above are installed at a distance between centres of 90 mm. Note. The ratings for two cables may be applied with safety in cases where such cables are installed in horizontal formation, or brackets fixed to a wall, either spaced as indicated above or touching throughout. b) Three single core cables are installed in trefoil formation touching.

FOR TWIN & MULTI CORE CABLES i. Installed single in the ground. ii. Installed single in the air.

RECOMMENDED CAPACITOR RATINGS FOR DIRECT CONNECTION TO INDUCTION MOTOR To improve power factor to 0.95 or better at all loads. KVAR rating when motor speed is 1500 1000 750 r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m 1 1.5 2 2 2.5 3.5 3 3.5 4.5 4 4.5 5.5 5 6 7.5 6 7 9 7 9 10.5 8 10 12 10 13 15 12.5 16 18 14.5 18 20 16.5 20 22 19 22 24 21 24 26 23 26 28 25 28 30 27 30 32 29 32 34 31 34 36 32 35 37 33 36 38 34 37 39 35 38 40 36 39 41 37 40 42 38 41 43 39 42 44 40 43 45 40 43 45 42 45 47 50 55 50

Motor H.P. 2.5 5 7.5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 200 250

3000 r.p.m 1 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 40 45

500 r.p.m 2.5 4 5.5 6.5 9 12 14.5 17 21 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 65 67 70

RECOMMENDED CAPACITOR RATINGS FOR DIRECT CONNECTION TO PRIMARY SIDE OF WELDING TRANSFORMER FOR P.F CORRECTION KVA rating of Required capacitor KVA rating of Required capacitor Transformer Rating in KVAR Transformer Rating IN KVAR 9 4 36 18 12 6 57 25 18 8 95 45 24 12 128 50 30 15 160 75

SIZE OF CAPACITORS IN KVAR REQUIRED FOR GIVEN DEGREE OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION PER KW OF LOAD
Internal Power factor 0.85 1 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 2 1.112 1.066 1.024 0.980 0.939 0.899 0.860 0.822 0.785 0.748 0.741 0.679 0.679 0.645 0.613 0.580 0.549 0.518 0.488 0.459 0.429 0.400 0.372 0.343 0.316 0.289 0.262 0.235 0.209 0.183 0.156 0.130 0.104 0.078 0.052 0.026 0.90 3 1.248 1.202 1.160 1.116 1.075 1.035 0.996 0.958 0.921 0.884 0.849 0.815 0.781 0.749 0.716 0.685 0.654 0.624 0.595 0.565 0.536 0.508 0.479 0.452 0.425 0.398 0.371 0.345 0.319 0.292 0.266 0.240 0.214 0.188 0.162 0.136 0.109 0.083 0.054 0.028 Correction to 0.95 4 1.403 1.357 1.315 1.271 1.230 1.190 1.151 1.113 1.076 1.039 1.005 0.970 0.936 0.904 0.871 0.840 0.809 0.779 0.750 0.720 0.691 0.663 0.634 0.607 0.580 0.533 0.526 0.500 0.473 0.447 0.421 0.395 0.369 0.343 0.317 0.290 0.264 0.238 0.209 0.183 0.155 0.124 0.097 0.066 0.034 5 1.529 1.483 0.441 1.397 0.356 1.316 1.277 1.239 1.202 1.165 1.131 1.096 1.062 1.030 0.997 0.966 0.935 0.905 0.876 0.840 0.811 0.783 0.754 0.727 0.700 0.673 0.652 0.620 0.594 0.567 0.541 0.515 0.489 0.463 0.437 0.417 0.390 0.364 0.335 0.309 0.281 0.250 0.223 0.192 0.160 0.126 0.089 0.089 0.98 Unity 6 1.732 1.686 1.644 1.600 1.557 1.519 1.480 1.442 1.405 1.368 1.334 1.299 1.265 1.233 1.200 1.169 1.138 1.108 1.079 1.049 1.020 0.992 0.963 0.936 0.909 0.882 0.855 0.829 0.803 0.776 0.750 0.724 0.698 0.672 0.645 0.620 0.593 0.567 0.538 0.512 0.484 0.453 0.426 0.395 0.363 0.329 0.292 0.250 0.203 0.143

CAPACITY OF PVC CONDUITS

Size of conductor (mm2) 1.0 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35

16mm Or 5/8 6 5 3 2 2 -

SIZE OF CONDUITS 20mm 25mm Or Or 3/4 1 Maximum Nos. of Conductors 7 19 5 15 4 11 3 8 2 6 4 3 2 -

32 mm Or 1.25 30 24 17 13 10 6 4 3 2

CIRCUIT PROTECTION

1.

PVC insulated cables should not be operated, even for comparatively short durations, at Temperature appreciably higher than that permissible for continuous operation, since the PVC insulation is liable to soften at higher temperatures and sustain serious damage. It is, therefore, essential that such cables shall by continuously operated at the rated currents given in the tables only of they are suitably protected against excess currents arising out of the fault conditions, It is assumed that duration of such faults does not exceed four hours and protection is considere to be adequated if the minimum current at which the protective device is designed to operate does not exceed 1.5* times the tabulated rating for cables laid in air or in ducts, and not more than 1.3* times the tabulated values for cables laid direct in the ground. If by the nature of the circuit protection, it is not possible to operate the cable at the rated current under the foregoing provisions, the cable required for a given continuous load current shall be chosen to have a ratings as given in the tables which shall be not less than :

2.

3.

a) b)

The given continuous load current and For cables in air on in ducts, 0.57* of the minimum current at which the excess current protection is designed to operate, for cable laid direct in the ground, 0.77* of the minimum current at which excess current protection is designed to operate.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSTALLING MATERIALS FOR ELECTRICAL MECHANARY & APPARATUS ON THE BASIS OF THERMAL STABILITY The endurance of material used for the insulation of Electrical machinery and apparatus is affected by many factors, such as temperature, electrical and mechanical stresses, vibration, exposure to deleterious atmospheres and chemicals, moisture and dirt. It is a fact that materials included in a particular class may not withstand for an unlimited time the temperature assigned to that class. They will, however, withstand the temperature for long periods of time with intervening periods of lower temperatures and so have adequate life in service. The recognized classes of insulating materials and temperatures assigned ot them are as follows: Class of Insulation Y A E B F H C Temperature Limit 900 C 1050 C 1200 C 1300 C 1550 C 1800 C 2200 C

The list of Insulating materials under each group of class is given hereunder: CLASS Y (90) Cotton Natural silk, cellulose Fibre, Paper and paper products, Vulcanising fibre etc. CLASS A (105) Impregnated cotton, silk, paper and paper products, oil enamels laminates wood, Enamel wire based on polymide resins etc. CLASS E (120) Wire enamels based on polyvinyl formal, Polythene or epoxy resin, Phenolformalde mouldings of cotton, paper et, Polyster resins, Epoxy resins, cellulose, triacetate film etc. CLASS B (130) Glass Fibre, Asbestors, Oil-modified synthetic resin varnished glass fibre and asbestor Shellic, asphalt, Bituminous Compounds, Built up Mica. CLASS F (155) Alkyd, Epoy, Polyster, Silicon-Alkyd and silliconphenolic resin impregnaterd glass fibre cloth. Built up Mica with Alkyd, Epoxy, Cross Linked Polyster and Polyurthene Resins with Superior Thermal Stability Sillicone alkyd resins. CLASS H (180) Silicon, Varinished impregnated Glass Fibre Cloth, Mica Silicon resin Bonded Built up mica and combinations of Mica and other class materials with suitable bonding materials. CLASS C (above 180) Mica, Porcelain, Glass Quartz, Asbestos, Built up Mica Treated Glass fibre cloth. IMPREGNATION Any insulation system is incomplete without the system being impregnated by a suitable varnish. The impregnation also provides mechanical strength to the system. It becomes a solid structure after it is cured.

CONDUCTORS & WIRES ALL ALUMINIUM (STANDARD) CONDUCTORS (A.A.C.) Based On I.S. 398/1961

CONDUCTOR

CODE NAME

Nominal Copper Area mm2

Calculated Equivalent Area of Aluminum mm2

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Calculated Resistance Approx. at Current 20 0c when Carrying Corrected to Capacity Amp Standard Weight 40 0C 45 0 C Ohm/Km Amb. Amb. Temp. Temp. 1.36200 1.07100 0.85060 0.67700 0.67210 0.54440 0.45260 0.39360 0.36620 0.34220 0.30090 0.27150 0.21520 0.19160 0.15550 0.135660 0.12170 0.10880 0.08959 0.07749 0.06743 0.05982 0.05488 178 204 229 252 264 275 298 318 460 504 540 575 655 720 790 850 895 165 189 212 234 245 255 276 295 386 468 500 535 608 660 734 790 830

Stranding & Wire Diameter

No.

Dia (mm)

ROSE GNAT IRIS PANSY LADY BIRD ANT FLY BLUE BOTTLE EARWING GRASSHOPPER CLEGG WASP CATERPILLER CHAFFER SPIDER COCKROACH BUTTERFLY MOTH LOCUST MAYBUG SCORPION

13 16 20 25 25 30 40 45 48 50 60 65 80 90 110 130 140 160 185 255 260 300 325

20.89 26.56 33.45 42.02 42.33 52.26 62.86 72.84 77.70 83.13 94.56 104.80 132.20 148.50 183.00 209.90 233.80 261.50 317.50 367.20 421.90 473.60 518.40

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 37 37

1.96 2.21 2.48 2.78 2.79 3.10 3.40 3.66 3.78 3.91 4.17 4.39 3.00 3.18 3.53 3.78 3.99 4.22 4.65 5.00 5.36 4.09 4.27

CONDUCTORS & WIRES ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS STEEL REINFORCED (A.C.S.R.) Based On I.S. 389/1961 CONDUCTOR CODE NAME ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Calculated Calculated Resistance at Equivalent 20 0 C When Area of Corrected to Aluminium Standard mm2 Weight Ohm/Km

Nominal Copper Area Equivalent mm2

Approx. Current Carrying Capacity Amp

Area (mn2)

S.W.G.

40 0 C Amb. Temp. 10.47 20.71 25.9 31.21 41.87 52.21 63.32 71.58 74.07 77.83 82.85 94.21 103.60 129.70 128.50 128.10 154.30 179.00 207.00 232.50 258.10 316.50 366.10 394.40 419.30 428.60 465.70 464.50 515.70 549.20 33.16 36.21 78.56 196.10 2.71800 1.37400 1.09800 0.91160 0.67950 0.54490 0.45650 0.39770 0.38410 0.36560 0.34340 0.30200 0.27450 0.21930 0.22140 0.22210 0.18440 0.15890 0.13750 0.12230 0.11020 0.08989 0.07771 0.07434 0.06786 0.06800 0.06110 0.06125 0.05517 0.05182 0.85780 0.78570 0.36200 0.14510 115 133 150 181 208 234 261 270 281 305 324 375 375 382 430 475 520 555 595 680 745 806 795 860 900 165 -

45 0 C Amb. Temp. 107 123 139 168 193 217 242 250 260 283 300 343 348 354 398 440 482 515 552 630 690 747 736 796 835 135 -

MOLE SQUIRREL GOPHER WEASEL FERRET RABBIT MINK HORSE BEAVER RACCOON OTTER CAT DOG LEOPARD COYOTE TIGER WOLF LYNX PANTHER LION BEAR GOAT SHEEP KUNDAH DEER ZEBRA FLK CAMEL MOOSE MORKULLA SPARROW FOX GUINEA LARK

6.5 13 16 20 25 30 40 42 45 48 50 55 65 80 80 80 95 110 130 140 160 185 225 250 260 260 300 300 325 330 20 22 49 125

8 8 7 6 4 3 2 1/2/0 1/0 1/2/0 2/0 4/0 4/0 4/0 5/0 6/0 7/0 6 6 1/0 -

CONDUCTORS & WIRES ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS STEEL REINFORCED (A.C.S.R.) Based On I.S. 389/1961 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Stranding & Wire Diameter (mm) Conductor Diameter mm Conductor Area mm 2 Approx. Weight Kg./Km. Approx. Ultimate Strength Kg.

Aluminium No. Diam. 6 1.50 6 2.11 6 2.36 6 2.59 6 3.00 6 3.35 6 3.66 12 2.79 6 3.99 6 4.09 6 4.22 6 4.50 6 4.72 6 5.28 26 2.54 30 2.36 30 2.59 30 2.79 30 3.00 30 3.18 30 3.35 30 3.71 30 3.99 42 3.50 30 4.27 54 3.18 30 4.50 54 3.35 54 3.53 42 4.13 6 2.67 6 2.79 12 2.92 30 2.92

No. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 7 7 7 1 1 7 7

Steel Diam. 1.50 2.11 2.36 2.59 3.00 3.35 3.66 2.79 3.99 4.09 4.22 4.50 1.57 1.76 1.90 2.36 2.59 2.79 3.00 3.18 3.35 3.71 3.99 1.94 4.27 3.18 4.50 3.35 3.53 2.30 2.67 2.79 2.92 2.92

4.50 6.33 7.08 7.77 9.00 10.05 10.98 13.95 11.97 12.27 12.66 13.50 14.16 15.48 15.86 16.52 18.13 19.53 21.00 22.26 23.45 25.97 27.93 26.82 29.89 28.62 31.50 30.15 31.77 31.68 8.01 8.37 14.60 20.44

12.37 24.48 30.62 36.88 49.48 61.17 73.65 116.20 87.53 91.97 97.91 111.30 118.50 148.40 151.60 161.80 195.00 226.20 261.60 293.90 326.10 400.00 462.60 424.80 529.80 484.50 588.40 537.70 597.00 591.70 39.22 42.92 127.20 247.80

Total 43 85 106 128 171 214 255 542 303 318 339 385 394 493 521 604 727 844 976 1097 1219 1492 1726 1282 1977 1623 2196 1804 2002 1790 135 149 590 922

Al. 29 58 72 87 116 145 173 205 206 215 230 261 288 360 365 363 436 506 586 659 734 896 1036 1120 1188 1185 1320 1318 1463 1564 92 101 224 556

St. 14 27 34 41 55 69 82 338 98 103 109 124 106 133 165 241 291 338 390 438 485 596 690 162 789 438 876 486 539 226 43 48 366 366

407 771 952 1136 1503 1860 2207 6108 2613 2746 2923 3324 3299 4137 4638 5758 6880 7950 9127 10210 11310 13780 15910 9002 18230 13316 20240 14750 16250 12236 1208 1313 6664 8559

BUS BARS: CONSTTRUCTIONAL DETAILS ALUMINIUM AND CURRENT CARRYING CAPICITY AT 350 C AMBIENT TEMP AND 300 C TEMP RISE

Size in mm

Cross Sectional area mm2

Continuous Current Carrying Capacity in Amps. Weight (Aprox.) Kg/Mtr. A.C. No. of Buses 2 3 4 II III IIII 140 170 210 220 270 350 330 430 385 500 500 650 975 700 1150 900 1330 1170 1700 1440 2050 2500 2400 2900 3600 3650 4200 1350 1120 1600 1300 1900 1650 2360 2000 2800 3350 3250 3900 4850 4950 5600 1800 1500 2160 1730 2500 2230 3150 2600 3700 4400 4300 5000 6250 6400 7300 D.C. No. of Buses 2 3 4 II III IIII 80 95 115 125 150 200 185 220 275 285 360 540 445 655 530 770 700 985 855 1200 1500 1420 1750 2300 2300 2850 145 175 220 225 280 370 340 235 400 520 525 660 1000 815 1220 960 1430 1260 1840 1550 2240 2750 2700 3250 4800 4300 5250 440 1420 1220 1730 1420 2030 1850 2640 2220 3200 4000 3900 4800 6200 6200 7650 1850 2600 2400 3400 2900 4200 5200 5100 6300 8100 8100 10100

1 I 12X2 15X2 15X3 20X2 20X3 20X5 25X3 25X5 30X3 30X5 40X3 40X5 40X10 50X5 50X10 60X5 60X10 80X5 80X10 100X5 100X10 100X15 120X10 120X15 160X15 200X10 200X15 23.5 29.5 44.5 39.5 59.5 99.1 74.5 124.0 89.5 149.0 119.0 199.0 399 249 499 299 599 399 799 499 999 500 1200 1800 2400 2000 3000 0.0633 0.0795 0.120 1.107 0.161 0.268 0.201 0.335 0.242 0.403 0.323 0.38 1.08 0.673 1.35 0.808 1.62 1.03 2.16 1.35 2.70 4.04 3.24 4.86 6.47 5.40 8.09 80 95 115 120 145 195 180 230 205 270 280 350 515 425 625 500 730 698 940 820 1150 1450 1350 1660 2100 2150 2550

1 I

BUS BARS: CONSTTRUCTIONAL DETAILS COPPER AND CURRENT CARRYING CAPICITY AT 350 C AMBIENT TEMP AND 300 C TEMP RISE Continuous Current Carrying Capacity in Amps. Weight (Approx.) A.C. D.C. Kg/Mtr. No. of Buses No. of Buses 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 I II III IIII I II III IIII

Size in mm

Cross Sectional area mm2

12X2 15X2 15X3 20X2 20X3 20X5 25X3 25X5 30X3 25X5 40X3 40X5 40X10 50X5 50X10 60X5 60X10 80X5 80X10 100X5 100X10 120X10 160X10 200X10

23.5 29.5 44.5 39.5 59.5 99.1 74.5 124.0 89.5 149.0 119.0 199.0 399.0 249.0 499.0 299.0 599.0 399.0 799.0 499.0 999.0 1200.0 1600.0 2000.0

0.209 0.262 0.396 0.351 0.529 0.882 0.663 1.11 0.796 1.33 1.06 1.77 3.55 2.22 4.44 2.66 5.33 3.55 7.11 4.44 8.89 10.7 14.2 17.8

110 140 170 185 220 295 270 350 315 400 420 520 760 630 920 760 1060 970 1380 1200 1700 2000 2500 3000

200 200 300 315 380 500 460 600 540 700 710 900 1350 1100 1600 1250 1900 1700 2300 2050 2800 3100 3900 4750

1850 1650 2250 1760 2600 2300 3100 2850 3650 4100 5300 6350

2500 2100 3000 2400 3500 3000 4200 3500 5000 5700 3700 8800

115 145 175 190 225 300 275 355 320 410 430 530 770 650 960 780 1100 1000 1450 1250 1800 2150 2800 3400

205 245 305 325 390 510 470 610 560 720 740 930 1400 1150 1700 1300 2000 1800 2600 2250 3200 3700 4800 6000

2000 1750 2500 1900 2800 2500 3700 3150 4500 5200 6900 8500

2500 3600 3200 4800 4050 5800 6700 9000 10000

Area mm2 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS FOR BARE ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR Stranding Overall Area Standing Diameter mm mm mm2 mm 1/2.80 2.80 120 37/.2.06 1/3.55 3.55 150 37/2.24 7/1.70 5.10 185 37/2.50 7/2.24 6.72 225 37/2.80 7/2.50 7.50 240 37/3.00 {7/3.00 9.00 300 61/2.50 {19/1.80 400 61/3.00 {61/4.25 19/2.24 11.20 500 {91/2.65 19/2.50 12.50 625 91/3.00

Overall Diameter mm 14.42 15.68 17.50 19.60 21.00 22.50 27.00 29.25 29.15 33.00

CONTRUCTIONAL DETAILS 1100 VOLTS ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR UNARMOURED AND ARMOURED CABLE IS: 1554 (PART 1) UNARMOURED Approximate Approximate overall Net diameter Weight mm 11.8 13.1 14.2 15.7 18.8 19.8 21.1 23.7 12.4 13.8 15.0 16.6 20.4 21.2 22.5 25.3 28.7 32.2 35.4 38.1 44.0 48.4 50.8 Kg./Km. 175 220 260 320 460 530 600 760 190 240 280 350 530 630 730 940 126 1590 1920 2210 2780 3470 3920 ARMOURED Approximate Approximate Net overall Weight diameter mm 15.7 17.0 18.0 19.6 20.8 21.4 22.6 25.2 16.3 17.4 18.7 19.5 22.5 23.0 24.0 26.9 30.9 34.0 37.2 40.0 46.3 50.3 52.0 Kg./Km. 540 630 710 830 860 870 960 1160 580 680 780 840 980 1040 1160 1430 1840 2200 2590 2950 3680 4410 4960

No. of Cores & Nominal area of Conductors Sq. mm 2X2.5 2X4 2X6 2X10 2X16 2X25 2X35 2X50 3X2.5 3X4 3X6 3X10 3X16 3X25 3X35 3X50 3X70 3X95 3X120 3X150 3X185 3X225 3X240

ALUMINIUM STRIPS WEIGHT (Appx.) IN KG. PER12 RFT (3.656 MTS) THICKNESS WIDTH 1 or 1 or 1 or 1 or 2 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 8 or 1/8 3.2 mm .820 1.000 1.300 1.400 3/16 or 4.76 mm 1.200 1.600 1/4 or 6.4 mm 1.600 2.000 2.400 2.800 3.200 4.000 4.800 6.500 9.900 12.650 3/8 or 6.4 mm 2.300 3.200 3.600 4.200 4.800 6.000 7.200 9.750 14.850 14.850 19.000 1/2 or 12.7 mm 3.200 4.000 4.800 5.600 6.400 8.000 9.500 13.000 16.600 19.800 25.300

25.4 31.8 38.1 44.5 50.8 63.5 76.2 101.6 127.0 152.4 203.2

mm

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF 1100 VOLTS ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR UNARMOURED AND ARMOURED CABLE IS: 1554 (PART 1) No. of Cores & Nominal area of Conductors Sq. mm 3X300 3X400 3.5X25 3.5X35 3.5X50 3.5X70 3.5X95 3.5X120 3.5X150 3.5X185 3.5X225 3.5X240 3.5X300 3.5X400 4X2.5 4X4 4X6 4X10 4X16 4X25 4X35 4X50 UNARMOURED Approximate overall diameter mm 55.0 63.8 23.5 25.0 27.7 32.2 35.5 39.0 42.8 48.6 54.6 57.2 61.0 71.5 13.3 14.8 16.2 18.0 22.2 24.1 25.7 29.0 Approximate Net Weight Kg./Km. 4480 6140 750 870 1110 1500 1840 2350 2730 3360 4190 4690 5300 7090 220 280 330 420 640 810 920 1190 ARMOURED Approximate Approximate Net overall diameter Weight mm 57.2 65.7 25.2 26.8 29.4 34.0 37.2 40.4 44.7 50.5 56.3 58.9 63.1 73.7 17.2 18.7 19.0 21.3 25.0 25.6 27.2 31.0 Kg./Km. 562 7400 1150 1300 1620 2100 2500 3050 3450 4190 5180 5740 5680 8500 640 760 780 850 1110 1250 1400 1790

WEIGHT OF COPPER STRIPS (ELECTROLYTIC GRADE) WT. IN KGS / MTRS THICKNESS WIDTH 1/2" or 12.70 mm 5/8 or 15.88 mm 3/4" or 19.05 mm 1 or 25.40 mm 11/4 or 31.75 mm 11/2 or 38.10 mm 2 or 50.80 mm 2 or 57.15 mm 2 or 63.50 mm 3 or 76.20 mm 4 or 101.60 mm 5 or 127.00 mm 6 or 152.40 mm 1/16 1.6 mm .184 .230 .275 .362 .459 1/8 3.2 mm .367 .459 .550 .734 .958 1.104 1.470 3/16 4.76 mm .574 .717 .860 1.417 1.434 1.720 2.294 2.582 2.868 3.442 4.588 5.736 6.883 1/4 6.4 mm .746 .932 1.119 1.491 1.864 2.237 2.982 3.356 3.729 4.475 5.965 7.457 8.948 3/8 9.53 mm 1.089 1.363 1.635 2.180 2.725 4.270 4.359 4.905 5.499 6.359 8.719 10.898 13.078 1/2 12.7 mm 1.434 1.793 2.151 2.868 3.585 4.302 5.736 6.453 7.170 8.604 11.472 14.340 17.208

CURRENT RATINGS: PVC INSULATED CABLES 650/1100 VOLTS ARMOURED/ UNARMOURED AND SHEATHED ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR CABLES CONFORMING TO IS 1554(PART-I) 1976 AMENDED UO TO DATE RATING AT 30 0 C TEMPERATURE LAID IN THE GROUND IN SINGLE WAY DUCT 3 or 4 core a SINGLE m p CORE

Nomiinal area of conductor SING TWIN LE CORE COR E

IN AIR

TWIN CORE

mm2

3 Nos. amp

2 Nos. amp

Sing le amp

3 Nos. amp

2 No s. am p 19 25 33 42 56 71 93 11 0 13 0 15 5 18 0 20 0 22 0 24 0 26 0 27 0 29 5 33 5 35 5 39 5 43 0 46 5

Single amp

3 or SINGL TWIN 4 E CORE co CORE re a m p 3 2 Single Nos. Nos. amp amp am p

1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 225 240 300 400 500 630 800 1000

17 24 31 39 51 66 85 100 120 140 175 195 220 240 260 270 295 325 345 390 440 490

21 28 36 44 59 75 97 120 135 160 190 210 240 275 305 320 355 385 -

18 25 32 40 55 70 90 110 135 160 190 210 240 275 305 320 355 385 -

16 21 28 35 46 60 76 92 11 0 13 0 16 5 18 5 21 0 23 5 26 0 27 5 30 5 33 5 37 0 40 5 -

17 24 30 37 51 65 84 100 115 135 155 170 190 210 220 225 245 275 295 320 345 370

16 21 27 34 45 58 76 92 115 140 170 190 210 240 260 275 305 345 -

14 18 23 30 39 50 63 77 95 11 5 14 0 15 5 17 5 20 0 22 0 23 5 26 0 29 0 32 0 35 0 -

15 21 27 35 47 64 84 104 130 155 190 220 250 290 320 335 380 435 480 550 600 720

18 25 32 41 56 72 99 120 150 185 215 240 270 305 335 350 395 455 480 560 640 740

16 21 27 35 47 59 78 99 125 150 185 210 240 275 305 325 365 420 -

13 18 23 30 40 51 70 86 105 130 155 180 205 240 265 280 315 375 425 480 -

Rating factor for variation in Ground Temperature for cables laid direct in the ground: Ground Temperature 0 C 15 20 25 30 35 40 Rating Factors 1.17 1.12 1.06 1.00 0.94 0.87 Rating factor for variation in Ground Temperature for cables in ducts: Ground Temperature 0 C 15 20 25 30 35 40 Rating Factors 1.17 1.12 1.06 1.00 0.94 0.87 Rating factors for variation in Ambient Air Temperature. Ground Temperature 0 C 20 25 30 35 40 45 Rating Factors 1.33 1.25 1.16 1.09 1.00 0.90 45 0.79 45 0.79 50 0.83

DESIGN OF LIGHTING SCHEMS i) ii) iii) iv) The lighting scheme should be such that it may Provide adequate illumination Provide light distribution all over the working place as uniform as possible. Provide light of suitable color and Avoid glare and hard shadows as far as possible

The following factors are required to be considered while designing the lighting scheme : i) Illumination Level v) Glade ii) Uniformity of Illumination vi) Mounting Height iii) Color of Light vii) Spacing of Luminaries iv) Shadows viii) Colour of surrounding walls SUGGESTIVE LUX LEVEL AREA OFFICES Conference rooms SHOP Supermarkets Showrooms -Car -General SCHOOL Classroom HOSPITALS General Examination Corridors -General -Reception/Enquiry HOMES Living Rooms -Casual Reading -Desk and prolonged reading HOTELS Reception/Cashier/Lobby Coffee Bar/Restaurants MULTI-PURPOSE SPORTS HALL -Table Tennis, Gymnasium, Squash LUX 750 500 500 500 500 300 1000 150 300

150 300 300 150 500

EARTHING SYSTEMS EARTHING The termEARTHING means connecting the neutral point of a power supply system or the non current carrying parts of electrical apparatus to the general mass of earth the earth electrode and the ear thing lead. This is essential as provides safely to human being from the fatal electric shocks. EARTH ELECTRODE AND EARTHING LEAD Any wire, pipe, rod or metal plate embedded in earth for the purpose of making an effective electrical connection with the general mass of earth is known as earth electrodes. The wire or strip which connects earth electrode to any ear thing pr. Is known as ear thing lead. According to I.S.I. specifications. The cross section of the earthing lead, as a general rule, should not be less than half of the section of the main supply conductor feeding the installation. In small instruction, G.I. or copper wire of 8 SWG should be run from earth electrode to main distribution board and to sub main distribution board. From submain distribution board copper wire of 14 SWG should be run to three pin sockets and other ear thing points. In large installations the cross section of ear thing lead should not be less than 161.1 mm 2 for main connections and 64.5 mm2 for branch connection. Copper strip of 25.4 mm x 3.18 mm or 6.35 mm are usually employed as a rinf main for connecting all the electrical apparatus to the earth. Methods of Ear thing The various methods of ear thing are:(a) Pipe Ear thing (b) Plate Ear thing (c) Strip or Wire Ear thing (d) Rod Ear thing (a) Pipe Ear thing Pipe Ear thing is the beast from of ear thing and is very cheap in cost. In this method of ear thing, a galvenised and performed pipe of approved length & diameter is placed upright in a permanently wet soil. The size of the pipe depends upon the current to be carried and type of soil. Usually the pipe used for this purpose is of diameter 38 mm and 2.5 meters in length for ordinary soil or of grater length in case of dry and rocky soil. The depth at which the pipe is to be buried depends upon the moisture of the ground but it should be minimum 3.75 metres. The pipe is tapered at lower end in order to facilitate the driving. The pipe at the bottom is surrounded by broken pieces of coke or charcoal for a distance of about 15 cm. around the pipe. Alternate layers of coke and salt are used to increase the effective areas of earth and to decrease the earth resistance respectively. Another pipe of 19 mm diameter and 1.25 metres length is connected at the tape to G.I. Pipe through reducing socket. In summer session, 3 or 4 buckets of water are put through the funnel can connect to 19 mm diameter pipe which is further connected to G.I. Pipe. The earth wire (either G.I. wire or G.I. strip of sufficient cross section to carry fault currents safely) is carried in G.I. pipe of diameter 12.7 mm at a depth of about 60 cm. from the ground Care should be taken that earth wire is well protected from mechanical injury, when it is carried from 1.2 another. (b) Plate Earthing In Plate ear thing an ear thing plate either of copper of Dimension 60cm x 60cm x 3.15 mm or galvanized iron of dimension 60 cm. x

60cm.x 6.30 mm is buried into the ground with its face vertical at a depth of not Less than 3 meteres from ground level. The earth plate is embedded in alternate layers of coke & salt for a minimum thickness of 15 cm. The earth Wire is securely bolted to an earth plate with the help of a bolt, nut & washer made of Material of that of earth plate. A small masonry brick wall enclose with a cast iron cover on top is provided to Facilitate identification and for carrying out periodical inspection and tests. (c) Strip or Wire Earthing In this system strip electrodes of cross section not less than 25 mm x 1.6 mm of copper and 25 mm x 3 mm if of galvanized iron or steel are builed in horizontal trenches of minimum depth 0.5 metre. It round conductors are used, their cross sectional area shall not be smaller then 3 mm 2 in case of 6 mm2 in case of galvanized iron or steel. The length of buried conductor shall be sufficient to give the required earth resistance. Its shall however be not less than 15 meters. The electrodes shall be as widely distributed as possible, preferably in a single straight or circular trench or in a number of trenches reradiating from a point, If condition require use of more than one strip, they shall be laid either in parallel trenches or in radial trenches. This type of ear thing is used at places which have rockey soil earth bed because at such places excavation work for plate ear thing is difficult. (d) Rod Earthing In this system of earthing 12.5 mm diameter solid rods of copper or 16 mm diameter solid rods of galvanized iron steel or hollow section 25 mm G.I. pipes of length not less than 2.5 metres are driven vertically into the earth. This system of ear thing is suitable for areas which are sandy in character. For smaller installations G.I. pipe earthing is used and for larger installations and transmission lines where the fault current is likely to be high, plate earthing is to be used. Under no circumstances gas pipe be used for the purpose of earthing of electrical equipment. (e) Ear thing Resistance- the main principle regarding earth resistance is that the earth Resistance should be low enough to cause flow of sufficient current to operate the Protective relays or to blow fuses. The value of earth resistance is maximum during Summer season as it depends upon the moisture content of the soil. The following values of earth resistance will give satisfactory results : Large power station Small Substation 0.5 ohm, Major Power Station 2.0 ohm, In all other cases 1.5 ohm 8.0 ohm

The resistance of ear thing lead from earth electrode to any pt. in the installation Should not be more then 1.0 ohm.

SIZE OF EARTH WIRE AND EARTH PLATE FOR DOMESTIC & MOTOR INSTALLATION Sl. No. Capacity of Equipments Size of Earth Wire in SWG Copper 1 2 3 4 5 Up to 10 hp Above 10 hp & up to 15 hp Above 15 hp & up to 30 hp Above 30 hp & up to 80 hp Above 50 hp & up to 100 hp No. 8 No. 8 No. 6 No. 4 No. 2 or strip 12.7 mm. x 2.54 mm Strip 25.4 mm x 2.54 mm G.I. No. 8 No. 8 No. 2 Size of Earth electrode Copper 60 cm x 60 cm x 3.15 mm -do-do90 cm x 90 cm x 6.30 mm -doGI 60 cm x 60 cm x 6.3 mm -do90 cm x 90 cm x 6.30 mm -

Above 100 hp

-do-

EARTHING PLATE READY RECKONER Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Size mm 300 x 300 x 3 MM 300 x 300 x 6 MM 600 x 600 x 3 MM 600 x 600 x 6 MM 600 x 600 x 12 MM Copper Kg 2.41 4.83 9.65 19.30 38.60 Aluminum Kg 0.73 1.46 2.92 5.83 11.66 G.I. Kg 2.13 4.25 8.50 17.00 34.00

PERFORMANCE DATA (EXHAUST FAN) FAN DIA MM/INCHES 305/12 H/D 305/12 H/D 380/15 H/D 380/15 H/D 380/15 H/D 380/15 H/D 457/18 H/D 457/18 H/D 457/18 H/D 457/18 H/D 610/24 H/D 610/24 H/D 610/24 H/D 610/24 H/D SPEED RPM 1400 900 1400 1400 900 900 1400 1400 900 900 700 700 900 900 INPUT POWER WATTS 90 55 160 150 100 85 350 345 160 125 290 260 550 470 PHASE CURRENT AMP 0.43 0.30 0.75 0.45 0.40 0.29 1.55 0.65 0.65 0.30 1.40 0.50 2.60 0.85 MAX FREE M3/HR 1900 1250 4000 4000 2460 2460 6800 6800 4350 7350 7900 7900 10450 10450 SOUND LEVEL DB 40-45 35-40 60-65 60-65 50-55 50-55 65-70 65-70 55-60 55-60 55-60 55-60 60-65 60-65

SINGLE SINGLE SINGLE THREE SINGLE THREE SINGLE THREE SINGLE THREE SINGLE THREE SINGLE THREE

VENTILATING FAN SWEEP INCH 6 9 12 MM 150 230 305 VOLTAGE AC 50 HZ 220/240 220/240 220/240 POWER (WATTS) 20 42 55 SPEED RPM AIR DELIVERY M3 / HR 300 750 1350

1400 1400

COOLER FAN SWEEP INCH 20 MM 510 VOLTAGE AC 50 HZ 220/240 POWER (WATTS) 180 SPEED RPM 1380 AIR DELIVERY M3 / HR 4600

CEILING FAN SWEEP INCH 36 42 48 56 MM 900 1050 1200 1400 VOLTAGE AC 50 HZ 220 220 220 220 POWER (WATTS) 58 60 64 67 SPEED RPM 360 325 300 250 AIR DELIVERY M3 / HR 155 180 256 290

TABLE FAN SWEEP INCH 16 MM 400 VOLTAGE AC 50 HZ 220 POWER (WATTS) 60 SPEED RPM 1340 AIR DELIVERY M3 / HR 76

AIR CIRCULATOR SWEEP mm / inch 450 MM 18 600 MM 24 750 MM 30 VOLTS (V) 230 230 230 A/C CYCLE C/S 50 50 50 POWER CONSUMPTION 100 W 180 W 250 W SPEED RPM 1440 1440 1440 PHASE AIR DELIVERY M3 / MN 150 270 400 NO. OF BLADES 3 3 3

1 1 1

HALOGEN LAMPS FOR FLOOD LIGHTING WITH R 75 BASE Type and Wattage 150 W 300 W 500 W 1000 W Voltage V 230 230 230 230 Overall Length 78.3 117.6 117.6 189.1 Diameter mm 11 11 11 11 Luminous Flex Im. 2250 5100 9000 22000 2000 2000 2000 2000 Average Life hrs.

LAMP DATA FOR FLUORESCENT LAMP LIFE IN HOURS 5000 TO 7000 HOURS TYPE Nominal Nominal Length mm. TL20 W 610 Dia mm. 38 G 13 CAP Light Colour White Warm Cool Daylight TL40 W 1220 38 G 13 Warm White Cool Day Light T5 6 W T5 8 W T5 14 W T5 28 W T5 35 W 226.3 302.5 563.2 1163.2 1463.2 16 16 17 17 17 G5 G5 G5 G5 in 6500 K / 4200 K / 2900 K Co lour Temperature G5

Nominal Luminous Flux Im. 1160 970 2770 800

SODIUM VAPOUR LAMPS

Sodium Vapour Wattage 70 W 150 W 250 W 400 W 1000 W Lumens 6000 15000 25000 45000 13000 227 227 286

Elliptical Height (mm) Dia (mm) Height (mm)

Tubular Dia (mm) Base E 27 92 92 122 257 283 47 47 47 E 27 E 27 E 27 E 27

METAL HALIDE LAMPS Metal Halide Wattage 70 W 150 W 250 W Metal Halide Wattage 70 W 150 W 250 W 400 W Lumens 5500 12100 20000 Single Ended / Lumens 5600 11500 17000 30500 E 27 E 40 BASE Colours White 3K/5K White 3K/5K White 3K/5K White 3K/5K Height (h) 120 mm 138 mm 257 mm 283 mm Width (w) 55 mm 55 mm 48 mm 48 mm Double Ended / RX 7 s Colours White 3K/5K White 3K/5K Height (h) 117 mm 135 mm Width (w) 21 mm 24 mm

WEIGHT OF G.I. FLAT/WIRE G.I.WIRE WEIGHT/ KG./MTR 0.260 0.192 0.131 0.062 0.054 0.030 0.021 0.917 0.434 0.378 G.I.FLAT FLAT Size Sectional Mm x mm Weight / K.G./MTR. 20 x 3 0.500 25 x 3 0.656 25 x 6 1.30 32 x 6 1.66 40 x 6 2.00 50 x 6 2.50 65 x 6 4.225 65 x 10 5.235

Sl. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Size SWG 4 SWG 6 SWG 8 SWG 10 SWG 12 SWG 14 SWG 16 SWG 7/8 SWG 7/10 SWG 7/12 SWG

Sl. No.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Selection of Fan The procedure of estimating the rate of ventilation is to calculate the total interior space by the number of air charges per hour for the respective space given in the table. That gives the rate of air movement required in cubic metre per hour. Thus ventilation on air-charge per-hour basis is calculated as follows: (Length x width x height of the building x air charges per hour) = air movement per hour Example: Calculate the volume of air movement required for ventilation of a factory building 30m x 20m x 8 m requiring 20 air charges an hours. Solution: Air movement = = 30m x 20m x 8m x 20 96,000m3 /hr

610mm (24) exhaust fan has an air displacement of 7900 m3/hr against free air: therefore, 96,000 divided by 7900=12.1, so, 12nos. of 610mm fans required to do this job satisfactorily. Ventilation System Fan ventilation is necessary in most cases for maintaining air conditions at a satisfactory standard. Three different systems may be employed. (a) (b) (c) Extraction of air Supply of air A combination of extraction and supply

Each method has its particular merits. One or another of the three may be preferable according to the application. The fans should be positioned so that the fresh air drawn in will permeate the entire room. The best results are usually obtained obtained when fans are on the opposite wall to the inlets. Fans should not be installed in close proximity to doors or windows which may be left open. In such cases, the air movement would be short-circuited between the fans and adjacent inlets, and other parts of the room would be unventilated.

Sound Levels The sound level ratings are the sound pressure levels under free air flow conditions, which should be measured at a distance equal to three impeller diameters from the fan open inlet or outlet (3 ft for 7 in. and 9 in. fans) The decibel (dB) units are measured on the flat response (C scale) reading of the sound level meter, the average of readings in all directions being taken. In comparing fan sound level measurement techniques do not justify significance being placed on difference of less than 3 dB.

As a general guide 45-50 dB 51-60 dB 61-65 dB 66 dB and above Recommended where very low sound level is required Fairly quiet. For light industrial use. For general industrial use.

INDUSTERIAL TYPE SINGLE AND THREE PHASE RING AND DIAPHRAGM MOUNTING PROPELLER FANS Propeller fans are use for a large proportion of general ventilation work. They are widely selected for exhausting fumes or heated air from work rooms, bakeries, laundries etc. for ventilating public and commercial buildings. Motor are designed specially for fan duties. The performance ratings of these propeller fans are obtained by tests in accordance with I.S.S. 2312/1966 (Received), which represents a guarantee that the quoted volume and pressures will be obtained in service under similar conditions. 12 TO 18 INCH FANS : These fans are leading for domestic and commercial ventilation Single phase motors are capacitor type machines with condenser s fitted within the doomed end cover (except 18 inch at 1400 r.p.m.) These fans give large air deliveries at slow or moderate speeds, with minimum sound level and low power consumption. They are used extensively for industrial ventilation. The ring mounted fan is Designed to give maximum volume under free air flow conditions. Located in the cooling air system, this special streamlined Condenser is an exclusive feature. The fans qincoroporate patent Resilient suspension.

24 AND 36 INCH FANS :

FORMS OF RUNNING. The fans can be used for delivering air either away, or towards, the motor. The rated air volumes of ring mounted fans apply to forms of Running. A, C and E. There will be 10 percent reduction for Forms B, D and F. the air deliveries of Diaphragm Mounting Fans will not be affected. It is essential that the impeller be mounted on the motor spindle below. Discharge away from motor, Rotation anti-clockwise when Looking at the impeller side of the Fan. Impeller mounted so that it Rotates in the direction indicated By the arrow on one of the wings. Discharge towards motor, Rotation clockwise when looking at the impeller the fan. Impeller mounted so that it rotates in the direction indicated by the Arrow or one of the wings.

HARD DRAWAN BARE COPPER SOLID WIRE

Size S.W.G. 7/0 6/0 5/0 4/0 3/0 2/0 1/0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Diameter mm 12.7000 11.7856 10.9728 10.0166 9.4488 8.8392 8.2296 7.62 7.0104 6.4008 5.8928 5.3848 4.8768 4.4704 4.064 3.6576 3.2512 2.9464 2.6416 2.3368 2.032 1.8288 1.6256 1.4224 1.2192 1.016 0.9144 0.8128 0.7122

Calculated Area sq.mm 126.6769 109.0921 94.5638 81.0732 70.1202 61.3643 53.1921 45.6037 38.599 32.178 27.273 22.7734 18.6792 15.6958 12.9717 10.5071 9.3019 6.8183 5.4805 4.2888 3.2429 2.6268 2.0755 1.589 1.1675 0.8107 0.6567 0.5189 0.3973

Weitht kgm per km 1126 969.008 840.007 720.007 623.004 545.005 472.009 405.004 343.002 386.001 242.004 202.004 1666.006 139.053 115.032 93.043 73.079 60.063 48.072 38.013 28.083 23.035 18.451 14.126 10.379 7.207 5.838 4.613 3.531

Resistance at 200 Ultimate Tensile ohns Strength per km 0.1613 0.1613 0.1863 0.2175 0.2516 0.2877 0.332 0.3875 0.4579 0.5495 0.6489 0.777 0.9478 1.0129 1.0366 1.0686 2.0136 2.0601 3.0237 4.0137 5.0471 6.0756 8.0552 11.0018 15.0021 21.0091 27.0004 34.0022 44.007 kg 4170 1711 3313 2917 2584 2310 2040 1781 1535 1302 1119 0.945 787 671 562 461 370 307 249 196 149 122 96.6 74.4 38.1 38.1 31 24.5 18.8

HARD DRAWAN BARE COPPER SOLID WIRE

Size S.W.G. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Diameter mm .6096 0.5588 .5080 .4572 .4166 .3759 .3454 .3150 .2946 .2743 .2540 .2337 .2134 .1930 .1727 .1524 .1321 12.19 .1118 .1016 .0914 .0813 .0711 .0609 .0508 .0406 .0305 .0254

Calculated Area sq.mm .2919 .2453 .2027 .16417 .13628 .11099 .09372 .07791 .06818 .05910 .05067 .04289 .03575 .02927 .02343 .018241 .013701 .011675 .009810 .008107 .006567 .005189 .003973 .002919 .002027 .001297 .0007297 .0005067

Weitht kgm per km 2.595 2.180 1.8018 1.4595 1.2116 .0865 .8334 .6928 .6063 .5252 .4505 .3813 .3178 .2602 .2083 .16217 .12180 .10370 .08721 .07207 .05838 .04613 .3531 .02595 .01802 .01153 .006487 .004505

Resistance at 200 ohns per km 60.85 72.42 87.63 108.20 130.40 160.10 189.5 227.9 260.4 300.6 350.6 414.3 496.8 607.0 758.2 973.9 1297 1522 1811 21192 2706 3423 4473 6087 8766 13696 24350 35063

Ultimate Tensile Strength kg 13.0 11.7 9.66 7.80 6.49 5.31 4.48 3.72 3.27 2.83 2.43 2.05 1.71 1.40 1.12 .88 .66 .56 .47 .32 .32 .25 .19 .14 .10 .059 .035 .024

BATTERY & BATTERY CAPACITY A battery is an important source of power in modern electric and electrical equipment. Batteries are made up of cells. Each celle provides 2.1 volt. The no. of cells in a battery is related to the desired voltage & required current. Common Termini logy The open circuit emf of a battery is the battery voltage with no load. Terminal voltage when battery is supplying power of load is called output voltage or load voltage. The lowest voltage that a coil can tolerate and still be functional is called its end point voltage. BATTERY CAPACITY The single characteristic of a battery in which everyone is interested its current capacity unfortunately there is no simple way for a precise calculation or determination of current capacity of a battery. The capacity of a battery is defined by Ampere Hour (AH) which is the product of current in ampere and time in hours. E.g. A60 AH battery will supply 3 amp. For 20 hours. Normally battery capacity is defined at 20 hour discharge & knows as C20 rating i.e. the capacity will hold good if the battery is discharged in 20 hours. Capacity will reduce if battery is to be discharged at less than 20 hours & will increase if it is discharged at more than 20 hours. Industrial batteries are rated at 10 hour discharge & capacity is known as C 10 rating. A 120 AH battery of C10 rating will deliver 135 AH at 20 hour discharge & 100 AH at 5 hour discharge. TYPICAL VALUE OF BATTERY RATING AT DIFFERENT DISCHARGE RATE Battery Capacity C20 C10 C5 C3 135 AH 135 120 100 86 150 AH 150 125 104 90 180 AH 180 160 133 115 225 AH 225 200 167 143 CALCULATION OF BACK UP TIME Suppose we want to find out back up time of our inverter or UPS for following Inverter or UPS is of 800 VA capacity & size of battery is 12 volt 150 AH Back up time depends on actual consumption of load, say load consumption is 300 VA Battery capacity in AH Backup time H in hour = -------------------------------------A in amp. Where A = Load consumed Eff. X Battery Volt (A = Amp. Delivered to load by the battery)

C1 60 62.5 80 100

300VA Hence A = -----------------09 x 12V

= 27.7 or 28 Amp. (Efficiency is taken to be .9)

150 AH Backup time H in hour = ---------------- = 3.7 hours. 28 Amp. So back up time will be 3 hour 42 minutes. Similarly using the above mentioned formula battery capacity for required back up time may be calculated, Battery capacity in AH = Required back up hour x Amp. Consumed by load Or Battery capacity in AH = Required back up hour x Load consumed in VA Eff. X battery Volt

HOUSE WIRE CABLES SINGLE CORE ELECTROLYTIC COPPER CONDUCTOR SHEATHED AND UNSHEATHED HOUSE WIRE CABLE AS PER B.S.S.: 2004/61 Conductor Code (SWG) 1/18 3/22 3/20 7/22 7/20 7/18 7/16 19/18 19/16 19/14 37/16 37/14 Conductor size inm.m. 1/1.12 3/.737 3/.914 7/.737 7/.914 7/1.12 7/1.635 19/1.12 19/1.635 19.2.10 37/1.635 37/2.10 Conductor size in inches 1/.044 3/.029 3.036 7/.029 7/.036 7/.044 7/.064 19/.044 19/.064 19/.083 37/.064 37/.083 Conductor Area Sq.m.m. 0.984 1.27 1.96 2.984 4.59 6.892 14.51 18.709 39.38 65.77 76.60 128.08 Current carrying capacity Amp. 05 10 15 20 28 33 53 62 96 160 177 250

CURRENT RATINING OF HOUSE WIRING CABLES 650/1100 VOLTS. P.V.C. INSULATED SINGLE CORE SHEATHED CABLE WITH ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR CONFORMING TO IS : 694 -1977 Conductor Area Sq. mm. 1.5 2.5 4.0 6.0 10.0 16.0 25.0 35.0 50.0 Conductor Size in. m.m. 1/1.38 or 3/0.81 1/1.78 or 3/1.06 1/ 2.28 or 7/0.86 1/ 2.76 or 7/.1.06 1/ 3.57 or 7/1.35 7/1.70 7/2.14 7/2.50 19/1.78 Conductor Resistance at 200 C ohm/Km 19.7 11.8 7.39 4.91 2.94 1.85 1.17 0.859 0.592 Current carrying Capacity Amp. 10 15 20 27 34 43 59 69 91

LAMP DATA FOR H.P.M.V. COLOUR CORRECTED LAMP Type Cap Lamp Current A 0.80 1.15 2.00 3.20 7.50 Lamp Voltage V 115 125 135 140 145 Luminous Flux Im. 3500 6250 13500 23000 57000 Starting Time Min. 3.5 1.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 Max. Diameter mm. 70 75 90 120 165

HPL-N 80 W HPL-N 250 W HPL-N 250 W HPL-N 250 W HPL-N 250 W

3 Pin BC & E 27 3 Pin BC& E 27 E 40 E 40 E 40

Length mm. 152 173 227 290 410

LAMP DATA FOR BLENDED LAMP Lamp & Nominal Type No. Voltage V V MLL 160 230 W MLL 250 230 W Wattage of CFL Lamps 5W 7W 9W 10 W 11 W 13 W 14 W 18 W 20 W 22 W 23 W 30 W 36 W 55 W Min. Main Voltage V 190 195 Lamp Current A 0.72 1.15 Equivalent wattage Compound to GLS 25 W 40 W 60 W 60 W 75 W 75 W 75 W 100 W 100 W 110 W 115 W 150 W 260 W 400 W Luminous Flux Im. 2900 5200 Max. Dia. Mm. Overall Length mm. 177 277 LUMENS 225 255 535 580 695 850 900 1180 1200 1300 1500 2400 2900 4800

75 90

The above are available in 2g7, g23, 2g11, b22, e14, Base. Available in 2700K (War, White) & (Cool day light).

ILLUMINATION Light is a sensory experience of both physical & emotional aspect i.e. intangible, impalpable and invisible, light defines what we perceive by means of what we see. Lighting schemes may be classified as ( i) Direct Lighting (ii) Semi-direct lighting (iii) Semi-indirect lighting (iv) Indirect lighting (v) General lighting. (i) Direct Lighting : In this scheme more than 90 percent of total light flux is made to fall Directly on the working place with help of with of deep reflectors. This cause hard shadows and glare. It is mainly used for industrial and general outdoor lighting. (ii) Semi-direct Lighting: In this scheme 60 to 90 percent of total light flux is made to fall Downwards directly with the help of semi direct reflectors, remaining light is used to Illuminate the ceiling and walls. Such a lighting scheme is best suited to rooms with high Ceiling where a high level of uniformly distributed illumination is desirable. (iii) Semi- indirect Lighting: In this scheme 60 to 90 percent of total light flux is thrown Upward to the ceiling and rest reaches the working place. This scheme is with soft shadows and glarefree. It is mainly used for indoor light decoration purpose. Indirect Lighting: In this scheme more than 90 percent of total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling. In such a system the ceiling acts as a light source and the glare is reduced to minimum. In used for Cinemas, Theatres, Hotels etc. General Lighting: In this scheme, lamps made of diffusing glass are used which give nearly equal illumination in all directions.

(iv)

(v)

Types of Electric Lamps: This various types of electric lamps in common use are: 1. Incandascent or Filament Lamps: The incandescent or filament type lamp consists of a glass globe completely evacuated and a fine wire known as filament within it. The materials used for filaments are carbon, osmium, tantalum and tungsten. Lamp with tungsten filament has higher efficiency than all other such types. The average power consumption of tungsten filament lamp is about 1.2 watt/C.P., that of carbon filament is 4 watt/ C.P. consumption of osmium and tangston filament lamp is 1.6 W/C.P. and 1.75 W/C.P. respectively. 2. Gas filled Lamp: An evacuated bulb works at a temperature of 2000 0 C only For higher Efficiency this bulb is filled by an inert gas argon, with a small percentage of nitrogen & is Made to work at a temperature of 2,400 0 C according to the size of lamps. Efficiency of Such lamp is about 12 lumens/ watt. Gaseous Discharge Lamps: A gaseous discharge lamp is a glass or quartz envelope containing two electrodes and a small quantity of gas or vapour at low pressure. In these lamps light is obtained by applying an electric potential difference to a gas or vapour contained by the lamp under a suitable pressure. The colour of the light obtained, depends upon the nature of the gas or vapour used. Some common gaseous discharge lamps are as under: a) Sodium Vapour Lamp b) High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp c) Neon Lamp d) Neon Tubes e) Fluorescent Tubes & P.L.Lamps f) Metal Halide Lamp

3.

Discharges lamps are of two types: i) Those which give the light of the same colour as produced the discharge through the gas or vapour such as sodimum vapour, mercury vapour and neon gas lamps. Those which use the phenomenon of fluorescence are known as fluourescent lamps. In these lamps the discharge through the vapour produces ultra-violet waves which cause fluorescence in certain materials called as phosphor. The inside of the fluorescent lamps is coated with a phosphor which absorbs invisible ultra-violet rays and radiate visible rays. Example is fluourescent tube.

i.i)

First Number :

Protection against Ingress of Dust, Solid Objects and moisture (IP Classification) Second Number : Degree of Protraction against ingress of moisture Second Number 0 1

Degreeof Protection against accidential contact / contact with external elements. First Number 0 1 Description Non Protected Head Protected Explanation Not protected Protected against solid object Exceeding 50 mm in diameter Protected against finger Contact with live parts; against solid objects exceeding 12 mm in diameter Protected against contact with live parts of tools, wire or similar objects over 2.5 mm thick; Protection against, penetration of solid objects exceeding 1 mm in diameter Protected against contact with live parts by tools., wire or similar objects over 1 mmthick; protection against penetration of solid object exceeding 1 mm in diameter Complete protection against contact with live parts and against harmful accumulation of dust; some dust may penetrate but not to extent that operation is impaired Complete protection against contact with live parts and against penetration of dust

Finger protected

Description Non protected Drip-Prof Against vertical water drops Drip-proof When titled at angles up to 150 Rain-/sprayproof

Explanation Not protected moisture Water drips falling vertically shall have no harmful effect Water drips shall no harmful effect

Tool Protected

Water falling at an angle of up to 600 shall have no harmful effect

Wire Protected

Splash-Proof

Splashing water from any direction shall have no harmful effect

Dust Accumulation Protected

Jet-proof

Water projected by a nozzle from any direction shall have no harmful effect. (Nozzle diameter 12.5 mm. pressure 30 kPa)

Dust Penetration Protected

Jet-Proof Water projected by a nozzle from any direction shall have no harmful effect. (nozzle diameter 12.5 mm. pressure 100 kPa)

Watertight Watertight, temporary immersion In water under specified conditions of pressure and time possible without ingress of water in harmful quantities.

Pressure

Pressure watertight; continuous watertight submersion in water under specified conditions of pressure and harmful quantities.

LAYING OF CABLES For laying of cables special cares to be taken to prevent sharp bending, kinking, twisting. Cables should be unwound from drum by proper mounting the cable drum on a cable wheel making sure the spindle is strong to carry the weight without bending and that it is laying horizontally in the bearing so as to prevent the drum creeping to one side or the other while it is rotating. FIGURE However, following salient points are to be considered during laying procedure of cables laid in racks and in built-in trenches. 1. For laying of cables power cables to be pleased at the bottom most layer and control cable at top most layer. 2. Single core power cable for use on A.C. system shall be laid in delta formation supported by non magnetic material. Trefoil clamps of suitable size are to be placed at regular intervals but preferably not more than 800 mm. Axial spacing of two curcuits in delta formation shall not be less than 4 times the cable dia. In Case of multicore power cables, cables shall be laid side by side with spacing not less than one cable diameter. However derating factors for cable laid on trenches are to be referred. Multicore power cables and single core D.C. circuits may be clamped by means of galvanized mild steel saddles but 1.1 KV single core cables should be clamped by means of non- magnetic saddles. The saddles shall not be placed at intervals more than 1500 mm. for horizontal and 1200 mm. for vertical runs. 3. Multicore control cables can be laid touching each other on cable racks and whenever required may be taken in two layers. They should be clamped by means of PVC straps both for horizontal and vertical runs (alternatively. Fabricated aluminium clamps may be used) at regular intervals. 4. a) If the cables are buried directly in ground I.S. 1255 is to be followed for code or practice. However, generally cables are laid 1000 mm. below finished ground level at any point of cable run and 75 mm. of sand cushioning to be provided. 4. b) In loose soil concrete pillar should be provided for a support and hence pipes are Recommended to the use for cable path. 5. If there is a possibility of mechanical damage, cables should be protected by means of mild steel covers placed on racks. 6. While laying cables, special core to be taken at bends. Following are the recommended radius for power and control cables. Voltage Rating Kv Upto 1.1 Above 1.1 but up to 11 k.v. Above 11 k.v. PVC AND XLPE CABLES Single core Multi core 15 D 15D 20 D FIGURE 12D 15 D 15 D

7.

Maximum Safe pulling force (when pulled by eye Aluminium Conductor Cables : 3.0 Kg/mm2 Copper Conductor Cables: 5.0 Kg/mm2 proper of pulling of cable should be used.

METHOD OF INSTALLATION It is recommended to lay cables as per configuration method below: FOR SINGLE CORE CABLES 1. Laid direct in the ground. a) Three in close trefoil formation, or b) Two touching in horizontal formation. 2. a) b) 2. a) In ducts Three in trefoil formation, or Two in horizontal formation. In air Two single core cables are installed one above the other fixed to a vertical wall as follows, the distance between the wall & the surface of the cable being 25mm in each case.

i) Cables of sizes up to & including 185 mm2 are installed at a distance between centers of twice the overall diameter of the cables. ii) 90 mm. Note. The ratings for two cables may be applied with safety in cases where such cables are installed in horizontal formation, or brackets fixed to a wall, either spaced as indicated above or touching throughout. b) Three single core cables are installed in trefoil formation touching. Cables of sizes 240 mm2 and above are installed at a distance between centres of

FOR TWIN & MULTI CORE CABLES i. Installed single in the ground. ii. Installed single in the air.

MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (M.C.B.) M.C.B.s are used safely to provide safely to electrical equipments and circuit (cable) against overheating arising out of excess current due to sustained overloads or short circuits. In case of short circuits the M.C.B. trips instantaneously through electromagnetic release & in case of overload it opens the circuit with inverse time delay through its inbuilt thermal bimetal element. M.C.B.s can be used with reliability for providing protection of lighting and motor circuits. These are available for D.C. circuits also. TECHENICAL DATA Specification N Current Ratings Conforms to IS 8828 1978 No. of Poles 1, 2, 3, 4, 1 + N, 3 +

0.5 to 63 Amp. Rated Frequency 50 HZ In C series Breaking Capacity 3 KA, 6 KA,10 KA 6 to 63 Amp. In B series Ambient Temp 400 C 0.5 to 40 Amp. Mechenical life 1,00,000 Operations For D.C. supply Electrical life 50,000 Operations Max. Cable Size 25 mm2 GENERAL APPLICATION

For Lighting Circuit (B Series MCB) Current rating of M.C.B. should be lower than the Current carrying capacity of the smallest size of wire/cable used in the circuit, Example If an a circuit which is to be protected through the M.C.B., smallest size of wire used is 3/22 or 1.5 sq.mm. The current capacity of which is 10 Amps. A M.C.B. of 6 Amps. Should be used. For Motor Circuit (C Series MCB) Current rating of the M.C.B. should be one size higher than the full load current of the motor. Example- C series 10 Amps. M.C.B. should be used for a motor drawing 7.8 Amps. At full load. Rating of M.C.B.s generally available are C 0.5,1,1.6,2.3,4,5,6,10,16,20,25,32,40,50 and 63 Amp.

MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB) M.C.C.B.s are used to provide safely to electrical equipments, cables, transformer & Generating sets against overheating arising out of excess currents due to sustained overloads or short circuits. MCCB: SELECTION & PROTECTION TRANSFORMER PROTECTION Primary side For the protection of transformer with a circuit breaker connected to the primary side (LT primary) the no load inrush current wave to the transformer often reaches 10-15 times the rated current and they sometimes reach as high as 20-25 times. However, the transient decays very quickly (in a few m.sec.). Thus the MCCB selected should have a magnetic setting which will not be actuated by the momentary inrush current. Secondary side MCCBs can be used for protection of transformer on the LT side (secondary side) as an outgoing protective device. SELECTION TABLE FOR TRANSFORMER PROTECTION MCCB RATING IN AMPERES Transformer 10 kA 16 kA 25 kA 25 kA 25 kA 35 kA 40 kA 50 kA 50 kA Rating (KVA) 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 40 40 40 40 40 40 63 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 160 160 160 160 160 160 250 250 250 250 250 200 315 315 250 400 400 315 500 500 400 630 630 500 800 800 630 1000 750 1200 GENERATOR SET PROTECTION MCCBs can be used for the effective protection and control of Diesel Generating set againstover and short circuits. Selection table for DG Set Protection DG Set Rating (KVA) 26 25 63 100 160 200 250 315 400 630 750

MCCB Rating (amperes) 25 40 100 160 250 315 400 500 630 1000 1200

POWER FACTOR & ITS IMPROVEMENT Power Factor (P.F.) indicates parts of apparent power (KVA) converted into real power (KW) i.e. ratio of apparent power and real power. Power surces (Gen sets, Transformers) are rated in KVA loads are specified in KW. Capacity of Gen. sets and Transformers are determined by load in KW and its P.F. In case of lower P.F. higher rating of transformer is required. Electricity Boards (Power suppliers) insist on their industrial consumers for maintaining a minimum P.F. of 0.8. Consumers having P.F. below 0.8 are penalized. Reason for penalty is made clear from following illustration. To find capacity of transformer to feed a load of 10 KW (i) at P.F. 0.8. & (ii) at P.F. 0.4 KW -------------------P.F. 10 ---------------------- = 12.5 0.8 10 ------------------ = 25 0.4

KVA

(i) KVA

(ii)

KVA

In this above illustration in both cases load is 10 KW but due to variation in P.F. loading on transformer is 12.5 & 25 KVA. In second capacity of cable is also doubled. Power Factor can be improved by installing suitable size of power capacitors. MEASURMENT OF POWER FACTOR Power factor at a particular point in a circuit or installation is most easily obtained by means of power factor meter. Where such an instrument is not available, one of the following methods may be used. (1) With Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter

With reading from these three instruments, suitably connected, the power Factor for a balanced three phase circuit may be calculated as follows: Kilowatt X 1000 -------------------------------------1.73 x Volt x Amps. And for single phase Kilowatt X 1000 = ----------------------------------------Volt x Amps

Power Factor

Power Factor

(2) With KVA & KW meters With readings from these two meters, suitably connected, the Power Factor for Single Phase & Three Phase may be calculated as follows: KW ------------------KVA

Power Factor

PUMPS

Definitions LIFT: SUCTION LIFT exists when the source of supply is below rhe center line of the pump. STATIC SUCTION FIFT is the vertical distance in feet from the center line of the pump to the free level of the liquid to be pumped. TOTAL SUCTION Is Static Suction Lift plus Velocity Head and all friction losses in the suction line including values and fitting. HEAD: SUCTION HEAD Exists when the source of supply is above the center line of the pump, or when the liquid to be pumped flows to the pumps under pressure. DISCHARGE HEAD exists when the point of discharge or the free level of liquid at the point of discharge is above the center line of the pump (including pumping against pressure such as in pneumatic tank installations). STATIC SUCTION HEAD Is the vertical distance in feet from the center line of the pump to the free level of the liquid above the pump. STATIC SUCTION HEAD is the vertical distance in feet from the center line of the pump to the point of discharge or the free level of liquid at the point of discharge. (When pumping against pressure this pressure, translated into feet head, must be included). TOTAL SUCTION HEAD is static Suction Head minus Velocity Head and all friction looses in the suction line including values and fittings. TOTAL DISCHARGED HEAD is static Discharge Head plus Velocity Head and all friction looses in the discharge line including valves and fittings. TOTAL STATIC HEAD is the vertical distance in feet between the free level of the source of supply and the point of free discharge or to the level of the freed surgace of discharge liquid (includes tank or other pressure if any). TOTAL HEAD Total Static Head plus Velocity Head and all function losses. Velocity Head is the equivalent head in feet through which the liquid would have to fall to acquire the same velocity.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------Note: Total Head should be used for Head in feet Formulae for determining horsepower Required, etc.

PVC INSULATED FLEXIBALE SINGLE AND MULTI CORE CABLE P VC insulated Flexible Single and Multicore Cables, manufactured with bright annealed bare copper conductor for flexible use, insulated with electric grade PVC Compound and/or PVC Sheathed. Impervious to Oil, water, petrol, acid and greases generally as per latest is specification ISI: 694/1977, for working voltage up to and including 1100 Volts. TECHENICAL DATA FLEXIBLE CABLES COLOUR CODING Colours : Type Core Single Core Unsheathed (SC UNCH) Red; Yellow; Blue; Black; Single Core Sheathed (SC SH) Black Twin Twisted Red & Black Twin Parallel White; Grey Twin Flat Sheathed (TF SH) Red & Black 2 Core Round Sheathed (2Cr Rd) Red & Black Black & Gray 3 Core Round Sheathed (3Cr Rd) Red; Black & Yellow/ Green for earth 4 Core Round Sheathed (4Cr Rd) Red; Blue; Yellow; & Yellow; Green for earth

Sheath White

Black & gray Black & gray Black & gray

SINGLE CORE, UNSHEATHED CABLES IN VOLTAGE GRADE 650/1100V. Type: PVC insulated single core cables with copper conductor. 250/440V. Sheathed and unsheathed. High conductivity bright annealed bare Copper conductors bunched Together, insulated with electric grade compound. Nominal area of Conductor Number / Nom Dia. Of wire (Nom.) Thickness overall Diameter Approx. Overall Diameter Current carrying Capacity 2 cables, single phase In conduict/ Trunking Unenciosedclipped directly to a surface or on a cable Tray Amps. Resistance (max.) Per Km. At 200 C

Sq. mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

Amps.

Ohms.

1.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 6.0

14/.3 22/.3 36/.3 56/.3 85/.3

0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8

2.8 3.1 3.8 4.4 5.2

11 13 18 24 31

12 16 22 29 37

18.10 12.10 7.41 4.95 3.30

READY RECOKONAR FOR SELECTION OF CORRESPONDING CONTACTOR STARTER, BACK-UP HRC FUSE RATING, SIZE OF AL. CABLES FOR 3 PHASE A.C.415V 50HZ SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR H.P 3 Phase 415v.50 HZ A.C. 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.5 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40 45 50 60 75 90 100 125 150 175 200 250 275 300 400 K.W. 415V 50 HZ Approx Full Load Current Amps 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.6 3.5 5.0 7.5 11.0 14.0 18.0 21.0 28.0 35.0 40.0 47.0 55.0 60.0 66.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 135.0 165.0 300.0 230.0 275.0 323.0 360.0 385.0 500.0 Phase Current Amp Contactor Riting D.O.L. String Amp 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 32 32 32 40 40 63 63 63 125 125 125 125 300 300 300 300 300 Contactor Rating(Star Delt Starting) Amp 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 32 32 32 32 40 40 40 63 63 125 125 125 125 300 300 300 300 300 300 Backup HRC Fuse (DOL Starting) Amp 6 6 10 10 15 20 25 25 35 50 50 63 80 100 125 125 160 160 160 200 250 250 300 350 400 500 600 Backup HRC Fuse(Star Delta Starting) Amp 10 20 25 25 35 50 63 63 100 100 100 125 125 125 160 200 200 250 250 300 350 400 400 500 700 Cable Size Sq.mm Aluminium

0.40 0.55 0.75 1.10 1.50 2.25 3.75 5.50 7.50 9.30 11.00 15.00 18.50 22.00 26.00 30.00 33.5 27.00 44.00 55.00 67.50 75.00 90.00 110.00 132.00 150.00 187.50 204.00 225.00 300.00

2.88 4.32 6.34 8.10 10.02 12.10 16.00 20.20 23.00 27.00 30.30 34.46 35.00 45.00 57.50 69.00 78.00 95.00 115.00 133.00 159.00 185.00 206.00 222.00 300.00

1.5/2.5 1.5/2.5 1.5/2.5 1.5/2.5 1.5/2.5 1.5/2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 10 16 25 25 25 30 35 50 70 95 95 120 185 225 300/400 400 500 500 625

INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLATION, OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANE OF WATER PUMPS To ensure long and trouble free service it is advisable to follow the instructions below : INSTALLATION 1. Install the pumpset near source of water rigid platform with proper foundation bolts, providing adequate pipe supports. The foundation should be rigid enough to absorb all vibrations. Maximum possible suction is 8.5 mtrs. But it is preferable to keep suction around 6-7 mtrs. The total vertical height of the suction pipe should be restricted accordingly. The suction / delivery pipe should be of minimum length, and minimum number of bends and airtight joints should be used to minimize fictional lossed. It is advisable to fit a strainer on suction pipe to prevent entry of foreign material. Maintain sufficient clearance between the suction pipe and the bottom and sides of the tank. The clearance should not be less than 5 cm. Delivery and suction pipe lines should be properly supported, so that weight of pipe does not cause misalignment and undue stresses on the pump. Fit a non-return valve on delivery side. It is very much needed if water is stored at higher head.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

OPERATION 1. Connect motor with correct size of table on terminals properly (avoid loose connections) 2. Fill the casing of the pump with water at the time of first starting of the pump set. 3. Check for the direction of rotation of the motor by switching on the supply. It should be Anti-clockwise looking from the Drive inside of the motor. If the direction is reverse, change the connection of motor leads. 4. Care must be taken that non-return valve is opened before starting the pump, if provided. MAINTENANCE 1. Daily running of the pump set should be ensures for few minutes to maintain the freeness of pumpset. 2. If the pumpset is idle for a very long duration, the casing should be filled adequately with water, before starting. 3. The joints in the suction pipe and casing should be checked for air tightness. 4. Clogging should not take place in the strainer. The strainer should be cleaned periodically. SERVICING If the pump is dismantled, it should always be ensure that the components are refitted in correct-sequence and position. If is always advisable that a suitable mark by paint and sequence numbering on the component should be done prior to dismantling, this will help at the time of refitting. Any error in location will effect the performance of pump substantially. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------Note: A starter if appropriate rating is suggested for frequent voltage fluctuations and other abnormal conditions.

SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SUBSCRIBE PUMPSETS (A) 1.0 Selection : The selection of subscribe pump set depends upon the following factor a. Yield of the bore well. b. Depth to low water level of bore. c. Height and length to which water is to be pumped. d. Water requirement. Yield of the bore well : The continuous unsubscribe flow through a bore is called yield of the bore well. The yield of the bore well depends upon a. nature of source b. no. of veins (source) tapped c. subsoil water level

1.1

A well drilled in summer normally shows a low yield which is likely to improve in the monsoon. Similarly a well drilled in October may even become dry in summer. It is good practice to select a pump such that is does not exceed the maximum yield of the well. Thus ensure that a. The pump does not run dry in the bore thereby enhancing the pumps life b. Water of the bore does not become saline. Normally the driller of the well is supported to provide the accurate information regarding. a. No. of veins and distance from ground level at which these veins have been tapped b. The maximum yield of the well. The yield of the well is expressed by many dealers in terms of height over a V notch. (Table 1) give describe in LPM to corresponding heights over V notch. Table 1: Discharge over V Notch Height over V notch In Inches 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

over 45 0 V 3.9 6.7 1.6 15.5 21.5 37.5 58.5 120.0 209.0 328.0 480.0 670.0 897.0 1165.0

Yield in LPM over 900 V 9.4 16.2 25.6 37.4 51.9 90.5 142.0 290.0 505.0 794.0 1159.0 1620.0 2166.0 2813.0

SWITCHGEAR SELECTION CHART

Motor KW / HP 415V,3ph, 50Hz Motor Current (I L ) Amp 0.37/0.5 0.55/0.75 0.75/1 1.1/15 1.5/2 2.2/3 3.7/5 5.5/7.5 7.5/10 9.3/12.5 11/15 15/20 18.5/25 22/30 30/40 37/50 45/60 55/75 75/100 90/125 110/150 132/180 160/215 200/270 250/335 1 1.3 1.9 2.6 3.7 4.8 7.8 11.2 16 19 20.8 28 34 40 53 65 78 96 131 156 189 227 271 339 398

TYPE 2 CO-ORDINATION (Direct On Line Feed)

Switch Fuse Rating Amp 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 50 50 63 63 100 100 125 125 200 200 250 250 315 400 630 630 4 4 6 6 10 16 20 25 32 50 50 63 63 80 100 125 125 160 200 250 250 315 400 500 500 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 12 16 32 32 32 38 45 63 70 85 110 140 170 205 250 300 400 475 0.8-1.25 1-1.6 1.25-2 2-3.2 2.5-4 3.2-5 5-8 8-12.5 10-16 12.5-20 16-25 20-32 25-36 32-50 40-57 57-70 70-95 85-105 85-135 115-180 160-250 160-250 200-320 250-00 320-500 HRC Fuse Amp Conductor Amp Bimetel Relay SetRange Amp

SWITCHGEAR SELECTION CHART TYPE 2 CO-ORDINATION Star Delta Feeder

Motor KW/HP 415V,3ph,50 HZ

Motor IL Amp 4.8 7.8 11.2 16 19 20.8 28 34 40 53 65 78 96 131 158 189 227 271 339 398 I ph Amp 2.8 4.5 6.5 9.2 11 12 16.2 19.7 23.2 30.6 37.5 45 55.4 75.6 90.1 109 131.1 156.5 195.7 243.1

Switch Fuse Rating Amp 32 32 32 32 32 50 50 63 63 63 100 100 100 200 200 250 250 315 400 630

HRC Fuse Amp

Cont. N/D Amp

Cont. Star

Bi-Relay SetRange Amp

2.2/3 3.75/5 5.5/7.5 7.5/10 9.3/12.5 11/15 15/20 18.5/25 22/30 30/40 37/50 45/60 55/75 75/100 90/125 110/150 132/180 160/215 200/270 250/335

6 10 16 20 25 25 32 50 50 63 80 100 100 160 160 200 250 315 400 400

9 9 9 12 12 12 32 32 32 32 38 45 63 85 110 110 140 170 205 250

9 9 9 9 9 9 16 32 32 32 32 32 32 63 63 110 110 110 170 250

2-3.2 3.2-5 5-8 6.3-10 8-12.5 8-12.5 12.5-20 12.5-20 16-25 20-32 32-40 32-50 40-57 70-95 70-95 95-120 115-180 115-180 160-250 160-250

USEFUL3-PHASE FORMULAE General Formulae : KW KW= KVA x P.F., KVA= ----------P.F. KVA = 3 X Phase Volts x Phase Amps / 1000 KVA = 1.732 x Line Volts x Line Amps / 1000 H.P. X 746 KW = -----------------1000 In case of 3 Phase Motor : Line Amps ----x eff. Kw x 1000 --------------------------------Line Volts x 1.732 x p.f. x eff. = H.P. X 746 -------------------------------Line Volts x 1.732 x p.f.

CONVERTION TABLES TO CONVERT MULTIPLY BY LINEAR EQUIVALENTS Mills to Millimeters (1,000 mils-one inch) .. 0.0254 Inches to Centimeters .. 2.540 Centimeters to inches .. 0.3937 Feet to Meters .. 0.3048 Metes to Feet .. 3.281 Yards to Meters .. 0.9144 Meters to Yards .. 1.0936 Miles to Kilometers .. 1.6093 Kilometers to Miles .. 0.6214

Line Amps ----

AREA EQUIVALENTS Square inches to Circular Mills (Circ, Mils) .. 1,273.240 Square inches to Square Millimeters .. 645.16 Square Millimeters to Square Inches .. 0.00155 Square Yards to Square Meter .. 0.8361 Square Meters to Square Yards .. 1.196 Hectares to Acres .. 2.471 Acres to Hectares .. 0.4047

In case of 3 Phase Generator : Line Amps = KVA X 1000 -------------------------Line Volts x 1.732 Kw x 1000 --------------------------------Line Volts x 1.732 x p.f.

Line Amps ----

VOLUME EQUIVALENTS Cubic Inches to Cubic Centimeters .. 16.387 Cubic Centimeters to Cubic Inches .. 0.0610 Cubic Yards to Cubic Meters .. 0.7645 Cubic Meters to Cubic Yards .. 1.308 Gallons to Liters .. 4.546 Liters to Gallons .. 0.22

In case of Transformer : Primary Line Amps 1.732 KVA X 1000 = --------------------------------Primary Line Volts x

Secondary Line Amps ---1.732

KVA x 1000 = -----------------------------Secondary Line Volts x

WEIGHT EQUIVALENTS Pounds (lbs.) to kilogram .. 0.4536 Kilograms to Pounds (lbs.) .. 2.205 Tons (2240 lbs.) to kilograms .. 1016.02 Kilograms to Tons (2240 lbs) .. 0.00098 Ounces (Avoirdupois) to Grams .. 28.35 Grams to Ounces (Avoirdupois) .. 0.0353 Gains (Troy) to Grams .. 0.0648 Grams to Grains (Troy) .. 15.432

ELECTRICALS UNITS (THEIR EQUIVALENTS & FORMULAE) H.P. = 746 WATTS = 0.746 k.w. = 33,000 ft. lbs per min. = 1,104 Metric H.P. Torque (Ft. lbs.) = (H.P. x 33,000) / (R.P.M. x 2) 1 Electric Unit = 1 Kilowatt hour (KWH) 1 Kilowatt (K.W.) = 738 ft. lb. per sec. = 102 M kg. per sec. = 1.341 horse power = 1.360 Metric horse power 1 Kilowatt hour (K.W.H.)= 3,413 B.Th.U. = 860 Calories 1 Foot Pound (ft. lb.) = 0.1383 Mkg. 1 B.Th.U. = 1778.3 ft. lb. = 107.6 Mkg. = 0.2520 calories 1 Calories (cal) = 3.088 foot pounds

ELECTRICAL UNIT EQUIVALENTS Horse Power to Foot pounds per minute .. 33000 Watts to Foot Pounds per minute .. 44.24 Horse Power to Kilowatts .. 0.746 Kilowatts to Horse Power .. 1.34 Atmospheres to lbs. per square inch .. 14.68 Miles per hour to Feet per minute .. 88.0

TEMPERATURE EQUIVALENTS
0

F to 0 C -- Subtract 32 and Multiply by .. 5/9 0 C to 0 F - -Multiply by 9/5 and add .. 32

USEFUL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP DATA

EFFECT OF CHANGE OF PUMP SPEED 1. The capacity varies directly as the speed. 2. The head varies as the square of the speed. 3. The brake horsepower varies as the cube of the diameter. EFFECT OF CHANGE OF IMPELLR DIAMETER 1. The capacity varies directly as the diameter. 2. The Head varies as a square of the diameter. 3. The Brake horse power varies as the cube of the diameter. EFFECT OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY Brake Horsepower varies directly with specific gravity if the liquid has a specific gravcity other than water (1.0) multiply the brake horsepower for water by the specific gravity of the liquid to be handled. The Centrifugal pump will always develop the same head in feet no matter what the specific gravity of the liquid pumped. However, the pressure (in pounds per square inch) will be increased or decrease in direct proportion to the specific gravity. EFFECT OF VISCOCITY Viscous liquids tends to reduce pump capacity, head and efficiency and to increase pump brake horse power and pipe line friction. Consult the manufacturer/dealer for recommendation when pumping viscous liquids. EFFECT OF ALTITUDE Suction lift data are based on values as sea level. Therefore, above sea level the total suction lift must be reduce approximately 1.2 feet for each 1000 feet altitude. EFFECT OF HOT LIQUIDS Hot liquids vaporize at higher absolute pressure than cold liquids, therefore the suction lift must be reduced when handling hot liquids. When handling liquids with a high vapour pressure or at high temperatures the liquid must flow to the pump suction under pressure. Consult the manufacturer/dealer for net positive suction head requirements when handling hot liquids.

VOLTAGE DROP The size of every bare conductor or cable conductor shall be such that the drop in voltage from consumers terminals to any pint in the installation does not exceed 2.5 percent of the declared or nominal voltage when the conductors are carrying the full load current, but disregarding starting conditions. The approximate drop in average circuits such as lighting and domestic heating loads may be found as follows. Neglecting increased resistance due to temperature rise: D.C AND SINGLE PHASE A.C. TWO-WIRE CIRCUITS Drop = Current x total resistance of cables, lead and return = 2IR, where I = current and R = resistance of one conductor only (not lead and retum) As a rough correction for temperature add 15 per cent to the result for cables insulated with rubber, P.V.C. and polythene and 25 per cent for paper insulated cables, operating at maximum permissible temperature. THREE PHASE, CIRCUITS I

= Line current per phase and, R = resistance of one core only Drop = 1.73x IR where

Note:

For large three core cables carrying heavy alternating current, allowance must be made for the Increase in a.c. resistance due to skin effect. VOLTAGE DROP IN PVC/XLPE CABLES (Voltage drop Volts / Km Amps)

Nominal area of Conductor (Sq. mm)

P.V.C. Cables Single Phase Three Phase Single Phase

XLPE Cables Three Phase

1.5 43.44 37.62 46.34 40.13 25 29.04 25.15 30.98 26.83 4 17.78 15.40 18.98 16.44 6 11.06 9.58 11.80 10.22 10 7.40 6.41 7.82 6.82 16 4.58 3.97 4.9 4.24 25 2.89 2.50 3.8 2.67 35 2.10 1.80 2.25 1.94 50 1.55 1.30 1.65 1.44 70 1.10 0.94 1.15 1.00 95 0.79 0.68 0.83 0.70 120 0.63 0.55 0.66 0.56 150 0.52 0.46 0.55 0.48 185 0.42 0.37 0.35 0.30 240 0.34 0.30 0.35 0.30 300 0.28 0.26 0.30 0.26 400 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.22 500 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20 630 0.20 0.18 0.21 0.18 800 0.19 0.20 1000 0.18 0.18 Above Voltage drope (volts/km/amps) ahall be multiplied with rated current & length of Cables in K.M. to calculate total voltage drop in particular length and size of cables.

Water Requirements-Public Buildings Number of Fixtures Kind of Building Hotel and Clubs Gpm per FixtureMin.Capacity, GpmMax. Capacity Gpm Gpm per Fixture Min.Capacity, Gpm Max.Capacity Gpm Gpm per Fixture Mix.Capasity,Gpm Mix.Capacity Gpm Gpm per Fixture Mix.Capasity,Gpm Mix.Capacity Gpm Gpm per Fixture Mix.Capasity,Gpm Mix.Capacity Gpm Gpm per Fixture Mix.Capasity,Gpm Mix.Capacity Gpm A. 0-50 .65 25 33 1.0 25 30 .5 16 25 1.3 40 65 1.1 35 55 1.0 20 50 51-100 .55 33 55 .8 55 80 .35 30 35 .75 70 75 .70 60 70 .60 50 60 101-200 .45 60 90 .6 85 120 .30 40 60 .70 80 140 .60 80 120 .50 70 100 201400 .35 100 140 .5 125 200 .28 65 115 .60 150 240 .50 140 200 .40 110 160 401800 .27 150 210 .4 210 320 .25 120 200 .55 250 440 .37 210 300 .40 180 320 801-1200 .27 225 300 .4 330 480 .24 210 290 .50 460 600 .30 320 460 .40 340 480 Over 1200 .20 300 .4 500 .24 300 .50 620 .27 380 .40 500 -

Hospitals

Apartment

Mercantile

Office

Schools

Tables are based on equal pdy mumber of men and women. If major number of occupants are women increase capacity ONLY 15%. B. Where laundry is operated in connection with building increase capacity by 10%. C. These estimates do not include water for special process work. The extra amount should be determined And added to the calculated quantity.

Water Requirements- Rural & Domestic Resistance Rural Each person per day, all Purposes Each horse, dry cow or beef animal per day Each making cow per day Each hog per day Each Sheep per day Each 100 chickens per day

60 gal 12 gal 35 gal 4 gal 2 gal 6 gal

Resistance Urban Drinking fountain, continuously flowing Each shower bath To fill bathtub To Flush Toilet To sprinkle of water on each 100 square feet of lawn Dish Washing Machine-per load Automatic washer-per load Regeneration of Domestic Water Softener By Fixture Shower Bath Tub Toilet Lavatory Kitchen sink hose and nozzle horse and nozzle Lawn sprinkler

50 to 100 gal. Per day 25 to 60 gal 25 gal 3 to 7 gal 160 gal 10 to 20 gal 30 to 50 gal 50-150 gal

4 to 6 gpm 4 to 8 gpm 4 to 5 gpm 1 to 4 gpm 2 to 5 gph 200 gph 360 gph 3 to 7 gpm

Above requirements are average and consumption for use will cery with location, persons, animals and weather. XLPE CABLES Cross- Linked Polyethylene Insulated Cables (XLPE) are insulated with superior grade high modular unfilled Polythene with a cross structure. XPLE Cables offer various advantages over PVC insulated cables of requiring lesser Maintenance and having excellent Electrical and Thermal properties. The Application of XLPE cables, therefore, has recently expanded rapidly both for low voltage and high voltage ranges. A.C. Current Rating of Aluminium Conductor Cables With XLPE insulation Normal Area of Conductor Sq. mm 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400

Single Core In Ground Amp 99 117 138 168 204 230 265 295 340 390 450

Multicore In Air Amp 115 140 170 210 255 300 342 385 450 519 605 In Ground Amp 95 115 140 170 200 225 255 285 325 370 435 In Air Amp 99 110 135 170 205 240 275 315 370 430 490

C. CURRENT RATING OF ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR HT CABLE (XLPE) Nominal Cross Sectional Area (sq.mm.) THREE CORE CABLE CABLE IN AIR 3.3 kV 6.6 kV to 11 kV 2.2 kV to 3.3 kV Upto 3.3 kV CABLE IN GROUND 6.6 kV to 11 kV 2.2 kV to 3.3 kV

25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400

97 118 150 177 218 254 291 332 391 455 526

100 123 150 185 220 260 290 338 396 449 519

127 154 189 229 262 295 340 400 446 518

93 110 130 157 191 218 243 277 320 358 409

93 110 130 157 187 217 243 275 312 357 401

110 128 158 186 208 238 270 316 352 400