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    The Internet Protocol Suite

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    ErwinMacaraig
    The document discusses key concepts in TCP/IP networking including the TCP/IP protocol suite, network stack, addressing, and ports. The TCP/IP protocol suite includes application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. The network stack allows programs to communicate across networks by organizing communication into layers and standardizing data transfer. Network addresses like IP addresses and ports are used to route data between devices and identify applications. Common network applications are also listed.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    The Internet Protocol Suite

    Uploaded by

    ErwinMacaraig
    165 views5 pages
    The document discusses key concepts in TCP/IP networking including the TCP/IP protocol suite, network stack, addressing, and ports. The TCP/IP protocol suite includes application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. The network stack allows programs to communicate across networks by organizing communication into layers and standardizing data transfer. Network addresses like IP addresses and ports are used to route data between devices and identify applications. Common network applications are also listed.

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    network applications TCP/IP

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    The document discusses key concepts in TCP/IP networking including the TCP/IP protocol suite, network stack, addressing, and ports. The TCP/IP protocol suite includes application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. The network stack allows programs to communicate across networks by organizing communication into layers and standardizing data transfer. Network addresses like IP addresses and ports are used to route data between devices and identify applications. Common network applications are also listed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    165 views5 pages

    The Internet Protocol Suite

    Uploaded by

    ErwinMacaraig
    The document discusses key concepts in TCP/IP networking including the TCP/IP protocol suite, network stack, addressing, and ports. The TCP/IP protocol suite includes application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. The network stack allows programs to communicate across networks by organizing communication into layers and standardizing data transfer. Network addresses like IP addresses and ports are used to route data between devices and identify applications. Common network applications are also listed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Understanding

    TCP/IP Networking
    Objectives:
    Learn the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Be familiar with the network applications used in the industry that a system admin should be well-verse of. Learn the concepts behind network address and ports

    Concepts
    TCP/IP Networking
    From the users point of view, chances are you are quite familiar with how network tools function. But from the point of a system administrator, there is considerable complexity hidden beneath the surface of common network tools such as e-mail, remote printing, web browsing and etc. For system administrators it is a great deal for you to understand the basic design of TCP/IP networking and for troubleshooting TCP/IP problems.

    The Internet Protocol Suite


    Layer Application Protocols FTP, HTTP,HTTPS IMAP, IRC, NNTP POP3, SIP SMTP, SNMP SSH, Telnet, Bittorrent (and more) DCCP, SCTP TCP, RTP UDP, IL,RUDP IPv4 IPv6 Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Token Ring, FDDI, PPP RS-232, EIA-422, RS-449

    Transport

    Network Data link Physical Layer

    The Internet protocol suite is the set of communication protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet runs.

    The Network Stack


    The basic goal of networking, from the point of view of high-level software is to transfer information from a specific program running on one computer to a specific program running on another computer. One of the problems encountered in achieving the goal of data exchange between programs is in controlling access to the network. If programs such as Mozilla Firefox were allowed to control the network hardware directly, chaos would soon ensue, as programs would interfere with one another. This is the reason why the concept of network stack is implemented. This is a set of small software modules, functioning in series, each of which interfaces with two others or with one other and the network hardware or human. Network applications lie at the top of the stack. These applications communicate with the layer below them and so on until the bottom layer is reached, at which point the data leave the computer and traverse the network to the destination system. At that point, the process is reversed and data travel up the stack to the destination application. See the illustration below.

    Application Layer Communication protocols and methods designed for process-to-process communications across an Internet protocol computer network

    Transport Layer

    Message segmentation: accepts a message from the (session) layer above it, splits the message into smaller units (if not already small enough), and passes the smaller units down to the network layer. The transport layer at the destination station reassembles the message. Message acknowledgment: provides reliable end-to-end message delivery with acknowledgments.

    Network Layer The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing through intermediate routers, whereas the data link layer is responsible for media access control, flow control and error checking. Data Link

    Media Access Control (MAC) Logical Link Control (LLC)

    Network Addresses
    One critically important component of any network protocol is addressing. If you are at one computer and want to use resources located on a server, you must have some method of telling your computer how to reach the server. The hostname most of the time takes the form of a URL such as http://hei.donbosco.net Unfortunately, although hostnames of this form are reasonably easy for people to understand, computer works better with numbers. Therefore, although the Internet includes provisions for using hostnames, at its core it relies upon a different addressing scheme: IP addresses. IP addresses are 32-bit or 128-bit (IPv6) numbers that are generally expressed as decimal numbers separated by dots. Example, 192.168.2.1. IP addresses are broken down into two components: a network address and a machine address. This division simplifies the job of the routers which are devices that send traffic between networks because it means the router can be programmed in terms of networks rather than IP address with binary 1s. For instance, 255.255.255.0 places a binary 1 in each bit of the first three bytes of an address, indicating that those first three bytes are the network address and that the final byte is the machine address.

    Ports
    Once a packet has been routed to a destination, the target computer needs to know what to do with it. This information is conveyed through the use of ports. Each TCP/IP packet is addressed to one of 65 536 ports. By convention, specific server packages listen for traffic on specific ports. Example, web servers listen on port 80 and mail servers open on port 25

    Network Applications
    E-mail Web FTP Instant Messaging Remote Login P2P file sharing Multi-user Network Games Voice Over IP (VoIP)

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