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Math Analysis Semester 2 Study Guide

The document provides a study guide for math analysis semester 2, covering topics such as roots and polynomials, rational functions and asymptotes, sequences, and exponential and logarithmic functions. Key aspects include the rational root theorem, polynomial division, vertical and horizontal asymptotes of rational functions, arithmetic and geometric sequences, properties of logarithms, and exponential and annuity formulas.

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mayanb
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1K views

Math Analysis Semester 2 Study Guide

The document provides a study guide for math analysis semester 2, covering topics such as roots and polynomials, rational functions and asymptotes, sequences, and exponential and logarithmic functions. Key aspects include the rational root theorem, polynomial division, vertical and horizontal asymptotes of rational functions, arithmetic and geometric sequences, properties of logarithms, and exponential and annuity formulas.

Uploaded by

mayanb
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math Analysis Semester 2 Study

Guide
Roots/ Polynomials:

If f(x) is a polynomial of degree n where n>0, then f has at least one zero in the
complex # system.

Know Rational Root Theorem: (factors of last co-efficient/factors of 1st co-efficient)

Know Polynomial Division:

Ex. fx= x3+11x2+39x+29

Use Rational Root Theorem… to get: ±29, ±1 as factors

-1 1 11 39 29
-1 -10 -29
1 10 29 0

(x2+10x+29)(x+1)

Then use the quadratic formula

Rational Functions and Asymptotes:


Vertical Asymptotes: where denominator = 0 (only after factoring and canceling)

Holes (deleted pts): are what cancels out

Horizontal Asymptotes: the # you approach as |x| ∞ (only look @ the


dominant term then cancel)

Steps: 1.factor numerator + denominator

2. Write restrictions (what makes denominator = 0)

3. Cancel (the holes)

4. Denominator = 0 after canceling are the vertical asymptotes.

Ex. fx= x2+2x2x2-x = xx+2x2x-1 x≠0,12 fx= x+22x-1 hole:x=0 Vertical


Asymptote:x=12

Horixontal Asymptote:y=12

***BE ABLE TO GRAPH BY HAND AND STATE THE DOMAIN***

© 2009 Math Analysis Semester 2: Maya Balakrishnan and Tara Balakrishnan


Slant Asymptotes: only occur when power in numerator is ONE larger than power
in denominator

To Find: use Long Division

fx= x3+x2-2x-2x2+ 3

Y= x+1 +-5X-4x2+3
x2+3 x3+x2-2x-1
x3 3x
x2-5x-1
x2 3
-5x-4

Slant:

Sequences
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers
Ex. An=3n-2 sequence is 1,4,7,10…
Factorials review: n! = 1·2·3...n
0!=1
5!3!=5×4=20
Summation notation:
i=1nai=a1+a2…+an
Example:
i=372i-1=5+7+9+11+13=45
Arithmetic Sequences
A1,A2,A3…,An
A2 – A1 =d A3 – A2 =d you get the idea
d is the common difference
1, 4, 7, 10 d=3 an=a1+(n-1)d
Sum of finite arithmetic sequence: Sn= n2(a1+an)=n(a1+an2)
Geometric Sequences:
A2/ A1 = A3/ A2=r
An=a1rn-1
Sum of a Finite Geometric Sequence
Sn=1-rn1-r= a1-arn1-r

Sum of an infinite geometric sequence


S∞=a11-r Where |r|<1

Study Guide of Examples for Sequences and Functions:


Linear:

lim 3x+1 = 3(2)+1 = 7

© 2009 Math Analysis Semester 2: Maya Balakrishnan and Tara Balakrishnan


x 2 Proof:
7-ϵ<3x+1<7+ϵ Choose δ = E/3 since all steps are reversible
6-ϵ<3x<6+ϵ
whenever x E <2-δ, 2+δ> and x 2 then 3x+1
2-ϵ3<x<2+ϵ3
E <7-E, 7+E> and the limit is 7
δ=ϵ3

Quadratics:
Lim x2+5 = (2)2 +5 = 9

x2
Proof:

|( x2 +5)-(9)|<E Let ≤1 then |x-2|<1 and |x+2|<5. If we also let |x-2|<E/5 then
| x2 – 4|<E the product:
|x+2| |x-2|<E |x+2| |x-2|<E
let ≤ 1 |x2 – 4|<E
|x-2| <1 |( x2 +5)-(9)|<E
-1<x-2<1 so choose =1 or E/5 whichever is smaller than whenever x E
3<x+2<5 <2-δ, 2+ > and x 2 then x2+5 E <9-E, 9+E> and the limit is 9
|x+2|<5
|x+2| |x-2|<E
|x-2|(5)<E
|x-2|<E/5
δ<E/5
Rationals:
Proof:
Lim (x+4)/(x-2) = (3+4)/(3-2) = 7
Let ≤ ½ then |x-3|<1/2 and |1/(x-2)|<2. If we also let |x-3|
x 3 <E/12 then the product:

|( x+4)/(x-2) – 7|<E |x-3| |1/(x-2)|<E/6


|[x+4-7(x-2)]/(x-2)|<E |-6| |x-3| |1/(x-2)| <E
|(x+4-7x+14)/(x-2)|<E |(18-6x)/(x-2)|<E
|(18-6x)/(x-2)|<E |(x+4-7x+14)/(x-2)|<E
|-6| |x-3| |1/(x-2)| <E |[x+4-7(x-2)]/(x-2)|<E
|x-3| |1/(x-2)|<E/6 |( x+4)/(x-2) – 7|<E
let ≤ ½
|x-3|<1/2 so choose δ=1/2 or E/12 whichever is smaller then whenever
-1/2 < x-3 < 1/2 x E <3- , 3+δ> and x 3 then (x+4)/(x-2) E <7-E, 7+E> and
½ < x-2 < 3/2 the limit is 7
2 > 1/(x-2) > 2/3
|1/(x-2)|<2
|x-3| |1/(x-2)|<E/6
|x-3| (2) <E/6
|x-3|<E/12

X ∞
Lim (x+1)/(x-1) = 1
© 2009 Math Analysis Semester 2: Maya Balakrishnan and Tara Balakrishnan
x ∞
Lim (x+1)/(x-1) = 1
x+∞ ***notice the positive sign
1-E< (x+1)/(x-1) < 1+E
(x-1)(1-E)<x+1
1-xE-1+E<x+1
-2/E + 1<x
true

x+1< (1+E)(x-1)
x+1<x-1+Ex-E
2/E + E/E < E/E –x
2/E +1 <x

Lim (x+1)/(x-1) = 1
x-∞ ***notice the negative sign

1-E< (x+1)/(x-1) < 1+E


(1-E)(x-1)>x+1 ** here x is a negative so you flip the sign**
x-1-Ex+E>x+1
-1-Ex+E>1
-Ex>2-E
x<-2/E +1

x+1>(1+E)(x-1)
x+1>x-1+Ex-E
1>1+Ex-E
2+E>Ex
x<2/E +1
true since x-∞ so x is a negative
Proof:

Choose |x0| = |2/E +1| **choose the value farther from zero if there are 2 different answers** then for all |
x|>|x0| (x+1)/(x-1) E <1-E, 1+E> and the limit is 1.

5.3 Properties of Logs

y = loga x
if
x = ay

remember e is just the natural log, and can be used like any other number

so
loge x = ln x

© 2009 Math Analysis Semester 2: Maya Balakrishnan and Tara Balakrishnan


logb x logx ln x
loga x = = =
change of base logb a loga ln a

loga (uv) = loga u + loga v

u
loga = loga u − loga v
v

loga u n = n loga u

ln(uv) = ln(u) + ln(v)

u
ln( ) = ln(u) − ln(v)
v

lnu n = n lnu

and the log of 1 is 0

***remember to use these rules to solve logarithmic equations

3.1 Exponential Functions

P is the initial investment and r is the interest rate (write % as

A = Pe rt
decimal)

this formula is used for continuous compounding which means that the investment
is compounded an infinite amount of times per year (t). A is the ending amount

For n compoundings per year:

t is the number of years and n is the number of times per year the
r
A = P(1+ ) nt
n
amount P is compounded. R is the rate of interest (write 3% as .03)

Annuities: some payment over a length of time

PV= Present value

© 2009 Math Analysis Semester 2: Maya Balakrishnan and Tara Balakrishnan


© 2009 Math Analysis Semester 2: Maya Balakrishnan and Tara Balakrishnan

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