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High Performance Building
High Performance Building
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
Procurement
Project Objectives
Project Objectives
1. Mission Critical
Safety LEED Platinum
Project Objectives
2. Highly Desirable
800 staff Capacity 25kBTU/sf/year Architectural integrity Honor future staff needs Measurable ASHRAE 90.1 Support culture and amenities Expandable building Ergonomics Flexible workspace Support future technologies How to manual Real-time PR campaign Secure collaboration with outsiders Building information modeling Substantial Completion by 2010
Project Objectives
3. If Possible
Net zero design approach Most energy efficient building in the world LEED Platinum Plus ASHRAE 90.1 + 50% Visual displays of current energy efficiency Support public tours National and global recognition and awards Support personnel turnover
Substantiation
Show that building as-built is consistent with energy models Will be shown at time of turn-over No commitment on the operation sidealthough we will monitor and understand actual performance
Reward
High profile project Design fees (within GMP) Award Incentive Fee
Risk Management
Design-Build partnership Share risks Ability to control decisions
Major Components
Envelope Windows Lighting Systems (Including Daylighting) HVAC Systems Electrical Systems Plug Loads Photovoltaic Systems
Building Form
Set the Energy Goals with the program of the building
Form will follow the function and the goals Many times the form is really historical in context
Typically want no more than 60 foot width Long East-West Access East and West windows a problem
Envelope
As building become low energy, the envelope becomes more important (percentage-wise) Reduce the glass
Cannot engineer around it Design for views and daylighting (more on that later) Is low-e the answer (or high-performance glass)
Lighting Energy
One of largest end uses
Up to 40% of total end uses
Lighting Systems
Separate daylighting fenestration from view glass Design the daylighting system to provide enough, but not too much daylighting Daylighting must be superior to electrical lighting
Provide lighting needs or 50% to 75% of occupied hours
Allow for reductions in A/C load because of overhangs and daylighting Help design teams understand the integration of pieces Get the controls right
Toplighting
Daylighting for top floor or single story North or South facing clerestories
Sidelighting
Daylighting Hints
High ceiling heights
Greater than 10
High reflectance on ceiling surfaces Dimming controls High visible transmittance for daylighting fenestration
Greater than 60%
Daylighting Design
Slight over design needed
Never as bright as predicted Darker colors common issue Occupant perception Do not over glaze (especially lower windows)
Daylighting control
Enable daylighting where ever possible
Default on some sensors is no daylighting
Minimize photocells Minimize occupancy sensors Manual control is not effective Overrides for special functions
Lighting Design
Lower levels acceptable in most cases
Effective task lighting allowed lower ambient levels Daylighting augmented spaces; allowed for lower levels at night Circuiting
Emergency Lighting
Wall packs worked well for egress lightingminimal parasitic load Integral battery ballasts are a parasitic hog. 24-hour lighting
can be large part of lighting loads motion sensors daylighting control
455W MH
218W LED
Lighting Design
Put Lighting Power Densities on space plans by zone Set goals for LPDs 0.6 W/sqft for offices 0.8 W/sqft of retail Also look at kWh/sqft annually (or BTU/sqft) Watch lamp efficacy Spend the resources to do it correctly.
140,000
120,000
80,000
60,000
20,000
HVAC
Look at system efficiency and not just components useful stuff divided by what you pay for More water, less air Separate ventilation air from heating and cooling Good zoning
Control Systems
Mixed feelings: Only as smart as the operator Flexibility important to tune building Probably the biggest success factor Well thought out algorithms Demand management
Set points, setback, control to goals and comfort
Staff to program
All systems from case studies were reprogrammed from original sequencing
Controls
Simple programmable T-stats Push button overrides Include plug loads on same system Keep it simple On-off control of lights or good diming control Manual on Manual off Auto off Controls can only make the design (and the related equipment) work to its potential
PV Systems
Work well for UPS systems Parasitic loads (isolation transformers) Roughly 1 kWh/watt installed capacity Inverter trips Inverter programming
Techniques
Daylightingminimize the lighting load Efficient lighting (less than 0.7 W/sqft)
Minimize the type of lamps (T-8) CFLs are not a substitute for area lighting Minimize decorative lighting Wall pack egress lighting, no emergency ballasted fixtures
More insulation (R-25 walls, R-40 ceilings, R-10 below grade, including slab) Appropriate amounts of glass Operable windows for natural ventilation Plug loads on timers Appropriate zoning of HVAC Hot water heating Should have minimal cooling loadtarget 1000 sqft/ton
Techniques
Set specific/measurable goals early Use simulation to engineer the building Envelope to provide HVAC&L Use daylighting within (15-ish feet) of exterior surfaces Use standardized metrics for reporting Dont delete economizers (especially with heatpump based systems)
Climate specific HVAC designed for the remaining loads Commissioning (making sure the building works) Metering and evaluation Make it Simple Site Specific Renewable generation within footprint, site, off-site Small amounts of RECs
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Questions?
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