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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The project deals with the design and development of hardware and software for temperature and heartbeat measurement of a patient over LCD The data which are recorded continuously in this project are Heartbeat of the patient. The digital value read is sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller temporarily stores this value. The heartbeat pulses can be seen by the doctor at regular intervals in LCD to know the patient condition.

1.1.

OBJECTIVE
The project intends to interface the microcontroller with the LCD and Heart beat

monitoring system and send the information like heartbeat pulses of the patient to the doctors work station on LCD. The project uses the LCD, Heartbeat sensor and Embedded Systems to design this application. The main objective of this project is to design a system that continuously monitors the heartbeat of the patient and if they are likely to exceed the normal values, the system immediately sends a message to the doctors LCD. This project is a device that collects data from the sensors, codes the data into a format that can be understood by the controlling section. This system also collects information from the master device and implements commands that are directed by the master.

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1.2 BACK GROUND OF THE PROJECT

The software application and the hardware implementation help the microcontroller read the output of the sensors and send these values to the doctors mobile whenever he sends a request to the controlling unit. The measure of efficiency is based on how fast the microcontroller can read the sensor output values and send a message to the doctors mobile whenever these parameters exceed the normal values. The system is totally designed using LCD and embedded systems technology. The Controlling unit has an application program to allow the microcontroller read the sensor output values and send them to the user mobile whenever he sends a request to the controlling unit. The performance of the design is maintained by controlling unit.

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CHAPTER-2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram of the design is as shown in Fig 3.1. It consists of power supply unit, microcontroller, GSM modem, Serial communication unit, sensor module. The brief description of each unit is explained as follows.

Fig: Block diagram for Heartbeat Monitoring System

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2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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2.3 WORKING PROCEDURE

The working of the project goes like this: The temperature and heartbeat of the patient will be monitored continuously and the status of the patient will be monitored and sent to the doctor wherever he may be. Thus, the two values, the temperature and the heartbeat pulse will be sent to the doctor who knows the entire health conditions of the patient. Thus, to send this data, we are using the wireless technology, GSM. When the monitoring system sends a message to the doctors mobile, even this system should have a device which can send or receive the messages from/to the doctor. The device we are using is the GSM modem. The modem is exactly similar to our mobile phones. Even the modem requires a SIM card to communicate with the outside world. The modem will be interfaced with the microcontroller through serial interface. The data which are monitored continuously in this project are Temperature and Heartbeat of the patient. The analog quantities are taken and converted into corresponding digital values using a single channel ADC. This converted digital value is sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller temporarily stores this value. The doctor can read the temperature and heartbeat value whenever he wishes to. The doctor can take care of the patients condition wherever he may be. The doctor has to send predefined messages to the modem to retrieve the data. The modem receives the predefined messages and intimates the same to the microcontroller. Now, it is the job of the microcontroller to read the value, process it and send the requested value to the doctors mobile. The user can read the updated data whenever he reads the predefined messages to the modem. These values can also be displayed on the LCD.

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CHAPTER 3
MICROCONTROLLER
3.1. A brief history of the 8051 family:
In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called the 8051. This microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM,4K bytes of on- chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports(each 8-bit wide) all on a single chip. At the time it is also referred to as a system on chip. This is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8 bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. The 8051 has a total of four I/O ports, each 8-bit wide. The 8051 became widely popular after Intel allowed other manufactures to make and market any flavors of the 8051 they please with the condition that they remain code-compatible with the 8051. This led to many versions of the 8051 with different speeds and amounts of onchip ROM marketed by more than half a dozen manufacturers. It is important to note that although there are different flavors of the 8051 in terms of speed and amount of on-chip ROM, they are all compatible with the original 8051 as far as the instructions are concerned. This means that if you write your program for one, it will run on any of them regardless of the manufacturer. The 8051 is the original member of the 8051 family. Intel refers to it as MCS-51. The Microcontroller AT89c51 is from Atmel Corporation. It has a wide collection of 8051 chips, as shown below. The AT89C51 is a popular and inexpensive chip used in many small projects. It has 4K bytes of flash ROM. Notice that AT89C51-12PC, where C before the 51 stands for CMOS, which has low power consumption, 12 indicates 12MHz, P is for plastic DIP package, and another C is for commercial.

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3.2 FEATURES Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode

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3.3 PIN DIAGRAM:

FIG PIN DIAGRAM OF 89S52 IC

3.4 PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification.

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External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

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Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

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PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the Internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

CHAPTER 4
POWER SUPPLY
All digital circuits require regulated power supply. In this article we are going to learn how to get a regulated positive supply from the mains supply.

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Figure shows the basic block diagram of a fixed regulated power supply. Let us go through each block.

4.1 TRANSFORMER

A transformer consists of two coils also called as WINDINGS namely PRIMARY & SECONDARY. They are linked together through inductively coupled electrical conductors also called as CORE. A changing current in the primary causes a change in the Magnetic Field in the core & this in turn induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. If load is applied to the secondary then an alternating current will flow through the load. If we consider an ideal condition then all the energy from the primary circuit will be transferred to the secondary circuit through the magnetic field.

So

The secondary voltage of the transformer depends on the number of turns in the Primary as well as in the secondary.

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4.2 RECTIFIER
A rectifier is a device that converts an AC signal into DC signal. For rectification purpose we use a diode, a diode is a device that allows current to pass only in one direction i.e. when the anode of the diode is positive with respect to the cathode also called as forward biased condition & blocks current in the reversed biased condition. Rectifier can be classified as follows: 1) Half Wave rectifier.

This is the simplest type of rectifier as you can see in the diagram a half wave rectifier consists of only one diode. When an AC signal is applied to it during the positive half cycle the diode is forward biased & current flows through it. But during the negative half cycle diode is reverse biased & no current flows through it. Since only one half of the input reaches the output, it is very inefficient to be used in power supplies. 2) Full wave rectifier.

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Half wave rectifier is quite simple but it is very inefficient, for greater efficiency we would like to use both the half cycles of the AC signal. This can be achieved by using a center tapped transformer i.e. we would have to double the size of secondary winding & provide connection to the center. So during the positive half cycle diode D1 conducts & D2 is in reverse biased condition. During the negative half cycle diode D2 conducts & D1 is reverse biased. Thus we get both the half cycles across the load. One of the disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier design is the necessity of using a center tapped transformer, thus increasing the size & cost of the circuit. This can be avoided by using the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. 3) Bridge Rectifier.

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As the name suggests it converts the full wave i.e. both the positive & the negative half cycle into DC thus it is much more efficient than Half Wave Rectifier & that too without using a center tapped transformer thus much more cost effective than Full Wave Rectifier. Full Bridge Wave Rectifier consists of four diodes namely D1, D2, D3 and D4. During the positive half cycle diodes D1 & D4 conduct whereas in the negative half cycle diodes D2 & D3 conduct thus the diodes keep switching the transformer connections so we get positive half cycles in the output.

If we use a center tapped transformer for a bridge rectifier we can get both positive & negative half cycles which can thus be used for generating fixed positive & fixed negative voltages.

4.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A Voltage regulator is a device which converts varying input voltage into a constant regulated output voltage. Voltage regulator can be of two types 1) Linear Voltage Regulator Also called as Resistive Voltage regulator because they dissipate the excessive voltage resistively as heat. 2) Switching Regulators. They regulate the output voltage by switching the Current ON/OFF very rapidly. Since their output is either ON or OFF it dissipates very low power thus achieving higher efficiency as compared to linear voltage regulators. But they are more complex & generate high noise due to

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their switching action. For low level of output power switching regulators tend to be costly but for higher output wattage they are much cheaper than linear regulators. The most commonly available Linear Positive Voltage Regulators are the 78XX series where the XX indicates the output voltage. And 79XX series is for Negative Voltage Regulators.

After filtering the rectifier output the signal is given to a voltage regulator. The maximum input voltage that can be applied at the input is 35V.Normally there is a 2-3 Volts drop across the regulator so the input voltage should be at least 2-3 Volts higher than the output voltage. If the input voltage gets below the Vmin of the regulator due to the ripple voltage or due to any other reason the voltage regulator will not be able to produce the correct regulated voltage. 3 Circuit diagram:

Fig 2.3. Circuit Diagram of power supply

IC 7805: 7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It supports an input voltage of 10 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It has a current rating of 1 amp although lower current models are available. Its output voltage is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805 also

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has a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. 7805 is manufactured by many companies, including National Semiconductors and Fairchild Semiconductors. The 7805 will automatically reduce output current if it gets too hot.The last two digits represent the voltage; for instance, the 7812 is a 12-volt regulator. The 78xx series of regulators is designed to work in complement with the 79xx series of negative voltage regulators in systems that provide both positive and negative regulated voltages, since the 78xx series can't regulate negative voltages in such a system. The 7805 & 78 is one of the most common and well-known of the 78xx series regulators, as it's small component count and medium-power regulated 5V make it useful for powering TTL devices.

Table. Specifications of IC7805 SPECIFICATIONS Vout Vein - Vout Difference Operation Ambient Temp Output Imax IC 7805 5V 5V - 20V 0 - 125C 1A

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CHAPTER-5
SENSORS
The sensors used in this project are Heartbeat and Temperature sensor. The output of temperature sensor is given to the ADC so as to convert the analog value into digital data and then give it to the microcontroller. The Heartbeat sensor used is basically a LED and LDR arrangement.

5.1 HERT BEAT SENSOR

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LED and LDR arrangement

The Heartbeat sensor used in this project is basically a LED and LDR arrangement. The LED used in this arrangement is a high intensity LED. Heart beat is sensed by using a high intensity type LED and LDR. The finger is placed between the LED and LDR. As sensor, a photo diode or a photo transistor can be used. The skin may be illuminated with visible (red) using transmitted or reflected light for detection. The very small changes in reflectivity or in transmittance caused by the varying blood content of human tissue are almost invisible. Various noise sources may produce disturbance signals with amplitudes equal or even higher than the amplitude of the pulse signal. Valid pulse measurement therefore requires extensive preprocessing of the raw signal. The setup described here uses a red LED for transmitted light illumination and a LDR as detector. With only slight changes in the preamplifier circuit the same hardware and software could be used with other illumination and detection concepts. These values are sent to the ADC for conversion of analog to digital and then sent to the microcontroller.

5.2 LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

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LM35 converts temperature value into electrical signals. LM35 series sensors are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. The LM35 requires no external calibration since it is internally calibrated. . The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air.

5.2.1 FEATURES
Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guaranteed (at +25C) Rated for full 55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Nonlinearity only 14C typical Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load

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The characteristic of this LM35 sensor is: For each degree of centigrade temperature it outputs 10milli volts.

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CHAPTER-6
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
Analog-to-digital converters are among the most widely used devices for data acquisition. Digital systems use binary values, but in the physical world everything is continuous i.e., analog values. Temperature, pressure (wind or liquid), humidity and velocity are the physical analog quantities. These physical quantities are to be converted into digital values for further processing. One such device to convert these physical quantities into electrical signals is sensor. Sensors for temperature, pressure, humidity, light and many other natural quantities produce an output that is voltage or current. Thus, an analog-to-digital converter is needed to convert these electrical signals into digital values so that the microcontroller can read and process them. An ADC has an n-bit resolution where n can be 8,10,12,16 or even 24 bits. The higher resolution ADC provides a smaller step size, where step size is the smallest change that can be detected by an ADC. In addition to resolution, conversion time is another major factor in judging an ADC. Conversion time is defined as the time it takes the ADC to convert the analog input to a digital number.

6.1 PIN DIAGRAM

ADC0804: The ADC chip that is used in this project is ADC0804. The ADC0804 IC is an 8-bit parallel ADC in the family of the ADC0800 series from National Semiconductor. It works with +5 volts and has a resolution of 8 bits. In the ADC0804, the conversion time varies depending on the clocking signals applied to the CLK IN pin, but it cannot be faster than 110s.

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6.2 PIN DESCRIPTION

CS (Chip select) Chip select is an active low input used to activate the ADC0804 chip. To access the ADC0804, this pin must be low. RD (read) This is an input signal and is active low. ADC converts the analog input to its binary equivalent and holds it in an internal register. RD is used to get the data out of ADC0804 chip. When CS=0, if a high-to-low pulse is applied to the RD pin, the 8-bit digital output shows up at the D0-D7 data pins. WR (write) This is an active low input used to inform the ADC0804 to start the conversion process. If CS=0 when WR makes a low-to-high transition, the ADC0804 starts converting the analog input value Vin to an 8-bit digital value. The amount of time it takes to convert varies depending on the CLK IN and CLK R values.

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CLK IN and CLK R CLK IN is an input pin connected to an external clock source when an external clock is used for timing. However, the 804 has an internal clock generator. To use the internal clock generator of the ADC0804, the CLK IN and CLK R are connected to a capacitor and a resistor. In that case, the clock frequency is determined by the equation: f = 1/ (1.1RC) Typical values are R=10K ohms and C= 150 pf. Substituting in the above equation, the frequency is calculated as 606 kHz. Thus, the conversion time is 110s. INTR This is an output pin and is active low. It is a normally high pin and when the conversion is finished, it goes low to signal the CPU that the converted data is ready to be picked up. After INTR goes low, the CS pin is made low i.e., CS=0 and send a high-to-low pulse to the RD pin to get the data out of the ADC0804 chip. Vin(+) and Vin(-) These are the differential analog inputs where Vin=Vin(+) Vin(-). The Vin(-) pin is connected to ground and the Vin(+) pin is used as the analog input to be converted to digital. Vcc This is the +5 volt power supply. It is also used as a reference voltage when the Vref/2 input (pin 9) is open. Vref/2 Pin 9 is an input voltage used for the reference voltage. If this pin is open, the analog input voltage for the ADC0804 is in the range of 0 to 5 volts.Vref/2 is used to implement analog input

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voltages other than 0.5V. i.e., if the analog input range needs to be 0 to 4 volts, Vref/2 is connected to 2 volts. D0-D7 D0-D7 (D7 is the MSB) are the digital data output pins since ADC0804 is a parallel ADC chip. To calculate the output voltage, the below equation is used: Dout = Vin/ (step size) where Dout = digital data output pins (in decimal) and Vin = analog input value Analog ground and Digital ground These are the input pins providing the ground for both the analog signal and the digital signal. Analog ground is connected to the ground of the analog Vin while digital ground is connected to the ground of the Vcc pin. Clock source for ADC0804: The speed at which an analog input is converted to the digital output depends on the speed of the CLK input. According to the ADC0804 datasheets, the typical operating frequency is approximately 640 kHz at 5 volts.

ADC interface with Microcontroller:

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CHAPTER-7
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons: 1. The declining prices of LCDs. 2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters. 3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data. 4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

7.1 LCD SCREEN

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7 dot matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

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LCD Connection Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the microcontroller, there are 8-bit and 4-bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is determined at the beginning of the process in a phase called initialization. In the first case, the data are transferred through outputs D0-D7 as it has been already explained. In case of 4-bit LED mode, for the sake of saving valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller, there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) used for communication, while other may be left unconnected. Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits are sent first (that normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent afterwards. With the help of initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data received. Besides, with regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple connecting R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price. Even though message displaying will be normally performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since it is not possible to read from display.

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7.2 LCD INTERFACING WITH 8051

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CHAPTER-8 RS-232 AND MAX-232

8.1 RS 232:
RS-232 is simple, universal, well understood and supported but it has some serious shortcomings as a data interface. The standards to 256kbps or less and line lengths of 15M (50 ft) or less but today we see high speed ports on our home PC running very high speeds and with high quality cable maxim distance has increased greatly. The rule of thumb for the length a data cable depends on speed of the data, quality of the cable.

. Sub-D15 Male Sub-D15 Female

This is a standard 9 to 25 pin cable layout for async data on a PC AT serial cable Description Carrier Detect Receive Data Transmit Data Data Terminal Ready Signal Ground Data Set Ready Request to Send Clear to Send Ring Indicator Signal CD RD TD DTR SG DSR RTS CTS RI 9-pin DTE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 25-pin DCE 8 3 2 20 7 6 4 5 22 Source DTE or DCE from Modem from Modem from Terminal/Computer from Terminal/Computer from Modem from Modem from Terminal/Computer from Modem from Modem

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8.2 MAX 232:

DESCRIPTION:
The MAX232 device is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical

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hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels. The driver, receiver, and voltage-generator functions are available as cells in the Texas .

8.2.1 FEATURES:

Operates With Single 5-V Power Supply Lin Bi CMOS Technology Two Drivers and Two Receivers 30-V Input Levels Low Supply Current . . . 8 mA Typical Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28

8.2.2 APPLICATIONS:
TIA/EIA-232-F Battery-Powered Systems Terminals Modems Computers ESD Protection Exceeds 2000 V Per MIL-STD-883, Method 3015 Package Options Include Plastic Small-Outline (D, DW) Packages and Standard Plastic (N) DIPs

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Absolute maximum ratings Input supply voltage range, VCC : 0.3 V to 6 V Positive output supply voltage range: VS+ VCC 0.3 V to 15 V Negative output supply voltage range: VS0.3 V to 15 V Input voltage range, VI: Driver:0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V Receiver: 30 V Output voltage range, VO: T1OUT, T2OUT VS 0.3 V to VS+ + 0.3 V R1OUT, R2OUT : 0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V Short-circuit duration: T1OUT, T2OUT: Unlimited Package thermal impedance, D package :113C/W DW package : 105C/W N package : 78C/W Storage temperature range, Tstg : 65C to 150C Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds: 260C Stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at

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these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under recommended operating conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. NOTE 1: All voltage values are with respect to network ground terminal.2. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51, except for through-hole packages, which use a trace length of zero description

8.2.3. MAX 232 Interfacing with RS232 and 89C51 microcontroller:

The MAX232 device is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hysterics of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels. The driver, receiver, and voltage-generator functions are available as cells in the Texas.

CHAPTER-9
GSM MODEM

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9.1 THEORY
Unlike mobile phones, a GSM modem doesnt have a keypad and display to interact with. It just accepts certain commands through a serial interface and acknowledges for those. These commands are called as AT commands. There are a list of AT commands to instruct the modem to perform its functions. Every command starts with "AT". Thats why they are called as AT commands. AT stands for attention.

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SMS Related AT Commands AT AT+CMGF=1 AT+CMGS="mobile number" It is used to test the connection. It is used to instruct the modem to operate in text mode. AT+CMGF=0 will instruct the modem to operate in PDU mode. It is used to send a text message. It accepts the recipient mobile number. As soon as this command is accepted the modem waits for the message content. The text message has to be sent sequentially and terminated by the char 0x1A. It is used to store a message in the memory. After execution it returns an index for the message stored. Eg: AT+CMGW=1 . Here 1 is the index for the saved message. Later this index is used to process the message like deleting it or forwarding to the recipient number. It is used to delete a message from the storage. The index of the stored message is used to delete it. Above command deletes the message with index 2.

AT+CMGW="mobile number"

AT+CMGD=2

In our simple project, the program waits for the mobile number to be entered through the keyboard. When a ten digit mobile number is provided, the program instructs the modem to send the text message using a sequence of AT commands Testing your GSM modem

The GSM modem can be tested by connecting it with a PC. The modem is equipped with a RS232 cable. Just use a Serial to USB converter and connect it with the PC. Now you can proceed with sending the commands to the modem using any serial communication program like Hyperterminal, minicom etc. Ensure the serial paramters are configured to 8N1 and the baudrate is set to 9600bps. For each command you send the modem acknowledges with a message. Example: Just try sending "AT" to the modem. It sends back a result code "OK" which states that the modem is responding. If its not working fine, it sends "ERROR".

APPLICATIONS

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1. All the parameters can be viewed on the mobile phone. 2. Most reliable. 3. Cost effective. 4. Supports innumerable sensors to the system.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Results Assemble the circuit on the PCB as shown in Fig 5.1. After assembling the circuit on the PCB, check it for proper connections before switching on the power supply.

SMS BASED PATIENT REPORT FROM REMOTE PLACE

Conclusion The implementation of Heartbeat Monitoring System using GSM is done successfully. The communication is properly done without any interference between different modules in the design. Design is done to meet all the specifications and requirements. Software tools like Keil Uvision Simulator, Proload to dump the source code into the microcontroller, Orcad Lite for the schematic diagram have been used to develop the software code before realizing the hardware.

The performance of the system is more efficient. Continuously reading the output from the sensors and pass the data to the doctors mobile whenever the read values exceed the normal values or whenever the doctor sends a request to the controlling unit is the main job carried out by the microcontroller. The mechanism is controlled by the microcontroller.
Circuit is implemented in Orcad and implemented on the microcontroller board. The performance has been verified both in software simulator and hardware design. The total circuit is completely verified functionally and is following the application software.

It can be concluded that the design implemented in the present work provide portability, flexibility and the data transmission is also done with low power consumption.

REFRENCES AND BIBLOGRAPHY

Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay. Second edition, THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM K. J. Ayala. Third edition, The 8051 MICROCONTROLLER General information about electronic voting machine

SMS BASED PATIENT REPORT FROM REMOTE PLACE

www.eci.gov.in www.eci.gov.in/faq/evm.asp www.eci.gov.in/Audio_VideoClips/presentation/EVM.ppt www.rajasthan.net/election/guide/evm.htm www.indian-elections.com/electoralsystem/electricvotingmachine.html Tutorial on microcontroller: www.8051projects.net/microcontroller_tutorials/ Tutorial on LCD: www.8051projects.net/lcd-interfacing/