Effects of Molecular Diffusion On The Subgrid-Scale Modeling of Passive Scalars
Effects of Molecular Diffusion On The Subgrid-Scale Modeling of Passive Scalars
Effects of Molecular Diffusion On The Subgrid-Scale Modeling of Passive Scalars
The large eddy simulation 共LES兲 technique consists of In the Fourier space, the SGS transfers across the cutoff
describing the large-scale motions based on a spatial filtering wave number kc 共which represents the smallest resolved
operation while the effect of the subgrid-scales 共SGS兲 needs scale for LES兲 are modeled based on eddy-viscosity and
to be modeled.1 While many SGS models have been de- eddy-diffusivity concept defined as8
冕 冋 册
signed to close the resulting filtered Navier–Stokes equations ⬁
1 E
for incompressible flows,2–4 the corresponding problem ap- ⬁t = 0pp 5E共p兲 + p dp, 共1兲
plied to turbulent combustion, turbulent mixing, or com- 15 kc p
pressible flow has not yet been fully addressed.5,6 For these
situations, the filtered transport equation of a scalar variable
共e.g., mixture fraction, temperature兲 must be solved and a
subgrid-scale scalar flux has to be modeled. The simplest
⬁t =
2
3
冕kc
⬁
0pp
T
E共p兲dp, 共2兲
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025102-2 Brun et al. Phys. Fluids 20, 025102 共2008兲
再
t
+ 共k2 + p2兲 + q2 + 关⬘共k兲 + ⬘共p兲 + ⬙共q兲兴 冎 X=
15a21 m + 1 ti
5−m3−m
,
⬁
共11兲
Using Eqs. 共1兲, 共2兲, 共7兲, and 共8兲, the eddy-viscosity and eddy- we obtain an expression for the SGS Schmidt number,
diffusivity are now obtained as13
⬁t QX − Q ln共1 + X兲
Sc共m兲
t = = Sc共m兲 . 共17兲
冋 册
⬁t ti
QX − ln共1 + QX兲
ln共1 + X兲
⬁t = t⬁i 1 − , 共9兲
X In the limit of small X; i.e., small Reynolds number, the SGS
Schmidt number is
冋
⬁t = t⬁i 1 −
ln共1 + Y兲
Y
册 共10兲 Sc共m兲
t =
共5 − m兲
40
1+ 冉 冊
1
Sc
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025102-3 Effects of molecular diffusion on the subgrid-scale modeling Phys. Fluids 20, 025102 共2008兲
100 100
-1 -1
10 10
4 6 8 10 4 6 8 10
∆/∆ ∆/∆
(a) (b)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
4 6 8 10
∆/∆
(c)
FIG. 1. A priori tests on isotropic turbulence with passive scalar for Re = 39– 96 and Sc= 0.2– 0.7– 3. A sharp cutoff filter with filter widths equal to ⌬ ¯ /⌬
苸 关2 ; 10兴 was used. The results were obtained with Eqs. 共9兲, 共10兲, and 共17兲. 共a兲 Spectral eddy-viscosity ⬁t and t⬁. 共b兲 Spectral eddy-diffusivity ⬁t and t⬁. 共c兲
i i
SGS Schmidt number Sc共m兲 t and Scti共m兲.
Schmidt number, which includes the effects of the global III. SGS MODELING IN PHYSICAL SPACE
slope of the kinetic energy spectrum m around the cutoff A. Viscous structure function model
wave number and of the molecular diffusion 共accounted for
by the Schmidt number兲. These two effects are expected to In LES carried out in the physical space, the filtered
be of critical importance in the simulation of flows involving Navier–Stokes equations and a corresponding filtered scalar
scalar transport in low to moderate Reynolds numbers or transport equation have to be evaluated,
during the transition to turbulence. As an example of appli-
cation using Eqs. 共15兲 and 共17兲, consider the case m = 5 / 3
and Sc= 0.7. We get Scti = 0.6 and Sct = 0.2, with these equa- ūi 1 P̄ S̄ij ij
tions, respectively, while for m = 3 and Sc= 0.7, we obtain + 共ūiū j兲 = − + 2 − , 共18兲
t xj xi xj xj
Scti = 0.36 and Sct = 0.12; i.e., the damping functions lead to a
reduction in the SGS Schmidt number to about one third.
These effects are well illustrated in Fig. 1共c兲, where again the
shape of the energy spectra from isotropic turbulence14 were ūi
= 0, 共19兲
used. xi
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025102-4 Brun et al. Phys. Fluids 20, 025102 共2008兲
10 0.8
νt /ν 8 κt /κ Sct VSF
REF
SF
8
VSF VSF
REF REF 0.6
SF SF
6
6
0.4
4
4
0.2
2 2
0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
T̄
+
t xi
共T̄ūi兲 =
Ḡi qi
−
xi xi
, 共20兲
VSF =
SF
t 1−冋 1
Qx
ln共1 + Qx兲 册 , 共25兲
Sct共m兲
t
i
where S̄ij = 21 共 ūi / x j + ū j / xi 兲 is the strain rate tensor and
respectively, where Q is given by Eq. 共16兲, and x is a func-
Ḡi = T̄ / xi is the scalar gradient. The subgrid-scale stresses
tion of the angle ␣ between the local vorticity and the
tensor ij = uiu j − ūiū j and the subgrid-scale scalar flux qi
¯
mean vorticity m averaged over a shell of radius equal to ⌬
= Tui − T̄ūi are unknown quantities requiring modeling. The
共see Sagaut4兲,
use of the eddy-viscosity and eddy-diffusivity concepts per-
mits one to relate these unknowns to a turbulent eddy-
viscosity t共z , t兲 and a turbulent eddy-diffusivity t共z , t兲, x = tan 冉冊␣ SF
2
t
␣ = arccos 冉 m ·
储m兩兩兩兩储
. 冊 共26兲
ij − 31 ␦ijkk = − 2tS̄ij , 共21兲 The resulting VSF model constitutes therefore a continu-
ous formulation of the selective structure function model.2,15
sf −3/2 ¯ ¯
t = 0.105CK ⌬ F2共z,⌬,t兲,
冑 共23兲
viscosity and eddy-diffusivity from the DNS data through
具ijS̄ij典 具qiḠi典
¯ , t兲 is the local second-order velocity structure
where F2共z , ⌬ REF
t =− , REF
t =− , 共27兲
2具S̄klS̄kl典 具q jq j典
function computed on a shell of diameter equal to ⌬ ¯ . This
model showed good results in a number of turbulent shear where 具·典 means a temporal averaging. Figure 2共a兲 compares
flows.8 The extension to the physical space of the present the new viscous SF eddy-viscosity VSF , the classical SF
t
low Reynolds number model consists in the viscous structure eddy-viscosity8 SF
t , and the reference eddy-viscosity t
REF
function model 共VSF兲 developed by Brun et al.13 In this obtained with Eq. 共27兲. As can be seen the VSF model has
model the 共physical space兲 eddy-viscosity13 and eddy- the expected behavior along the jet streamwise direction; i.e.,
diffusivity are given by it damps the influence arising from the presence of a strong
冋 册
mean velocity gradient during the transition stage. Similar
1 results are obtained for the eddy-diffusivity 关see Fig. 2共b兲兴.
VSF
t = SF
t 1− ln共1 + x兲 , 共24兲
x Figure 2共c兲 displays the evolution of the SGS Schmidt num-
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025102-5 Effects of molecular diffusion on the subgrid-scale modeling Phys. Fluids 20, 025102 共2008兲
3
To
Tc z −1
FSF FSF
VSF VSF
2.5
0.1
Uo −Uext
Uc −Uext
2
1/K1
uRM S
Uo −Uext
1.5
1/β
1
0.01
TRM S
To
0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 10
z/D z/D
(a) (b)
FIG. 3. Centerline evolution of the 共a兲 mean velocity and passive scalar field and 共b兲 RMS velocity and RMS passive scalar field for LES of spatially evolving
round jets at ReD = 25 000 and Sc= 0.2.
ber corresponding to Figs. 2共a兲 and 2共b兲. The constant value = 2D. The present LES results show a clear improvement
of Sct = 0.6 usually set in LES of passive scalar is also shown with a similar trend when the VSF model is used.
for comparison. The potential of the new model is clearly
illustrated by the damping effect present in the initial stage of
the plane jet development.
IV. CONCLUSION
C. A posteriori tests: LES of round jet at ReD = 25 000 In the present study, we revisited the spectral eddy-
Finally, LES of spatially evolving turbulent round jet viscosity and eddy-diffusivity closures derived from the
were carried out with the new model 共VSF兲 using an accurate EDQNM theory and accounted for molecular diffusion ef-
Navier–Stokes solver with pseudospectral methods and fects which were neglected in the original formulation dedi-
sixth-order compact schemes.16,17 The Reynolds number is cated to high Reynolds number flows.8 Two related issues
ReD = 25 000 based on the inflow velocity Uo of the jet and were addressed: 共i兲 The effects of low Reynolds number and
on the diameter D, and the molecular Schmidt number is 共ii兲 a variable SGS Schmidt number for transitional flows.
Sc= 0.2. The flow configuration consists of a co-flowing jet The analytical present spectral formulation involves a damp-
with about Uext / Uo = 7% co-flow. Hyperbolic tangent profiles ing of the inviscid eddy-viscosity and inviscid eddy-
were applied as inflow conditions for both the velocity and diffusivity which vanishes for increasing Reynolds number
the scalar,16 with a momentum thickness o = D / 40. Results flows. The spectral model has been transposed to the physi-
are compared with the filtered structure function model2 cal space SGS modeling and yields a so-called viscous struc-
共FSF兲 with constant SGS Schmidt number Sct = 0.6. Figure ture function 共VSF兲 model, which consists of an improve-
3共a兲 shows the mean velocity 具Uc典 and mean scalar 具Tc典 de- ment of the original structure function 共SF兲 model8 for flows
cay rates along the centerline z, which are in good agreement involving transition to turbulence. The present VSF model is
with the experimental results18,19 with  = 5.8 and K1 = 4.48 of particular interest for transitional flows with scalar trans-
for the velocity and passive scalar fields, respectively. A port since the resulting SGS Schmidt number is no longer
good agreement is obtained also for the root-mean square constant and set to Sct = 0.6 but is reduced in low Reynolds
共RMS兲 of the velocity and passive scalar fields 关Fig. 3共b兲兴 number flow regions, as expected from analytical and nu-
with respect to experimental results19,20 including a linear merical analysis. The new model was validated based on
decay behavior in the fully turbulent region. Notice that the both a priori tests in DNS of homogeneous isotropic turbu-
transition to turbulence starts about 1D earlier for both the lence and DNS of turbulent plane jet and a posteriori tests in
velocity and the scalar fields 关see Fig. 3共b兲兴 due to the inhi- LES of round turbulent jet with scalar transport.
bition of the SGS model caused by the damping functions.
The scalar RMS reaches a lower 共about 10%兲 saturation ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
value with the VSF model than with the FSF model, an effect
which is related to the variation in SGS Schmidt number in The computing resources were provided by IDRIS-
the transition zone. In the experiments,19 the transition to France. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial
turbulence is strongly enhanced when the flow is issued from support from the Centre National de la Recherche Scienti-
a smooth contraction and yields TRMS / To ⬇ 3% at about z fique 共CNRS兲. The study was part of DFG-CNRS research
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025102-6 Brun et al. Phys. Fluids 20, 025102 共2008兲
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