OUTLINE

Outline of this chapter

1. GSM
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Architecture
1.3. Physical Layer
1.4. Data Link Layer
1.5. Network Layer
1.6. Recent Developments
2. DECT
3. TETRA
4. UMTS
4-1
1.1. Introduction
Radio Telephone Service
popular since mid 1970’s
one antenna (base station)
coverage 20 km radius
number of users 4000
interconnection to PSTN via Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
MSC is similar to LEX in fixed PSTN network

PSTN
MSC
base station

no handover between “cells”

no roaming between mobile networks 4-2
1.1. Introduction
Analog Cellular Networks: MOB-1 and MOB-2

Belgacom networks
MOB-1 :
- uplink : 150.4 - 151.4 MHz FDMA/FDD
- downlink : 155 - 156 MHz systems
- duplex distance : 4.6 MHz
- number of duplex channels : 40
- channel bandwidth : 25 kHz

MOB-2 (NMT-450)
- uplink : 451.3- 455.74 MHz
- downlink : 461.3 - 465.74 MHz
- duplex distance : 10 MHz
- number of duplex channels : 222
- channel bandwidth : 20 kHz
4-3
1.1. Introduction
Analog Cellular Networks : Europe
C450 AMPS : Advanced Mobile Phone Service (USA, 1977)
NMT : Nordic Mobile Telephone Service (Nordic countries, 1981)
NMT450 TACS : Total Access Communication System (UK, 1985)

NMT900
NMT450/NMT900

TACS/ETACS

Radiocom 2000

1993 : 6.5 M users in Europe 4-4

1.1. Introduction
Digital Cellular Network
• Communication
– mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services
• Total mobility
– international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different
providers
• Worldwide connectivity
– one number, the network handles localization
• High capacity
– better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell
• High transmission quality
– high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at
higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)
• Security functions
– access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN

GSM : Global System for Mobile communications 4-5

1.1. Introduction
Digital Cellular Network : GSM

1982 : CEPT : Groupe Special Mobile

1988 : ETSI : Global system for Mobile Communications
1991 : GSM phase 1 recommendations
1992 : first commercial service
1993 : 1 million users in Europe
1995 : GSM also used outside Europe
1998 (end) : over 100 million subscribers worldwide
1999 (end) : Belgium not far from 3 million subscribers

4-6
1.1. Introduction
Digital Cellular Network : GSM
2005 Q1

March 2002 : # mobile > # fixed subscribers

2004 Q1 : 1012 GSM users (total population 6,5 1012)
2005 Q1 : GSM (1.4 1012) 75% of digital mobile market 4-7
1.1. Introduction
Digital Cellular Network : GSM

general properties :
• multiple access : FDMA / TDMA / SDMA
• duplex : FDD
• uplink : 890 - 915 MHz
• downlink : 935 - 960 MHz
• duplex distance : 45 MHz
• channel spacing : 200 kHz
• number of frequencies : 124
• channel bitrate : 270.9 kbit/s
• frame duration : 4.615 msec
• number of time slots : 8 (=15/26 = 0.577 msec)
• speech bitrate : 13 kbit/s

E-GSM : Extended GSM range 880-915 and 925-960 MHz (adding 50 channels) 4-8
1.1. Introduction
Special Case : GSM-R
GSM-R : GSM-Rail used by railway companies
Special Features :
- 19 exclusive channels (for speech and data)(876-880 and 921-925 MHz
range exclusive for GSM-R, besides the standard channels for GSM)
- emergency calls with acknowledgment
- voice group call services (VCGS)
- voice broadcast services (VBS)
- calls with different priorities
- very fast call set-up (emergency calls <2sec, group calls <5 sec)
- calls to all users at certain location, to users with a specific
function, to users within a number range, …

- control of trains, switches, level crossing, signaling, …

[ETCS : Electronic Train Control System]
(note : trains<160 km/h : control possible from train)
4-9
1.1. Introduction
Digital Cellular Network : other technologies
PARAMETER GSM DCS-1800 USDC PDC
(USA) (JAPAN)
Multiple TDMA/ TDMA/ TDMA/ TDMA/
Access FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA
Duplex FDD FDD FDD FDD
Uplink 890-915 1710-1785 824-849 940-960
MHz MHz MHz MHz
Downlink 935-960 1805-1855 869-894 810-830
MHz MHz MHz MHz
Duplex 45 MHz 95 MHz 45 MHz 130 MHz
distance
Channel 200 kHz 200 kHz 30 kHz 25 kHz
spacing
Number of 124 374 832 800
frequencies
Number of time 8 8 3 3
slots
Speech bitrate 13 kbit/s 13 kbit/s <13 kbit/s <11 kbit/s
Data bitrate 9.6 kbit/s 9.6 kbit/s 4.8 kbit/s 4.8 kbit/s

DCS-1800 : Digital Communication System at 1800 MHz (~GSM)

USDC : US Digital Cellular system (USA)
PDC : Personal Digital Cellular system (Japan)
4-10
1.1. Introduction
Mobile Networks : evolution
FDMA

CT0/1
AMPS
NMT CT2
IMT-FT
IS-136 DECT
TDMA
TDMA

EDGE IMT-SC
D-AMPS
IS-136HS
GSM GPRS
UWC-136
PDC
IMT-DS
UTRA FDD / W-CDMA
IMT-TC HSDPA
UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA
CDMA

IMT-TC
TD-SCDMA
IS-95 IMT-MC
cdma2000 1X
cdmaOne cdma2000 1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
1G 2G 2.5G 3G (3X)

4-11
1.1. Introduction
Digital Cellular Networks
approx. 1.7 bn

1600

1400

1200
Subscribers [million]

GSM total
1000 TDMA total
CDMA total
800 PDC total
Analogue total
W-CDMA
600
Total wireless
Prediction (1998)
400

200

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 year
4-12
1.1. Introduction
Digital Cellular Networks

4-13
1.1. Introduction
Digital Cellular Networks

4-14
OUTLINE
Outline of this chapter

1. GSM
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Architecture 1.2.1 mobile services
1.3. Physical Layer 1.2.2 general architecture
1.4. Data Link Layer 1.2.3 functional grouping
1.5. Network Layer 1.2.4 protocol reference model
1.6. Recent Developments
2. DECT
3. TETRA
4. UMTS
4-15
1.2. Architecture
1.2.2. General Architecture Architecture
BTS : Base Tranceiver Station (antenna)

Cell

BSC : Base Station Controller

MSC : Mobile Switching Center MSC PSTN

BSC BSC
BSC

MS : Mobile Station 4-16

1.2. Architecture
1.2.2. General Architecture Architecture : Example Handover

MSC PSTN

BSC BSC
BSC

4-17
1.2. Architecture
1.2.2. General Architecture Architecture : Example Roaming
HLR : Home Location Register AuC : Authentication Center
VLR : Visiting Location Register EIR : Equipment Identity Register

HLR
HLR POTS
VLR
VLR
MSC MSC AuC
AuC
BSC BSC BSC BSC
EIR
EIR BSC BSC

VISITING Network HOME Network

4-18
1.2. Architecture
1.2.2. General Architecture Architecture : Overview
PLMN : Public Land Mobile Network
GMSC : Gateway MSC (connected to PSTN)
(+HLR, VLR, EIR, AuC)
EIR

HLR AuC
VLR PSTN
VLR

VLR MSC GMSC

BSC BSC BSC BSC

BSC VLR
MSC BSC
MSC

BSC BSC BSC BSC

BSC BSC

Location Area (LA)

4-19
1.2. Architecture
1.2.3. Functional Grouping Functional Grouping / Reference Points
Base Station Network and Operations
Subsystem (BSS) Switching Support
Subsystem (NSS) System
(OSS)
BTS VLR D
BSC B
AuC
HLR
BTS C
EIR
MSC
F
BTS
BSC

BTS OMC
O
PSTN

Um Abis A
4-20