www.jntuworld.

com

LCE/7.5.1/RC 01

TEACHING NOTES
Department: ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Unit: III Date: Topic name: Image Enhancement Point Processing No. of marks allotted by JNTUK: Books referred: 01. Digital Image Processing by R C Gonzalez and R E Woods 02. www.wikipedia.org 03. www.google.com Image Enhancement: The aim of image enhancement is to improve the interpretability or perception of information in images for human viewers, or to provide better input for other automated image processing techniques. Image enhancement techniques can be divided into two broad categories: 1. Spatial domain methods, which operate directly on pixels, and 2. Frequency domain methods, s, which operate on the Fourier transform of an image. Unfortunately, there is no general theory for determining what `good image enhancement is when it comes to human perception. If it looks good, it is good! However, when image enhancement techniques are used as pre-processing pre processing tools for other image processing techniques, then quantitative measures can determine which techniques are most appropriate. Spatial Domain Methods: The value of a pixel with coordinates (x, y) in the enhanced image F is the res result of performing some operation on the pixels in the neighborhood of (x, y) in the input image, F. Neighborhoods can be any shape, but usually they are rectangular. Grey scale manipulation: The simplest form of operation is when the operator T acts only on a 11 pixel neighborhood in the input image that is F (x, y) depends on the value of F only at (x, y). This is a grey scale transformation or mapping. The simplest case is threshold where the intensity profile is replaced by a step function, active at a chosen threshold value. In this case any pixel with a grey level below the threshold in the input image gets mapped to 0 in the output image. Other pixels are mapped to 255. Other grey scale e transformations are outlined in figure figure-1 below.

a F

D a

O o

n E

e n i g

s r e

m o .c

Faculty/Date: Page 1 of 4

HOD/Date:

www.jntuworld.com

LCE/7.5.1/RC 01

TEACHING NOTES
Department: ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Unit: III Date: Topic name: Histogram Processing No. of marks allotted by JNTUK: Books referred: 01. Digital Image Processing by R C Gonzalez and R E Woods 02. www.wikipedia.org 03. www.google.com Histogram Processing: Histogram equalization is a common technique for enhancing the appearance of images. Suppose we have an image which is predominantly dark. Then its histogram would be skewed towards the lower end of the grey scale and all the image detail is compressed into the dark end of the histogram. If we could stretch out the grey levels at the dark end to produce a more uniformly distributed histogram then the image would become much cleaner. Histogram equalization involves finding a grey scale transformation function that creates an output image with a uniform histogram. Q. How do we determine this grey scale transformation function? Assume our grey levels are continuous and have been normalized to lie between 0 and 1. We must find a transformation T that maps grey values r in the input image F to grey values s = T(r) in the transformed image F. It is assumed that, T is single valued & monotonically increasing, and 0 T(r) 1 for 0 r 1. The inverse transformation from s to r is given by, r = T-1(s). If one takes the histogram for the input image and normalizes it so that the area under the histogram is 1, we have a probability distribution for grey levels in the input image Pr(r). Q. If we transform the input image to get s = T(r) what is the probability distribution Ps(s)? From probability theory it turns out that Ps(S) = Pr(r)[dr/ds] Where, r = T-1(s). Consider the transformation,

a F

D a

O o

n E

e n i g

s r e

m o .c

s = T(r) = Pr()d

This is the cumulative distribution function of r. using this definition of T we see that the derivative of s with respect to r is ds/dr = Pr(r) Substituting this back into the expression for Ps, we get Ps(S) = Pr(r)[1/Pr(r)] = 1 for all s, where 0 s 1. Thus, Ps(s) is now a uniform distribution function, which is what we want. Faculty/Date: Page 2 of 4 HOD/Date:

www.jntuworld.com

LCE/7.5.1/RC 01

TEACHING NOTES
Department: ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Unit: III Date: Topic name: Spatial Filtering - 1 No. of marks allotted by JNTUK: Books referred: 01. Digital Image Processing by R C Gonzalez and R E Woods 02. www.wikipedia.org 03. www.google.com Spatial Filtering: A spatial filter is an optical device which uses the principles of Fourier optics to alter the structure of a beam of coherent light or other electromagnetic radiation. Spatial filtering is commonly used to clean up the output of lasers, removing aberrations in the beam due to imperfect, dirty, or damaged optics, or due to variations in the laser gain medium itself. This can be used to produce a laser beam containing only a single transverse mode of the lasers optical resonator. In spatial filtering, a lens is used to focus the beam. Because of diffraction, a beam that is not a perfect plane wave will not focus to a single spot, but rather will produce a pattern of light and dark regions in the focal plane. For example, an imperfect beam might form a bright spot surrounded by a series of concentric rings. It can be shown as follows:

a F

It can be shown that this 2D pattern is the 2DFT of the initial beams transverse intensity distribution. In this context, the focal plane is often called the transform plane. Light in the very center of the transform pattern corresponds to a perfect, wide plane wave. Other light corresponds to structure in the beam, with light further from the central spot corresponding to structure with higher spatial frequency. A pattern with very fine details will produce light very far from the transform planes central spot. In the example above, the large central spot and rings of light surrounding it are due to the structure resulting when the beam passed through a circular aperture. The spot is enlarged because the beam is limited by the aperture to a finite size, and the rings relate to passed through a circular aperture. The spot is enlarged because the beam is limited by the aperture to a finite size, and the rings relate to the sharp edges of the beam created by the edges of the aperture. This pattern is called an Airy pattern, after its discoverer George Airy. In practice, the diameter of the aperture is chosen based on the focal length of the lens, the diameter and quality of the input beam, and its wavelength. If the hole is too small, the beam quality is greatly improved but the power is greatly reduced. If the hole is too large, the beam quality may not be improved as much as desired. The size of aperture that can be used also depends on the size and quality of the optics. To use a very small pinhole, one must use a focusing lens with a low f-number, and ideally the lens should not add significant aberrations to the beam. The design of such a lens becomes increasingly more difficult as the f-number decreases.

D a

O o

n E

e n i g

s r e

m o .c

Faculty/Date: Page 3 of 4

HOD/Date:

www.jntuworld.com

LCE/7.5.1/RC 01

TEACHING NOTES
Department: ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Unit: III Date: Topic name: Spatial Filtering - 2 No. of marks allotted by JNTUK: Books referred: 01. Digital Image Processing by R C Gonzalez and R E Woods 02. www.wikipedia.org 03. www.google.com In practice, the most commonly used configuration is to use a microscope objective lens for focusing the beam, and an aperture made by punching a small, precise, hole in a piece of thick metal foil. Such assemblies are available commercially.

a F

D a

O o

n E

e n i g

s r e

m o .c

Faculty/Date:

HOD/Date:

Page 4 of 4