ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT
Surface mount technology is the method of attaching both leaded and non-leaded electrical components to the surface of a conductive pattern that does not utilize leads in feed through holes. It is an innovative trend in the field of Printed Circuit. Printed circuit board designing especially those requiring high on board density. This seminar explains how the PCB circuit can be designed step by step. It is done in a SMT also provides improved shock and vibration resistance due to the lower mass of components. The smaller lead lengths of surface mount components reduce parasitic losses and provide more effective decoupling.

INDEX
Page No CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: SURFACE MOUNT TECHNOLOGY 2.1. BASIC SMT PROCESS 2.2. Types of Surface Mount Technology Chapter 3: Fine Pitch Devices Chapter 4: Surface Mount Design
4.1. design of manufacturability 4.2.land pattern design 4.3.design for testability 4.4.specification of pcb

Chapter 5.Solder Paste Application

5.1. solder paste printing Chapter6

surface mount components and their placement 6.1 component packaging 6.2 component placement Chapter7 soldering 7,1 infrared/convective reflow soldering 7.2 hot bar reflow soldering Chapter 8 cleaning Chapter9 repair/rework
CHAPTER 10: ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
10.1 advantages 10.2 disadvantages

CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSION Chapter 12 REFERENCES

1 Introduction Traditional through-hole Dual In-Line Package assemblies reached their limits in terms of improvements in cost, weight, volume, and reliability at approximately 68L. SMT allows production of more reliable assemblies with higher I/O, increased board density, and reduced weight, volume, and cost. The weight of printed board assemblies (PBAs) using SMT is reduced because surface mount components (SMCs) can weigh up to 10 times less than their conventional counterparts and occupy about one-half to one-third the space on the printed board (PB) surface. SMT also provides improved shock and vibration resistance due to the lower mass of components. The smaller lead lengths of surface mount components reduce parasitic losses and provide more effective decoupling .

2 SURFACE MOUNT TECHNOLOGY

2.1 BASIC SMT PROCESS
surface mount design solder paste application component placement soldering cleaning repair/rework

2.2. Types Of Surface Mount Technology

Many electronic components are not yet available for surface mounting. Due to this reason, SMT must accommodate some through-hole components. Therefore the term Surface Mount Assembly is incomplete. Surface mount components, active and passive, when attached to the substrate, form three major types of SMT assembly commonly referred to as Type I, Type II and Type III. The process sequences are different in each type, and all the three types need different equipments. Type I SMT Type I is a full SMT board with parts on one or both sides of the

board.
The Type II Type II is probably the most common type of SMT board. It has a

combination of through-hole components and SMT components. Often, surface mount chip components are located on the secondary side of the Printed Board (PB). Active SMCs and DIPs are then found on the primary side. Multiple soldering processes are required.

The Type III. Type III assemblies are similar to Type II. They also use passive

chip SMCs on the secondary side, but on the primary side only DIPs are used Figure 1. Surface Mount Technology Board Types

Figure 2. Typical Process Flow for Total Surface Mount (Type I SMT The process sequence for Type I SMT is shown in Figure 7-3. For a single sided type I, solder paste is printed onto the board and components are placed The assembly is reflow soldered and cleaned (if needed). For double-sided Type I, the board is turned over, and the process sequence just described is repeated

Figure3. Typical Process Flow for Underside Attachment (Type II &IIISMT) Type II & III assemblies go through the process sequence of Type I SMT followed by the sequence for Type III. In general practice, only passive chip components and low pin count gull wing components are exposed to solder wave immersion.

3 FINE PITCH DEVICES

The need for high lead-count packages in semiconductor technology has increased with the advent of application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) devices and increased functionality of microprocessors. As package lead count increases, devices will become larger and larger. To ensure that the area occupied by packages remains within the limits of manufacturing equipment, lead pitches have been reduced. This, coupled with the drive toward higher functional density at the board level for enhanced performance and miniaturization, has fostered the introduction of many devices in fine-pitch surface mount packages. A fine-pitch package can be broadly defined as any package with a lead pitch finer than the 1.27mm pitch of standard surface mount packages like PLCCs and SOPs. Most common lead pitches are .65mm and .5mm. There are even some now available in 0.4mm pitch. Devices with these fine pitches and leads on all four sides are called Quad Flat Packs, (QFPs). The assembly processes most dramatically affected by the fine-pitch package are paste printing and component placement. Fine pitch printing requires high quality solder paste and unique stencil aperture designs. Placement of any surface mount package with 25 mils or less of lead pitch must be made with the assistance of a vision system for accurate alignment. Placement vision systems typically consist of two cameras. The top camera system scans the surface of the board and locates fiducial targets that are designed into the artwork of the board. The placement system then offsets the coordinates in the computer for any variation in true board location. The bottom camera system, located under the placement head, views the component leads. Since the leads of fine-pitch components are too fragile to support mechanical centering of the device, the vision system automatically offsets for variations in the X, Y, and theta dimensions. This system also inspects for lead integrity problems, such as bent or missing leads. Other manufacturing issues for assembling fine-pitch components on PC boards include: 1. Printing various amounts of solder paste on the 25-mil and 50-mil lands. One stencil thickness will usually suffice. But stencils may be stepped down to a thinner amount for fine pitch aperture areas to keep volumes lower to prevent bridging. 2. Cleaning adequately under and around package leads, 3. Baking of the packages to remove moisture,. Thin QFPs are susceptible to a problem known as popcorning where moisture in the plastic can literally explode when heating in reflow or rework and crack the plastic package. 4. Handling of the packages without damaging fragile leads. These challenges are by no means insurmountable. Many equipment choices have already found solutions to these issues.

4 SMT DESIGN
4.1.Design for Manufacturability
Design for manufacturability is gaining more recognition as it becomes clear that cost reduction of printed wiring assemblies cannot be controlled by manufacturing engineers alone. Design for manufacturability-which includes considerations of land pattern, placement, soldering, cleaning, repair, and test-is essentially a yield issue. Thus, companies planning surface mount products face achallenge in creating manufacturable designs. Of all the issues in design for manufacturability, land pattern design and interpackage spacing arethe most important. Interpackage spacing controls cost-effectiveness of placement, soldering, testing, inspection, and repair. A minimum interpackage spacing is required to satisfy all these manufacturing requirements, and the more spacing that is provided, the better. With the vast variety of components available today, it would be difficult to list or draw the spac requirements for every component combination. In general, most component spacing ranges fro 0.040 in. to 0.060 in. The space is typically measured from pad to pad, lead to lead, or body to body, whichever is closest. Smaller spacing (0.040 in) is generally used for low or thin profile parts and small chip components. Taller parts such as PLCCs are usually spaced at 0.060 in. The placement capability of each individual piece of equipment will partially dictate minimum requirements. However, often the ability to rework or repair individual leads, or entire parts, will have a stronger influence on the minimum spacing. Allowing enough space for rework nozzles or soldering irons can save considerable cost by allowing repair of a few bad solder joints versus scrapping the entire board. Thus, each user must set spacing requirements based on the equipment set used. The spacing between the pads of conventional and surface mount components may be as large as 0.100 in. so that auto-insertion equipment may used for conventional components. Clear spaces ofat least 0.050 in. should be allowed around all edges of the PC boards if the boards are tested offthe connector, or 0.100 in. if vacuum seal is used for testing, such as bed-of-nails. Another manufacturing consideration is the alignment of components on the PC board. Similar types of components should be aligned in the same orientation for ease of component placement, inspection, and soldering. Via holes are used to connect SMC lands to conductor layers. They may also be used as test targetsfor bed-of-nails probes and/or rework ports. Via holes may be covered with solder mask material ifthey are not required for node testing or rework. Such vias are called tented or capped vias. Via holes may be placed under surface mount components. However, in Type II and Type III SMT(mix-and-match surface mount), via holes under SMCs should be minimized or tented with soldermask to prevent trapping of flux under the packages during wave soldering. For effective

cleaning,via holes should only be located beneath SMCs in Type I SMT assemblies (full surface mount) thatare not wave soldered.

4.2.LAND PATTERN DESIGN The surface mount land patterns, also called footprints or pads, define the sites where components are to be soldered to the PC board. The design of land patterns is very critical, because it determines solder joint strength and thus the reliability of solder joints, and also impacts solder defects, leanability, testability, and repair or rework. In other words, the very producibility or success of SMT is dependent upon the land pattern design. The lack of standardization of surface mount packages has compounded the problem of standardizing the land pattern. To simplify the land pattern design guidelines, surface mount components are divided into four different categories: 1. 0.050" Pitch J-leaded Devices 2. 0.050" Pitch Gullwing Leaded Devices 3. Sub 0.050" Pitch Gullwing Leaded Devices 4. Chip Components
For each of these categories dimensions will be mentioned and as per these dimensions pitch pad size is created for each device.

. 4.3 Design for Testability In SMT boards, designing for testability requires that test nodes be accessible to automated test equipment (ATE). This requirement naturally has an impact on board real estate. In addition, the requirement impacts cost, which is dependent upon defects. A lower number of test nodes can be tolerated when defect rates are low, but higher defect occurrence demands adequate diagnostic capability by allowing ATE access to all test nodes. Most companies use bed-of-nails in-circuit testing for conventional assemblies. Use of SMCs does not impact testability if rules for testability of assemblies are strictly observed. These rules require that (1) 0.050-in. and 0.100-in. test probes are used, (2) solder joints are not probed, and (3) through-hole vias or test pads are used to allow electrical access to each test node during in-circuit testing. If possible, this electrical access should be provided both at top and bottom, with the bottom access being necessary. The main drawback of providing all the required test pads is that the

real estate savings offered by SMT are somewhat compromised. To retain these savings requires development of some form of self-test or reliance upon functional tests only. However, self-test requires considerable development effort and implementation time, and functional tests lack the diagnostic capability of incircuit tests. Designing for manufacturability, test, and repair are very important for yield improvement and thus cost reduction. 4.4 SPECIFICATION OF PCB After all these above mentioned design steps the following information should be provided when ordering PCBs: 1.quantity and lead time. 2.x-y dimensions/boards per panel,number of sides with components. 3.board material,thickness and tolerances 4.layer count and copper weight for layers: -1/2 oz or 1 oz copper on outer layers. -1 oz copper on inner layers 5. metallization(SnPb/HASL,organic,Cu-Ni-Au,immersion Sn or Ag or Au) 6.minimum line and space width 7.hole current,min hole dim and finish 8.surface mount pad count and minimum pad pitch 9.silkscreen and solder mask(usually green LPI) 10.electrical testing requirements(need netlist for electrical test) 11.gerber data(always create a README file).
111

Specify PCBs

This is the information you should provide when ordering PCBs:

1. Quantity and lead time 2. X-Y dimensions/boards per panel, number of sides with components 3. Board material, thickness (4 layer boards usually 0.062) and

5.SOLDER PASTE APPLICATION

5.1 Solder Paste Printing
Solder paste, a sticky mixture of flux and tiny solder particles, is first applied to all the solder pads with a stainless steel or nickel stencil using a screen printing process.

In most cases, solder paste is applied on the solder pads before component placement by stenciling.Stencils are etched stainless steel or brass sheets. Stencils are essentially the industry standard for applying solder paste. Screens with emulsion masks can be used but stencils provide more crisp and accurate print deposits. The types of solder paste available fall under three main categories: Rosin Mildly Activated (RMA), water-soluble Organic Acid (OA), and no-clean. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages as listed in the Table 1, and choosing one over the others depends on the application and the product type.

Table1.COMPARISON OF SOLDER PASTES Type RMA Advantages Stable chemistry, Good properties Disadvantages Needs chemical solvent or Saphonication for Cleaning Cleaned using pure Humidity sensitive, water, Water leaches into Good cleanability Waste stream No cleaning process May leave some Invisible residue behind

OA

NO CLEAN

6 SURFACE MOUNT COMPONENTS AND THEIR PLACEMENT

6.1 Component Packaging
Most active components are available in surface mount. However, connectors and sockets are stillthrough-hole, often for strength considerations, which will keep us in mix-and-match format for some time to come. Surface mount components are available in various shipping media The most common is tape and reel. It requires fewer machine reloads allowing more machine run time. Trays are also used, generally for large packages such as QFPs. The EIA specification RS-481A has standardized reel specifications for passive components and active components.

6.2 Component Placement

Requirements for accuracy make it necessary to use auto-placement machines for placing surface mount components on the PB. The type of parts to be placed and their volume dictate selection of the appropriate auto-placement machine. There are different types of auto-placement machines available on the market today: (A) in-line, (B) simultaneous, (C) sequential, and (D) sequential/ simultaneous. In-line placement equipment employs a series of fixed-position placement stations. Each station places its respective component as the PB moves down the line. These machines can be very fast by ganging several in sequence. Simultaneous placement equipment places an entire array of components onto the PC board at the same time. Sequential placement equipment typically utilizesa software-controlled X- Y moving table system. Components are individually placed on the PC board in succession. These are currently the most common high speed machines used in the industry. Sequential/simultaneous placement equipment features a software- controlled X-Y moving table system. Components are individually placed on the PC board from multiple heads in succession. Simultaneous firing of heads is possible. Many models of auto-placement equipment are available in each of the four categories. Selection criteria should consider such issues as the kind of parts are to be handled, whether they come in tube, trays, or tape and reel, and whether the machine can accommodate future changes in other shipping media. Selection and evaluation of tapes from various vendors for compatibility with theselected machine is very important. Off-line programming, teach mode, and edit capability, as well as CAD/CAM compatibility may be very desirable, especially if a company has already developed a CAD/CAM database. Special features such as vision capability, adhesive application, component testing, board handling, and capability for further expansion may be of interest for many applications. Vision capability is especially helpful in accurate placement of fine- pitch packages. Machine reliability, accuracy of placement, and easy maintenance are important to all users.

7 SOLDERING
Like the selection of auto-placement machines, the type of soldering process required depends upon the type of components to be soldered and whether surface mount and through-hole parts will be combined. For example, if all components are surface mount types, the reflow method will be used. However, for a combination of through-hole and surface mount components, reflow soldering for surface mount components followed by wave soldering for through-hole mount components is optimum. 7.1 Infrared/Convective Reflow Soldering There are basically two types of infrared reflow processes: focused (radiant) and non-focused (convective). Focused IR, also known as Lamp IR, uses quartz lamps that produce radiant energy to heat the product. In non- focused or diffused IR, the heat energy is transferred from heaters by convection. A gradual heating of the assembly is necessary to drive off volatiles from the solder paste. This is accomplished by various top and bottom heating zones that are independently controlled. After an appropriate time in preheat, the assembly is raised to the reflow temperature for soldering and then cooled. The most widely accepted reflow is now "forced convection" reflow. It is considered more suitable for SMT packages and has become the industry standard. The advantage of forced convection reflow is better heat transfer from hot air that is constantly being replenished in large volume thus supplying more consistent heating. While large mass devices on the PB will heat more slowly than low mass devices, the deltas are small allowing all parts to see nearly the same heat cycle. 7.2 Hot Bar Reflow Soldering The ability to place and reflow high lead count ultra fine pitch components challenges traditional stencil, place and reflow processes at or below 0.4mm lead pitch. This is due to poor solder paste flow characteristics through very small stencil apertures and mechanical alignment difficulties with stencil to the substrate. Pulsed resistance thermode attachment or "hot bar" reflow is an outer lead bonding technique for component lead pitches down to 0.2mm. The package for this process is the Tape Carrier Package (TCP). Component input into the placement system can be accomplished through many different format types: molded carrier ring, singulated slide carriers, or matrix trays. In this process, no solder paste is used. Only the solder plated on the PB lands form the solder joints. Hence, a PB vendor with tight solder plating control is needed. First, liquid flux is applied to the lands at the mounting site. No-clean "low solids" fluxes that can withstand the higher temperature of the thermodes (approximately 260C - 300C) without carbonizing are recommended for this application. An advanced machine vision system is used to perform component lead inspection, board fiducial location and calculate placement location. After component placement, the hot bar blades are brought down to "gang bond" all the leads simultaneously. The blades physically contact the top of the component leads, holding them in place during reflow and cool down. This hold down process results in fewer problems due to coplanarity. Heat is conducted through the leads and into the solder deposit to form solder fillets. The blades are then allowed to cool to let the solder re-solidify before lifting. Computer control manages the temperature and force profiles for each component type. Different thermal masses make this essential

8 CLEANING
In general, cleaning of SMT assemblies is harder than that of conventional assemblies because of smaller gaps between surface mount components and the PB surface. The smaller gap can entrap flux, which can cause corrosion, which leads to reliability problems. Thus, the cleaning process depends upon the spacing between component leads, spacing between component and substrate, the source of flux residue, type of flux, and the soldering process. RMA cleaning requires chemicals and has waste affuents to deal with. OA cleaning uses water that must flush down the drain. However in this chemistry, lead is often found in the wastewater and creates an environmental concern. No clean is generally becoming the preferred solder process since it eliminates cleaning all together. This eliminates the environmental issues and saves in capital costs. One of the key issues in SMT has been to determine the cleanliness of SMT assemblies. The Omega meter is a common tool originally used for DIP boards. For SMT, the industry also uses Surface Insulation Resistance (SIR) surface mount boards. These boards check for ionic contaminates left on the PB by measuring the electrical resistance between adjacent traces or circuits.

9 REPAIR / REWORK
Repair and rework of SMT assemblies is easier than that of conventional components. A number of tools are available for removing components, including hot-air machines for removing active surface mount components. As with any rework tool, a key issue in using hot-air machines is preventing thermal damage to the component or adjacent components. No matter which tool is used, all the controlling desoldering/soldering variables should be studied,including the number of times a component can be removed and replaced, and desoldering temperature and time. It is also helpful to preheat the board assembly to 150F 200F for 15 to 20 minutes before rework to prevent thermal damage such as measling or white spots of the boards,and to avoid pressure on pads during the rework operation. To prevent moisture induced damage,SMT components may require bake-out prior to removal from the board.

10 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SMT

10.1. ADVANTAGES
The main advantages of SMT over the older through-hole technique are: Smaller components. Smallest is currently 0.4 x 0.2 mm. Much higher number of components and many more connections per component. Fewer holes need to be drilled through abrasive boards. Simpler automated assembly. Small errors in component placement are corrected automatically (the surface tension of the molten solder pulls the component into alignment with the solder pads). Components can be placed on both sides of the circuit board. Lower resistance and inductance at the connection (leading to better performance for high frequency parts). Better mechanical performance under shake and vibration conditions. SMT parts generally cost less than through-hole parts. Fewer unwanted RF signal effects in SMT parts when compared to leaded parts, yielding better predictability of component characteristics. Faster assembly. Some placement machines are capable of placing more than 50,000 components per hour.

10.2.DISADVANTAGES
The manufacturing processes for SMT are much more sophisticated than throughhole boards, raising the initial cost and time of setting up for production. Manual prototype assembly or component-level repair is more difficult (more so without a steady hand and the right tools) given the very small sizes and lead spacings of many SMDs. SMDs can't be used with breadboards (a quick snap-and-play prototyping tool), requiring a custom PCB for every prototype. The PCB costs dozens to hundreds of dollars to fabricate and must be designed with specialized software. For prototyping around a specific SMD component, a less-expensive breakout board may be used.

11 CONCLUSION AND FUTUREWORK

The major technical considerations for implementing SMT include surface mount land pattern design, PB design for manufacturability, solder paste printing, component placement, reflow soldering, wave soldering, cleaning, and repair/rework. These areas must be studied and thoroughly understood to achieve high quality, reliable surface mount products. The smaller size of SMCs and the option of mounting them on either or both sides of the PB can reduce board real estate by four times. A cost savings of 30% or better can also be realized through a reduction in material and labor costs associated with automated assembly.the future work is limited only by our imagination.

12 REFERENCES
http://www.tutorialsweb.com/smt/smt.htm http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~solaiyap/smt/radhika/smtintro.html http://smt.pennnet.com/Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=Articles&Subsection= Display&ARTICLE_ID=183179 http://www.uic.com/ http://smtinfo.net/

www.linear.com www.naist.org