Review Notes

Installation 1.Run PhotoToCartoon.exe 2.After setup complete, exit program 3. Open bean.reg 4. When prompted after opening bean.
reg Click YES to Register Full Version 5. Done!
Problem 814 Find the moment at R2 of the continuous beam shown in Fig. P-814.
Solution 814
HideShow or hide the solution
Where
Thus, answer
Problem 813 Determine the moment over the support R2 of the beam shown in Fig. P-813.
Solution 813
Where
Thus, answer
Beam Deflection
Submitted by Romel Verterra on Sat, 09/10/2011 - 23:39
The deflection of beam is the deviation of the elastic curve from the undeformed section called neutral axis. Understanding how the beam deflects from the neutral axis, allow us to solve not only the deflection of beam but also the support reactions of indeterminate beams. Equations of static equilibrium allow us to solve determinate beams with up to two unknowns. With the addition of geometry of elastic curve to the static equations, there is no such thing as indeterminate beam.
There are several ways of finding the deflection of beams, area-moment method (also called momentarea method) is so far the most convenient, and maybe the most powerful method of solving for the beam deflection.
Methods of solving beam deflection 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Double-integration method Moment-area method Strain-energy method (Castiglianos Theorem) Method of superposition Conjugate-beam method
6. Area of water jet at the highest point

7. Submitted by Romel Verterra on Thu, 01/12/2012 - 05:59 9. Problem A nozzle inclined at an angle of 60 with the horizontal issues a 50-mm diameter water jet at the rate of 10 m/s. Neglecting air resistance, what is the area of the jet at the highest point of the projectile? 10. A. 0.00311 m 2 B. 0.00322 m 2 C. 0.00231 m 2 D. 0.00393 m Solution Velocity of the jet at the highest point
2
The flow is continuous, thus,
Answer: [ D ]
Total thrust on the 90 degree bend

Submitted by Romel Verterra on Tue, 01/17/2012 - 22:36
Problem A horizontal 90 degree bend connects two 400-millimeter diameter pipe carrying water at 150 Liters per second. The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the bend is 120 kiloPascal. Determine the total thrust acting on the bend.
A. 32.11 kiloNewton B. 25.55 kiloNewton C. 27.89 kiloNewton D. 21.58 kiloNewton
Solution Pressure force
Velocity of flow
Dynamic force
Answer: [ D ]
Releasing flood water from a reservoir

Problem A spillway with permanent crest elevation of 42 m and 10 m long, releases flood water from a reservoir whose surface area is 6.5 hectares. The initial water surface elevation is 44.3 m. What is the water surface elevation after 0.75 hour? Use Francis formula neglecting velocity of approach.
A. 43.21 m B. 42.92 m C. 42.33 m D. 42.64 m
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Francis formula for variable head
Where
Answer: [ B ]
Determinate and unstable structures

Submitted by Romel Verterra on Mon, 04/16/2012 - 17:22
Situation
For the structures shown in Figures ME-01A, ME-01B, and ME-01C, identify whether the structure is unstable, statically determinate, statically indeterminate to the first degree, and statically indeterminate to the second degree.
Part 1: The structure shown in Figure ME-01A is: A. Unstable B. Statically determinate C. Statically indeterminate to the first degree D. Statically indeterminate to the second degree
Part 2: The structure shown in Figure ME-01B is: A. Unstable B. Statically determinate C. Statically indeterminate to the first degree D. Statically indeterminate to the second degree
Part 3: The structure shown in Figure ME-01C is: A. Unstable B. Statically determinate C. Statically indeterminate to the first degree D. Statically indeterminate to the second degree
Vertical deflection at a joint of cantilver truss

Situation For the truss shown in Figure EM(01)-5, the product of the cross-sectional area and modulus of elasticity is 1 000 000 Newton.
Part 1: Which of the following gives the axial force on member BC due to the given loads. A. 500 Newton B. 200 Newton C. 400 Newton D. 600 Newton
Part 2: Which of the following gives the axial force on member BC due to a vertical unit load at C. A. 1 B. 0.75 C. 1.25 D. 1.5
Part 3: Which of the following gives the vertical deflection at C. A. 5.35 mm B. 6.75 mm C. 8.45 mm D. 3.25 mm
Solution HideShow or hide the solution
Stress due to actual loads: At joint C:
Answer for Part 1: [ A ]
At joint A:
Stress due to unit load: At joint C:
Answer for Part 2: [ C ]
At joint A:
Vertical deflection at C:
Answer for Part 3: [ B ]
Discharge and slope of open channels

Submitted by Romel Verterra on Wed, 11/30/2011 - 22:17
CE Board Exam Problems (May 1994) - Manning's formula for open channels Problem 1 A circular concrete sewer pipe with coefficient of roughness n = 0.013 is 1.60 m in diameter and flowing half-full has a slope of 4 m per 5 km. Compute the discharge on the sewer pipe.
A. 3.456 m /s 3 B. 2.674 m /s 3 C. 1.190 m /s 3 D. 4.324 m /s
Solution 1 HideShow or hide the solution
Answer: [ C ]
Problem 2 A trapezoidal canal is to carry 50 cu. m./sec with a mean velocity of 0.40 m/sec. One side is vertical, the other has a slope of 2H to 1V. Compute the minimum hydraulic slope if the canal is lined with rubble masonry assuming n = 0.016. Use Mannigs C and check by Kutters C.
Solution 2 HideShow or hide the solution Area of flow
For minimum hydraulic slope, the section must be most efficient. From the figure,
For the most efficient trapezoidal section, the top width x equals the sum of the sides.
Depth of flow
Hydraulic radius for most efficient trapezoidal section
Slope of energy grade line (hydraulic slope)
answer
Couple resultant of parallel forces

Submitted by Romel Verterra on Sun, 11/27/2011 - 16:09
Board Exam Problem November 1994 - Resultant of parallel force system Find the resultant of four parallel forces acting on a horizontal bar AB with length of 11 m; 400 kN downward at the left most end, 900 kN upward 3 m from the left end, 800 kN downward at 9 m from the left end and 300 kN upward at 11 m from the left end. A. 1200 kN force acting upward B. 1200 kN force acting downward C. 1200 kN couple acting counter clockwise D. 1200 kN couple acting clockwise
Since R = 0, the forces creates a couple. The resultant couple can be solved by taking moments about any point on the bar.
Resultant couple
Answer: [ D ]
Check:
Finding the 3rd vertex of the triangle with centroid and other vertices given
Problem Two vertices of a triangle are (6, -1) and (7, -3). Find the ordinate of the third vertex such that the centroid of the triangle will lie at the origin. A. -13 B. 4 C. 13 D. -4
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Centroid by coordinates formula
Answer: [ B ]
Although the abscissa is not required, we present the solution below for the sake of discussion. From the formula for abscissa of the centroid:
Solid geometry problems involving lateral area (cone and cylinder)

Problem 1: Slant height of a cone The lateral area of a right circular cone of radius 4 cm is 100.53 sq. cm. Determine the slant height. A. 8 cm B. 9 cm C. 6 cm D. 10 cm
Problem 2: Volume of cylinder 2 2 Find the volume of a right circular cylinder whose lateral area is 25.918 m and base area of 7.068 m . A. 19.44 m 3 B. 15.69 m 3 C. 20.53 m 3 D. 18.12 m
3
Solution for Problem 1 HideShow or hide the solution The formula for the lateral area of right circular cone is
Answer: [ A ]
Solid geometry problems involving lateral area (cone and cylinder)

Problem 1: Slant height of a cone The lateral area of a right circular cone of radius 4 cm is 100.53 sq. cm. Determine the slant height. A. 8 cm B. 9 cm C. 6 cm D. 10 cm
Solution for Problem 1
Base radius of the cylinder
Altitude of the cylinder
Volume of the cylinder Answer: [ A ]
Problem 2: Volume of cylinder 2 2 Find the volume of a right circular cylinder whose lateral area is 25.918 m and base area of 7.068 m . A. 19.44 m 3 B. 15.69 m
3
C. 20.53 m 3 D. 18.12 m
solution for Problem 2
HideShow or hide the solution Base radius of the cylinder
Altitude of the cylinder
Volume of the cylinder Answer: [ A ]
Answer: [ A ]
Allowable compressive stress of a steel column

Problem Given the following properties of a steel column: Modulus of elasticity, E = 200 GPa Yield strength, Fy = 200 MPa Length, L = 12 m 6 4 Moment of inertia, I = 37.7 10 mm and 2 Cross-sectional area, A = 8000 mm Find the allowable compressive stress. A. 120 MPa B. 67.4 MPa C. 33.7 MPa
D. 91.1 MPa
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Radius of gyration
Slenderness ratio
Critical slenderness ratio
Allowable compressive stress Since KL/r > Cc, the column is a long column. For long columns,
Answer: [ C ]
Fixed End Moment - CE Board November 1994

Board Exam Problem November 1994 - Fixed end moment of fully restrained beam A beam with both ends fixed and with a span of 7 m is carrying a load of 12 kN/m. Calculate the maximum moment of the beam. A. 49 kNm B. 62 kNm C. 32 kNm
D. 86 kNm
Solution HideShow or hide the solution The maximum moment for fixed ended beam with a uniform loading is at the fixed supports. It is given by the formula
Answer: [ A ]
Length of cut in the ground for a proposed road and angular unit conversion
Problem 1: Length of cut for a proposed road The ground makes a uniform slope of 4.8% from STA 12 + 180 to STA 12 + 240. At STA 12 + 180, the center height of the roadway is 1.2 m fill. At the other station, the center height is 2.5 m cut. Find the length of cut. A. 30.85 meters B. 40.54 meters C. 46.32 meters D. 50.28 meters
From the figure shown above:
Answer: [ B ]
Problem 2: Angular unit conversion Convert 405 to mils. A. 2 800 mils B. 10 200 mils C. 7 200 mils D. 6,200 mils Solution
Answer: [ C ]
Area of a spherical triangle with given interior angles

Problem Find the area of a spherical triangle of whose angles are 123, 84, and 73. The radius of the sphere is 30 m. A. 1863.3 square meter B. 1570.8 square meter C. 1958.6 square meter D. 1480.2 square meter
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Area of spherical triangle
Where E is called the spherical excess
Answer: [ B ]
Book value of copier machine after making 300 thousand copies

Problem A certain copier machine cost P150,000 with a trade-in value of P15,000 after making 800,000 copies. Using the declining balance method, what is the book value when the machine had made 300,000 copies? A. P68,111 B. P64,896 C. P62,531 D. P63,254
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Constant percentage
Book value by declining balance method
Answer: [ D ]
Book value of the machine after 5 years by declining balance formula

Problem A machine costing P480,000 has a life expectancy of 12 years with a salvage value of 10% of the first cost. What is the book value after five years using the declining balance method. A. P183,897 B. P152,758 C. P196,432 D. P214,785
Solution HideShow or hide the solution By declining balance method First cost
Salvage value
Economic life
The constant percentage, k
m year
th
Thus,
Answer: [ A ]
Another solution
HideShow or hide the solution A direct formula for Book Value using constant percentage method can also be used
okay!
Finding the amount of annual deposits after 15 years

Submitted by Romel Verterra on Fri, 04/20/2012 - 21:11
Problem Five thousand dollars is deposited at the end of each year for 15 years into an account earning 7.5% compounded continuously. Find the amount after 15 years. A. $133 541.3 B. $152 754.2 C. $148 365.9 D. $112 854.1 Solution HideShow or hide the solution
Convert 7.5% compounded continuously to annually:
Answer: [ A ]
Compute the time for money to 4 times itself

Problem How long will it take for money to quadruple itself if invested at 20% compounded quarterly? A. 10.7 years B. 6.3 years C. 9.5 years D. 7.1 years
Solution HideShow or hide the solution From the compounded interest formula, let t be the number of years:
Answer: [ D ]
Hydraulic jump, oxidizing agent, and void ratio

Submitted by Romel Verterra on Thu, 04/19/2012 - 15:36
Problem 1 Water flows over a spillway and into a horizontal canal. If the water undergoes a jump, what is the depth of flow after the jump? A. critical B. supercritical C. subcritical D. none of these
Problem 3 A strong oxidizing agent. It improves the effectiveness of subsequent coagulation, apparently by polymerization of metastable organics; aids in removal of musty, earthy, fishy, and muddy tastes and odors. It breaks down the unstable gas into two atoms of oxygen. A. ozone C. chloride B. iron D. nitrate
Problem 2 The ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids. A. moisture content B. void ratio C. degree of saturation D. porosity
Equivalent pipe for pipes in series

Problem Two pipes 1 and 2 having the following properties are connected in series: Pipe 1: Length = 1500 m, Diameter = 850 mm, f = 0.025 Pipe 2: Length = 1200 m, Diameter = 650 mm, f = 0.020 It is required to replace these two pipes with a single pipe whose length is 2700 m. Assuming that the friction factor for the new pipe is 0.015, what is the required pipe diameter?
A. 674 mm B. 578 mm
C. 732 mm D. 512 mm
Solution HideShow or hide the solution For the original pipes in series:
Head lost:
For the equivalent single pipe:
Answer: [ A ]
Effective stress at the mid-height of clay layer for sand and clay strata
Problem A clay layer 25 feet thick is overlain with 50 feet thick of sand (G = 2.71). The water table is 20 feet below the sand (ground) surface. The saturated unit weight of clay is 141 pcf. The sand below the water table has a unit weight of 128 pcf. The sand above the water table has average moisture content of 20%. After drying, the sand was found to have a dry unit weight of 92 pcf. Determine the effective stress at the midheight of the clay layer.
A. 5010 lb/ft 2 B. 4788 lb/ft 2 C. 5480 lb/ft 2 D. 5160 lb/ft
Solution HideShow or hide the solution For the sand above the water table
Effective stress
Answer: [ D ]
Porosity of soil with moist and saturated unit weights known

Problem 3 A clay sample has unit weight of 20.06 kN/m with moisture content of 8.2%. The saturated unit weight of 3 the sample is 21.58 kN/m . Determine the porosity of the soil.
A. 45% B. 31% C. 47% D. 28%
Solution
HideShow or hide the solution Moist unit weight
Saturated unit weight
Porosity
Answer: [ B ]
Finding the hydraulic radius of a trapezoidal canal

Problem What is the hydraulic radius of a trapezoidal canal of side slope 2 horizontal to 1 vertical and base width 4 m if the depth of flow is 1.5 m?
A. 0.98 meter B. 0.45 meter C. 0.76 meter D. 0.83 meter
Area of flow
Wetted perimeter
Hydraulic radius
Answer: [ A ]
Releasing flood water from a reservoir
Problem A spillway with permanent crest elevation of 42 m and 10 m long, releases flood water from a reservoir whose surface area is 6.5 hectares. The initial water surface elevation is 44.3 m. What is the water surface elevation after 0.75 hour? Use Francis formula neglecting velocity of approach.
A. 43.21 m B. 42.92 m C. 42.33 m D. 42.64 m
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Francis formula for variable head
Where
Answer: [ B ]

Solution HideShow or hide the solution Pressure force
Velocity of flow
Dynamic force
Answer: [ D ]

Solution HideShow or hide the solution Pressure force
Velocity of flow
Dynamic force
Answer: [ D ]
Rectangular block floating in oil and water

Problem The block shown in Figure-HD4(11-00) weighs 35,000 lbs. Find the value of h.
A. 1.678 feet B. 1.495 feet C. 1.123 feet D. 1.988 feet
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Buoyant forces
Sum up vertical forces
Answer: [ B ]
Time for the water from orifice to hit the ground

Problem An orifice located at the vertical side of a large tank is 8 m from the level ground. How long will it take for the water to reach the ground after opening the orifice?
A. 1.87 seconds C. 1.77 seconds B. 1.52 seconds D. 1.28 seconds
Solution HideShow or hide the solution From the formula: vertical motion of projectile
Where, s=y vo = voy a = -g
Thus, the formula will become
Note: voy = 0 at the highest point of the projectile, thus,
Answer: [ D ]
Theoretical velocity of flow

Problem What is the theoretical velocity of flow through an orifice located 3.2 m below the water surface?
A. 10.67 m/s B. 12.12 m/s C. 7.92 m/s D. 8.45 m/s
Solution
Answer: [ C ]
Difference in head after 2 minutes of flow

Problem 2 A vertical rectangular water tank is divided into two chambers whose horizontal sections are 3 m and 5 2 m , respectively. The dividing wall is provided with a 100 mm 100 mm square hole located 0.5 m from the bottom and whose coefficient of discharge is 0.60. Initially there is 5 m deep of water in the smaller chamber and 1 m deep of water in the larger chamber. What is the difference in the water level in the two chambers after 2 minutes?
A. 1.01 m B. 2.54 m C. 1.32 m
D. 1.87 m
From the formula:
Where H1 = h1 = 4 m H2 = h2 = required t = 2 min = 120 sec
Answer: [ C ]
Flow of water in a pipe system

Problem For the pipe system shown in Figure 03, determine the flow in pipe 3 if the flow in pipe 4 if 5 MLD. The properties of the pipes are as follows:
Pipe 1 2 3 4
Length (m) 600 500 400 550
Diameter (mm) 600 350 400 600
Friction factor, f 0.020 0.025 0.035 0.030
A. 2.84 MLD B. 2.54 MLD C. 3.97 MLD D. 4.51 MLD
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Note: MLD = million liters per day
Pipes (2) and (3) are in parallel connection, thus,
From the figure above:
Substitute Q2 = 0.7579Q3
Answer: [ A ]
Area of water jet at the highest point

Problem A nozzle inclined at an angle of 60 with the horizontal issues a 50-mm diameter water jet at the rate of 10 m/s. Neglecting air resistance, what is the area of the jet at the highest point of the projectile?
2
A. 0.00311 m 2 B. 0.00322 m 2 C. 0.00231 m 2 D. 0.00393 m
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Velocity of the jet at the highest point
The flow is continuous, thus,
Answer: [ D ]
Oil and water in a tank of two chambers

Problem For the tank shown in Figure HD-22(00), h1= 3m and h3 = 4 m. Determine the value of h2. A. 1.19 m B. 1.11 m C. 1.87 m D. 1.93 m
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Sum-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water
Answer: [ A ]
Dynamic force of water jet from the orifice

Problem A tank containing a liquid of unit weight 'w' has an orifice on its vertical side. The orifice has an area of 'A j' with its center 'H' meters below the free liquid surface. Determine the dynamic force at the jet immediately after the orifice.
A. B. C. D.
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Velocity of the jet
Dynamic force
Answer: [ C ]
Normal depth of flow in triangular canal

Problem A triangular canal is as shown in Figure HD-00(11). The canal is 3 laid on a slope of 0.001 with n = 0.012 and discharges 2.4 m /s. If = 60, what is the value of the normal depth dn? A. 1.53 m B. 1.68 m C. 1.79 m D. 1.21 m
Vertex angle
Inclined depth
Area of flow
Wetted perimeter
Hydraulic radius
Discharge by Mannings formula
Answer: [ B ]
Combined axial and flexure stresses in simply supported steel beam

Situation A simply supported steel beam 6 m long carries a uniform load of 32 kN/m and an axial compressive force of 320 kN. The properties of the steel section are as follows: Area, A = 14 700 mm 3 3 Section Modulus, Sx = 1921 10 mm Flange width, bf = 280 mm Flange thickness, tf = 16 mm Overall depth, d = 390 mm Web thickness, tw = 19 mm According to Section 4.6.1 of the NSCP, for members subject to axial compression and bending, . fa = computed axial stress, MPa Fy = yield strength of steel = 248 MPa fb = computed bending stress, MPa Fb = allowable bending stress = 0.66Fy
2
Part 1: Which of the following most nearly gives the computed axial stress in the beam due to axial force alone acting on the beam. A. 22 MegaPascals B. 27 MegaPascals C. 16 MegaPascals D. 32 MegaPascals
Part 2: Which of the following most nearly gives the computed bending stress in the beam due to the uniform load alone acting on the beam. A. 64 MegaPascals B. 84 MegaPascals C. 70 MegaPascals D. 75 MegaPascals
Part 3: Which of the following most nearly gives the value the interaction equation. A. 0.5 B. 0.4 C. 0.7 D. 0.6
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Axial stress:
Bending stress:
Answer for Part 2: [ D ]
Interaction equation:
Analysis of circular timber beam

Situation A circular timber beam 250 millimeters in diameter has a simple span of 4 m. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of w (kN/m) including its own weight. The allowable stresses are 18 MPa for bending and 2 MPa for shear parallel to grain. Allowable deflection is 1/240 of the span length. E = 6000 MPa.
Part 1: Which of the following most nearly gives the value of w so that the allowable bending stress will not be exceeded. Hint: Convert the circular section to square section having the same area. A. 16 B. 21 C. 12 D. 8
Part 2: Which of the following most nearly gives the value of w so that the allowable shearing stress will not be exceeded. A. 40 B. 37 C. 52 D. 28
Part 3: Which of the following most nearly gives the value of w so that the allowable deflection will not be exceeded. A. 14 B. 9 C. 6
D. 12
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Bending: Equivalent square section: (b = d = x)
Shear:
for circular section
Deflection:
Awarding of bid per P.D. 1594

Situation A project has been bid out by the Department of Public Works and Highways. The approved agency estimate (AAE) is 500 million pesos. The results of responsive bids are as follows: Bidder A - P550,234,451.98 Bidder B - P610,345,763.12 Bidder C - P454,218,557.98 Bidder D - P389,122,897.44 Bidder E - P284,758,426.54 The implementing rules and regulations of P.D. 1594 states that no award of contract shall be made to a bidder whose bid price is higher than the allowable government estimate (AGE) or the Approved Agency Estimate (AAE), whichever is higher, or lower than 70% of the AGE. The allowable government estimate (AGE) is defined as one half the sum of the AAE and the average of all responsive bids. For the purposes of determining the average of responsive bids, bids higher than 120% of the AAE or lower than 60% of the AAE shall not be considered. No negotiation will be allowed to bring down the bid to the level of the AAE/AGE.
Part 1: Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum bid price for the project in pesos? A. P500,000,000 B. P600,000,000 C. P550,000,000 D. P650,000,000
Part 2: Which of the following most nearly gives the minimum bid price for the project in pesos? A. P350,000,000 B. P250,000,000 C. P300,000,000 D. P400,000,000
Part 3: Which of the following gives the bidder to which the award can be made? A. Bidder D B. Bidder C C. Bidder A D. Bidder E
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Responsive bidders Answer for Part 1: [ B ] Answer for Part 2: [ C ] Therefore, only bidders A, C, and D shall be considered as responsive bidders.
Average of responsive bids:
Allowable Government Estimate
According to the rules and regulation, no award of contract shall be made to a bidder whose bid price is higher than either the AAE or AGE, (P500,000,000) or whose bid is lower than 70% of AGE (P337,583,855.86).
Among the responsive bidders, the award cant be made to bidder A. It may either be awarded to bidders C or D, and among the two, Bidder D is more desirable. Answer for Part 3: [ A ]
Propped beam with moment load at simple support

Situation A propped beam is as shown in Figure TS-11(00). The moment applied at the simple supported end causes a unit rotation at that end.
Part 1: Which of the following most nearly gives the value of the moment M? A. 670 kiloNewton-meter B. 690 kiloNewton-meter C. 700 kiloNewton-meter D. 710 kiloNewton-meter
Part 2: Which of the following most nearly gives the reaction at the simple support? A. 120 kiloNewton B. 140 kiloNewton C. 170 kiloNewton D. 155 kiloNewton
Part 3: Which of the following most nearly gives the moment at the fixed end? A. -300 kiloNewton-meter B. -330 kiloNewton-meter C. -350 kiloNewton-meter D. -380 kiloNewton-meter
Solution HideShow or hide the solution M = moment in kNm R = reaction in kN AB = 1 radian
Equation (1)
Equation (2)
Substitute M = 4R to Equation (1)
From Equation (2)
Moment at the fixed support
Steel area of singly reinforced beam

Situation A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 550 mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m and is used to carry a uniform dead load of 25 kN/m and a uniform live load of 40 kN/m. Assume fc' = 21 MPa and fy = 312 MPa. Compression reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80 mm from the outermost compression concrete.
Part 1: Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum tension steel area for singly reinforced condition. A. 3810 B. 4120 C. 3960 D. 3780
Part 2: Which of the following most nearly gives the required tension steel area in square millimeter. A. 3900 B. 3750 C. 3610 D. 3860
Part 3: Which of the following most nearly gives the required number of 25-mm tension bars. A. 8 B. 7 C. 9 D. 6
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Beta one factor: Since fc' < 30 MPa, 1 = 0.85 Balanced steel ratio:
Maximum steel ratio:
Maximum tension steel area:
Assuming singly reinforced beam Factored load and ultimate moment capacity
Coefficient of resistance
Required steel ratio
< max (Singly reinforced only) Required steel area
Number of 25-mm bars:
Variable force acting on the block

Situation A 5-kg block resting on a smooth surface is pushed horizontally by a force P as shown in Figure EM11(00). The graph of force P versus time is also shown in the figure.
Part 1: Which of the following most nearly gives the acceleration of the block during the first two seconds? 2 A. 39 m/sec 2 B. 45 m/sec 2 C. 28 m/sec 2 D. 32 m/sec
Part 2: Which of the following most nearly gives the velocity of the block after five seconds? A. 113 m/sec B. 102 m/sec C. 118 m/sec D. 129 m/sec
Part 3: Which of the following most nearly gives the total distance traveled by the block in five seconds? A. 395 m B. 380 m C. 420 m D. 405 m
Solution HideShow or hide the solution The force P of the given graph of force versus time is in kilogram. To convert P to Newton, simply multiply 2 P by gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/sec .
For acceleration-time diagram, acceleration a = force/mass. The graph can easily be constructed as shown below. The area under the accelerationtime curve between any two points represents the change in velocity between the points. Since the block starts from rest, the initial velocity is zero as shown in the velocitytime diagram. The area under the velocity-time curve represents the distance traveled.
From the acceleration-time diagram, acceleration during the first two seconds = 39.24 m/s . Answer for Part 1: [ A ]
For the velocity-time diagram
The distance traveled is the area from velocity-time diagram
Reactions of Inverted L-frame

Situation For the frame shown in Figure EM-00NCE, the force F acting upward at C causes a horizontal reaction of 100 kN at B.
Part 1: Which of the following most nearly gives the value of the force F? A. 100 kiloNewton B. 75 kiloNewton C. 135 kiloNewton D. 120 kiloNewton
Part 2: Which of the following most nearly gives the reaction at A? A. 148 kiloNewton B. 134 kiloNewton C. 156 kiloNewton D. 175 kiloNewton
Part 3: Which of the following most nearly gives the angle in degrees that the reaction at A makes with the horizontal axis (positive counterclockwise)? A. 260 B. 230 C. 140 D. 50
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Summation of moment at hinge support A
Summ of horizontal forces
Sum of vertical forces
Total reaction at A
Moment at the inner support of continuous beam

Situation A continuous beam is as shown if Figure AN-20. Using the moment distribution method and assuming E and I to be constant:
Part 1: Which of the following most nearly gives the fixed end moment at A due to the loads on member AB. A. 10 B. 12 C. 15 D. 18
Part 2: Which of the following most nearly gives the distribution factor at B on member BC, in percent. Use the modified K. A. 59 B. 48 C. 78 D. 67
Part 3: Which of the following most nearly gives the moment at B in kiloNewton-meter. A. -13 B. -10 C. -18 D. -23
Solution HideShow or hide the solution Fixed-end moments, FEM Answer for Part 1: [ B ]
Beam Stiffness Assume,
Modified
Modified
Distribution factors, DF
FEM
A 1 12.00 -12.00
B 1/3 -12.00 -6.00 4.33 0.72 0.08 2/3 5.00 8.67 -2.16 1.44 -0.24 0.16 12.87 2/3 -5.00 4.36 -4.32 0.72 -0.48 0.08 -0.053 -4.693
C 1/3 3.56 3.56 -2.16 -0.24 -0.027 4.693
D 1 -7.11 7.11
0.00
-12.87
0.00
Moment at B = -12.87 kNm
Approved Government Estimate per PD 1594

Situation A project has been bid out by the Department of Public Works and Highways. The approved agency estimate (AAE) is 500 million pesos. The results of responsive bids are as follows:
Bidder A - P550,234,451.98 Bidder B - P610,345,763.12 Bidder C - P454,218,557.98 Bidder D - P389,122,897.44 Bidder E - P284,758,426.54 The implementing rules and regulations of P.D. 1594 states that no award of contract shall be made to a bidder whose bid price is higher than the allowable government estimate (AGE) or the Approved Agency Estimate (AAE), whichever is higher, or lower than 70% of the AGE. The allowable government estimate (AGE) is defined as one half the sum of the AAE and the average of all responsive bids. For the purposes of determining the average of responsive bids, bids higher than 120% of the AAE or lower than 60% of the AAE shall not be considered. No negotiation will be allowed to bring down the bid to the level of the AAE/AGE.
Part 1: Which of the following gives the responsive bidders for the project. A. Bidders A, C, D, and E only B. Bidders A, B, C, and D only C. Bidders A, C, and D only D. Bidders C and D only
Part 2: Which of the following most nearly gives the average of all the responsive bids in pesos. A. P489,356,200.00 B. P505,789,600.00 C. P443,678,100.00 D. P464,525,300.00
Part 3: Which of the following most nearly gives the value of the approved government estimate (AGE) in pesos. A. P482,262,700.00 B. P501,455,900.00 C. P476,456,200.00 D. P456,332,100.00
Bidder B is greater than P600,000 and bidder E is less than P300,000, therefore, only bidders A, C, and D shall be considered as responsive bidders. Answer for Part 1: [ C ]
Average of responsive bids:
Approved Government Estimate , AGE
Problem 01 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem

Problem 1 The water surface shown in Figure 4-01 is 6 m above the datum. The pipe is 150 mm in diameter and the total loss of head between point (1) in the water surface and point (2) in the jet is 3 m. Determine the velocity of flow in the pipe and the discharge Q.
Solution 1 HideShow or hide the solution Solve for velocity head at point (5)
Velocity of flow
Since the diameter of the opening is equal to the diameter of the pipe answer Discharge
answer

Problem 1 The water surface shown in Figure 4-01 is 6 m above the datum. The pipe is 150 mm in diameter and the total loss of head between point (1) in the water surface and point (2) in the jet is 3 m. Determine the velocity of flow in the pipe and the discharge Q.
Solution 1 HideShow or hide the solution Solve for velocity head at point (5)
Velocity of flow
Since the diameter of the opening is equal to the diameter of the pipe answer Discharge
answer

Problem 2 From Figure 4-01, the following head losses are known: From (1) to (2), 0 m; from (2) to (3), 0.60 m; from (3) to (4), 2.1 m; from (4) to (5), 0.3 m. Make a table showing elevation head, velocity head, pressure head, and total head at each of the five points. How high above the center of the pipe will water stands in the piezometer tubes (3) and (4)?
Solution 2 HideShow or hide the solution
Given:
Total head loss from (1) to (5)
Note:
Sum up head from (1) to (5)
Since the diameter of the pipe is uniform and the opening for the jet is equal to the diameter of the pipe, the velocity heads at any point on the pipe are equal. Thus,
Tabulated result
Point 1 2 3 4 5
Elevation head (m) 6 0 0 0 0
Velocity head (m) 0 0 3 3 3
Pressure head (m) 0 6 2.4 0.3 0
Total head (m) 6.0 6.0 5.4 3.3 3.0
Piezometric heights
answer answer

Problem 3 A 300-mm pipe is connected by a reducer to a 100-mm pipe. See Figure 4-02. Points 1 and 2 are at the same elevation, the pressure at 1 is 200 kPa. The discharge Q is 30 liters per second flowing from 1 to 2 and the energy lost from 1 to 2 is equivalent to 20 kPa. a. Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is water. b. Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is oil (sp gr = 0.80). c. Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is molasses (sp gr = 1.5).
Solution 3 HideShow or hide the solution Discharge
Head loss
Velocity heads
Energy equation between 1 and 2
Part a: The liquid is water: answer Part b: The liquid is oil (sp gr = 0.80): answer Part 3: The liquid is molasses (s = 1.5): answer

Problem 4 In Figure 4-02, with 15 L/s of water flowing from 1 to 2 the pressure at 1 is 100 kPa and at 2 is 70 kPa. Compute the loss of head between 1 and 2.
Velocity head
answer

Problem 5 With 30 L/s of water flowing in Figure 4-02, what pressure must be maintained at 1 if the pressure at 2 is to be 70 kPa and the loss of head between 1 and 2 is 5 percent of the difference in pressure head at 1 and 2.
Velocity heads
Head loss
answer

Problem 5 With 30 L/s of water flowing in Figure 4-02, what pressure must be maintained at 1 if the pressure at 2 is to be 70 kPa and the loss of head between 1 and 2 is 5 percent of the difference in pressure head at 1 and 2.
Velocity heads
Head loss
answer

Problem 7 Compute the velocity head of the jet in Figure 4-03 if D1 = 75 mm, D2 = 25 mm, the pressure head at 1 is 30 m of the liquid flowing, and the lost head between points 1 and 2 is 5 percent of the velocity head at point 2.
Solution 7
HideShow or hide the solution Velocity heads in terms of discharge Q
Head lost
Velocity head at point 2
answer

Problem 8 In Figure 4-04, with 35 L/s of sea water (sp gr 1.03) flowing from 1 to 2, the pressure at 1 is 100 kPa and at 2 is -15 kPa. Point 2 is 6 m higher than point 1. Compute the lost energy in kPa between 1 and 2.
Velocity heads
answer

Problem 9 The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually from 150 mm at A to 450 mm at B. A is 4.5 m lower than B. What will be the difference in pressure, in kPa, between A and B, when 0.176 m3/s is flowing, loss of energy is being neglected. Solution 9
Velocity heads
Neglecting head loss
answer

Problem 10 The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually from 150 mm at A to 450 mm at B. A is 4.5 m lower than B. If the pressure at A is 70 kPa and that B is 50 kPa, when 140 L/s is flowing. (a) Determine the direction of flow. (b) Find the frictional loss between the two points. Solution 10 HideShow or hide the solution
Velocity heads
Pressure heads
Total head
The flow is always from higher energy to lower energy. EA > EB, thus, the flow will be from A to B. answer Energy equation between A and B
answer

Problem 11 A horizontal pipe carries 30 cfs of water. At A the diameter is 18 in. and the pressure is 10 psi. At B the diameter is 36 in. and the pressure is 10.9 psi. Determine the head lost between the two points. Solution 11 HideShow or hide the solution Discharge
Velocity head
Pressure heads
Energy equation between A and B
answer

Problem 11 A horizontal pipe carries 30 cfs of water. At A the diameter is 18 in. and the pressure is 10 psi. At B
the diameter is 36 in. and the pressure is 10.9 psi. Determine the head lost between the two points. Solution 11 HideShow or hide the solution Discharge
Velocity head
Pressure heads
Energy equation between A and B
answer

Problem 12 In Figure 4-05, a 50 mm pipeline leads downhill from a reservoir and discharges into air. If the loss of head between A and B is 44.2 m, compute the discharge.
Solution 12 HideShow or hide the solution Note for circular pipes
Sum up energy head from A to B
answer

Problem 13 The 150-mm pipe line shown in Figure 4-05 conducts water from the reservoir and discharge at a lower elevation through a nozzle which has a discharge diameter of 50 mm. The water surface in the reservoir 1 is at elevation 30 m, the pipe intake 2 and 3 at elevation 25 m and the nozzle 4 and 5 at elevation 0. The head losses are: from 1 to 2, 0; from 2 to 3, 0.6 m; from 3 to 4, 9 m; from 4 to 5, 3 m. Compute the discharge and make a table showing elevation head, pressure head, and total head at each of the five points.
Solution 13 HideShow or hide the solution Head lost
answer Velocity heads
Pressure heads
Tabulated result
Point
Elevation head (m)
Velocity head (m)
Pressure head (m)
Total head (m)
1 2 3 4 5
30 25 25 0 0
0 0 0.2151 0.2151 17.4202
0 5 4.1849 20.1849 0
30.0 30.0 29.4 20.4 17.4

Problem 14 Water discharges through an orifice in the side of a large tank shown in Figure 4-06. The orifice is circular in cross section and 50 mm in diameter. The jet is the same diameter as the orifice. The liquid is water, and the surface elevation is maintained at a height h of 3.8 m above the center of the jet. Compute the discharge: (a) neglecting loss of head; (b) considering the loss of head to be 10 percent of h. Solution 14 HideShow or hide the solution
Neglecting head lost
answer Considering head lost
answer

Problem 15 A pump (Figure 4-07) takes water from a 200-mm suction pipe and delivers it to a 150-mm discharge pipe in which the velocity is 2.5 m/s. At A in the suction pipe, the pressure is 40 kPa. At B in the discharge pipe, which is 2.5 m above A, the pressure is 410 kPa. What horsepower would have to be applied by the pump if there were no frictional losses? Solution 15 Discharge
Velocity heads
HideClick here to continue reading the solution
Neglecting head lost between A and B
Power delivered by the pump
answer

Problem 16 A pump (Figure 4-07) takes water from a 200-mm suction pipe and delivers it to a 150-mm discharge pipe in which the velocity is 3.6 m/s. The pressure is -35 kPa at A in the suction pipe. The 150-mm pipe discharges horizontally into air at C. To what height h above B can the water be raised if B is 1.8 m above A and 20 hp is delivered to the pump? Assume that the pump operates at 70 percent efficiency and that the frictional loss in the pipe between A and C is 3 m.
Output power of the pump
Head Added
Velocity heads
Energy equation from A to C
answer

Submitted by Romel Verterra on Wed, 03/21/2012 - 15:25
Problem 17 In Figure 4-08 is shown a siphon discharging water from reservoir A into the air at B. Distance 'a' is 1.8 m, 'b' is 6 m, and the diameter is 150 mm throughout. If there is a frictional loss of 1.5 m between A and the summit, and 1.5 m between the summit and B, what is the absolute pressure at the summit in kiloPascal? Also determine the rate of discharge in cubic meter per second and in gallons per minute. Solution 17
Velocity head at B and C in terms of Q
Energy Equation between A and B
answer
answer Thus, the velocity head at B and C is
Energy equation between A and C
answer

Problem 18 Figure 4-09 shows a siphon discharging oil (sp gr 0.90). The siphon is composed of 3-in. pipe from A to B followed by 4-in. pipe from B to the open discharge at C. The head losses are from 1 to 2, 1.1 ft; from 2 to 3, 0.7 ft; from 3 to 4, 2.5 ft. Compute the discharge, and make table of heads at point 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Head lost
Velocity heads in terms of Q
answer
Velocity heads at 2, 3, and 4
answer Energy equation between 3 and 4
answer Checking Energy equation between 2 and 3
(check!) Tabulated result
Point 1 2 3 4
Elevation head (ft) 10 15 15 0
Velocity head (ft) 0 18.02 5.7 5.7
Pressure head (ft) 0 -24.12 -12.5 0
Total head (ft) 10 8.9 8.2 5.7
Physical Properties of Soil

Submitted by Romel Verterra on December 18, 2012 - 5:31pm
Soil is composed of solids, liquids, and gases. Liquids and gases are mostly water and air, respectively. These two (water and air) are called voids which occupy between soil particles. The figure shown below is an idealized soil drawn into phases of solids, water, and air.
Weight-Volume Relationship from the Phase Diagram of Soil total volume = volume of soilds + volume of voids
volume of voids = volume of water + volume of air
total weight = weight of solids + weight of water
Soil Properties
Void Ratio, e Void ratio is the ratio of volume of voids to the volume of solids.
Porosity, n Porosity is the ratio of volume of voids to the total volume of soil.
Degree of Saturation, S Degree of saturation is the ratio of volume of water to the volume of voids.
Water Content or Moisture Content, w Moisture content, usually expressed in terms of percentage, is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of solids.
Unit Weight, Unit weight is the weight of soil per unit volume. Also called bulk unit weight ( ), and moist unit weight (m).
Dry Unit Weight, d Dry unit weight is the weight of dry soil per unit volume.
Saturated Unit Weight, sat Saturated unit weight is the weight of saturated soil per unit volume.
Effective Unit Weight, ' Effective unit weight is the weight of solids in a submerged soil per unit volume. Also called buoyant density or buoyant unit weight (b).
Specific Gravity of Solid Particles, G Specific gravity of solid particles of soil is the ratio of the unit weight of solids ( s) to the unit weight of water (w).
Formulas for Properties of Soil

Symbols and Notations = void ratio = porosity = moisture content, water content = specific gravity of any substance = specific gravity of solids = degree of saturation = volume of soil mass = volume of air = volume of water = volume of solids = volume of voids = total weight of soil = weight of water = weight of solids = relative density = unit weight of soil mass, moist unit weight, bulk unit weight = unit weight of soil solids = unit weight of water = = buoyant unit weight, submerged unit weight = = dry unit weight = saturated unit weight = liquid limit = plastic limit = liquidity index = plasticity index = group index
Basic Formulas Unit weight, Weight,
Specific gravity,
Physical Properties of Soil Total weight, Total volume, Volume of voids,
Void ratio,
, Note:
Porosity,
, Note:
Relationship between e and n,
and
Water content or moisture content,
, Note:
Degree of saturation,
, Note:
Relationship between G, w, S, and e, Moist unit weight or bulk unit weight, , also or
Dry unit weight,
and
Saturated unit weight,
Submerged or buoyant unit weight,
or
Critical hydraulic gradient,
or
Relative Density,
or
Atterberg Limits Plasticity index,
Liquidity index, Shrinkage index,
Activity of clay,
, where
= soil finer than 0.002 mm in percent
Other Formulas Volume of voids,
Volume of solids,
Volume of water,
Weight of water,
Weight of soil,
Dry unit weight,
Relationship between specific gravity of solids, moisture content, degree of saturation, and void ratio
The relationship between , , , and is given by the following
G = specific gravity of solid particles w = moisture content or water content S = degree of saturation e = void ratio
The formula above can be derived as follows:
Thus,
as stated above.
Relationship between void ratio and porosity

The relationship between and is given by
and Derivation is as follows void ratio
n = Vv / V (okay!)
porosity
e = Vv / Vs (okay!)
Consistency of Soil Atterberg Limits

Consistency is the term used to describe the ability of the soil to resist rupture and deformation. It is commonly describe as soft, stiff or firm, and hard.
Water content greatly affects the engineering behavior of fine-grained soils. In the order of increasing moisture content (see Figure 2 below), a dry soil will exist into four distinct states: from solid state, to semisolid state, to plastic state, and to liquid state. The water contents at the boundary of these states are known as Atterberg limits. Between the solid and semisolid states is shrinkage limit, between semisolid and plastic states is plastic limit, and between plastic and liquid states is liquid limit.
Atterberg limits, then, are water contents at critical stages of soil behavior. They, together with natural water content, are essential descriptions of fine-grained soils.
Liquid Limit, LL Liquid limit is the water content of soil in which soil grains are separated by water just enough for the soil mass to loss shear strength. A little higher than this water content will tend the soil to flow like viscous fluid while a little lower will cause the soil to behave as plastic.
Plastic Limit, PL Plastic limit is the water content in which the soil will pass from plastic state to semi-solid state. Soil can no longer behave as plastic; any change in shape will cause the soil to show visible cracks.
Shrinkage Limit, SL Shrinkage limit is the water content in which the soil no longer changes in volume regardless of further drying. It is the lowest water content possible for the soil to be completely saturated. Any lower than the shrinkage limit will cause the water to be partially saturated. This is the point in which soil will pass from semi-solid to solid state.
Determination of Liquid, Plastic, and Shrinkage Limits

Casagrande Cup Method for Liquid Limit Test
Casagrande Cup Courtesy of MOHAN LAL AND SONS The semispherical brass cup is repeatedly dropped into a hard rubber base from a height of 10 mm by a cam-operated crank.
The dry powder of the soil is mixed with distilled water turning it into a paste. The soil paste is then placed into the cup to a thickness of about 12.5 mm and a groove is then cut at the center of the paste using the standard grooving tool. The crank operating the cam is turned at the rate of 2 revolutions per second
lifting the cup and dropped it from a height of 10 mm. The liquid limit is the moisture content required to close a distance of 12.5 mm along the bottom of the groove after 25 blows.
The required closure in 25 blows is difficult to achieve in a single test. Four or more tests to the same soil at varying water contents are to be done for 12.5 mm closure of the groove. The results are then plotted on a semi-logarithmic graph with moisture content along the vertical axis (algebraic scale) and number of blows along the horizontal axis (logarithmic scale).
The graph is approximated by the best fit straight line, usually called the flow line and sometimes called liquid state line. The moisture content that corresponds to 25 blows is the liquid limit of the soil.
The slope of the flow line is called flow index and may be written as
Flow index, where w1 and w2 are the water content corresponding to number of blows N 1 and N2, respectively.
Plastic Limit Test

The plastic limit can easily be found by rolling a small soil sample into thin threads until it crumbles. The water content at which the threads break at approximately 3 mm in diameter is the plastic limit. Two or more tests are made and the average water content is taken as plastic limit. In this test, soil will break at smaller diameter when wet and breaks in larger diameter when dry.
Fall Cone Method for Liquid and Plastic Limit Tests
Cone Penetrometer Courtesy of SAIGON ISC Fall cone method offers more accurate result of liquid limit and plastic limit tests. In this method, a cone with a mass of 80 grams and an apex angle of 30 is suspended above so that its pointed part will just in contact with the soil sample. The cone is permitted to fall freely under its own weight for a period of 5 seconds. The water content that allows the cone to penetrate for 20 mm during this period defines the liquid limit of the soil.
Like the cup method, four or more tests are required because it is difficult to find the liquid limit in a single test. The results are then plotted into a semi-logarithmic paper with water content along the vertical axis (arithmetic scale) and penetration along the horizontal axis (logarithmic scale). The best fit straight line is then drawn and the water content that corresponds to 20 mm penetration defines the liquid limit.
The plastic limit can be found by repeating the test with a cone of similar geometry but with a mass of M2 = 240 grams. The liquid state line of this cone will be below the liquid state line of the M 1 = 80 grams cone and parallel to it.
The plastic limit is given as
Shrinkage Limit Test

The shrinkage limit is determined as follows. A mass of wet soil, m 1, is placed in a porcelain dish 44.5 mm in diameter and 12.5 mm high and then oven dried. With oven-dried soil still in the dish, the volume of shrinkage can be determined by filling the dish with mercury. The volume of mercury that fills the dish is equal to the shrinkage volume. The shrinkage limit is calculated from
where m1 = mass of wet soil, m 2 = mass of oven-dried soil, V1 = volume of wet soil, V2 = volume of ovendried soil, and w = density of water. Other Formulas Shrinkage ratio
Specific gravity of solids
Unit Weights and Densities of Soil

Unit Weights of Soil

Symbols and Notations = Unit weight, bulk unit weight m = Moist unit weight d = Dry unit weight sat = Saturated unit weight b, ' = Buoyant unit weight or effective unit weight s = Unit weight of solids 3 w = Unit weight of water (equal to 9810 N/m ) W = Total weight of soil W s = Weight of solid particles W w = Weight of water V = Volume of soil Vs = Volume of solid particles Vv = Volume of voids Vw = Volume of water S = Degree of saturation w = Water content or moisture content G = Specific gravity of solid particles
Bulk Unit Weight / Moist Unit Weight
Note: Se = Gw, thus,
Moist unit weight in terms of dry density and moisture content
Dry Unit Weight (S = w = 0) From and , S = 0 and w = 0
Saturated Unit Weight (S = 1) From , S = 100%
Buoyant Unit Weight or Effective Unit Weight
Unit weight of water 3 = 9.81 kN/m 3 = 9810 N/m 3 = 62.4 lb/ft
Typical Values of Unit Weight for Soils
Type of soil Gravel Sand Silt Clay
sat (kN/m3) 20 - 22 18 - 20 18 - 20 16 - 22
d (kN/m3) 15 - 17 13 - 16 14 - 18 14 - 21
Densities of Soil
The terms density and unit weight are used interchangeably in soil mechanics. Though not critical, it is important that we know it. To find the formula for density, divide the formula of unit weight by gravitational constant g (acceleration due to gravity). But instead of having g in the formula, use the density of water replacing the unit weight of water.
Basic formula for density (note: m = W/g)
The following formulas are taken from unit weights of soil:
Where m = mass of soil V = volume of soil W = weight of soil = density of soil d = dry density of soil sat = saturated density of soil ' = buoyant density of soil w = density of water G = specific gravity of soil solids S = degree of saturation of the soil e = void ratio w = water content or moisture content
Density of water and gravitational constant 3 w = 1000 kg/m w = 1 g/cc 3 w = 62.4 lb/ft 2 g = 9.81 m/s 2 g = 32.2 ft/sec
Relative Density
Relative density is an index that quantifies the state of compactness between the loosest and densest possible state of coarse-grained soils.
The relative density is written in the following formulas:
where: Dr = relative density e = current void ratio of the soil in-situ emax = void ratio of the soil at its loosest condition emin = void ratio of the soil at its densest condition
d = current dry unit weight of soil in-situ (d)min = dry unit weight of the soil at its loosest condition (d)max = dry unit weight of the soil at its densest condition Designation of Granular Soil Based on Relative Density
Dr (%) 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 70 70 - 85 85 - 100
Description Very loose Loose Medium dense Dense Very dense

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Installation 1.Run PhotoToCartoon.exe 2.After setup complete, exit program 3. Open bean.reg 4. When prompted after opening bean.

reg Click YES to Register Full Version 5. Done!

HideShow or hide the solution

HideShow or hide the solution

6. Area of water jet at the highest point

The flow is continuous, thus,

Total thrust on the 90 degree bend

A. 32.11 kiloNewton B. 25.55 kiloNewton C. 27.89 kiloNewton D. 21.58 kiloNewton

Solution Pressure force

Releasing flood water from a reservoir

A. 43.21 m B. 42.92 m C. 42.33 m D. 42.64 m

Determinate and unstable structures

Vertical deflection at a joint of cantilver truss

Solution HideShow or hide the solution

Stress due to actual loads: At joint C:

Answer for Part 1: [ A ]

Stress due to unit load: At joint C:

Answer for Part 2: [ C ]

Answer for Part 3: [ B ]

Discharge and slope of open channels

A. 3.456 m /s 3 B. 2.674 m /s 3 C. 1.190 m /s 3 D. 4.324 m /s

Solution 1 HideShow or hide the solution

Solution 2 HideShow or hide the solution Area of flow

Hydraulic radius for most efficient trapezoidal section

Slope of energy grade line (hydraulic slope)

Couple resultant of parallel forces

Solution HideShow or hide the solution

Solution HideShow or hide the solution Centroid by coordinates formula

Solid geometry problems involving lateral area (cone and cylinder)

Solid geometry problems involving lateral area (cone and cylinder)

Solution for Problem 1

Base radius of the cylinder

Altitude of the cylinder

Volume of the cylinder Answer: [ A ]

solution for Problem 2

HideShow or hide the solution Base radius of the cylinder

Altitude of the cylinder

Volume of the cylinder Answer: [ A ]

Allowable compressive stress of a steel column

Solution HideShow or hide the solution Radius of gyration

Critical slenderness ratio

Fixed End Moment - CE Board November 1994

Solution HideShow or hide the solution

From the figure shown above:

HideShow or hide the solution

Area of a spherical triangle with given interior angles

Solution HideShow or hide the solution Area of spherical triangle

Where E is called the spherical excess

Book value of copier machine after making 300 thousand copies

Solution HideShow or hide the solution Constant percentage

Book value by declining balance method

Book value of the machine after 5 years by declining balance formula

The constant percentage, k

Finding the amount of annual deposits after 15 years

Convert 7.5% compounded continuously to annually:

Compute the time for money to 4 times itself

Hydraulic jump, oxidizing agent, and void ratio

Equivalent pipe for pipes in series