03-Bearing Life PDF
03-Bearing Life PDF
03-Bearing Life PDF
Nominal life
56
56 58 59 60 61 61 61 63 64 65 65 66 67
Types of failure Basic formula Basic dynamic load of the bearing Equivalent radial dynamic load P Definition Axial load factor Y Definition of the static capacity Equivalent static load Variable loads or speeds Design calculation of a shaft mounted on 2 angular contact bearings Radial balance of the shaft Axial balance of the shaft Required service life
68
74 74 75 75 76 77 77 77 78
Definition of the a1 factor Reliability for a chosen operating time Specifying a1 and reliability for a chosen life duration Duration and reliability of a set of bearings Influence of lubrication Separating power of the lubricant Elasto-hydrodynamic theory (EHD) Determination of the minimum required viscosity
80
80 80 81 81 81 82 82 82 82
Normal operating temperatures Influence of the operating clearance Radial-contact bearing under radial load Angular-contact bearing under radial and axial load Influence of an excessive load Influence of form and position defects Shape defects Misalignment
84
84 85 85 87
Bearing Life
Nominal life
Types of failure
The principal measure of the performance of a bearing is its service life, that is to say the number of revolutions it can make before the first sign of spalling appears. Apart from "seizure" type failure which can be the consequence of inadequate lubrication, the main types of failure can be classified in 3 categories: deep spalling initiated at depth (DSID) surface spalling initiated at the surface (SSIS) deep spalling initiated at the surface (DSIS)
Rolling element Stresses
Deep spalling initiated at depth (DSID) This is the "conventional" failure of a bearing operating under normal conditions, when the lubrication is effective. The principle of bearing construction leads to contact between the rolling elements and rings that are the location of very high specific loads. The Hertz stresses (figure opposite) at this level have the following consequences: compression stresses, maximal at the surface with values that can reach 3,500 N/mm2 shear stresses, maximal in sub-surface with values that can reach 1,000 N/mm2 If the level of the load is sufficient and applied under clean lubricated environmental conditions (see page 77), type EHD, the alternating stresses to which the raceways are subjected sooner or later lead to a crack within the material. This crack starts from inclusions in the sublayer in the area where the Hertz stresses are maximal. The crack appears in the matrix in the vicinity of an inclusion. The crack propagates towards the surface and causes the detachment of a fragment of steel, the first sign of failure by spalling.
Bearing ring
Depth
56
Superficial spalling initiated at the surface (SSIS) In the presence of small (from a few m to 50 m) hard (harder than the bearing elements, i.e. 700 HV10) particles, one finds wear of the bearing elements due to metal-to-metal contact, resulting from uneven lubrication at that sensitive point. This leads to the damage of the active surfaces through a very superficial form of spalling also called "peeling", from 10 to 20 microns in depth and affecting a large area of the raceways. This is a slow failure process. It is of the same type as that caused by an insufficient oil film resulting from excessively low viscosity..
Cracks
5 m
Deep spalling initiated at the surface (DSIS) When the contamination consists of coarser particles (from 20 m to 300 m, and larger), the flow of particles between the rolling element and the ring leads to local plastic deformation of the raceway. The effect of this contamination differs according to its hardness. If the particle is sufficiently ductile, it can undergo plastic deformation without breaking and form a pancake. On the other hand, if it is brittle, it shatters under contact while causing plastic deformation of the bearing elements. These new fragments then behave in accordance with the 2nd SSIS mechanism described above. There is then competition between the damage caused by the local plastic deformation due to the indentation and that resulting from the abrasive wear caused by the particle fragments. Degradation with ductile particles Degradation with fragile particles
57
Bearing Life
Nominal life
(continued)
tensile stresses incipient cracking propagation plastic zone non-plastic zone indentation
In the case of an indentation, the spalling does not initiate directly on the edge of the indentation. One finds a protected zone in the plastically deformed volume and the crack starts beyond this zone and leads to deep spalling initiated at the surface (DSIS).
Considering the diversity of the contaminating particles found in the oil of a mechanical component and its evolution when new and after running in, and also considering the nature of the rolling elements (rollers or balls), which are affected to a greater or lesser extent by the phenomenon of slipping, the failure is often a combination of the SSIS and DSIS types.
Basic formula
The service life of a bearing can be calculated more or less precisely, depending on the defined operating conditions. The simplest method recommended by standard ISO 281, enables one to calculate the service life reached by 90% of bearings operating under a dynamic load.
The simplified method of calculation below is based on fatigue being the cause of failure (spalling type DSIS)
To determine the simplified service life per standard ISO 281, one calculates: Q The equivalent dynamic radial load P Q The nominal life L10 or n : 3 for ball bearings or ball thrust bearings n : 10/3 for roller bearings or roller thrust bearings One sees that: if P = C, L10 = 1 million revolutions This is therefore the load under which the bearings have a nominal service life of one million revolutions. It is also called the dynamic load capacity. P = X . Fr + Y . Fa L10 = (C / P)n 106 in revolutions L10 = (C / P)n 106 /60N in hours
58
. Dw1,8
29/ 27
Roller bearings Ball thrust bearings (for ball diameter < 25.4 and = 90)
3/ 4
. Dw
C = fc . Z
2/ 3
. Dw1,8
Remark Q It can be seen that the exponent that affects the diameter Dw of the rolling element is greater than that concerning their number Z. Consequently one cannot compare the capacity of two bearings with the same part number but a different internal definition simply taking into account the number of rolling elements. The other parameters in the calculation formula must also be taken into account. Q Load capacity of double bearings As regards the bearings with two rows of rolling elements (i = 2) or assemblies comprising two identical bearings, the capacity (Ce) of the assembly is that of one row (C) multiplied by: for ball assemblies for roller assemblies 20,7 = 1.625 27/9 = 1.715
It can thus be seen that by doubling the number of bearings increases the load capacity by 62.5 or 71.5% depending on the type used. The load capacity and therefore the service life are not doubled.
59
Bearing Life
Nominal life
(continued)
Type
Cross-section
e
0.19 0.22 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.44
Fa / Fr e X Y
Fa / Fr > e X Y
2.30 1.99 1.71 1.55 1.45 1.31 1.15 1.04 1.00 1.88 1.71 1.52 1.41 1.34 1.23 1.10 1.01 1.00
0.56
Single-row radial contact ball bearings, with higher than normal residual clearance Single-row angular contact ball bearings Double-row angular contact ball bearings Double-row self-aligning ball bearings Tapered roller bearings Double-row spherical roller bearings
0.29 0.32 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.44 0.49 0.52 0.54 1.14 0,80 0.95 0.95 0.68 0.86
see list of Standard bearings see list of Standard bearings see list of Standard bearings
0.46
72-73 QJ2-QJ3 32-33 32..A-33..A 52-53 32..B-33..B 12-13 22-23 112-113 302-303-313 320-322-322..B 323-323..B 330-331-332 213-222-223 230-231-232 240-241 N..2-N..3-N..4 N..10 N..22-N..23 511-512-513 514
40 30 35 35 25 32
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.40
0.67
Cylindrical roller bearings Single- or doubledirection ball thrust bearing Spherical roller thrust bearing
1.00
1.00
293-294
1.82
1.20
1.00
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Definition
Axial load factor Y The way in which the axial load factor Y, which depends on the bearing contact angle, is calculated differs according to the type of bearing:
Radial ball bearings The contact angle is zero under a purely radial load. Under an axial load, the local deformations from ball-to-raceway contact cause relative axial displacement of the two rings. The contact angle () therefore increases as a function of the applied axial load. The ratio Fa/C0 is used to determine the value of Y and therefore take into account the modification of contact angle due to the axial force.
axial load axial load
Angular contact bearings The contact angle is determined by construction and varies little as a function of the combined loads. The axial load factor Y for a given contact angle is therefore considered in an initial approximation as being constant. The angular contact ball bearings, with an identical contact angle for all the bearings, are calculated with the same load factor Y. With tapered roller bearings, Y varies according to the series and dimension.
axial displacement
61
Bearing Life
Nominal life
(continued)
A static load applied on a bearing can, because of the stresses in the contact between the rolling elements and the raceways, lead to permanent local deformation that is detrimental to the proper operation of the bearing when rotating. A maximum permissible radial load is therefore defined such as the one inducing stress in the stationary bearing that can be tolerated in the majority of applications without reducing service life and rotation. The value C0 of this maximum permissible load is called the basic static capacity of the bearing (or static capacity).
raceway
rolling element
deformation
Basic static capacity of a bearing C0 This has been defined in ISO 76 standard as the radial load (axial in the case of thrust bearings) that creates at the most heavily loaded point of contact (between rolling element and raceway) a Hertz pressure of: 4200 MPa for ball bearings and ball thrust bearings (all types except self-aligning ball bearings) 4600 MPa for self-aligning ball bearings 4000 MPa for roller bearings and roller thrust bearings (all types) 1MPa =1MgaPascal = 1 N/mm2 Equivalent static load P0 In the case where the bearing is subjected to combined static loads such as Fr a radial component, and Fa the axial component, one calculates an equivalent static load to compare it to the static capacity of the bearing. The static load capacity of the bearing is to be considered more as a size magnitude than a precise limit not to be exceeded. The safety factor fs = C0 / P0
C0 is the basic static capacity defined in the tables of bearing characteristics. Usual minimum values for the safety factor fs: 1.5 to 3 for severe requirements 1.0 to 1.5 for normal conditions 0.5 to 1 for operation without noise or precision requirements If a rotating bearing with quiet operation requirements is needed, the safety factor fs must be high.
62
if Fr and Fa are the applied static forces. The factors X0 and Y0 are defined in the table below: Type Single- or double-row radial contact ball bearings Single-row angular contact ball bearings Double-row angular contact ball bearing Double-row self-aligning ball bearings Tapered roller bearings Cross-section
Series Contact angle X0 Y0
60-62-63-64 160-618-619-622 623 42-43 72 - 73 QJ2 - QJ3 32 - 33 32..A - 33..A 52 - 53 32B - 33B 12 - 13 22 - 23 112 - 113 302 - 303 - 313 320 - 322 - 322..B 323 - 323..B - 330 331 - 332 213 - 222 - 223 230 - 231 - 232 240 - 241 N..2 - N..3 - N..4 N..10 N..22 - N..23 511 - 512 - 513 514 40 35 35 25 32
0.6
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
293 - 294
63
Bearing Life
Nominal life
(continued)
ti = 1
z i=1
Q Variable load and constant speed of rotation Equivalent load Pe = (t1 . P1n + t2 . P2n + ... +tz . Pzn)1/n With
ti = 1 i=1
z
load Pmax
Pmin time
load
Linear load Pe = 1 / 3 (Pmin + 2 Pmax)
Pmax
Pmin time
64
If the speed of rotation and the load are variable, the service life is calculated for each level of use, then the duration is weighted for the cycle as a whole. Q Variable load and speed of rotation L = (t1 / L1 + t2 / L2+ ... + tz / Lz)-1
Weighted duration
with
i=1
ti = 1
z
with: ti Duration of use Ni Speed of rotation for duration of use ti Pi Load for duration of use ti Li Service life for duration of use ti n 3 for ball bearings and ball thrust bearings n 10/3 for roller bearings and roller thrust bearings
Assembly in O arrangement di
di
Assembly in X arrangement
De De
2
2 1 1
RQa1 Fr1
A Fr2
RQa2 Fr1
RQa1
RQa2 Fr2
65
Bearing Life
Nominal life
(continued)
Axial balance of the shaft As the raceways of angular contact bearings are displaced, the radial loads Fr1 and Fr2 produce an axial reaction force called an induced axial force. If bearing 1 is the bearing whose induced axial force is in the direction of the external axial force A, the shaft equilibrium is: A + RQ a1 = RQ a2
With RQa1 and RQa2: axial loads applied to the bearings calculated in the table below: Q Load case: A + (Fr1 / 2 Y1) > (Fr2 / 2 Y2)
Applied axial load Axial load used in the calculation of the equivalent dynamic load
RQ a1 = Fr1 / 2 Y1 Fa1 = 0
Applied axial load Axial load used in the calculation of the equivalent dynamic load
RQ a1 = (Fr2 / 2 Y2 )- A Fa1 = RQ a1
RQ a2 = Fr2 / 2 Y2 Fa2 = 0
66
Paper mill, printing Machine-tools Speed reducers Crushers, mills Rolling mills Construction equipment Cars, heavy trucks Agricultural machinery Household appliances Electrical tools 500 1000 5000 10000 Operating hours 50000 100000
67
Bearing Life
Corrected nominal life
Base nominal life, L10, is often a satisfactory estimate of a bearing's performance capabilities. It refers to 90% reliability and conventional operating conditions. In certain applications, it may be necessary to compute service life for a different reliability level or for specific lubrication and contamination conditions. With modern, high quality bearing steels, it is possible to obtain, under low loads and in favorable operating conditions, very long service life limits compared with L10. A service life shorter than L10 may occur due to unfavorable operating conditions. Below a given load Cu, a modern, high-quality bearing can reach infinite service life if lubrication, cleanliness and other operating conditions are favorable. This load, Cu can be accurately determined according to the type of bearing and its internal geometry, the profile of the rolling elements and the races, and the fatigue limit of the race material. A sufficient approximation can be computed based on the bearing's static capacity.
The international Standard ISO 281 introduces a service life correction factor, aiso which allows you to compute a corrected nominal service life as follows:
68
aiso determination method (standard ISO 281) 1. Define the lubricant viscosity at operating temperature from the diagram on page 78. Take the basic oil viscosity for the lubricated bearings. 2. Define the pollution level: Q High cleanliness Oil filtered through an extremely fine mesh filter; usual conditions for life lubricated and sealed bearings. Q Normal cleanliness Oil filtered through a fine mesh filter; usual conditions for life lubricated bearings, with shields. Q Slight contamination Slight contamination in the lubricant. Q Typical contamination Oil with coarse filtering; wear particles or particles from the ambient environment. Usual conditions for greased bearings without integral seals. Q For heavy contamination, consider that aiso will be less than 0.1. 3. From the loads applied on the bearing, compute the equivalent load, P, and the static capacity / equivalent load ratio: C0 / P. 4. On the graphic corresponding to the type of bearing or thrust bearing to be evaluated, define point A versus pollution level and C0/P. 5. Define point B from the mean diameter of the bearing: dm = (bore + outer diameter) / 2 6. Define point C versus bearing rotating speed. 7. Define point D versus lubricant viscosity at operating temperature. 8. Point E, at intersection between the straight line from points B and D defines the aiso value zone.
69
Bearing Life
Corrected nominal life
Ball bearings: aiso factor estimation
5 aISO
Favorable operating conditions
(continued)
20 10 5 2 10
50
100
200
500
1000
5
0,5
0,1 10
2 Dm (mm)
00 10 5
20
50 100 200
50 0
000
n, t
r/m
50 3 00 00 0 1 50 0
10 0 00
20
in
1 00 0
2 00 0
500
200
1 00
50
10
20
2 3 5 7 10 10
20 30 50 70 100 100
Point 1: under load level C0/P = 35 Point 2: of mean diameter Dm = 500 mm Point 3: rotating speed = 200 RPM Point 4: and with a lubricant of viscosity 5 cSt
70
20 10 5 2 5 1 0,5 3 10
50
100
200
500
1000
5
0,3 0,2 1 2
0,5
0,1 10
2 Dm (mm)
20
00 10 5 50 0
50 100 200
20 0 00
in
5 00 0 3 00 0
1 00 0
1 50
2 00 0
10 0 00
500
200
1 00
50
20
10
2 3 5 7 10 10
20 30 50 70 100
71
Bearing Life
Corrected nominal life
(continued)
20 10 5 2 10
50
100
200
500
1000
5
0,5
0,1 10
2 Dm (mm)
20
50 0 00 10 5
50 100 200
20 0 00
n, t
r/m
in
5 3 00 000 0 1 50 0
10 0 00
1 00 0
2 00 0
500
200
100
50
10
20
2 3 5 7 10 10
20 30 50 70 100 100
Point 4: and with a lubricant of viscosity 5 cSt Point 5: the aiso factor = 0.2
500
72
50
100
200
500
1000
0,5
0,1 10
2 Dm (mm)
10 5
20
50 100 200
00
50 0 0
5 00 0
10 0
00
20 0
in
500 1000
3 00 0 1 50 0
500
1 00 0
2 00 0
200
100
10
20
50
2000
2 3 5 7 10 10
20 30 50 70 100
73
Bearing Life
Corrected nominal life
Bearing reliability
As with any material fatigue phenomenon, the occurrence of bearing damage displays a random character. Thus, identical bearings manufactured from the same batch of material, having identical geometrical characteristics, subjected to identical operating conditions (load, speed, lubrication, etc.) will fail after very different operating times.
% of failed bearings
(continued)
The reference for bearing life is the L10 duration which is given for a 90% reliability, or conversely, a 10% probability of failure. It is possible to calculate a service life for a different level of reliability using the factor a1, or to find the reliability F for a chosen operating time.
Definition of the a1 factor The reliability value F for an operating time L is expressed mathematically as a function of the reference time L10 F = exp ( ln 0.9 ( L / L10 ) hence
a1 = ( L / L10 ) = ( ln F / ln 0.9)1/
The correction factor a1 has been calculated with a straight line of Weibull (see graphic on the next page) = 1.5 (mean value for all bearings and thrust bearings).
These reliability values show the large variation that is characteristic of bearing service lives: about 30% of the bearings in a given batch reach a life duration of 5 times the nominal life L10 about 10% attain a life duration of 8 times the nominal life L10 (see graphic above) In view of this, bearing performance can only be analized after several identical tests and only the statistical analysis of the results enables valid conclusions to be drawn.
74
Reliability for a chosen operating time It is often useful to calculate the reliability of a bearing for relatively short operation times, such as the reliability of a component during its warranty period L, knowing the calculated service life L10 The analysis of the results of tests performed by SNR has enabled the plotting of the Weibull line to be improved for short operating times.
slope
10
Unlike what the previous formulae 2 WEIBULL line express (taken into account ISO 281 D=1-F standard for the calculation of the a1 factor) there is an operating time value L10 L10 below which the bearing displays no risk of failure (100% reliability). This value is roughly equivalent to 2.5% of the life L10 (Figure above: L10).
L service life
To take into account these facts in the reliability calculations for short operating periods, SNR ROULEMENTS uses the previous formula corrected by a factor = 0,05 F = exp ( ln 0.9 (( L / L10)-) (1-) ) For any reliability F there is a corresponding probability of failure D = 1 - F This probability can be illustrated on a Weibull diagram (in compound logarithmic coordinates) by a straight line with a slope.
-
Reliability 100%
90 95 96 97 98 99 99.2 99.4 99.6 99.8 99.9 99.92 99.94 99.95
Lnm
L10m L5m L4m L3m L2m L1m L0,8m L0,6m L0,4m L0,2m L0,1m L0,08m L0,06m L0,05m
a1
1 0.64 0.55 0.47 0.37 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.12 0.093 0.087 0.080 0.077
75
Bearing Life
Corrected nominal life
(continued)
0,01 0,01
0,02
0,03
0,05 0,07
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,5
0,7
10
% Probability of failure D
99,99 99,98 99,97 99,95 99,93 99,9 99,8 99,7 99,5 99,3 99 98 97 95 93 90
% Reliability F
Duration and reliability of a set of bearings According to compound probability theory, the reliability of a set of bearings is the product of the reliabilities of its component bearings. F = F1 x F2 x .... From the previous formula, the life duration L10 of a set is calculated from the duration L10 of each of the component bearings. Le = ( 1 / L11,5 + 1 / L21,5 + ...)-1/1,5 Similarly, the probability of failure of a set is, at an initial approximation, the sum of the probabilities of failure of each bearing (for very low failure values). D = D1 + D2 + .... It can be seen that the longer the life of the individual bearings in an assembly, the greater the reliability of that assembly.
76
Influence of lubrication
The main function of the lubricant is to separate the active surfaces of the bearing by maintaining a film of oil between the rolling elements and their raceways in order to avoid wear and limit abnormal stresses and heating in the metal-on-metal contact area. The lubricant has two secondary functions: cooling the bearing when the lubricant is oil, and preventing oxidation.
Separating power of the lubricant In the area of contact between the rolling elements and the raceway, the Hertz theory can be used to analyse the elastic deformation resulting from the contact pressures. In spite of these pressures, it is possible to create a film of oil that separates the contacting surfaces. The bearing lubrication system is then characterized by the ratio between the oil film thickness h and the equivalent roughness of the surfaces in contact.
direction of rotation
Pressure diagram
= ( 12 + 22) 1/2
1 : mean roughness of the ring raceways 2 : mean roughness of the rolling elements
Elasto-hydrodynamic theory (EHD) The elasto-hydrodynamic theory takes into account all the parameters involved in the calculation of elastic deformation of the steel and the hydrodynamic pressures of the lubricant, and can be used to evaluate the thickness of the oil film. These parameters are: nature of the lubricant defined by the dynamic viscosity of oil at the operating temperature and its piezoviscosity coefficient which characterizes the increase of viscosity as a function of the contact pressure, nature of the materials in contact defined by their E modulus and Poisson ratio, which characterize the amplitude of the deformation at the contact points, the load on the most heavily stressed rolling element, the speed the shape of the contact surfaces defined by their principal crowning radii which characterize the type of bearing used. Application of the EHD theory to the bearing leads to simplifying hypotheses which show that the thickness of the oil film is virtually solely dependent on the viscosity of the oil and the speed.
77
Bearing Life
Corrected nominal life
Oil lubrication
(continued)
Tests have shown that the lubrication efficiency defined by the ratio h/ has a great influence on the effective service life of the bearings. By applying the EHD theory one can check the effect of the lubrication system on bearing life in the diagram of the next page. Grease lubrication Application of the EHD theory to lubrication with grease is more complex due to the numerous constituents of the grease. The experimental results rarely show a correlation between the performance and the characteristics of their components. The result is that any recommendation concerning grease is based on tests which are made for a comparative evaluation of the products available on the market. The SNR Research and Test Centre works in close collaboration with the Petroleum Product Research Centres in order to select and develop the highest-performance greases.
Determining the minimum required viscosity Viscosity-temperature diagram The oils used for the lubrication of bearings are usually mineral oils with a viscosity number of about 90. The suppliers of these oils give the precise characteristics of their products, and in particular the viscosity-temperature diagram. If this diagram is not provided, the general diagram shown below shall be used.
Kinematic viscosity v (cSt or mm2/s)
3000
100
SA E SA 5 0 E SA 4 0 E 30 SA E 20 W SA E 10
50 40 30 20
ISO viscosity
VG 6 VG 80 46 VG 0 32 0 VG 15 0
= 16
10 8 6 5 4
VG
68
VG VG
46 32
22
VG
15
VG
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130 140
T f
As the oil is defined by its nominal viscosity (in centistokes) at a nominal temperature of 40C (104F), its viscosity at the operating temperature is calculated from this.
78
Diagram of the minimum required viscosity The diagram below can be used to determinate the minimum required viscosity (in cSt) from: Mean diameter of the bearing Dm = (D+d)/2 Speed of rotation n
1000
2
500
10
200
/m im [tr ]
50
20
100
100
50
500
200
20
Required viscosity
13
10
1 mm2
200 00
] 5
3 10
20
50
100
200
500
1000
D+d [mm] 2
46
Q Example: Bearing 6206 rotating at 3,000 rpm in a VG68 oil at 80C (176F). The opposite diagram indicates that the actual viscosity of the oil at 80C (176F) is 16 cSt. The above diagram indicates that the required viscosity for a 6206 bearing of average diameter Dm = (D + d)/2 = 46 mm at 3,000 rpm is 13 cSt.
79
Bearing Life
Parameters influencing bearing life
Influence of the temperature
Normal operating temperatures The normal operating temperature of the bearing is between 20C (-4F) and +120C (+248F) A temperature outside these operating limits has an effect on: the characteristics of the steel the internal operating clearance the properties of the lubricant the efficiency of the seals the resistance of synthetic material cages
-40
-20
40
80
120
160
200
fatigue streng th
240
Reduction in
Standard
Normal
Increased clearance
p in e Dro rmanc fo pe r
Grease
Standard
Dry lubrication
Seal
Cage
Metallic
80
In practice, the operating clearance is never zero. A large clearance (Zone a) causes the load to be supported by a reduced sector of the bearing An excessively high preload (Zone b) causes the rolling elements to support a high load in addition to the operating loads. In both cases the bearing life is reduced, but a preload is more penalizing than a clearance.
0
Radial preload
Radial clearance
(b)
(a)
Angular contact bearing under radial and axial loads The load zone varies depending on the amount of clearance or preload. A slight axial preload (Zone c) brings a better load distribution on the rolling elements and increases the bearing life. It will be noted that a normal axial clearance (Zone a) does not penalize lifetimes very much, while an excessive preload (Zone b) reduces them significantly and causes, in addition to the abnormal stresses, a high rotational torque and a rise of temperature. This is why the majority of assemblies that do not require a preload have a certain amount of clearance to eliminate these risks and facilitate adjustment and lubrication. The influence of the clearance on bearing life is calculated from the residual clearance, the size and the direction of the loads applied. Consult SNR.
Bearing life
Radial preload
Radial clearance
(b)
(c)
(a)
81
Bearing Life
Parameters influencing bearing life
Influence of an excessive load
Under very high loads, corresponding approximately to values P C / 2, the stress level in standard steel is such that the formula no longer correctly represents the nominal life with 90% reliability. These high load applications deserve a specific study using our computing resources.
(continued)
Fr
It is important for the bearing seats to be machined with a compatible level of precision. Seat shape defects (ovality, cylindricity defect, etc.) create local stresses that significantly reduce the service life of the bearings. Tables on page 108 give certain tolerance specifications for bearing contact surfaces and seats.
Misalignment Misalignment of bearings (very bad for non self-aligning or spherical bearings) results in an angle between the centreline of the inner ring and that of the outer ring.
82
Such defects can arise from: Q a concentricity defect between the two contact surfaces of the shaft or the housings,
Q misalignment between the centreline of the shaft and the centreline of the corresponding housing of a given bearing,
The value of these alignment errors and the influence on bearing life is determined by calculation. The diagram below shows the results. It shows that the drop in service life is very fast and that alignment errors must be kept within very narrow tolerances.
0,5
Roller bearings with optimized profile Roller bearings without optimized profile
0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20
Misalignment (degrees)
83
Bearing Life
Parameters influencing bearing life
(continued)
Maximum permissible misalignment value with normal operating clearance without significantly penalizing service life.
F a /F r < e
Single-row ball bearing Double-row rigid ball bearing, Cylindrical or tapered roller bearing 0.17 0.06
Fa /Fr > e
0.09 0.06
To reduce the influence of misalignment in single-row ball bearings one can use an increased clearance (category 3). With cylindrical or tapered roller bearings, SNR makes convex tracks of the rollers which improves the stress distribution in the event of misalignment.
Radial ball bearings Self-aligning ball bearings Angular contact ball bearing Single-row ball bearing Double-row ball bearing Ball thrust bearing Cylindrical roller bearing Tapered roller bearing Spherical roller bearing
84
Bearing speed
Theory of the Standard ISO 15312 ISO Standard 15312 introduces new concepts concerning bearing speeds: Thermal reference speed Max. admissible thermal speed Limit speed Thermal reference speed. Definition This is the rotating speed of the inner race for which thermal balance is reached between heat generated by friction in the bearing (Nr) and heat transferred through the bearing seats (shaft and housing) ( r ). This is valid only in the reference conditions below. Nr = r Reference conditions determining heat generation by friction Temperature Fixed outer ring temperature r. = 70C
Radial bearings: pure radial load corresponding to 5% of basic static radial load. Roller thrust bearings: axial load corresponding to 2% of basic static axial load. Lubricant: mineral oil with extreme pressure additives offering, at r = 70 C, the following kinematic viscosity: Roller thrust bearings: r = 24 mm2 / s (ISO VG 68) Lubrication method: oil bath with oil level up to and including the centre of the rolling body in the lowest position. Others Bearing dimensions: up to and including a bore diameter of 1,000 mm Internal play: group "N" Seals: bearing without seals Bearing rotation axis: horizontal (For cylindrical roller thrust bearings and needle thrust bearings, take the precaution to supply the upper rolling elements with oil) Outer race: fixed Preload adjustment in an angular contact bearing: no play in operation Radial bearings: r = 12 mm2 / s (ISO VG 32)
85
Bearing Life
Friction and bearing speed
(continued)
Friction heat, Nr in a bearing operating at thermal reference speed in the reference conditions: N r = [( x n r ) / (30 x 10 3 ) ] x (M 0r + M 1r ) M0r : Friction moment, independent from the load M1r : Friction moment, dependant on the load N r = [( x n r ) / (30 x 10 3 ) ] x [ 10 -7 x f 0r x ( r x n r ) 2/3 x d m 3 + f 1r x P 1r x d m ] f 0r : Correction factor for friction moment independent from the load but dependant on speed in the reference conditions (values given for information in Appendix A of the Standard) d m : Mean bearing diameter d m = 0,5 x (D + d) f 1r : Correction factor for friction moment dependent on the load P1r : Reference load Reference conditions determining heat emission Reference surface area, A r : sum of contact surfaces between races and shaft and housing, through which the thermal flux is emitted. Reference heat transfer r : heat generated by the bearing in operation and transmitted by thermal conduction through the reference surface area.
Heat transfer reference density q r : quotient of reference heat transfer by reference surface area. Heat transfer through seating surfaces r = qr x Ar
Max. admissible thermal speed. Definition A bearing in operation can reach a max. admissible thermal speed which depends on the thermal reference speed. ISO standard 15312 indicates the computation method for this speed. ISO 15312 limit speed. Definition ISO standard 15312 defines the limit speed of a bearing as the speed which can no longer be sustained by the components.
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SNR Theory A large majority of bearing applications correspond to speed conditions which are far from critical values. They do not require precise calculations; an indication as to the limit which should not be exceeded is fully sufficient. The definitions and calculation methods developed by the standard ISO 15312 are to be used by specialists who have powerful computing tools, whenever the speed conditions make this calculation indispensable. This is why, SNR decided to maintain the well tested concept of limit speed in the bearing properties tables. SNR limit speed. Definition
This is the maximum speed in normal operating conditions, for which internal heating in the bearing is deemed acceptable. Said limit speed, defined according to standard concepts, is indicated in the product properties table with a differentiation provided for use with grease or with oil.
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Bearing Life
Friction and bearing speed
(continued)
The following table compares the speed capabilities of the different types of bearings.
Types of bearings
1100000
+ 55%
Special bearings
650 000
+ 55%
600 000 550 000 500 000 450 000 Single-row radial ball bearings Self-aligning ball bearings Cylindrical roller bearings 400 000 350 000 Single-row angular contact ball bearings Double-row angular contact ball bearings Double-row angular contact ball bearings 300 000 Spherical roller bearings Tapered roller bearings 250 000 200 000 150 000 Thrust ball bearings Spherical roller thrust bearings (oil lubrication only)
+ 40% + 25% + 20% + 25% + 30% + 30% + 40% + 35% + 35%
Standard bearings
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