DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER-2251 UNIT-I (TWO MARKS QUESTIONS) CONDUCTION 1. Define heat transfer?

2. Mention the significance of the study of heat transfer. 3. Give some examples for heat transfer in engineering. 4. What is the difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer? 5. What are the different modes of heat transfer? 6. Define conduction? 7. Define convection? 8. Define radiation? 9. Define heat flux. 10. State Fourier law of heat conduction. 11. Define thermal conductivity. 12. Discuss the effects of temperature on thermal conductivity. 13. State the assumptions followed in Fouriers series law of conduction 14. What are the significance of Fouriers law 15. Mention the various factors affecting the thermal conductivity of a material. 16. State the dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature. 17. Define thermal conduction resistance. 18. Write the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates 19. Write the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates for an isotropic material. 20. Write the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates for an isotropic material without internal heat generation.

21. Write the general heat conduction equation in polar Co-ordinates for an isotropic material. 22. Write the general heat conduction equation in spherical co-ordinates. 23. Define steady state heat conduction 24. Define transient heat conduction 25. Define transient heat conduction 26. Write the general differential equation in Cartesian co-ordinates for a steady state heat conduction through an isotropic material without internal heat generations 27. Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer. 28. Define the basic law governing heat transfer 29. Define thermal conductivity of materials 30. Define thermal resistance 31. Write down the three dimensional heat conduction equation in rectangular coordinate system 32. Distinguish between steady state and un steady heat conduction 33. Write the effects of thermal conductivity 34. What is the overall heat transfer co-efficient 35. Define critical radius of insulation 36. What is mean by fin 37. What are the types of fins 38. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit area through a copper plate of 45mm thick ,whose face is maintained at 350and other face at 50.take k=370W/mk. 39. Define efficiency fin 40. Define effectiveness of fin 41. Define penetration depth. 42. Define semi-infinite solid. 43. How will you increase the response of a thermocouple?

44. What are Heisler chart? 45. What are the methods available to solve the transient heat conduction problems? 46. Define cooling process. 47. Define lumped heat capacity analysis. 48. Write the relation between efficiency of the fin and effectiveness of the fin. 49. Mention some of the applications of transient heat conduction. 50. What are the applications of fins? 51. Mention some common types of fin configurations available. 52. Define Biot number. 53. List down the three types of boundary conditions. 54. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder 55. write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall 56. A temperature difference of 500 C is applied across a fire-clay brick, 10cm thick having a thermal conductivity of 1W/mK. Find the heat transfer rate per unit area 57. Define Newton Rikhmans law 58. Which one of the following is not a material property? 59. Name some good and some poor conductors of heat. 60. State the applications of fins. 61. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity? 62. State Newtons law of cooling. 63. What is lumped capacity analysis? 64. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit area through a copper plate 45mm thick, whose one face is maintained at 50oC.take the k of the copper as 370W/moC. 65. A plane wall is 150mm thick and its wall area is 4.5m2.if its conductivity is 9.35W/moC and surface temperature are steady at 150oCand 45oC, determine the heat flow across the plane wall.

66. A plane wall is 250mm thick and its wall area is 6.5m2.if its conductivity is 10.35W/moC and surface temperature are steady at 150oCand 45oC, determine the temperature gradient in the flow direction assume that Q=29452.5W 67. Determine the heat flow across a plane wall of 10cm thickness with a thermal conductivity of 8.5 W/mK when the surface temperature are steady at 100oc and 30oC.the wall area is 3m2.also find the temperature gradient in the flow direction. 68. Determine the heat transfer by convection over a surface of 0.5m2 if the surface is at 160oC and fluid is at 40oC.the value of convective heat transfer coefficient is 25W/m2K. 69. A surface is at 200oC and has an of 2m2.it exchanges heat with another surface B at 30oC by radiation. The value of factor due to the with another surface at 30oC by radiation. The value factor due to the geometric location and emissivity is 0.46.determine the heat exchange. 70. A cube shaped solid 20cm side having a density of 2500kg/m3 and specific heat of 0.52kj/kgK has a uniform heat generation rate of 100kj/m3. If the heat received over its surfaces at240W, determine the time rate of temperature change of the solid. 71. A wire1.5 mm diameter and 150mm long is submerged in water at atmospheric pressure. An electric current is passed through a wire and is increased until the water boils at 100oC .under the condition if convective heat transfer coefficient is 4500w/m2oC.Find how much electric power must be supplied to the wire to maintain the wire surface at 120oC 72. Draw the P-V diagram for cycle operation. 73. What is meant by closed system in heat transfer? 74. What is meant by open system in heat transfer? 75. What is the mechanism used in conduction in solids? 76. Give any two modes of heat conduction in liquids and gases 77. Name any four thermal conductivity materials with their thermal conductivity. 78. Draw any two types of fins. Define heat? 79. Why it is necessary to evaluate fin performance and write the methods for fin evaluation. 80. Give some examples of heat transfer in engineering 81.Give some examples of conduction in day to day life.

PART B (16 MARKS) CONDUCTION 1. (a) Derive the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates (b) An exterior wall of a house may be approximately by a 0.1 m layer of common brick (k= 0.7 W/m oC) followed by a 0.04 m layer of gypsum plaster (k= 0.48 W/m o C). What thickness of loosely packed rock wool insulation (k= 0.0065 W/m oC) should be added to reduce the heat loss or gain through the wall by 80%. 2. The temperature distribution across a large concrete slab (k= 1.2 W/m oC, = 1.77 * 10-3 m2/h) 500 mm thick heated from one side as measured by thermocouples approximates to the relation t= 60-50x+12x2+20x3-15x4 wheret is in oC and x is in meters. Considering an area of 5 m2 compute. 1. The heat entering and leaving the slabs in time time. 2. The heat energy stored in unit time. 3. The rate of temperature change at both sides of the slabs. 4. The point where the rate of heating or cooling is maximum. 3. (a) Explain the different modes of heat transfer with appropriate expressions. ( i.) conduction (ii). Convection( iii.) Radiation (iv). Fourier law of conduction. (v.) Stefan-Boltzmann law (b) Composite wall consist of 10 cm thick layer of building brick, K= 0.7 W/mK and 3 cm thick plaster, k= 0.5 W/mK. An insulating material of K= 0.08 W/mK is to be added to reduce the heat transfer through the wall by 40%. Find its thickness. 4. Circumferential aluminum fins of rectangular profile (1.5 cm wide and 1 mm thick) are on to a 90mm engine cylinder with a pitch of 10mm. the height of the cylinder is fitting the fins are 200oC and 150oC respectively. Take ambient at 30oC and h (average) = 100 W/m2 K. Estimate the heat dissipated from the finned and the unfinned surface areas of cylinders body. 5. (a) What do you understand by critical radius of insulation; obtain an expression for the same. (b) A cylinder 1m long and 5 cm in diameter is placed in an atmosphere at 45oC. It is provided with 10 longitudinal straight fins of material having k= 120 W/mK. The height of 0.76 mm thick fins is 1.27 cm from the cylinder ,the heat transfer coefficient

between and atmospheric air is 17 W/m2K. Calculate the rate of heat transfer and the temperature at the end of Fins if surface temperature of cylinder is 150oC. 6. (a) A steel tube with 5cm ID, 7.6 cm OD and k= 15W/m oC is covered with an insulative covering of thickness 2 cm and k=0.2W/moC. A hot gas at 330oC with h=400 W/moC. Flows inside the tube. The outer surface of the insulation is exposed to cool air at 30oC with h=60 W/m2oC. Calculate the heat losses from the tube to the air for 10m of the tube and the temperature drops resulting from the thermal rsistance of the hot gas flow, the steel tube, the insulation layer and the outside air. (b) The inner surface at r = a and the outer surface at r=b of a hollow cylinder are at maintained at uniform temperature T1 and T2 resp. The thermal conductivity of the solid is constant develop an expression for the 1 dimensional steady state temperature distribution in the cylinder and for the radial heat flow rate through the cylinder over a length H. 7. (a) What is lumped capacity analysis and obtain the expression for the temperature distribution for same. b) A slab of aluminum 10 cm thick is originally at a temperature of 500 oC is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 100oC resulting in heat transfer coefficient of 1200W/m2K. Determine the temperature at the center line and the surface one min after the immersion Also calculate the total thermal energy removed per unit area of the slab during this period. The properties of aluminum for the given condition are =8.4*10 -5 m2/s; = 2700 kg/m3; = 215W/mK; c= 0.9kg/K. 8. (a) A composite wall consist of 10 cm thick layer off brick.k=0.7 W/mK and 3cm thick plaster, k=0.5 W/mK. An insulating material of k=0.08 W/mK is to be added to reduce the heat transfer through the wall by 40%.Find its thickness. (b) An aluminum plate (k=160W/moC, =2790W/moC, Cp=0.88kJ/kgoC) of thickness L=3cm and at a uniform temperature of 2225 oC is suddenly immersed at time t=0 in a well stirred fluid maintained at a constant temperature T =25oC. Take=320oC.Determine the time required for the centre of the plate to reach 50oC. 9. (a) A furnace wall consists of three layers. The inner layer of 10cm thickness is made of firebrick (k=1.04W/mK).The intermediate layer of 25cm thickness is made of masonry brick (k= 0.69W/mK) followed by a 5cm thick Concrete wall (k=1.37W/mK. When the furnace is in continues operation the inner surface of the furnace is at 800oC while the outer concrete surface is at 50oC. Calculate the rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall, the temperature at the inter face of the firebrick and masonry brick and the temperature at the interface of the masonry brick and concrete. (b) An electrical wire of 10cm length and 1mm diameter dissipates 200 W in air at 25oC.the convection heat transfer coefficient between the wire surface and air is 15

W/m2K.Calulate the critical radius of insulation and also determines the temperature of the wire if its insulated to the critical thickness of insulation. 10. (a) An aluminum rod (k=204 W/mK) 2cm in diameter and 20cm long protrudes from a wall which is maintained at 300oC.the end of the rod is insulated and the surface of the rod is exposed to air at 30 oC.the heat transfer coefficient between the rods surface and air is 10W/mK. Calculate the heat lost by the rod and the temperature of the rod at a distance of 10 cm from the wall. . 11. Find out the amount of heat transferred through an iron fin of length 50 mm, width 100 mm and the thickness 5 mm. Assume k=58w/moC and h=12W/m2C for the material of the fin and the temperature at the base of the fin as 80oC Also find the temperature at the tip of the fin if the atmospheric temperature is 20oC. 12. An electrical wire of 10 m length and 1mm diameter dissipates 200W in air at 25oc. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the wire surface and air is 15W/m2K. Calculate the critical radius insulation and also determine the temperature of the wire if its insulated to the critical thickness of insulation. 13. (a) Derive the heat conduction equation in the cylindrical co-ordinates using the elemental volume for a stationary isotropic solid. (b) A 3 cm OD steam pipe is to be covered with two layer of insulation each having a thickness of 2.5 cm. the average thermal conductivity of one insulation is 5 times that of the other. Determine the percentage decrease in heat transfer if better insulating material is next to pipe than it is the outer layer. Assume that the outside and inside temperatures of composite insulation are fixed.

14. A composite wall is formed of 2.5 cm copper plate (k=355W/mk),a 3.2 mm layer of asbestos(k=.110W/mK) and a 5cm layer of fibre plate (k=.049W/mK).The wall is subjected to an overall temperature difference of 560 o C (560 O C on the Cu plate side and 0 O C on the fibre plate side ).Estimate the heat flux through this composite wall and the interface temperature between asbestos and fibre plate. 15. A Steel tube of 5cm ID ,7.6cm OD and k=15W/mK is covered with an insulation of thickness 2cm and thermal conductivity ,0.2 W/mK.A hot gas at 330 O C and h=60W/m2 K.Assuming a tube length of 10m,find the heat loss from the tube to air. Also find,across which layer the largest temperature drop occurs. 16. One end of long rod 1cm diameter having a thermal conductivity of45W/mK is placed in a furnace. The rod is exposed to air at 30 O C over its surface and the convection co-efficient is estimated at 35W/m2K.If the temperature is read as 265 O C at a distance of 39.3mm from the furnace end,determine the best temperature of the rod.

17. A plane shaped nuclear fuel element of 24 mm thickness exposed on the sides to convection at 200 O C with a convective heat transfer co-efficient of 900W/m2K generates heat at 20 MW/m3.Determine (i) The surface temperature,(ii) the maximum temperature in the plate and (iii) the temperature gradient at the surface. The thermal conductivity of the material is 25W/mK. 18. A steel pipe of 0.4m dia. carrying oil in the cold region is proposed to be protected by insulations A and B of 8cm and 10cm thickness with conductivities of 0.03and 0.3 W/m K. These are purchased in required volumes in powder form. During the execution, by mistake the material B with conductivity 0.3W/mK was applied first and then the other material. Investigate the heat transfer rate in two situations.

19. Obtain an expression for the temperature profile of an infinitely long fin of uniform crosssection from basic principles and hence calculate the heat transfer by fin. 20. A thermocouple is moved from one medium to another medium at a different temperature, sufficient time must be given to the thermocouple to come to thermal equilibrium with the new conditions before a reading is taken. consider a 0.1 dia copper thermocouple wire originally at 150oC. Find the temperature response (i.e., an approximate plot of temperature Vs time for intervals of ( 40 and 120 seconds) when this wire is suddenly immersed in (i) water at O 40 C (h=80W/m2K)(ii)air at 40OC (h=40W/m2K)