The Book of Photography

The book of
photography
JOHN HEDGECOE
CONTENTS
LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, INTRODUCTION 6
MELBOURNE, DELHI
THE CAMERA 12
Senior Editor The design of film and digital cameras with an
Becky Alexander explanation of how they work. Different types of camera, lens,
Project Editor and lighting equipment are also described in detail.
Nicky Munro
Art Editor HOW TO SEE

Michael Duffy
Managing Editor
BETTER PICTURES 34
Adèle Hayward The secret of good photography lies in the ability to “see”
good pictures, the principal elements of which – shape, tone,
Managing Art Editor
Karen Self pattern, and texture – are analyzed in this section.
Production Controller
Jane Rogers HOW TO TAKE
Category Publisher BETTER PICTURES 70
Stephanie Jackson A comprehensive and practical behind-the-camera
Art Director guide to photographing different subjects, from formal portraits
Peter Luff to panoramic landscapes.
Associate Writers
Jonathan Hilton and Chris George PORTRAITS 72
Creating Formal Portraits 74
This revised edition first published in Great Britain in 2005
by Dorling Kindersley Limited, Taking Fashion Portraits 76
80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL Styling Portraits 78
This revised edition first published in the United States in 2005 How to Relax the Model 80
by DK Publishing, Inc. Creating a Style 82
375 Hudson Street, New York, New York, 10014
Fashion Portrait Gallery 84
Original edition first published in Great Britain in 1994 Taking Portraits on Location 86
Original edition first published in the United States in 1994
Portrait Gallery 88
Copyright © 2005 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London Capturing Character 90
Taking Portraits Outdoors 92
Text copyright © 2005 Dorling Kindersley Limited and John Hedgecoe
Photographs by John Hedgecoe copyright Taking Black and White Portraits 94
© 1994 and 2005 John Hedgecoe Creating Dramatic Portraits 96
All rights reserved. No part of this publication Dramatic Portraits Outdoors 98
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, Portrait Gallery 100
or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, Taking a Self Portrait 102
or otherwise, without the prior written permission Composing Group Portraits 104
of the copyright owner.
Creating Informal Portraits 106
A CIP catalogue record for this book is Portrait Gallery 108
available from the British Library.
Photographing the Nude 110
Cataloging-in-Publication data is
available from the Library of Congress. Natural Lighting for the Nude 112
Creating Abstract Nude Images 114
UK ISBN 1 4053 0438 3
US ISBN 0 7566 0947 X Portrait Gallery 116
Portraying a Mother and Child 118
Reproduced in Singapore by Colourscan
Printed and bound in China by Toppan Taking Children’s Portraits 120
Children’s Portrait Gallery 122
see our catalogue at Photographing Children at Play 124
www.dk.com Children at Play Gallery 126
Freezing a Moving Figure 128 NATURE 206
Emphasizing Movement 130 Revealing Nature in Close Up 208
Photographing Sports Action 132 Macrophotography 210
Photographing Action Sequences 134 Lighting for Indoor Macro 212
Portrait Gallery 136 Nature Gallery 214
Photographing Gardens 216
STILL LIFE 138 Photographing Flowers and Shrubs 218
Composing a Still Life 140 Nature Gallery 220
Lighting a Still Life 142 Photographing Garden Architecture 222
Selecting Still Life Themes 144 Recording Garden Features 224
Taking Outside Still Life 146 Nature Gallery 226
Choosing Backgrounds for Still Life 148
Photographing Found Still Life 150
ANIMALS 228
Still Life Gallery 152
Photographing Wild Animals 230
Photographing Birds 232
LANDSCAPES 154 Photographing Pets 234
Viewing a Landscape 156
Animal Gallery 236
Recording Times of Day 158
Landscape Gallery 160
Changing Light and Weather 162 DIGITAL MANIPULATION 238
Black and White Versus Color 164 An overview of digital manipulation techniques including
Landscape Gallery 166 computer retouching, filter effects, and combining images.
Recording the Changing Seasons 168
Photographing Water and Light 170 TRADITIONAL MANIPULATION 248
Creating Images of Moving Water 172 An overview of traditional image manipulation
Photographing Seascapes 174 techniques including conventional darkroom techniques such
Capturing Dramatic Skies 176 as solarization and hand coloring.
Landscape Gallery 178
Photographing Urban Landscapes 180 DARKROOM AND STUDIO
Photographing Landscapes at Night 182
EQUIPMENT 260
ARCHITECTURE 184 Practical guidance to all the equipment necessary for
Viewing a Building 186 setting up a studio and darkroom at home. In addition there
Using a Wide-angle Lens 188 is information on how best to view and store
Architecture Gallery 190 slides, negatives, prints, and digital files.
Using a Shift Lens 192
Photographing Exterior Details 193 FAULT FINDER 268
Architecture Gallery 194
GLOSSARY 274
Photographing Interiors 196
Working in Large Interiors 198 INDEX 282
Lighting Simple Interiors 200 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 288
Photographing Interior Details 202
Architecture Gallery 204
INTRODUCTION 7
INTRODUCTION
Taking exciting photographs has very little
to do with buying an expensive camera or
having a massive array of photographic
equipment. What is crucial is how you see a
chosen subject – and then how this vision is
transformed into a permanent image using
photographic techniques and composition.
A PRACTIC AL APPROACH
This book adopts a practical approach to
help you master photography. The largest
section covers a wide range of photographic
genres, including portraiture, still life,
landscapes, architecture, and natural history.
All these are illustrated with behind-the-
scenes shots of me out on location or in a
studio actually taking the pictures. These
photo set-ups reveal exactly how a shot
was taken, the equipment that was used,
the camera angle, and the wider settings
from which the pictures were derived.
A technical understanding of your camera
is important, as it allows you to capture the
pictorial qualities of a scene in the best way
possible, whether you are using film or a
digital chip. These fundamental camera
controls are illustrated in the first section
of the book using both diagrams and
photographs. The more familiar you become
with the controls and lens settings on your
own particular camera, the more attention
you can pay to composition and timing.
Framing the shot, left Photographer at work

The photographer’s skill lies The unique photo set-ups
not only in knowing what to provide a practical insight
include in the photograph, into the way I work in the
but also what to leave out. studio and on location.
8 INTRODUCTION
Texture and light, above Good photographs tend to capture the spirit the serious photographer. Now, in the 21st
This image shows how of a subject by showing some of its features century, many keen photographers are using
light can be used to reveal
contrasting textures. The
more strongly than others. To do this you digital imaging instead of film. Despite the
composition is simple, but need to take advantage of the fundamental basic difference in the way an image is
the effect created by the elements of an image, emphasizing those recorded, many of the main camera controls
lighting is striking. that are most useful for the interpretation of are the same as they were. In fact, many
the subject using composition and lighting. digital cameras are designed to look and
Using color, right The most basic of these elements is the handle in exactly the same way as the
Some colors have a very shape of a subject, for example, which is traditional SLR. Most of the basic techniques
powerful effect in pictures.
The red of this clown’s
shown most graphically when the subject is also remain virtually unchanged. However,
mask dominates this silhouetted by means of backlighting and when there are differences in the way the
portrait, grabbing the underexposure. Other key elements are different types of camera are used, these
viewer’s attention. form, texture, tone, and color. I explain how have been highlighted throughout the book,
to use these, and other, compositional so that you can get the most out of my
devices in the section entitled How to See advice, whatever camera you use.
Better Pictures. Where digital imaging comes into its own
is in the way that it can allow you to change
THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION and improve the picture after it is taken.
In recent years, digital cameras have made a Whether shot digitally or on film, once on a
huge difference to how photographers, both computer the exposure and composition can
amateur and professional, take pictures. In be altered with an ease, precision, and
the last century it was the 35mm SLR that subtlety that are impossible to reproduce
was the single most important invention for using traditional means.
INTRODUCTION 9
INTRODUCTION 11
Developing an eye, left Unnatural view, above

Part of the skill of good Photography lets you see
photography lies in being the world in new ways. To
able to see, and capture, the eye, this athlete would
great images in the ordinary appear neither frozen nor
things around you. as a crisp, black silhouette.
Using my own examples again, I provide an

overview of how digital image manipulation
software, such as Adobe Photoshop, can not
only improve your photography, but can add
a new level of artistry to it.
THE COMPLETE PHOTOGRAPHER

The basic equipment you need to set up
a home darkroom and studio is covered
in the last section of this book. Even an
impromptu studio allows you to experiment
with lighting and control it in a way that is
impossible to achieve outdoors. Having your
own darkroom, meanwhile, allows you to
manipulate, crop, and enlarge your own
images without the need for a computer,
scanner, or desktop printer. The fault finder
section will help you see what mistakes
you might make when taking and printing
pictures, and the best way to avoid them –
as well as how to rectify the problem using
conventional or digital techniques.
Use this book as a guide to developing
your own creativity and individual style. By
exploring the many possibilities of the
medium, you will discover limitless ways to
express your own particular vision.
THE CAMERA
To take consistently successful photographs,
it is important to understand the basic
optical principles underlying how a camera
works; type of lens; what film speed or digital
setting to use in a particular situation; lighting
equipment; plus the advantages and
drawbacks of different camera formats.
The more familiar you are with the controls
on your camera, the more you can
concentrate on the composition and lighting
of each photograph.
14 THE C AMERA
THE BASIC CAMERA

If you were to strip away the electronic mechanism, known as a between-the-lens CAMERA TYPES
refinements and automatic features of any shutter, which opens to allow light to reach
camera you would find the same basic design the film. The shutter allows you to choose the •popular
SLRs are the most
type of camera
underneath – a lightproof container with a precise moment of exposure, and by selecting
for serious photography,
hole at one end over which a lens is placed from a range of shutter speeds you can also they are either digital or
and a holder opposite to accommodate either control the length of exposure. The shutter use 35mm film.
a strip of light-sensitive film, or a light- mechanism on a single lens reflex (SLR)
sensitive electronic chip. camera is located inside the body, behind the •filmCompact digital or
cameras are light
To produce a correctly exposed image in a lens, just in front of the film or digital sensor, and easy to use.
variety of light intensities, the camera lens has and is known as a focal-plane shutter.
an iris diaphragm that can be adjusted to Another common feature is the viewfinder. •cameras
Medium-format
use wide
leave a hole of varying diameter. This is This is basically a compositional aid that
rolls of film for better
called the aperture. On a fixed-lens compact allows you to aim the camera accurately image definition.
camera, the lens also contains a shutter and to decide what elements to focus on.
THE PATH OF LIGHT Aperture

The diameter of the lens
Subject and light source diaphragm can be changed
A light source to illuminate by turning the aperture ring.
a subject is essential. Light This dictates the brightness
rays reflected from the of the image reaching the
subject are transmitted Subject and light source film. Moving to the next
through the camera to form f-number either halves or
a latent image on the film doubles aperture size.
(or digital chip). Aperture size also affects Full aperture Medium aperture Stopped down
depth of field (see page 17).
Lens
A simple lens consists of a
convex disk of ground Lens Shutter
and polished glass that The shutter can be set at
refracts the widening light different speeds, which
rays traveling away from determine the length of
every point of the subject, time the film is exposed.
so that they converge to Moving the shutter speed
form coherent points. The dial to the next stop either
point at which the lens doubles or halves exposure
focuses these rays – the Diaphragm time. Shutters located Blade shutter – closed Focal-plane shutter – closed
focal plane – coincides between the aperture and
with the position of the the lens or behind the
film when the lens is aperture have overlapping
correctly focused. blades that spring open
when the release button is
Focal plane pressed; focal-plane shutters
This is where the rays of consist of two metal blinds
light refracted by the lens that open progressively.
Shutter Blade shutter – open Focal-plane shutter – open
converge to form a sharp,
upside-down image. Light
traveling from different Viewfinder
distances from the camera Viewfinder Direct vision viewfinders
needs varying degrees of on compact cameras do
refraction to focus at the not show exactly the same
focal plane, so a focusing image the lens sees. With
mechanism moves the lens an SLR, light is reflected by
toward or away from the a mirror and pentaprism to
back of the camera. The the viewfinder. Digital
position of the film, or cameras usually also have
chip, and focal plane an LCD TV monitor to
coincide if the lens is show the image being Direct vision Single lens reflex
correctly focused. Focal plane and film projected onto the sensor.
THE B ASIC C AMERA 15
Viewfinder window Rubber eyecap

DESIGN OF AN SLR C AMERA Fold-away film-rewind crank
DX sensors (manual cameras only)
The unique feature of the popular SLR (single lens
reflex) camera lies in the design of its viewfinder
system. Light traveling from the subject enters the Ring for
lens and strikes a mirror angled at 45˚. It is then attaching
strap
reflected upward, through the focusing screen, and
into the pentaprism, where it exits the camera via Film
advance
a rear-mounted viewfinder window. This means Film chamber spindle
for 35mm
that no matter what focal length lens is attached cassette
to the camera, the scene the photographer sees
through the viewfinder corresponds exactly to
that seen by the lens.
Rewind Focal plane 35mm SLR back view
spindle shutter This view shows a typical SLR with
35mm SLR cutaway
the hinged back removed to reveal
This cutaway of a typical SLR shows the
the layout of the lightproof film
link between the external controls and the Focusing screen has etched
chamber and position of the focal-
internal mechanisms. Although camera Rear viewfinder surface to help the photographer
window judge if the image is sharp plane shutter.
models may look different, the layout of
the basic features – lens, diaphragm,
Flash hotshoe contains electrical
aperture, angled mirror, shutter, focusing contacts that trigger the flash Exposure compensation
screen, and pentaprism – is the same. when the shutter is fired dial: used for manually
overriding the automatic
exposure system
Shutter speed dial: exposure times
ranging from up to 2 seconds or longer Pentaprism has mirrored
to 1/2000 second or briefer can be set surfaces to flip the image
on the focusing screen so
that it appears the right
Frame counter way round when seen in
on LCD display the viewfinder
Aperture control ring
Internal mirror reflects the

image onto the focusing
screen, so photographer
can see the image as it
will appear on the film.The
mirror swings upward out
of the light path when the
exposure is taken
Light path
through the
Button for camera
unlocking the lens
Focal plane shutter

Batteries
Shutter release button –

Ring for Film on most SLRs, half depressing Lens is
attaching strap this often activates the automatic constructed with a
exposure and focusing controls number of glass elements
18 THE C AMERA
Flash
FILM CAMERAS Shutter release
button
Shutter speed
and exposure
mode dial
hotshoe Exposure
compensation
The 35mm is far and away the most popular MANUAL SLR
camera size. It is small, lightweight, easy to The least expensive film
use, and generally produces good results. SLRs tend to be those
which do not have
Its popularity has led to a steady increase in autofocus. For every shot,
technical, optical, and design innovations, you turn the lens until the
and cameras are now available with every subject in the viewfinder
conceivable automatic feature. For 35mm appears as sharp as
single lens reflex (SLR) users, there is the possible. On some
models you may also
added bonus of a wide range of lenses with need to wind the film on
different focal lengths from which to choose. manually between shots
and when the film is used
AUTOMATIC FEATURES up – but there may be a
built-in motor to do this
Autofocus systems in general target anything for you.
positioned center-frame and assume it to be Lens Manual focus ring
the subject of the photograph. Problems may

arise, however, if the subject is off-center, AUTOFOCUS SLR
Flash
Shutter release hotshoe
although more elaborate systems exist that The majority of SLR button Built-in
pop-up
can identify the closest subject from a wide cameras now have flash
area within the frame. autofocus. The skill of this
Autoexposure systems vary in how they feature will vary greatly
from model to model –
are programed to control exposure. Some with some able to track
cameras measure exposure in the center of fast-moving subjects far
the frame (assuming that this is where the more accurately than
subject will be). Other cameras take samples others. But it is still
necessary for the
from different parts of the frame, combining photographer to check
these multizone or evaluative readings to and control where the
callculate an intelligent reading. camera focuses – and in
Additional automatic features include film- some situations it will be
preferable to focus
speed recognition (DX coding), which picks manually.
up the speed of the film from a code printed
on the cassette. Automated film transport not Focus
mode
only speeds up film loading and unloading, Lens Manual
switch
focus ring
but winds on the film by one frame each
time a picture is taken. When automatic
wind-on is continuous, allowing you to take
APS COMPACT
up to four frames per second, this function is Shutter release Autofocus
An alternative to the button window Viewfinder Flash
known as motor drive. 35mm film format is APS,
or Advanced Photo System.
COMPACT C AMERAS The film area is smaller
than 35mm, but this means
The other popular types of 35mm camera are that compact cameras can
compact, or point-and-shoot, models. These become even more
are less bulky than SLRs and have a fixed compact. The cartridges
lens that cannot be changed. The main just slot into the camera –
you do not see or touch
design problem with compact cameras is that the film. With APS you
the view seen through the viewfinder is not can also change the
exactly the same as that seen through the shape of each picture
lens. This can result in framing errors at between conventional,
widescreen, and panoramic
close distances, such as chopping off the top aspect ratios.
of a subject’s head. It is also not possible to Lens
see whether the image is correctly focused.
FILM CAMERAS 19
MANUAL SLR
•minded
Ideal for technically
photographers.
•toShutter speeds tend

be incremental and
intermediate settings
are not usually possible.
•theViewfinder shows
scene that will be
recorded, no matter
what lens is used.
•allows
Manual focusing
you to decide
Manual SLR can be used for close focusing
which area of the image
to concentrate on. BUYING SECONDHAND
•sophisticated
Buying a secondhand SLR allows you to own a
camera for the fraction of the cost
of a new one. It is not necessary to have the latest
model in order to take great photographs.
AUTOMATIC SLR
•loading
Automatic film •become
Secondhand film cameras and accessories have
even more affordable in recent years.This is
and wind-on
because many serious photographers have switched
make for quick and
to digital cameras.
easy handling.
•ideal
Autoexposure is •willIf be
you buy from a reputable dealer your purchase
guaranteed against malfunction for a number
for those not
of months. But you may get a better deal privately
interested in making
or online through an auction site.
technical decisions
about the appearance
of the final image.
•visible
Secondhand price is highly dependent on the
condition of the item.You will pay much less
if you are willing to buy a scuffed item, or one that
•forAutofocus is useful
those with poor
does not come in the original box.
Automatic SLR can be used for low light levels
eyesight, or when the
camera is being used in
•used
Lenses, and some other accessories, are also good
deals. But make doubly sure that they will work
low-light situations. with your particular model of camera.
ZOOM COMPACT Flash and

All but the most basic Shutter release Autofocus red-eye
COMPACT
button window Viewfinder reduction lamp
compacts have built-in
zooms, allowing you to
•features
Point-and-shoot
make this
change the focal length to camera ideal for non-
match subject size and
technical users.
distance. Advanced models
offer a greater zoom range
allowing you to get close- Basic compact picture
•is not
Scene in viewfinder
the same as that
ups of more challenging recorded on the film,
subjects. Top models also
so use the parallax
offer more advanced
metering, focusing and marks to frame scene.
viewing systems. However,
you still miss out on the
•cameras
Most compact
are lighter and
degree of control over less intrusive to use
camera settings and
focusing that is available
than SLRs.
Camera grip and
on even a basic SLR. battery compartment Zoom lens Advanced compact picture
20 THE C AMERA
DIGITAL CAMERAS
A principal attraction of digital cameras is the Just as with film cameras, the sophistication
immediacy of the results. As soon as the of digital cameras varies enormously. Some ABOUT PIXELS
picture is taken, you can view the shot on are mere point-and-shoot models, producing •withChoose a model
two million or
screen. As there is no processing stage, there low-resolution on-screen snaps. At the other
is also the advantage of low running costs; extreme, an ever-increasing number are more pixels for good
even the memory can be re-used. As well as capable of offering all the creative control 4x6in (10x15cm)prints.
being displayed on camera, computer, or TV and picture quality expected from a •resolution,
The higher the
the bigger
screen, digital pictures can also be printed at professional film camera.
home using a standard desktop printer – or A key consideration in choosing a digital the file size – so you
get less shots on a
professionally using photographic paper. camera is the number of pixels – the individual
memory card.
elements used by the imaging sensor. The
HOW DO THEY WORK ? more pixels, the higher the maximum •haveYoutodoshoot
not always
at top
Instead of using film, digital cameras use an resolution. This is particularly important if
resolution – file size
electronic light-sensitive CCD or CMOS chip you want to print your images, rather than
can be reduced from
that converts the focused image into an just view them on-screen. An enthusiasts’ shot to shots. But a
electrical signal. This is then converted into a model will typically offer a resolution of 5 high resolution allows
digital form, using the same binary code in million pixels, and be capable of producing more cropping later.
which all computer files are stored. reasonable A3 (16x12in/40.6x30.5cm) prints.
DIGITAL SLR Exposure

mode dial Hotshoe for
A digital SLR is designed to Manual white attaching flash DIGITAL SLR
balance AF illuminator,
offer the advantages of digital
recording – but with the
adjustment
for overriding
Input dial – used
in conjunction
helps autofocus
lock onto near Lug for
•system
Reflex viewing
lets user see
handling and features of a 35mm automatic with other subject in lowlight attaching strap
SLR. The design allows you to color balance controls directly through lens.
see the image directly through Large LCD monitor
Shutter release
the lens using a prism and also provided.
moving mirror arrangement. But
there is also an additional LCD •lenses.
Interchangeable
Other system
monitor, which can be used for
framing shots, or reviewing accessories available to
pictures already taken. The adapt camera to
lenses are interchangeable, and specific tasks.
many digital SLRs can use lenses
designed for 35mm models; but, •creative
Wide range of
controls and
as the imaging area is smaller
than that used with 35mm, manual overrides.
the effective focal length is
increased. There is a high degree •andReadout of aperture
shutter speed.
of control over exposure,
focusing, color balance, and
other creative functions.
Zoom ring, for adjusting the
focal length of the lens
Focus adjustment ring,

for when not using the
autofocus
Interchangeable lens system.

White balance set Lens is attached to camera
button, for manual body using bayonet mount
color temperature
readings Depth of field
preview button
Digital SLR picture
DIGITAL C AMERAS 21
HYBRID MODEL Exposure compensation Automatic pop-up flash

The hybrid is a halfway house HYBRID MODEL
between the SLR and the Shutter release
compact. It is designed to look Exposure mode
•likeDesigned to handle
an SLR camera –
and handle like an SLR, but as
the zoom is built-in the lens can but lens is fixed.
not be changed to suit different
situations. The focal length •ratio,
Lens has a wide
typically with a 6x
range, however, is usually
extensive – and there are often zoom ratio or greater.
other system accessories such as
lens converters and additional •shows
Eyelevel TV monitor
view seen by
flashguns. Most significantly for Hybrid model picture
the serious photographer, the lens.There is also a
user typically has complete large LCD monitor.
control over aperture, shutter Slot for memory card
speed and color balance – •creative
Wide range of
controls and
providing a degree of creative
control that is rarely found on a
manual overrides, with
Screw mount for filters and
compact. Hybrid models are add-on lens converters readout of aperture
lighter, smaller, and less Built-in motorized and shutter speed.
zoom lens
expensive than true SLRs.
COMPACT CAMERA
Compact digital cameras are Viewfinder
Mode dial DIGITAL COMPACT
designed for ease of use and Automatic
portability, but typically provide
Shutter release flash
•forDesigned primarily
ease of use and
a greater creative control than that
found on a similar film camera. portability.
Most have built-in zoom lenses, but
the range varies significantly from •varies
Maximum resolution
significantly from
model to model. The number of
pixels used (and maximum model to model.
resolution) also varies greatly. There
is often some control over shutter •which
Has a fixed lens,
usually offers
speed, aperture, color balance, and Compact camera picture
focusing – but this falls short of that short zoom range.
provided with SLR or hybrid
models. A direct eyelevel viewfinder Built-in motorized
•eyelevel
Direct vision
viewfinder. But
provides a slightly different view zoom lens: retracts into
from that seen by the lens, although body of camera when
usually also has large
a more accurate LCD monitor is not in use LCD monitor.
also provided.
BASIC DIGITAL CAMERA Color LCD screen

If you do not need to print out your used as viewfinder BASIC
when the camera is
pictures, and are happy to view in use
DIGITAL CAMERA
them on-screen, and without being
enlarged, there is no need to invest •intoVerymulti-function
small, or built
in a model with millions of pixels. Main menu key
Many low-cost digital cameras are device.
designed as “webcams” – for
producing stills and movie images •withLowlimited
resolution
number
for internet use, where low
resolution, and small file sizes, are of pixels. Designed
essential. Digital cameras are also primarily for producing
found built into other devices – such on-screen snapshots.
as cell phones and camcorders.
Those found on phones are
Basic digital camera picture
•wide-angle
Usually has fixed
lens. Any
particularly popular, and are Softkey – function
designed for sending thumbnail depends on menu or zooming achieved by
images to other phones or to email function currently in use magnifying the image
addresses. Not suprisingly, the electronically.
features provided are very limited.
22 THE C AMERA
MEDIUM - FORMAT AND SPECIAL CAMERAS

Medium-format roll-film cameras fill the gap digitally if required. Medium-format cameras
between the lightweight 35mm compacts and are not designed for casual snapping, and in ROLL-FILM SLRS
SLRs and the unwieldy sheet film cameras. most situations must be used with a tripod. •of Professional images
For many professional photographers, roll- Although a 35mm or digital SLR will high quality result
film format cameras are ideal. Although it is produce excellent results for most purposes, from the large film
not too bulky, this type of camera produces there are other cameras available that have image size.
a much larger negative than a 35mm, which been designed for specialized applications. A •changing
Convenience of
results in better definition and tonal qualities waterproof camera will produce good results the film
of prints and transparencies. even in wet conditions, and an underwater back to switch quickly
Most roll-film cameras accept inter- camera can take excellent images. Both are and easily from film
changeable film “backs” that allow you to to digital.
widely available for the leisure photographer
change from color to black and white, or and can be found in digital form. The appeal •lenses,
Wide range of
viewing hoods,
from negative film to slides even halfway of instant film cameras has diminished with
through a film. Many can be used with special and other accessories.
the affordability of digital cameras – but the
electronic backs, which can capture the image immediate prints can still be fun.
6 X 6CM CAMERA Protective

This type of medium-format roll- Removable flap for 6 X 6CM CAMERA
film back waist-level
film SLR is also known as a 21⁄4in
square camera and produces an
finder
•measures
Film image size
56 x 56mm.
image that is roughly 6cm (21⁄4in)
square. Some photographers are
devoted to this format while
•30mm
Lenses range from
to 500mm.
others prefer the compositional
possibilities of rectangular-format
images. In terms of reliability and
•viewfinders
Selection of different
can be
durability, the Hasselblad shown used, from eye-level
on the right is the choice of many pentaprisms to waist-
professionals. It is supported by a level and angle finders.
comprehensive range of different 6 x 6cm format picture Lens
lenses, film backs, and auxiliary
viewfinders, including a pentaprism
Film wind-on
lever
•attached
Bellows can also be
to the camera.
correction viewfinder.
Shutter release button
6 X 7CM CAMERA Shutter release

The 6 x 7cm camera produces an button Pentaprism 6 X 7CM CAMERA
approximately 6 x 7cm (21⁄4 x 23⁄4in)
rectangular-format image, which is •measures
Film image size
56 x 69.5mm.
ideal for landscape photography.
This Pentax model is similar in
appearance and operation to an
•thanLarger overall size
a 35mm SLR, but
enlarged 35mm SLR camera. similar handling
However, the range of available
characteristics.
lenses is not as extensive as you
would find with a standard 35mm
SLR camera, and because of their
•lenses
Interchangeable
are available,
size and bulk, the lenses are much ranging from wide-
more expensive to buy. This type 6 x 7cm format picture
Focus control ring Lens angles to telephotos.
of medium-format camera uses
either 120 or 220 roll film (see
page 30).
•close-up
Bellows and other
equipment
can be attached to the
camera body.
MEDIUM-FORMAT AND SPECIAL CAMERAS 23
Rangefinder
Shutter lock window
6 X 9CM CAMERA
This roll-film camera produces 6 X 9CM CAMERA
a rectangular image measuring
roughly 6 x 9cm (21⁄4 x 31⁄2in). •measures
Film image size
56 x 86mm.
The large negative or positive
film original ensures excellent
enlargements. This model has a
•rangefinder
Direct vision
viewing.
rangefinder split-image viewing
system, rather than standard
through-the-lens reflex viewing,
•withModels are available
either a 90mm
making it very lightweight. The wide-angle or 65mm
lens, however, is not inter- very wide-angle lens.
Lens
changeable, but different models
have different focal lengths. 6 x 9cm format picture
Flash sync terminal
INSTANT CAMERA Lens with

Photocell Built-in
Instant-picture cameras produce a automatic shutter KEY FEATURES
electronic flash
finished image just a few seconds
after exposing the film. The model •automatic
Focusing is fully
through a
shown here uses an integral film
with the final print with plastic standard 125mm lens.
sheet layer and mask being
ejected from the camera. Some •lens,Viewing through the
via a reflex mirror.
medium and large format cameras
use a peel-apart version of the
film. Color and black and white
•of Ten
film.
images per pack
35mm instant films are available
for ordinary 35mm cameras, and
there are also instant-picture film
Film •Electronic flash.
exit
backs for roll-film cameras. Instant camera for snapshots slot
Shutter
WATERPROOF CAMERA Viewfinder
release
window KEY FEATURES
Specially adapted waterproof
cameras have moisture-proof Built-in
bodies and sealed controls for electronic
flash
•Fixed wide-angle lens.
taking photographs in wet
conditions. Most waterproof
•add-on
Fixed focus with
lens for close-
cameras have automatic focusing ups down to 0.6m (2ft).
and a choice of standard and
wide-angle lenses. Waterproof
cameras can be submerged in
•depth
Waterproof to a
of 50m (164ft).
water, but are not designed for
deep underwater photography. Glass lens
Digital versions are available. Waterproof camera for wet conditions Non-slip cover
grip
LARGE-FORMAT CAMERA Viewfinder

Bellows KEY FEATURES
Large-format cameras have either
a monorail or baseboard design.
Focusing is achieved by •viewfinder.
Direct vision coupled
extending the flexible bellows,
holding the lens panel and lens,
and moving them along the rails
•beFront lens panel can
removed and
on the monorail or fold-down Handle swapped for one of a
baseboard. This camera uses
different focal length.
individual sheets of 4 x 5in (10.2
x 12.7cm) film for each image.
Since the negative is so big, it
•12.7cm)
Uses 5 x 4in (10.2 x
sheet film.
Large-format camera for architecture
requires little enlargement to Lens panel
produce prints of superb quality Baseboard
and definition.
24 THE C AMERA
STANDARD CAMERA LENSES

Camera lenses can be broken down into three a focal length of 50–55mm is considered
STANDARD LENSES
broad groups: wide-angle, standard (normal), standard, and a lens of 80mm is a moderate
and long-focus (telephoto). It is not easy to long-focus lens. The diagonal of a 6 x 6cm •lens50mm is standard
for 35mm format.
assign focal lengths to each lens group, negative measures approximately 80mm, so
however, because these are dictated by the an 80mm lens is standard for a medium- •wide-angle
28mm is a common
camera format. The focal length of a standard format camera. lens.
lens is approximately equal to the length of As the dimensions of the sensors used by
the diagonal of that format’s image size. For digital cameras varies so much from model • 200mm is a common
long-focus lens.
a 35mm camera, the diagonal of the negative to model, the focal length is usually quoted
size measures around 50mm, so a lens with as if for the 35mm film format.
FOCAL LENGTH AND ANGLE OF VIEW

The illustration and sequence of photographs below,
which are all taken from the same viewpoint, show
92˚ 84˚ 74˚ 62˚ that as camera lens focal length increases so the
180˚ 106˚
angle of view decreases.
46˚ 28˚
23˚
18˚
12˚
8˚
6˚
4˚ 2˚
1200mm
400mm 600mm
300mm
200mm
135mm
105mm
80mm
50mm
14mm
8mm 21mm
24mm 28mm
35mm
Fisheye lens Wide-angle lens Standard lens Long-focus lens Extreme long-focus lens
Extreme wide-angle lenses Wide-angle lenses of A standard 50mm lens is Angles of view of long- Focal lengths above
of 6–8mm are known as 18–35mm have more fitted on most 35mm SLRs. focus lenses of 80–400mm 400mm are specialized
fisheyes. They record a general applications than Useful for most types of start to diminish rapidly. and are not usually found
circular image of at least fisheye lenses. Angles of subject, it often has a wide With so little of the scene on standard zooms. The
180˚, with some lenses view are generous and maximum aperture, filling the frame, the use of a tripod to support
even looking behind the depth of field at all making it good in low subject is shown very the lens is essential
camera with a 220˚ angle apertures is extensive. Poor- light. It does not show the large, making a long lens because of its relatively
of view. The resulting quality wide-angle lenses same distortion as a wide ideal for distant subjects or heavy weight. A long
image is very distorted, may sometimes show some or long lens, and its angle detailed close-ups. Depth lens has a shallow depth
with vertical and distortion toward the edges of view is similar to that of of field decreases as the of field and a small
horizontal lines bowed. of the image. the human eye. lens gets longer. maximum aperture.
STANDARD C AMERA LENSES 25
STANDARD LENS
A standard lens produces
an image that is roughly Depth of
field scale
equivalent to the way a
scene appears when
viewed with the naked eye.
Most 35mm SLRs used to
come with 50mm lenses, so Lens
they can be inexpensive to Aperture
buy secondhand. Standard ring
lenses usually have wide
maximum apertures, Focusing
making them useful in ring
low-light situations. Standard 50mm lens Standard lenses are useful for most outdoor subjects
WIDE-ANGLE LENS
A wide-angle lens takes in
a larger angle of view than Depth of
a standard lens, and is field scale
ideal for photographing a
group of people or when
you are working in
confined space. If used too
Lens
close to a subject,
however, distortion may be Aperture
a problem. Depth of field ring
at each aperture setting is
Focusing
generous, which is useful ring
when all parts of a subject
must be sharply rendered. 28mm wide-angle lens Wide-angle lenses are useful for interiors
ZOOM LENS
A zoom lens allows you to
Depth of
fine-tune subject framing field scale
by adjusting the focal
length of the lens. Each
zoom lens covers a range
of three or four fixed focal
length lenses, giving you Lens
great flexibility at a
reasonable cost. Since you
do not have to think about Aperture Focusing
changing lenses, there is ring ring
less chance you will miss
an important shot. 28–85mm zoom lens Zooms are useful for action shots
LONG-FOCUS LENS Depth of field scale Focusing ring Lens

Longer focal lengths are
useful for taking large
images of distant subjects
or when you cannot move
close enough to the subject
to use a shorter lens.
Long-focus lenses can be
fairly heavy, and the
restricted angle of view
makes the use of fast
shutter speeds to avoid
camera shake more
important than with lighter,
shorter lenses. Aperture ring 135mm telephoto lens Long-focus lenses are useful for natural history subjects
26 THE C AMERA
SPECIAL CAMERA LENSES

A digital SLR, 35mm SLR, or medium-format MIRROR LENS
camera body can be thought of simply as the Instead of using groups of
glass elements to bend
film holder and control center for a vast light rays entering the lens
array of different add-on attachments, and traveling down the
including lenses, each with its own use. The barrel, a mirror lens uses a
lenses shown on these pages, designed for combination of glass
elements and mirrors.
the 35mm format, are just a selection of the These mirrors bounce the
many focal lengths and designs available. light up and down the lens
barrel, manipulating the
ZOOMS AND SPECIALIZED LENSES light rays to allow a long
focal length to be
A zoom allows you to vary subject contained within a
magnification without moving your camera physically short space. Mirror lens image 600mm mirror lens
position, which makes it the popular choice with colored filters
with SLR users. Zoom lenses are also fitted as

a standard feature on most compact cameras. Advantages of
a mirror lens Distance scale
Specialized lenses, such as extreme long-
The compact design of a
focus lenses and ultra wide-angle fisheye mirror lens reduces the Frontal mirror
lenses, have more limited applications. These bulk and weight
lenses are expensive to buy, but they can also associated with extreme Focusing ring
be rented for short periods. Macro lenses are long-focus lenses.
Whereas the traditional Mirror lens
designed for taking close-ups of small subjects 500mm long-focus lens
Focusing ring
or isolating details of larger subjects. These (below right) is 9.25in
lenses allow the camera to focus extremely (235mm) long and weighs
close to a subject to record a detailed image. 35oz (1,000g), the mirror
lens (right) of equivalent
Used for photographing buildings, shift lenses focal length weighs only
correct perspective to overcome the problem 17oz (485g) and is 3.4in
of converging vertical lines. (87mm) long. Long-focus lens
WIDE-ANGLE ZOOM Lens Depth of Focusing ring

A wide-angle zoom ranging mount field scale
from 21–35mm is effectively
three lenses – 21mm, 28mm,
and 35mm – with the added
advantage of being able to
select any intermediate focal
length setting. However, a wide-
angle zoom is likely to be slower
and heavier and to show more
image distortion than a wide-
angle fixed focal length lens. Aperture ring 21–35mm zoom lens
21mm setting 35mm setting
Aperture Distance scale Focusing ring

TELEPHOTO ZOOM ring
A telephoto zoom ranging
from 75–300mm
encompasses about six
fixed focal length lenses.
This type of zoom is
popular with sports and
wildlife photographers. It is
also useful for portraits and
can be used to photograph
75–300mm zoom lens
architectural and landscape Depth of
details. field scale
75mm setting 300mm setting
SPECIAL C AMERA LENSES 27
ULTRA WIDE-ANGLE LENS Lens Focusing ring

Ultra-wides used to be expensive, mount
but now ultra wide-angle zooms
have made focal lengths under
20mm much more affordable.
Linearly corrected ultra wide-angle
lenses have a focal length ranging
from around 21mm down to Aperture Distance
around 15mm. Some ultra wide- ring scale
angles are designed to create a
distorted view of the world – 15mm fisheye lens
these are known as fisheyes. Standard lens image Ultra wide-angle lens image
Shift control
SHIFT LENS Aperture
A shift lens (also known as a ring
perspective control lens) gets its
name because it can be shifted
off-center in relation to the film
frame. Instead of tilting the
camera back to include the top Lens
mount
of a tall structure and so distorting
the perspective, with a shift lens
you can keep the camera Focusing
ring
parallel and shift the lens upward
to record an undistorted image. 28mm shift lens
Standard lens image Shift lens image
MACRO LENS Aperture ring Distance scale Focusing ring

This type of specialized lens is
designed primarily to be used at
very close focusing distances (see
pages 210–211). Macro lenses are
available in focal lengths ranging
from 50mm to 200mm. When
taking close-ups outdoors, longer
macro lenses produce a large
image from farther back. Moving
in close with a shorter macro lens Lens
may block out the light. mount 50mm macro lens
Standard lens image Macro lens image
TELEPHOTO LENS Camera body Focusing ring

An ultra telephoto lens has
specially designed optics that
allow it to have a long focal
length in a relatively short barrel.
Most have a fixed focal length.
Telephotos of 400mm, even
lightweight ones, require some
sort of camera support but to 1000mm telephoto lens
ensure some maneuverability,
a sports photographer will
frequently use a monopod. Focusing ring
400mm telephoto lens

Tripod mount
Standard lens image 1000mm lens image
28 THE C AMERA
FLASH LIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Flash lighting units can be divided into several harsh, unattractive light. Third, the flash and
groups: studio equipment, built-in flash, and lens are very close together and this causes FLASH FALL-OFF
portable add-on or hand-held units. Although red eye, in which the pupils of the subject’s •subject
The farther the
built-in flash is a convenient source of lighting, eyes appear red. Add-on and hand-held flash is from the flash,
which can also be used to supplement units are far more versatile. In general, they the less light it receives.
daylight, it does have disadvantages. First, light have a more powerful output, the flash head
output is limited in strength and, if it is the can be angled to bounce light off a wall or
•distance
If the flash-to-subject
is doubled, the
sole illumination, has to be used relatively ceiling for a softer and more natural look, and light is spread over
close to your subject. Second, the flash is the flash head is far enough away from the four times the area.
always front facing and tends to produce a lens to avoid the problem of red eye.
Direct light from built-in flash Bounced light from add-on flash Bounced light from hand-held flash
Built-in flash Add-on flash Hand-held flash

This type of built-in flash is more useful as a This flash fits into the hot shoe on top of the This type of unit has a long handle for hand
supplementary or fill-in light source than as pentaprism. Electrical contacts connect with holding, but it can also be attached to the side
the main illumination for a picture. Its low- the camera shutter, automatically triggering of the camera. It may have a separate battery
output beam and front-facing position make the flash. This type of flashgun can be very pack, allowing faster recharging and more
its application rather limited for any creative sophisticated for its size, and a fully integrated flashes per charge. A synchronization cable
flash effects. One useful feature of the camera unit (dedicated flash) allows great versatility. coordinates the flash firing with the shutter.
shown below is an infra-red light transmitter,
which bounces a beam of invisible light off
the subject and helps the autofocus detector Flash tube
locate the subject when it is too dark to see. Tilt and swivel
Tilt and swivel
flash head
flash head
Autofocus
Built-in flash head light projector
Flash hot shoe
attachment unit
Flash light Flash sync
Pentaprism sensor socket
Hot shoe
connection Flash
Pentaprism sync
cord
Battery
holder
and
handle
FLASH LIGHTING EQUIPMENT 29
STUDIO LIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Tungsten or flash lighting can be used for Basic flash unit
indoor photography. Tungsten lights plug into An adjustable lighting stand
is required for each flash
standard outlets, are adjustable, and are easy unit, and accessories can be
to use, particularly with digital cameras. Flash used to modify light quality.
lighting stays cool during use and is a popular A control switch allows you
choice with film users. You must use the to alter the strength of the
light. Larger units require a Flood flash head
correct type of film (or white balance) with power pack, linked to the A flood produces an even
artificial lights because the color temperature flash head and shutter by spread of illumination over
of tungsten is different from that of daylight. a synchronization cable. the whole subject. Wide beam of light
Do not mix daylight and tungsten. Flash
lighting is used with normal film and, since
it has the same color temperature as natural
light, can be used to supplement daylight.
Flash units cannot be battery-powered
due to the intensity of their light output. Size and shape
of the reflector
surrounding the
flash head
FLASH METER determine the Barn doors flash head
spread of light
A set of four hinged flaps
Because of the immediacy of flash, a
placed around the flash
light meter is required for accurate Central keeps light from reaching
exposure measurement. Some column of certain parts of the subject. Adjustable beam of light
meters are designed for use with lighting stand
is telescoped
flash and ambient light. Hold the up or down
meter where you want to take your to alter the
reading and fire the flash manually. height of
the head
Power pack is
connected to
mains supply;
larger packs can
be used for a
higher output Snoot flash head
Cable connects A snoot is similar to a
the flash head to
the power pack
spot and gives a narrow,
concentrated beam of
light with dark shadows. Narrow beam of light
Diffused lighting Bounced lighting Adding a reflector
Softbox diffuser Umbrella reflector Portable reflector

A diffuser produces a soft, This device bounces light A collapsible reflector is
wide spread of light. back onto the subject. a useful accessory when
Flashlight travels through the The inside of the working indoors or on
gauze material of the umbrella can be white or location. Made of
softbox, making the front silver, according to the reflective material, it is
panel the light source. light quality desired. used to soften shadows.
30 THE C AMERA
CHOOSING FILM TYPES

Of all the film sold worldwide, the vast BLACK AND WHITE
majority is color negative, intended for The image tones on a black
and white negative appear
producing color prints. The other main types reversed – but then appear
of film – color positive ‘slide’ film and black normal when printed.
and white film – may be less popular, but Black and white prints can
are widely used by serious photographers. be made from a color
original, but a black and
white negative will usually
NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE FILM give the best-quality results.
In comparison to color
Color negatives show subjects in their film, black and white film
complementary colors, and there is an Black and white negative (above) is relatively easy to develop
overall orange color-cast. Colors are reversed Black and white print (right) and print yourself.
when printed to show the scene correctly
rendered. Black and white negatives have COLOR PRINT
reversed tones – what was a dark tone The colors on a color
negative appear as the
appears light, and vice versa. When a black complementary colors of the
and white negative is printed the tones are subject, which makes judging
reversed to show the correct distribution of image quality from the film
light and dark. Positive film images are difficult. After printing, colors
should appear normal. If
known as slides or transparencies, and are necessary, color can be
intended to be projected and not printed. corrected with filters during
Therefore, the colors or tones on the film printing. You should ask for
correspond to those of the original scene. replacement prints if colors
Color negative (above) are inaccurate or there are
Color print (right) color differences within a set.
PRINTS OR SLIDES
The advantage of using color negative film COLOR SLIDE
Since there is no
is that color prints are easy and convenient intervening printing stage
to view. They can be stored in the envelopes with slides, the colors
supplied by the processors or mounted in should be extremely
albums. In addition, extra copies can be accurate. Before it is ready
printed at little cost and enlargements made. for projection, each image
has to be cut from the film
In contrast, color slides must be mounted strip and mounted. This is
and loaded into a projector before they are done for you automatically
viewed in a darkened room. A projected with process-paid slide film.
slide, however, is far more impressive than a Color and black and white
Slide (above) prints can also be made
print, since the image quality is superior, and Mounted slide (right) from these transparencies.
the colors tend to be richer and truer to life.
FILM FORMATS APS film 35mm film Roll film Sheet film
Film format used widely This is the most popular Also called 120 or Sheet film comes in
Each format of camera for compact cameras that film format, with a large 220mm film, roll film is individual sheets that are
must be used with its is easier to load, and range of brands. It is used in all medium- loaded into holders.
corresponding film format. smaller, than 35mm. Lets available for prints or format cameras, which
Film for 35mm cameras user to choose between slides, and in varying all have a 21⁄4in (6cm)
comes in metal or plastic three different frame lengths and film speeds. image dimension.
cassettes, while roll film shapes for each shot.
used in medium-format
cameras has a paper
backing for protection.
Large-format film comes
as individual sheets.
CHOOSING FILM TYPES 31
DAYLIGHT AND TUNGSTEN FILM

Film is manufactured to produce best results, With color prints, this cast can largely be DIGITAL SOLUTION
in terms of color, when used under specific corrected during the printing stage. Color
types of lighting. Most film is balanced for slide film, however, does not go through a Digital cameras can
automatically adjust
use in bright daylight or for use indoors with printing stage, so it is vital to make sure that
the color of the
electronic flash, both of which have the you buy the correct type of film for the light image to suit the type
same color temperature. If daylight-balanced source under which it will be used (or filters of lighting used, with
film is exposed using domestic lighting, or can be used). Black and white film can be their auto white
when using tungsten studio lights, then it used under any type of lighting without risk balance system.
will show a pronounced orange color-cast. of distorting its tonal response.
DAYLIGHT FILM
Color film designed for
use in daylight or flash
will show a distinct
orange cast if used under
tungsten lights. These two
pictures were shot on
daylight-balanced film. In
the first shot (far left), the
tungsten of the domestic
bulb lighting gives the
room a distinct orange
cast. In the second picture
(left), the scene is lit by
natural daylight alone and
is correct in color.
Incorrect use of daylight-balanced film Correct use of daylight-balanced film
TUNGSTEN FILM
Color film intended for use
in tungsten light will show
a strong blue cast if used
in daylight (or with
electronic flash). These
two pictures were both
taken on tungsten-
balanced film. In the first
picture (far left), the scene
is lit by domestic tungsten
bulb lighting and has
correct color rendition. In
the second picture (left),
daylight gives the scene a
distinct blue cast.
Correct use of tungsten-balanced film Incorrect use of tungsten-balanced film
BRAND COLOR BIAS

Different brands of color
film use different dyes,
which result in subtle color
variations. Color may also
vary between different
speeds of film from the
same manufacturer.These
differences are most
obvious when using color
slide film, since there is no
intermediary printing stage. Film with blue bias Film with yellow bias Film with red bias
32 THE C AMERA
FILM SPEED AND CAMERA EQUIPMENT

Films are referred to as being fast, medium, exposed image when a less-sensitive, slower
or slow – a reference to their sensitivity to film may result in underexposure. The result DIGITAL CAMERAS
light. Fast films have high ISO (International of this increase in speed, however, is some The sensitivity of digital
Standards Organization) numbers and slow reduction in image sharpness and an increase sensors can often be
changed electronically
films have low ISO numbers. Fast films are in contrast. Slow films are ideal when light for each shot to give a
useful in low-light situations, since they levels are good and you need the highest- range of “film speeds.”
increase the chances of achieving a correctly quality prints with fine detail.
SLOW FILM Choosing slow film

This marble bust was shot using A slow film is ideal for
a very slow-speed film (ISO 32). brightly lit subjects, or where
Note the delicate, almost creamy a degree of subject movement
texture of the statue’s surface or blur is required. It is often
and the soft gradation of tones used for still life subjects that
between the lit right-hand side need to be enlarged while still
and the shadowy left-hand side. retaining a lot of detail and a
Even in the enlargement (see fine-grained image. Even if
inset), the appearance of any light is poor, the camera can
grain is negligible. be set up on a tripod and a
long exposure given.
MEDIUM FILM Choosing medium film

Using the same lighting as above, A film in the medium-speed
the bust was shot using a category is suitable for a wide
medium-speed film (ISO 200). range of different subjects and
Note that grain becomes coarser lighting conditions. Although
the faster the film. Here the film ambient light levels are high
is much faster than the ISO 32 in this bright Mediterranean
film (each doubling of the ISO scene, medium-speed film
number is a doubling of the can also be used in less light
sensitivity), but the quality is still earlier or later in the day
good, and the grain can only just when the sun is much lower
be detected. in the sky.
MODERATE-FAST FILM Choosing moderate-fast film

With the film speed doubled to This shot of a seagull in flight
ISO 400, the appearance of the requires a fast shutter speed to
bust on the full-frame image is capture the movement of the
slightly different. The surface of subject and avoid camera
the bust looks less fine and the shake, as well as a small
contrast between light and shade aperture to cover any slight
is beginning to increase slightly. error in focus. The speed of a
As you would expect with a moderate-fast film enables you
faster film, the grain is now fairly to photograph subjects in dim
noticeable in the enlargement. lighting conditions.
ULTRA-FAST SPEED FILM Choosing ultra-fast film

The ISO 1000 film used for this Choose an ultra-fast film when
photograph of the bust is 1.5 light levels are really low, for
times more sensitive than the example, in a dimly lit interior
ISO 400 film, and now the grainy or outdoors at dusk. This type
nature of the film emulsion is of film is so sensitive that it
apparent. Note, too, that the soft will give you acceptable
gradation of tone apparent in the results even by the light of a
version using the slow film is match. The graininess of the
now more abrupt and that there resulting image can add to the
is a slight color shift. dramatic impact of the shot.
FILM SPEED AND C AMERA EQUIPMENT 33
BASIC CAMERA EQUIPMENT

For the 35mm SLR user there is a wide range
of equipment and accessories available to
cover every area of photographic interest.
In terms of lenses, your camera may come
with a standard 50mm lens already fitted.
Additionally, you should consider choosing FRONT AND REAR LENS CAPS CAMERA STRAP
When a lens is not in use, always keep Use a camera strap and keep it
a wide-angle lens between 28 and 35mm the front lens cap on.The rear lens cap around your neck in case you let the
for shooting a broad panorama or when should be fitted when the lens is camera slip. Wider straps spread the
removed from the camera. weight of the camera and lens.
working in a confined area. A long-focus
lens between 90 and 135mm is useful for
portraits as well as more distant subjects.
However, a zoom lens gives you flexibility
without changing lens. A tripod guarantees
sharp images of stationary subjects and may
be essential to avoid camera shake during a
long exposure.
If there is room in your camera bag, then
ELECTRONIC FLASHGUN 35MM CAMERA
you should also include a few filters, a basic An electronic flashgun is useful The body of the camera forms the
lens- and camera-cleaning kit, a notepad and when light levels are low, when heart of a system for which there are
working indoors, or when you numerous accessories and lenses. Use
pen, a portable flashgun, and some spare want to lessen contrast by adding a cap to protect the interior of the
film of different speed ratings. some light to areas of shadow. camera when a lens is not attached.
CABLE RELEASE
Releases the shutter on a tripod-
mounted camera and avoids the risk
of camera movement.
FILTERS
A clear ultra-violet filter can be left
on the lens as protection. Strongly
colored filters are used with black
and white film or for special effects
with color film.
NOTEPAD AND PEN

These are invaluable for noting the
LENSES location of a particular shot or for
Choose lenses according to the type details of a particular subject.
of shots you want to take. Wide and
long lenses increase flexibility.
Extension rings allow you to get in
closer to a subject.
FILM
Always carry several rolls of spare
film. If you have fast film you will
be able to take photographs in
dimly lit places.
CAMERA CARE KIT

All you need for cleaning your
camera and lenses are (from left to
right) a soft lint-free cloth, special
dust-free tissues, lens-cleaning fluid,
and a blower brush. Use the cleaning
fluid very sparingly. If a hair or piece
of film debris gets lodged in an CAMERA BAG
awkward area, then a pair of A camera bag should be well padded TRIPOD
tweezers might be needed. A small inside and have adjustable compartments A lightweight tripod is essential
screwdriver is also useful. for holding equipment. when you need steady images.
HOW TO
SEE BETTER
PICTURES
Taking photographs that have appeal and
impact depends in part on your ability to
see the potential in a subject and then
interpret it in your own way. This section
reveals how light affects form, color, texture,
shape, and pattern, and shows how to
compose excellent photographs by
considering the different qualities of light.
It also illustrates the importance of selecting
the viewpoint that will show your subject in
the most effective and telling fashion.
36 HOW TO SEE BETTER PICTURES
THE ESSENTIAL PICTURE ELEMENTS

It is difficult to define precisely what it is that
makes a “good” photograph. With pictures
taken on vacation or of members of your
family, what constitutes a good photograph
may be a personal judgment. However, some
photographs do communicate to a broader
audience because of the revealing way the
subject has been treated or the way in which
the elements are composed to convey mood.
The photographs on these pages are all
different in terms of subject matter, but each
has a quality that invites closer inspection.
Some images work because the photograph
has captured the subject’s intriguing shape or
some aspect of its form that makes it appear
three-dimensional. In other photographs, the
main element may be color – subtle and
moody or vibrant and contrasting – or a
humorous juxtaposition of subject elements.
Adding humor, above
Looking like companionable
old friends, and showing
almost the same amount of
teeth, this Peruvian woman
and her llama makes for a
very humorous picture.
Color harmony, left

Natural brown and green
hues come together in this
photograph of a decorative
piece of fungus to create
an image that has strong
shape and color harmony.
Main subject Vibrant color

A well-composed picture The color of this cabbage
needs to have a main focal has been intensified by
point. In this image, a moving in close to exclude
central cloud directs the extraneous details and fill
gaze to the distance and the whole frame with a
gives a feeling of depth. deep, vibrant pink.
THE ESSENTIAL PICTURE ELEMENTS 37
Lens effect
Extra punch is given to
this photograph of
Indonesian paddy fields
by shooting the scene
using a long lens. This has
the effect of squashing the
different subject planes,
so that the background is
enlarged relative to the
foreground. A clue to the
scale of the landscape is
provided by the figure,
whose shirt provides a
splash of contrasting color.
Simple detail
Even a simple still life
photograph of seemingly
mundane objects such as
these thermometers can be
an image of considerable
dramatic impact.
UNDERSTANDING COLOR HARMONY

Ideally, a photograph should have one main Restricted palette
subject and one main color – with any other The stark simplicity of this
bathroom is reinforced by
colors being supplementary to give added restricting the color palette
emphasis to the most important element. In to cream and beige, with a
terms of mood, a composition made up of panel of delicate, gray-blue
harmonious colors of similar tones tends to be tiles used to link the flat
bands of color.
restful and calm, unlike the discordant feeling
of compositions based on contrasting colors.
Even contrasting colors can be blended
Strong hues
and subdued to create a harmonious picture Although blue and green
if photographed in the appropriate type of are harmonious colors, the
lighting. The choice of lighting can affect strength of the hues in this
color, but you can also affect color through landscape would appear
strongly contrasting if it
exposure: slightly underexposing to give a were not for the intervening
low-key result, and slightly overexposing or band of light gold acting as
using colored filters to lessen color contrast. a buffer between the two.
UNDERSTANDING COLOR HARMONY 39
Sunset colors, above

As the sun dips below the
horizon, red wavelengths
of light dominate, turning
all colors in the scene into
harmonious shades of the
same single hue.
Low-key image, left

The green, blue, and red
colors of these wooden
boats are blended into a
harmonious scheme by
underexposing the image
to give a low-key result.
Faded hues
A gentle, autumnal blend
of color characterizes this
photograph of dried rose
blooms and hips.
Natural colors
Morning light An abandoned wagon,
Red and blue – opposites slowly being absorbed
in the color spectrum – back into the natural world
feature in this portrait, but is the focal point of this
in the morning light the rural image composed of
colors complement each subtle, harmonious shades
other rather than compete. of green and brown.
USING COLOR CONTRAST

Color has an emotional content, conveying
atmosphere and affecting how we interpret
an image. Strong, bold colors can create a
feeling of vitality and, if used with restraint,
small areas of color contrast can draw
attention to a section of an image without
overwhelming it as a whole.
Color contrast is caused by the
juxtaposition of primary colors – red, blue,
and yellow – or results from placing a
primary color next to its complementary
color (green, orange, and purple,
respectively). Large areas of contrasting
color can have a detrimental effect on
subject form, destroying depth and masking
detail. Although the use of color is
dependent on personal preference, as a
general rule bold colors should usually be
balanced with weaker ones.
Unusual view, above
An abstract composition
consisting of strong color
contrast is created here by
showing part of the boat’s
red keel and its reflection
in the inky blue water.
Spatial abstraction, above

Two large blocks of
strong, contrasting color
destroy the sense of depth
in this picture. Although
the yellow field is more
distant, it is the green
grass closer to the viewer
that appears to recede.
Light and color, left

The light by which an
object is viewed has an
effect on its coloration.
Here, strong, directional
evening light produces
intense hues of red.
USING COLOR CONTRAST 41
Color control, above

Semi-diffused light from a window on
the left helps to control the riot of
color provided by the scarves and
petals in the background of this
photograph. In more direct light, the
variety of color would have detracted
from the subject.
Touch of color, right

Although only very small in the
frame, the red of the Senegalese
tribesman’s headdress contrasts with
the blue both of his gown and of the
sky, drawing immediate attention to a
particular area of the image.
WORKING WITH SHAPE

One of the most powerful ways to
emphasize shape in a photograph is to
ensure that, at least in outline, it contrasts
strongly with its surroundings in either tone
or color. The shape of a subject with a lot
of pattern or detail can be emphasized by
photographing it against a plain, neutral
background that will not compete for
attention. Another technique is to use an
extreme form of lighting contrast, as you
would for a silhouette, to suppress all details
and allow the subject to become a strong
graphic outline of equal-density tone.
The shape of an object is not fixed and you
can alter its appearance by changing your
camera position. Shooting down on a subject
can reduce its bulk overall, as well as the
apparent size of its different parts, making
some seem larger in relation to others. You
can also manipulate shape by shooting from
below the subject, or by using different
lenses, from very wide-angle to long-focus.
Viewpoint and shape Using shadows, above

It is necessary to look for Two ways of emphasizing
an unusual viewpoint to shape in a photograph can
convey something of the be seen in this image.
Amazon River’s huge size. First, the dark outline of
This aerial shot reinforces the man contrasts with the
the twisting nature of the pastel color of the wall
river, making shape of behind. Second, a low
paramount importance. afternoon sun has cast a
well-defined shadow onto
the wall, strengthening the
Competing shapes element of shape in the
The presence of two composition as a whole.
powerful shapes such as
the Great Pyramid and the
Sphinx in the same image
needs careful handling to
ensure a well-balanced,
harmonious composition.
WORKING WITH SHAPE 43
Concentrating attention
The close-up figure on the
right of this photograph
acts as an effective frame
and counterbalance to the
more distant one, helping
to direct and then hold
attention within the picture
boundaries. Both figures
are reduced to silhouettes
by the strong backlighting,
and the diagonally held
pole helps unify the
composition by bridging
the gap between them.
Silhouette, below left

A low camera angle is
used here to show off the
striking Gothic silhouette
of a ruined abbey against
a neutral backdrop of sky.
A high camera position
would have shown more
of the dark hills behind
the building and lessened
the impact of its shape.
Rim lighting, below

A dramatic silhouette is
achieved by positioning
the model directly
between the sun and the
camera. The sunlight is so
intense that a halo of rim
lighting has spilled past
the subject, perfectly
outlining her profile,
neck, and upper body.
USING LIGHT AND DARK TONES

The term tone refers to any area of uniform
density on a print, negative, or transparency
that can be distinguished from lighter or
darker parts. In its most extreme form, a
photograph may consist of just two tones –
black and white – with no shades of gray in
between. More often, however, images are
composed of a wide range of intermediary
tones between these two extremes.
Tone is also used to refer to the visual
weight – the perceived darkness or lightness
– of an image. A photograph consisting of
predominantly heavy dark tones and black is
known as a “low-key” image; while one that
is made up mostly of light bright tones and
white is referred to as “high-key.”
These terms are not restricted just to black
and white photography. A color photograph
can also be described as high- or low-key.
We talk about shades and tints of a color to
describe its intensity, and the grays making
up a tonal range also form part of our color
perception. The latter is mainly governed by
the intensity and angle of light striking an
object and you can manipulate this for effect.
High-key color, below Low-key results

Directional window light Low-key pictures do not
bathes one side of this have to exclude all bright
pitcher and bowl in bright tones. In the portrait (right),
illumination that dispels any daylight illuminates one
hint of deep shadow. This side of the man’s face, but
high-key result is helped by most of the image is in
the white wall behind, shadow. In the still life
which acts as a reflector, (below right), the pots show
increasing light levels and a whole range of tones in
lightening dark shadows. what is a low-key picture.
USING LIGHT AND DARK TONES 45
Dark imagery, left Bright imagery, above

This low-key image of a A combination of smoke
windmill has a brooding and mist has given a light-
atmosphere. The sky seems toned, high-key result.
full of foreboding and the Although practically no
dark landscape has a hint detail has survived, the
of menace. A red filter is imagery has an old-world
used to darken the sky and tranquillity and there is an
other light tones, except for overwhelming feeling of
the path in the foreground. space and emptiness.
High contrast, far left

Contrast in a photograph
refers to the difference in
tone between the brightest
highlight and deepest
shadow. This image is
high contrast because of
the presence of both
bright white and deep
black tones.
Low contrast, left

The tones in this misty
woodland scene all come
from the middle of the
tonal range. There are no
strong black or stark white
tones, and so this image
is a low-contrast picture.
EMPHASIZING FORM
Whereas shape describes the two-
dimensional outline of a subject and is
recognizable even if an object is backlit with
no surface details showing, form or modeling
describes not only the surface characteristics
of an object but also its three-dimensional
qualities, such as its roundness and
substance. In a photograph, form is shown
by the gradation of light and shade, and the
color strength, which is also related to the
amount of light reflected or absorbed by the
subject’s surface.
Lighting that produces a flat color or tone,
with little or no variation across the surface of
the subject, tends to suppress the appearance
of form. To accentuate form, it is therefore
best to avoid harsh, frontal lighting and to use
angled lighting or sidelighting, which tends to
produce a gradation in color or tone. This in
turn emphasizes the surface texture and tactile
nature of the subject. The still life on these
pages was shot in daylight and also with flash
to show how the angle of light striking an
object affects the sense of form.
Natural daylight
Positioned by a window,
these lemons are directly
lit by natural daylight as
well as by reflected light
from the white window
ledge. Note that adjacent
to the window, where the
lemons are most strongly
lit, form is least obvious.
Low sidelighting
Light source at 90°
This still life is part of a

sequence showing different
lighting effects. Here a light
is positioned low down at
about the same height as
the lemons, so that only
one side is lit. Contrast
between the lit and unlit
sides is very strong.
EMPHASIZING FORM 47
Overhead
lighting
Light source above
The light is shining down

from directly above the
still life group, and, apart
from the area near the
dividing line between light
and shade on each lemon,
there is little sense of
roundness. As a general
rule, overhead lighting
destroys form.
Angled lighting
Light source at 45°
An angle of about 45˚ is

ideal to give an impression
of the form of the lemons.
There is a now a gradual
transition between light
and shade, noticeable on
the right of the group,
which was in very dark
shade before.
REVEALING TEXTURE
The appearance of texture in a photograph
gives the viewer additional information about
the tactile qualities of an object. It is only by
seeing the pitted quality of the skin of an
orange, the coarseness of a length of woven
cloth, or the smooth perfection of a piece of
fine porcelain that we can imagine what it
would be like to touch the object.
The most revealing type of illumination for
texture comes from directional lighting, since
it is the contrast between the lit, raised
surface areas and the shadows in the hollows
that creates a three-dimensional illusion (see
page 46). This is the reason why the soft,
directional light of early morning or evening
sunshine has been the basis for so many
successful landscape photographs.
Diffused light, below Depth and texture, right
Working in diffused light Shot from overhead with
ensures that the shadows weak sunlight striking the
do not hide too much of front of the cauliflower, it
the surface of this giant is easy to imagine the feel
tree trunk. Note that the of the vegetable’s surface.
top ridges have all caught Tonal contrasts define the
the sunlight, while the tactile qualities of the object
hollows are filled with and also give the picture an
deep shadows. impression of depth.
Magnified texture, above

By photographically
enlarging a small object
you can record its texture.
The individual hairs on the
body of this hornet and the
hollows of the fungus are
emphasized by the use of
strong, directional lighting.
REVEALING TEXTURE 49
Wood surface, above left

Soft, oblique light reveals
the texture of otherwise
uninteresting pieces of old
and weathered wood.
Remember that individual
surfaces absorb and reflect
different quantities of light
and must be lit accordingly.
Light and shade, above

The rusted and peeling
surface of this sheet of
metal is partly in sunshine
and partly in shade. The
directional lighting reveals
the texture and adds to the
overall composition.
Surface sheen, left

An old tarpaulin exposed
to the weathering effects
of the elements has taken
on a character of its own.
The lighting is subdued,
since the sheen would be
lost and the appearance of
texture and form would be
diminished if harshly lit.
DISCOVERING PATTERN
Representing order and harmony, pattern Importance of viewpoint
is something pleasing to the eye. To record To concentrate attention
on the repeating shapes,
the patterns abounding all around us, you colors, and forms of this
need to choose the right viewpoint. By flock of geese, a high
carefully selecting your camera position, you camera viewpoint is vital.
can record patterns even when looking at a A lower camera angle
would show more of the
seemingly random array of subject elements. background and so dilute
the pattern’s impact.
PATTERNS IN NATURE
As a photographer, you can draw attention
to abstract patterns and repeating forms in
the natural world, such as fallen autumn Seeing pattern
A vortex of repeating
leaves or the frost-covered branches of a shapes seems to draw the
tree. Sometimes pattern is only transitory eye upward, following the
and is gone in an instant. A flock of birds, relentless spiral of this
for example, can be seen as a collection of staircase toward a distant
highlight. Without the
repeating colors and shapes, or sunlight on a curiosity to explore different
row of houses may create a pattern of dark camera angles, unusual
triangles in an otherwise bright scene. shots are easily missed.
DISCOVERING PATTERN 51
Layers of pattern, above

In this close-up of an aloe,
many different layers of
pattern can be seen in the
overlapping fronds.
Isolating design, below

A jumble of rope can be
framed in the viewfinder
to create an interesting
design. The twisted strands
making up the rope itself
represent a pattern within
a pattern.
Random pattern, left Effective detail, above

Although the pots are not The pleasing effect pattern
arranged, their repeated has on the eye is illustrated
curved shapes and the dark in this detail of two cogs.
circles of their shadowy Not only do the teeth of
openings create a sense of the cogs themselves form
pattern. The uniform color an obvious motif, but the
of the composition is interplay of light and shade
another vital element. also reinforces the effect.
THE BENEFITS OF BLACK AND WHITE

Black and white photography, although now
a minority interest, continues to have a band
of dedicated adherents. The enduring appeal
of working in this medium stems from its
powerful graphic potential and its ability to
evoke mood and atmosphere.
Black and white film allows you a lot of
flexibility in how the image will look when
printed. You can use a wide range of colored
lens filters to change the relative strength of
tones within an image. It is also far easier than
with color to manipulate the image in the
darkroom, by giving a weak part of the
negative extra exposure through the enlarger
to increase local density, or by printing on a
type of paper that gives an overall cold-blue
image or a warm-brown one. Inevitably, once
color is extracted from some scenes they lose
much of their impact, and thus subjects such
as gardens or natural history, in general, may
not be ideal for black and white treatment.
Dominant color patchwork effect of the

A wide range of tones is tones leads the eye in
the main feature of the different directions around
black and white picture the photograph. By
(right). Although linear contrast, the colors of the
perspective draws attention door (below), serve to
to the door itself, the emphasize the textures.
Distracting color
The color content is so
overwhelming in the detail
of a wall (above) that it
does not allow the image to
be seen as anything other
than a color composition.
Seen in black and white, a
similar detail of a brick wall
(left) has visual attributes
such as texture, pattern,
form, and shape.
THE BENEFITS OF BLACK AND WHITE 53
Darkroom manipulation The human form

An atmosphere of isolation Black and white is ideal
pervades this image of a for showing the form and
solitary figure walking modeling of the human
along a winding road. To body by bringing out
heighten this effect, the subtle gradations of tone.
countryside surrounding Sidelighting accentuates
the road was given extra the skin texture so that
exposure during printing. every line is palpable.
Infra-red film
Infra-red film is sensitive
to wavelengths in ordinary
light that are invisible to
the naked eye, and gives
some subjects an unusual
appearance. The sky in
this image is unnaturally
dark while the roadside
foliage is unnaturally light.
An infra-red or a deep red
filter over the lens will
exaggerate the tonal shifts
when using infra-red film.
FRAMING THE IMAGE

To create a unified effect you need to decide
how best to arrange the elements making up
the image – what to include or omit, the
angle at which to shoot, and how to show
one subject element in relation to others. Just
as a painter must work within the dimensions
of his canvas, a photographer uses the camera
viewfinder as the creative space within which
to build a pleasing composition. One way of
composing a picture is to use a frame within
a frame. In order to emphasize the main
subject of a picture you can show it
surrounded and balanced by another element.
Stonework surround Framing a building

The foreground stonework By using an arch as a
through which the distant framing device, the image
landscape is viewed gives is simplified. Unwanted
the scene an added feeling details are cut out to focus
of space and distance. attention on the building.
FRAMING THE IMAGE 55
Balancing shapes, left Frame effect, above

Careful composition within The viewer’s gaze is drawn
the viewfinder creates an to the group of figures at
evocative composition, with the window by showing
well-positioned silhouetted them within a natural
figures and the diagonal frame created by a gap in
shape of the platform. the wall covered with ivy.
Framing choices
If using a 35mm camera,
you can frame a picture
vertically or horizontally. In
the horizontally framed
shot (above), there is a
feeling of being enclosed
by the hills rising on either
side. By turning the camera
around for a vertical shot
(left), the inclusion of a
greater amount of sky
helps to dispel the sense of
confined space.
Color contrast, far left

The figure is effectively
framed by the red curtain
as well as by the dark
background against which
he is highlighted.
SELECTING THE VIEWPOINT

The viewpoint from which you photograph a
subject determines the apparent relationship
between all the objects included in the frame
and of those objects to their surroundings.
The only accurate way to determine the
effectiveness of a particular viewpoint is by
checking its appearance through the
viewfinder. Looking at a scene with the
naked eye, you are aware of a mass of
peripheral information surrounding the area
of interest. The viewfinder, however, shows
the scene with clear-cut edges as it will
appear in the finished photograph.
Look for ways to simplify the picture by
positioning yourself to exclude extraneous
detail, or for unusual ways to present the
subject. While looking through the camera,
try crouching down so that you are lower
than the subject; or try standing on a small
stepladder so that you can look down on it.
Even by simply moving to one side you can
show subject elements in a different way.
Selective viewpoint
In this unusual portrait of
the sculptor Henry Moore,
it is the artist’s hands that
are the focal point. The
viewpoint forces our
attention on to the strong
fingers that are reminiscent
of the sculptural shapes
they once produced.
High viewpoint
In an overhead view,
taken from standing
height, these colorful
toadstools growing on the
forest floor seem to glow
with an autumnal warmth.
If taken from a lower
camera viewpoint, their
impact would be lessened
by the inclusion of less of
the background.
SELECTING THE VIEWPOINT 57
Varying the viewpoint

This sequence illustrates
that there is more than one
viewpoint for any subject.
The first image (top) is
shot from slightly above
and the next (center) at
about level with the snake
charmer. The final shot
(bottom) is taken from
standing height.
Low viewpoint
Shooting directly upward
produces an extreme
viewpoint, which conveys
the immense size of these
ancient Egyptian columns.
58 HOW TO SEE BETTER PICTU R ES
SHOOTING AROUND THE SUBJECT

While some subjects may only merit a single Variation of tone, right
shot, others deserve more attention – The camera angle is
particularly important in
particularly if you have traveled far to a architecture, as straight-on
location, or have had to wait for the right shots can make the
conditions. One of the simplest ways to building appear very two-
create a different composition from the same dimensional. A slightly
angled approach means
subject is to walk around it. Not only will the that one of the two visible
lighting on the subject change, creating a sides is better lit than the
different balance between highlights and other. This creates a better
shadows, there will also be a major impact impression of three-
dimensional form.
on the composition. Even if the subject
remains relatively unaltered as you move Half frame, right
around it, the foreground and background By altering your viewpoint
may change radically. A distracting background you can alter the position
of foreground subjects so
behind a person can be made to disappear, that they surround the
simply by moving a few steps to one side. main subject; here the
With a wide-angle lens, it is the foreground foliage creates a natural
that offers the greatest scope for visual frame around the chapel.
variety. All manner of things, such as people,
flowers, rocks, and gateways can be used to
fill the lower part of the frame, providing
counterpoint or balance to the main subject.
Using color, left
Because of their bright
hues, flowers are good
allies for the landscape
photographer. If you adopt
a low camera viewpoint,
flowers can be made to
take a leading part in the
composition. Here the
white blooms form a visual
pathway that leads the eye
to the chapel.
Leading the way, far left

Look out for shapes and
lines that can be used
in the foreground to direct
the eye toward the subject.
In this shot, the
meandering path leads the
viewer’s eye to the rockery
garden and the building.
SHOOTING AROUND THE SUBJECT 59
Central framing, left

Here, although the house is
centered top to bottom, it is
slightly offset left to right in
order to include the sea,
which provides both a
sense of place and a feel of
harmony and tranquility.
Small focal point, below

The building may be the
focal point in this picture,
but it does not need to be
large in the frame. This
bold approach means that
the sky and land dominate
the composition.
Strong shapes, bottom

When using a wide-angle
lens with distant subjects,
use interesting foreground
elements to fill the empty
space that is created by the
wide angle. Here, the spiky
leaves contrast with the
rocks and the smooth lines
of the building.
DEPTH AND PERSPECTIVE

Perspective is a way of using spatial
elements to indicate depth and distance in a
photograph, giving the impression that you
are looking at a three-dimensional scene.
There are several different methods of using
perspective to create this illusion of depth.
By placing one object behind another,
known as overlapping forms, you can
indicate that it is farther away from the
camera. Diminishing scale, meanwhile, stems
from our knowledge that objects of the same
size appear to look smaller the more distant
they are from the camera. Linear perspective
describes the apparent convergence of
parallel lines as they recede from the camera,
and aerial perspective is the tendency of
colors to become lighter in tone in distant
shots. Finally, by using depth of field, you can
make the background appear out of focus.
Using the horizon, below Wide-angle perspective
The setting sun and the A wide-angle lens produces
gradation of tones where an exaggerated perspective
the sea and sky meet effect. The man’s feet near
creates an illusion of depth the camera seem large in
and distance in this scene. proportion to his head.
Linear perspective, above

The camera angle chosen
for this view of a mosque
in India shows strong
linear perspective in the
apparently converging
sides of the lake.
DEPTH AND PERSPECTIVE 61
Vanishing point, above

The tapering sides of these
classical columns are an
example of linear
perspective. By picturing
the pillars extending
further into the sky, you
can imagine them meeting
at a distance – the
vanishing point.
Aerial perspective, far left

A mountain lake makes an
evocative foreground for
the overlapping forms of a
range of mountains in the
Swiss Alps. Note how the
peaks become lighter and
bluer in tone as they fade
away into the distance.
Diminishing scale, left

An avenue of trees leads
the eye to a fountain, an
effect reinforced by linear
perspective. Another clue
to perspective is present in
the diminishing scale and
apparent size of the trees.
62 HOW TO SEE BETTER PICTU R ES
USING THE VANISHING POINT

Artists perfect their drawing skills so that
perspective looks natural in their work.
They learn that lines need to be drawn
so that they converge at an appropriate
vanishing point. The photographer has no
such problems, as the lens handles linear
perspective automatically and with unfailing
accuracy. However, by altering viewpoint
and focal length, the photographer can
make the effect of the vanishing point
appear more dramatic within a picture.
By tilting the camera and by using a wide-
angle lens, it is possible to make parallel
lines seem to converge more steeply than
usual. The effect is most frequently seen
when shooting skyscrapers from street level,
but it is more dramatic with lines that lead
toward the horizon. Roads, pathways, and
railtracks can all be used to create powerful
angled lines with visible vanishing points if
you crouch down and also angle the wide
lens down slightly.
Coming to a point, above
The effects of linear
perspective appear most
marked when you can
photograph the vanishing
point within the frame.
The lines along the edge
of the subway walls and
the markings on the
platform all converge at
the distant tunnel entrance.
This provides a feeling of
depth in the photograph.
High viewpoint, left

The effect of perspective
creates strong diagonal
lines, which can be used
to emphasize dramatic
compositions. In this shot,
the lines along the glass
roof converge in the
distance, as the skyscraper
beyond tapers into the sky.
The result is a strong criss-
cross pattern. The lighter
tones of the more distant
parts of the buildings
contributes to the three-
dimensional effect.
USING THE VANISHING POINT 63
Up to the sky
Converging verticals are
caused by tilting the lens
(above); the top of the
building is more distant
than the base, so appears
narrower. A similar effect
is achieved with parallel
lines in the horizontal
plane (top) using a wide-
angle lens.
Light attracts, left
The focal point of this
monotonal shot is the roof,
as the light tone attracts
the eye. The lines of the
escalators also draw the
eye to this area.
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
Digital software can be
used by photographers
to correct converging
verticals in architecture,
but the same stretching
and squeezing process
can also be used with
other pictures to
exaggerate the effects
of linear perspective.
DEFINING IMAGE PLANES

Unless you fill the camera frame with a flat,
two-dimensional object, or just one face or
side of a three-dimensional object, then
every photograph should contain a
foreground, middleground, and background,
which are known as the image planes.
By ensuring that important subject elements
are visible in all three image planes, you can
manipulate the viewer’s interpretation of the
composition by leading the eye to explore
the picture. However, you should try to
choose a viewpoint that clearly defines one
of the image planes as having a dominant
compositional role, so that the idea you want
to convey is not confused or lost.
Tonal separation Well-defined planes

In this view of ornate steps Mooring poles define the
leading to a church in foreground, the gondola
Portugal, it is the subtle the middleground, and the
difference in tone that church the background.
helps separate the fore-, Each element adds to the
middle-, and background. view of Venice as a whole.
DEFINING IMAGE PLANES 65
Merging planes
A long lens is used for
this shot of the temple
at Luxor in Egypt. By
compressing the perspective,
it merges the distinction
between the image
planes, and makes the
judgment of depth and
distance more difficult.
Foreground detail
Although a full and
detailed picture, with
well-defined image planes,
the camera viewpoint
emphasizes the foreground
statue by showing it
against a plain green
middleground with the
background building
reduced in scale.
Middleground, far left

The castle in the middle
distance dominates this
landscape. Although the
fore- and background are
important, they are only
assigned supporting roles.
Focusing distance, left

By using a wide aperture
to render the background
out of focus, attention is
fixed on the railings at the
front of the frame.
BALANCE AND PROPORTION

Practically every photograph, whether it is a
visually rich interior or an abstract composition
of shapes and colors, consists of a number of
different subject elements. The photographer
must aim to compose the shot so that there is
a balance between all of them.
The concept of balance and proportion
does not mean that a good photograph must
be perfectly symmetrical or that the main focal
point must be positioned in the center of the
frame, since this leads to static, formal images.
A much-used pictorial device is to divide the
photograph into thirds, both horizontally and
vertically, and to place the subject one-third
across and one-third up or down the picture.
Balance also applies to color and shape. Two
strong colors or dominant shapes will compete
for the viewer’s attention, but if they are
positioned in a sympathetic way they can
provide an effective pictorial balance.
Balanced shapes Partial view
In this photograph of artist By avoiding the temptation
Graham Sutherland, the to position the windmills
camera angle is chosen to in a symmetrical way, the
balance the shapes of the partial view of the nearest
seated figure and the semi- building is balanced by the
silhouetted tree stump. more distant structure.
Foreground interest, above

The Taj Mahal is one of the
most photographed sites in
the world. In this picture,
however, a duality of focal
points makes for a more
unusual representation. The
boatman moving past
balances the temple in the
background, and also adds
interest to the foreground.
B ALANCE AND PROPORTION 67
Human scale
The imposing columns of
the Egyptian temple of
Karnak at Luxor rivet the
attention of the viewer, but
without the presence of
the diminutive, white-clad
figure, the enormous size
of the building could not
be appreciated.
Dynamic imbalance
Although this picture is
not at all symmetrical, the
silhouetted figure seems
to balance the bulk of the
surrounding buildings. In
its simplicity, starkness of
tone, and geometric forms,
the composition verges on
the abstract.
SELECTION FOR EFFECT

Before taking a photograph of any subject
you should spend some time studying
and composing the image in the viewfinder.
This involves arranging the subject elements
to achieve the desired effect. Sometimes you
may want to emphasize balance, harmony,
and symmetry, while at other times you may
prefer to highlight contrast by juxtaposing
different elements or colors.
First decide which are the most important
elements and then choose the viewpoint,
focal length of lens, and film accordingly.
Scenes with landscapes or buildings have
many viewpoints; the interpretation of the Positioning the horizon, above Vertical abstraction, below
Where you position the horizon can have By framing a vertical subject such as
image depends on the photographer’s skill in a marked effect on the image. Whereas a these trees horizontally, a tension is
framing the subject to exclude details that high horizon accentuates the foreground, established in the photograph. Vertical
detract from the main area of interest. a low horizon emphasizes the sky. framing would weaken the overall effect.
SELECTION FOR EFFECT 69
Horizontal cropping
CROPPING AN IMAGE shows the subject
and surroundings
Although it is always preferable to make major
compositional decisions through the camera’s viewfinder
before taking a picture, you are not restricted to using
the full-frame image once the film is processed.
Vertical
Sometimes it may be impossible to obtain the camera cropping is
position you ideally want, so cropping out the used to
isolate a
foreground or background of the final image may be detail of
the image
necessary. Alternatively, you may want to change the
Close cropping
composition from horizontal to vertical framing by isolates the
figure in the
having only part of the original image enlarged. You photograph
could crop off one side of the picture to move a subject
into an off-center position in the frame. Cropping can
be used to concentrate attention on particular areas of
interest in the picture to create balance and harmony.
All the pictures on this page show how cropping can Alternative ways of cropping
The full-frame image shows architect Richard
alter the appearance of an image to convey several Rogers in his home. The outlined areas illustrate
different messages. different ways the image can be cropped.
Horizontal image, above

Cropping in on both sides of the
figure and down from the top of the
full frame has simplified the visual
content of the image and produced
a distinctly enclosed feeling.
Isolating details, left

A side detail of the original image
has been enlarged to become the
subject of this version. Enlarging
should only be attempted when the
image is sharp overall and there is
sufficient visual content.
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
Digital images are easier to crop
precisely than those shot on
film. Use the highest resolution
Vertical image, above
Strong vertical cropping of the picture is used to isolate the available when shooting to allow
subject and to eliminate all background detail. However, this for cropping, and edit a copy of
portrait lacks some of the atmosphere of the scene shown in the file rather than the original.
the uncropped shot.
HOW TO
TAKE BETTER
PICTURES
The difference between an outstanding
photograph and an ordinary one can often
be the result of a minor adjustment in the
angle of a light or a slight shift in viewpoint
that totally changes the emphasis of a
composition. This section reveals exactly how
an experienced photographer undertakes a
range of real-life photographic sessions and
provides an invaluable insight into how to
take successful photographs in a variety of
situations, both in the studio and on location.
72 HOW TO TAKE BETTER PICTURES: PORTRAITS
PORT RA I T SET- UP
PORTRAITS The equipment illustrated here comprises a
flexible set-up for a formal portrait photograph. It
Photographs of people often elicit a greater response from allows you complete control of the lighting and is
the viewer than any other kind of subject. A good portrait highly adaptable. For full-length portraits you will
photograph does not just show you the appearance of the need a room about 20ft (6m) long, although it
subject. It should also be a visual biography, capturing a is possible to shoot half-length portraits in a
shorter space. Start by positioning the
sitter’s character and revealing their unique personality.
lights as shown below, and then
adjust them to achieve
Photographing people different effects.
A portrait can be a photograph taken without
the subject’s knowledge, or it may be a more
formal affair where the photographer has been Umbrella reflector
This has a reflective
commissioned to follow a specific assignment. inner surface that
As with all areas of photography, there are bounces back light
directed at it, softening
technical decisions to be made. Different types the quality of
the lighting
of camera and lens are needed for different
Fashion portraits conditions; lights must be arranged to achieve
See pages 76–85 specific effects; and the camera viewpoint has Fill-in light
A secondary flash unit,
to be positioned to suit the subject’s face, or to positioned slightly
enhance some aspect of the setting. farther away than the
main flash, fills in the
shadowy areas
What makes a good portrait?
Portraits are not limited to posed shots of
immobile subjects. Capturing moving subjects
on film with flash can make lively, expressive
Character portraits
portraits, and giving subjects an activity can Background light
This additonal flash unit
See pages 90–91 have unexpected results. The latter approach allows you to light the
works well with children, who become bored backdrop independently
of the main subject
quickly. Do not underestimate the importance
of background and setting in your portraits.
Photographing people outdoors or in their own
environment can add a dimension otherwise
missing from a portrait in a studio setting.
Drawing out a subject

Another important aspect of portrait work is
Dramatic portraits overcoming a subject’s natural apprehension of
See pages 96–99
the camera and lights. Try to put your model at
ease by having all the camera equipment and
lights set up well in advance of the photo
session. This will leave you free to get to know
and reassure the model before you start to take
any photographs. Talking may help the sitter
relax and allow you to achieve the desired
result – a revealing, natural-looking portrait.
Fill-in light power pack
The best photographs move beyond this to This provides the power for
the secondary flash. It is
capture expressions that give an insight into a automatically triggered when
Children’s portraits
person’s character and mood, resulting in the main flash fires
See pages 120–127 wonderful and exciting portraits.

PORTRAITS 73
Formal portrait
This portrait is the result
of the set-up below. The
lighting is soft and gives
good tonal separation
between the model and
background, with no harsh
shadows across her face.
OVERHEAD PLAN
Backdrop 21⁄2ft Backdrop

light (75cm)
5ft
(150cm)
21⁄2ft (75cm)
3ft
(90cm)
6ft
(180cm)
Main light
Fill-in light
Main light Camera
Build up your lighting scheme
one light at a time, starting
with a main light.This flash
unit is positioned so that EQUIPMENT
light shines at about 45° to
the model’s face
•and35mm SLR camera
spare film
Light stand
Adjustable light stand makes •Range of lenses
positioning the flash units
extremely quick and easy •Adjustable tripod
Cable release
•Cable release
This frees you from behind
the camera, which allows you
•Flash lighting units
to interact with the subject
•Umbrella reflectors
•Power packs
•Synchronization lead
•Diffuser panels
Camera and film Tripod Main light power pack Synchronization lead
A 35mm SLR camera Using a tripod A 3,000-joule power pack The cable runs from the
with a 100mm long- leaves you free to provides the power source camera to the main
focus lens, loaded with adjust lights and for the main flash unit. power pack, enabling the
ISO 100 film.The lens check the results in Output can be varied in flash units to fire in sync
is set level with the the viewfinder one-stop increments with the shutter release
model’s face
CREATING FORMAL PORTRAITS

A studio can be a challenging place to work.
It is up to you to transform a stark space into
an environment where your subject can be
drawn out. However, if you have access to a
studio, you have greater control and the
opportunity to experiment with lighting
quality and intensity, as well as with various
shooting angles, and you will learn how to
manipulate these variables for specific results.
LIGHTING EMPHASIS
Lighting variations
There is no single “correct” lighting set-up If directional light is used
for all portraits. The three-point arrangement with very little fill-in light,
(see pages 72–73) is a good starting point. shadows increase (left).
No fill-in light at all results
However, placing diffuser panels directly in in heavy contrast (above).
front of the flash heads and umbrella
reflectors (below), allows lighting to be
Soft lighting, below
manipulated to produce subtle variations. This softly lit portrait is the
More obvious changes occur when whole result of the photo set-up
lighting units are removed. using the diffuser panels.
Diffuser panel of
heavyweight tracing
Patterned rug acts as paper on a wooden
interesting backdrop frame is positioned
between the model
and the lights
Flash lighting unit

with umbrella
reflector is
positioned at 90˚ to
the diffuser panel
Each light is
powered by
an individual
power pack
35mm camera with

an 80mm long-focus
lens fixed on a tripod
Cable
release
PHOTO SET-UP: Diffused lighting Synchronization lead

Large diffuser panels made of heavyweight tracing paper
are placed in front of the flash units and umbrella reflectors
to increase the area of light falling on the model.This gives
a low-contrast result if both lighting heads are used.
CREATING FORMAL PORTRAITS 75
VARYING CAMERA ANGLES

A studio is the ideal type of location in which
to experiment with different camera angles. By
altering the viewpoint of the camera, you can
bring about a variety of interesting and subtle
effects. A high camera position, for example,
shooting down on the model’s face, tends to
emphasize the forehead and the tops of the
cheek bones. Moving to the opposite extreme,
and taking the shot from below up toward the
face, draws attention to the chin and lower
jawline. This approach often results in the face
taking on a slightly square appearance. The
camera angle may also imply something about
personality: shooting from above suggests
vulnerability; while a model shot from below
may appear aloof.
Hand-held 35mm camera Diffuser panel
with an 80mm lens
Flash Umbrella
lighting reflector
unit
High camera angle

Shooting from a small stepladder gives
strong emphasis to the model’s forehead,
eyes, and cheek bones, while the line of
her jaw and chin is understated.
Synchronization lead
PHOTO SET-UP: High viewpoint

A little extra height considerably steepens the camera
angle. Lighting is unchanged from the set-up shown on the
opposite page. A long synchronization lead connecting the
camera to the flash units allows freedom of movement.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•appear
A three-quarter view of the face often makes it
finer and less full than a frontal angle.
•For a 35mm SLR use an 80–90mm long-focus lens. Low camera angle Subject in profile
•Distortions occur when using a short lens close up. Kneeling down and shooting up at the
model from a low viewpoint changes the
A close-up profile is one of the most
critical in portrait photography. Before
•unwanted
Using an extreme shooting angle may produce
results, such as tapering features.
portrait’s emphasis. Different facial features starting to take pictures, study all aspects
now catch the viewer’s eye, with the chin of your model’s face and decide which
and jaw looking stronger and squarer. angles to shoot from for the best effect.
TAKING FASHION PORTRAITS

Obtaining the services of a professional
model for a day’s session is not difficult, but
it can be expensive. Model agencies usually
charge for their models by the hour, so make
sure you have a clear idea of the type of
pictures you want before the shoot starts.
USING A PROFESSIONAL MODEL

Modeling is a form of acting that requires
experience as well as an attractive face. A
professional model will know how to react to
the camera and how to change her pose to
give the clothes an added elegance. She will
be able to vary her facial expression and will
be confident in the way she holds herself. In
comparison, most amateur models will lack
confidence and may appear wooden. Finally,
if you do not want to use a make-up artist, a
professional model will know how to apply
make-up to suit the clothes she is wearing.
PHOTO SET-UP: Fashion portrait Symmetrical shape

Two lights pick the dark-clothed model Wide-angle flash lighting The model’s almost
head is angled upward at
out from the mottled gray background. the ceiling symmetrical pose highlights
The flash unit to the model’s right is the simplicity of her dress.
angled at the ceiling so that its light
reflects back down to give a broad
spread of illumination.The flash unit to
her left gives three-quarter illumination
and is fitted with a softbox diffuser. A
6 x 6cm camera ensures the quality
results demanded by magazines.
Posed portraits
Canvas backdrop Aim to direct the model
painted to give a neutral,
mottled-gray effect
into poses that emphasize
the shape of her body and
Reflector board ensures the clothes she is wearing.
lighting is even Note the way in which the
model constantly changes
6 x 6cm camera on a tripod her pose in this sequence
with a 120mm long-lens focus of pictures.
Telescopic lighting
stand, fitted with castors to Wide-angle flash lighting
make positioning easier head enclosed within a
softbox diffuser
Cable release
Each light is powered

by an individual
power pack
Power pack
TAKING FASHION PORTRAITS 77
USING ACCESSORIES
Attention to detail can transform an otherwise
ordinary photograph. For a fashion portrait,
any accessories or props you use should be
appropriate to the type of image you want to
create and should complement the model’s
clothes. Careful selection of accessories is
vital: neutral tones can be set off by simple
props, and bright, saturated colors can be
complemented by unusual and exciting
accessories. A portrait should communicate a
message to the viewer, and each and every
detail should facilitate that communication.
Framing a model Splash of color

The story a photograph The use of props, such
tells is partly dictated by as this green hat, can
how the model is framed. complement a model’s
With a nearly full-length clothes and provide a
shot, the emphasis is bright finishing touch.
on the model’s general
appearance. The viewer Change of mood
can appreciate the clothes, Confidence and poise are
their monochromatic the hallmarks of a good
coloring, and how they model, quickly changing
work together. from one pose to the next.
Close-up eyes
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
Viewed in close-up, the
emphasis of the image is
•soKeep a variety of interesting accessories on hand
that you can experiment with different props.
fixed on the model’s face.
The pearl-studded
sunglasses perched on her
•Talk to your model, directing her every movement.
nose demand the viewer’s •Ask someone to assist with hair and make-up.
special attention.
STYLING PORTRAITS Wide-angle flash lighting head is angled upward

at the ceiling so that its light reflects back down
Brief models beforehand on the look and style to give a broad spread of soft illumination
you want to create at the photo session. If you

can afford the expense, a costume supplier Canvas backdrop is painted to
give a realistic blue-sky-and-
will be able to provide you with everything clouds effect
from period costumes to evening wear, and a Flash units are
positioned at
stylist can help furnish the set. When taking different heights
fashion portraits, be sure that the models look
perfect, since the final images should appear
glossier and more attractive than real life. If
Blue background
you are working with two models featured in paper is taped down Softbox diffusers
to the floor produce soft,
the same shots, coordinating the appearance directional light
of both of them is also essential. 6 x 6cm camera
on a tripod with
PLANNING THE SHOOT a 120mm long-
focus lens
Once you have identified the style of the
Cable release
model’s clothing, you can turn your attention
to choosing a suitable setting. If you do not
have access to a photographic studio or
suitable space indoors, you could use an
outdoor environment such as a deserted PHOTO SET-UP: Lighting for a styled portrait Single power pack runs
beach. Whatever setting you choose, be The set is lit by reflected light from a wide-angled flash
both diffused flash units
prepared to shoot a lot of film to get the directed at the ceiling on the photographer’s left.The
most out of the session. models’ faces are illuminated by the two softbox diffusers.
Coordinated image Making use of a prop

The two models have a A silk scarf adds color as
coordinated look with their well as compositional
matching sequined dresses. balance. Expect to shoot
This image is emphasized a lot of film to achieve a
by their linked-arm pose. natural-looking picture.
STYLING PORTRAITS 79
FILLING THE FRAME

You can achieve a close-up simply by moving
the camera position closer to your subject to
concentrate attention on facial features and
expression. By excluding other details from
the picture, the impact of the image can be
dramatic if the model is well chosen. With a
normal lens you may have to move very close
to your subject to fill the frame with the
model’s head and shoulders. Alternatively, you Double profile, above
If using two models,
can use a longer lens or have the central position them so that each
portion of the picture enlarged during printing. one is seen with her best
The correct lighting is essential for close-up profile toward the camera.
portraits. Gentle, soft lighting, such as from a
Critical close-up
window or a diffused flash, is more flattering Always check the models’
than harsh, directional light, which tends to appearance by looking
emphasize every fine line or misplaced hair. through the viewfinder
before pressing the shutter.
PHOTO SET-UP: Lighting for a close-up

A wide-angle flash head reflects light bounced off the ceiling, as
on the opposite page.The flash units with softbox diffusers to
Wide-angle flash the photographer’s right are positioned low and angled slightly
unit angled upward
to reflect light off
upward, to throw extra light onto the models’ faces.
the ceiling
Painted backdrop
Flash lighting units are

positioned at different
heights and angled
low to light models’
faces evenly
Stylist makes
adjustments to
make-up and hair
during the shoot
Floor covering Softbox diffuser

produces soft,
directional light
Power pack
Unusual headwear
6 x 6cm camera on a
Hats can cause lighting tripod with a 120mm
problems by casting shadows long-focus lens
over the models’ faces or
obscuring their eyes. To counter
this, make sure the faces are lit
independently, as shown in the
set-up on the right.
HOW TO RELAX THE MODEL

Whether using professional models or friends, Using props, left
taking head-and-shoulder portraits or full- The purpose of the rope
in this set-up is not just to
figure nudes, your photographic session will provide visual interest and
be more successful if your model is at ease. a strong diagonal line. It
If a sitter is not relaxed, this will usually also provides something
show in the pictures. for the model to hold on
to, helping to avoid
Create the right ambience from the start by awkward-looking poses.
ensuring the studio is not too warm or cold,
and by playing suitable background music.
Make sure that camera gear, lighting, and
backdrops are as ready as possible before
the model comes on set, and that the model
has somewhere private to change costumes,
adjust make-up, and sit between shots. It is
the photographer that is the key, though. If
you keep talking to the model, praising him
or her, and suggesting poses and actions,
you will obtain more successful shots than
if you hide quietly behind the camera.
PHOTO SET-UP: Communicating with the model

The studio set-up can help the model to feel
comfortable. By using a tripod, it is possible to maintain
eye contact with the model while giving instructions, and
using a standard lens allows close proximity so there is
no need to shout.
Large studio flash

Changing the poses, left
with softbox provides When photographing
window-like lighting people, even small
Builder’s tarpaulin
provides a natural- changes in posture, or the
6 x 6cm camera
on a tripod with a colored, textured way they turn their head
80mm standard lens background or body, will have a major
impact on the composition.
Getting a reaction, opposite

Often the poses that work
best are exaggerated ones.
To get an exaggerated pose
while keeping the effect
natural, ask the model to
laugh or shout as you take
the shot. Use lots of film to
ensure you get the pose
you want; this is not so
necessary with digital
cameras as you can review
the actual facial expressions
shot after each sequence.
HOW TO RELAX THE MODEL 81
CREATING A STYLE
There are almost as many styles of fashion
photography as there are styles of clothing.
Glossy magazines are always trying to find
“new” ways to show a new collection. Rather
than just using those methods traditionally
used for portraits, techniques are borrowed
from other genres in the quest for an original
look. For instance, models may be shot
reportage-style with ambient light and grainy
film, or special effects used, such as
processing print film in chemicals meant
for slides to give unusual color balance.
An approach that is particularly timeless,
is the abstract style. The idea is to show the
clothing almost in isolation; it is worn by the
model, but by using close-ups her identity is
hidden – putting the whole focus of attention
on the clothes. The secret is then to use the
thousands of poses that the human body is
capable of to frame interesting shapes.
PHOTO SET-UP: Using digital backs
An advantage of a medium-format system camera is that
it allows the professional photographer to switch from
film to digital, between shots if necessary, or to suit the
client’s requirements.
Footstools are not only for Plastic material with 6 x 6cm camera on a
model’s comfort, they mirrored surface is tripod with 120mm
ensure her leg stays as still used as a silver telephoto lens. A
as possible during the shot reflector to soften digital or film back
the shadows can be used
Soft, even
lighting is
provided by
bouncing studio
flash unit into a
white umbrella
Color match, top Color contrast, above & right
So as not to distract from the A green backdrop was chosen
color of the stockings, it was because green is the
important that the skirt and complementary color to red.
shoes were also red. The black This ensured that the
and silver stool is neutral, as is stockings stand out in the
the gray background. compositions.
CREATING A STYLE 83
Change of background, Conveying purpose,

above & left below & right
Small changes to a set-up Clothes are designed for
can create an entirely different purposes, and
different look. Changing fashion shots must convey
from a pale green tarpaulin this. Alternative approaches
backdrop (above), to a communicate comfort and
black backdrop (left) has glamor.These two shots
created a more stylized show ways of depicting
low-key effect. different levels of sensuality.
6 x 6cm camera, 120mm 6 x 6cm camera, 120mm
lens, digital back, ISO 100, lens, digital back, ISO 100,
f11, 1/60 sec. f11, 1/60 sec.
Defining the style, right

Props and background are
essential for defining the
style of the photograph.The
wooden floor and leather
chair help to give the
impression that this is a
candid photograph taken at
a cocktail party in a grand
country house.
6 x 6cm camera, 120mm
lens, digital back, ISO 100,
f11, 1/60 sec.
ABSTRACT FASHION GALLERY 85
TAKING PORTRAITS ON LOCATION

You may have to overcome certain difficulties
when you want to take a portrait of a subject
in his home or workplace. You will have less
control over lighting intensity and direction,
and space may be cramped with furniture
inconveniently arranged. However, a subject
will be more relaxed in his own environment,
and you gain the chance to record aspects of
his life that could not be witnessed elsewhere.
LIGHTING POTENTIAL
In terms of lighting, you should be prepared
for almost any situation – from direct sunlight
streaming through a large window, to levels
so dim that even fast film will require a wide
aperture and still result in a very slow shutter
speed. It is advisable to visit the location
beforehand to see if you will need flash or
additional equipment. You can then decide
what type of camera to use and at what time
of day the light will be most suitable.
Diffusing umbrella
made of sheer
material creates 6 x 6cm camera
soft directional on a tripod with Light-colored
lighting effect an 80mm lens walls and ceiling
are ideal for
bouncing flash
Flash head positioned

high to reflect light
from ceiling and walls
Subject and setting, top Framing a subject, above

The setting is as much the Look for the best way to
subject of the picture as the frame your subject in the
sculptor. Carefully placed available space. In this shot,
statues mark the fore-, the sculptures make strong
middle-, and background. shapes flanking their creator.
PHOTO SET-UP: Supplementary flash
To photograph sculptor Glyn Williams in his studio calls
for soft, directional lighting to capture the subtle texture
Power pack of the sculpted figures.The low level of natural daylight
requires the use of flash lighting.The light-colored ceilings
and walls make ideal surfaces from which to bounce light.
TAKING PORTRAITS ON LOC ATION 87
Walls are too far away Subject is leaning on 6 x 6cm camera Single flash head with
from the light source
to affect the overall
sculpture to reinforce
link with work
on a tripod with
a 150mm long-
a diffusing umbrella is
angled to spotlight the
SIMULATING DAYLIGHT
exposure focus lens subject’s face When taking a portrait in a working
environment, it is preferable to use natural
light to convey the atmosphere of the setting.
If it is not possible to illuminate an interior
using natural light, you can arrange the flash
lighting to simulate some of the characteristics
of daylight. Light entering a room through a
window produces a directional effect, lighting
near parts of the subject and casting distant
corners into shadow. When taking a portrait,
you may need to reduce this contrast by the
use of fill-in lights and reflectors. However,
high-contrast lighting does give a scene a
naturalness that implies a lack of interference.
PHOTO SET-UP: Poor natural light
Low levels of natural light present lighting problems
Power pack
similar to those on the opposite page. Diffused flash is
needed to light the sculptor evenly in the dark interior.
A single flash unit with reflector is positioned to light the
subject’s face, but the background walls remain in shadow.
Natural daylight, above

Positioning the sculpture PROFESSIONAL TIPS
directly below a skylight
produces this high-contrast •before
Visit the location
the shoot.
lighting effect.
Simulated daylight, left

•clutter
Exclude unwanted
from the shot.
Diffused flash is used to
supplement the weak light
from an overhead skylight.
•if daylight
Take additional lights
is very poor.
The lighting direction and
quality resemble natural •sufficient
Make sure there are
power points
light but ensure that the
shadow areas are not too to run your equipment.
dark on the subject’s face.
Indirect daylight, top

For this portrait of artist Ivan
Hitchens, indirect light bouncing
off a wall produces a soft effect.
6 x 6cm camera, 150mm lens,
Ektachrome 200, f11, 1/125 sec.
Flash and daylight, above

Flash supplements the poor light
in a gallery interior for this portrait
of sculptress Barbara Hepworth.
Filling the frame, above
With a strong personality such as
artist David Hockney, stay alert and
react to any chance expression.
6 x 6cm camera, 120mm lens
(plus extension tube),
Location lighting, right

Bounced flash was used for this
location portrait of Agatha Christie.
Appropriate lighting, far right

Artist Richard Hamilton’s expressive
face benefits from the punchy
quality of strong natural daylight.
PORTRAIT GALLERY 89
Color statement
The color and abstract flowing shapes of
his paintings make an ideal background for
this portrait of Terry Frost.The colors of
the canvas are emphasized by the artist’s
beret and the contrasting vertical stripes
of his waistcoat.
Fujichrome 100, f8, 1/250 sec.
Integrating the background

Good photographs work at all levels,
from the foreground right through to
the background. And in this portrait of
John Bellamy, the background of one of
his canvases is as much the subject of
the photograph as the artist himself.
Lighting is provided by a mixture
of bounced flash and daylight.
Ektachrome 200, f5.6, 1/15 sec.
CAPTURING CHARACTER
Perhaps the most challenging aspect of taking To lighten this dark
corner, bounced flash is
Softbox diffuser helps
both to soften and direct
6 x 6cm camera on a
tripod with a 50mm
a portrait photograph is to try to capture used to reflect light off the light output wide-angle lens
the side walls
something more than just a likeness of the
subject. In fashion portraiture (see page 72), for
example, the models are not just vehicles for
the clothes they wear; they also need to
project a certain image. Similarly, an informal
portrait of a person should tell the viewer
something about the sitter’s character.
LIGHTING FOR AN OLDER SUBJECT

Choosing appropriate lighting is critical when
photographing an elderly subject. A face lined
with age speaks volumes about the sitter’s
personal history. If you want to emphasize
the wrinkles and lines that reveal character,
use strong directional lighting to highlight the
surface texture. However, if you want to
disguise the signs of aging, you can use a
soft-focus filter to blur skin texture. Diffused
or reflected light as used in the images on
these pages gives a flattering, subtle effect.
PHOTO SET-UP: Diffused flash lighting
The location is a long-established reading room for retired
sailors and fishermen.The walls are covered with glass-
covered photographs recording long careers spent at sea. If
not treated with care, the flash could cause each picture to
reflect light in the form of intense highlights known as hot
spots.To prevent these reflections, check the image in the
viewfinder, and adjust the picture frames accordingly.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•theAsetting
wide-angle lens allows you to include more of
in the frame for added atmosphere.
•format
A 35mm SLR is less noticeable than a medium-
camera and may seem less intimidating.
•Remove unwanted furniture from the picture area.

•Use a dulling spray to prevent reflections.
•synchronization
If you are working with a flash unit, make sure the
lead allows you free movement.
Creating atmosphere
Lit mainly by reflected light
bounced off the side wall,
the intimate atmosphere of
the setting is preserved.
Lighting must be adjusted
constantly and the image
checked in the viewfinder.
C APTURING CHARACTER 91
Candid moment, above

Capturing an unguarded
moment is possible here
since the subject is totally
engrossed in the game and
not self-conscious.
Using the setting, left

Setting the subject off-
center establishes a tension
in the composition, and
the pictures visible behind
him suggest something
about his history.
PHOTO SET-UP: Character in close-up

By moving in closer with a hand-held 35mm camera and an 80mm
long-focus lens, you can isolate one person in the group.Try to
frame the image to exclude unwanted detail so that everything in
the final shot provides valuable clues to the sitter’s character.
Concentrate on the feature that you most want to emphasize and
then wait for the right moment to release the shutter.
Compactness of a 80mm long-focus lens is used to Subject quickly forgets

35mm SLR camera isolate a single subject about the photographer
makes it ideal for and continues playing the
hand-holding game of cards
Character and mood

Try to be unobtrusive and
avoid drawing attention to
the camera. Do not let your
subject pose for too long
(top), but follow the mood
and atmosphere of the
occasion (above).
TAKING PORTRAITS OUTDOORS

The advantage of shooting outdoors is that it
Digital SLR with
is much easier to get natural-looking results zoom set to
in daylight than it is in the studio, although Sitting the subject in
a chair restricts their
The beach is a natural
reflector, bouncing soft
around 100mm.
Sitting down
in the studio you have greater control over movement so that you light into the shadow provides a low
can focus accurately areas of the face camera angle
the lighting. Outdoors, the intensity and
quality of light varies enormously from day
to day, and often from one minute to the
next, so it is important to choose the
conditions with care. Harsh direct sunlight
produces strong shadows that can obscure
facial details, as well as making people
screw up their eyes in an unphotogenic
fashion, while heavily overcast conditions
can lead to dull, flat portraits with weak
colors. An ideal compromise is to shoot
on a bright day when there is some cloud
cover. Setting up the shot so that the light
PHOTO SET-UP: Sir Terry Frost
is at 45 degrees to the subject’s face This portrait of abstract artist Terry Frost, taken shortly
provides just the right amount of shadow. before his death at age 87, was taken at a beach near his
If necessary, the lighting can be balanced home that had been an inspiration for his paintings.The
by using white reflectors. open space provided a vast backdrop to shoot against.
Selective focusing,
above & right PROFESSIONAL TIPS
By combining a telephoto
lens with a small aperture, •clothes
Red-colored
or accessories
the horizon is softened, so
as not to distract from the provide immediate
main subject. impact in portraits.
•props
Hats are useful
to have to
Personal details, left hand for portraits,
Include objects in the shot helping to isolate the
that tell you more about
head from the
the subject. This chair has
been painted by the artist background as well as
in the colorful stripes that adding visual interest.
characterize his work.
TAKING PORTRAITS OUTDOORS 93
94 HOW TO TAKE BETTER PICTURES: PORTAITS
TAKING BLACK AND WHITE PORTRAITS

Black and white film is a medium that attracts
those photographers who want an added
dimension in the process of image selection
and interpretation. Color, even when used in
a very abstract way, leaves little room for the
viewer’s imagination. Color also has certain
associations with mood, some of which are
cultural and some personal – fiery red, sunny
pastel shades, cold blue tones, and so on.
Because we react so strongly to the color
content of a photograph, it can sometimes
distract us from looking at other important
aspects of the image.
TONAL VALUES
In black and white pictures, images become
much simpler in content. The clutter of color
falls away and is replaced by a range of tones
– shades of black, ranging from gray to white
(see page 44). If you think of a photograph as
already being an abstraction of the real scene
it records, then a black and white picture is
another step away from that reality.
White reflector Single flash lighting 6 x 6cm camera on a Black and white or color
is set at about 45˚ unit is pointing tripod with a 50mm Positioning the subject
to the subject directly at a large wide-angle lens
circular reflector
so that he appears to be
part of the collection of
sculpted heads works
Walls and ceiling
help reflect the
better in black and white
light than color.
Subject is positioned against a

background of sculpted heads
PHOTO SET-UP: Confined spaces

In the narrow upstairs hallway of sculptor Glyn Williams’
home, there is little space for the flash lighting unit used
to supplement the daylight coming through the window.
In order to maneuver himself into the correct position
in relation to the background of sculpted heads, Glyn
improvised by standing on a plank bridging the stairwell.
TAKING BLACK AND WHITE PORTRAITS 95
Highlighting elements the subject’s pose in the

The way we interpret a color portrait is identical to
picture varies according to the black and white
whether the image is in version, it is the colored
color or black and white. checks of the subject’s
In this comical pose the shirt that initially attract
viewer’s eye is drawn to the viewer’s eye. With the
the sculpted hands in the middleground demanding
immediate foreground, the attention in this way, the
sizes of which have been overall image lacks the
exaggerated by using a impact of the black and
wide-angle lens. Although white portrait.
PHOTO SET-UP: Subject and background
Two aspects of Glyn Williams’ work, drawing and sculpting, Winter daylight from Sketches taped to the wall
window supplements behind are lit by a mixture of
provide ideal background and foreground elements for this flash lighting flash and daylight
portrait, and a strange perspective is achieved by utilizing
the distorting effect a wide-angle lens exerts on the
apparent sizes of foreground and background objects. As
with the set-up shown on the opposite page, the lighting
is kept simple with a single flash lighting unit and reflector
supplementing the poor natural daylight.
Single flash lighting unit with an umbrella

reflector is positioned opposite the subject
6 x 6cm camera on a tripod

with a 50mm wide-angle lens
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
•shotIf using a digital camera it is often best to take the

in color rather than in a black and white shooting
mode. If you convert the image to black and white
later you will be able to exercise better tonal control,
and also retain the option of using the shot in color.
•used
A black and white shooting mode can also be
as it will be extremely useful for visualizing
the shot without color before the final version is
actually recorded.
CREATING DRAMATIC PORTRAITS

Injecting drama into a photograph often
means using lighting creatively to produce COLORED GELS
a powerful or unusual interpretation of your
subject. You can use strong, directional light Colored light filters are
usually made of gelatin
to create a high-contrast portrait with bright or plastic, and come in
highlights and dark shadows that accentuate a variety of sizes. If filters
a subject’s bone structure and facial features. are too large, trim them
to a manageable size
LIGHTING COLOR AND EFFECT and clip or tape them
over the lighting heads
You can also alter the color of the lighting for or the inside surface of
dramatic effect. It is best to make a radical a diffuser.
change to the normal color since a minor
deviation may look accidental. In the images
Colored filter effects
on these pages, the flash heads are filtered in The dancers and the lights
different colors and the lights lowered to cast illuminating the set are
long shadows. In additon, smoke is released well defined before the
during the shoot for added theatrical impact. addition of the smoke.
Plain, white
backdrop is a Blue-filtered
good surface flash head
for colored
flash lights to Red-filtered
reflect off flash head and
softbox diffuser
Green-
filtered
flash head
Smoke machine Power pack

produces clouds for main light
of white smoke
6 x 6cm camera on a
low tripod with an
80mm standard lens
Cable release
PHOTO SET-UP: Lighting with colored filters Smoke effects on lighting

Two flash units covered with blue and green gelatin filters When the smoke is added,
respectively are positioned at the back of the set behind the light becomes more
the dancers. A red-filtered flash unit with a large softbox scattered and diffused, the
diffuser to the right of the photographer provides general, figures less distinct, and
warm illumination all over the set. areas of color start to merge.
CREATING DRAMATIC PORTRAITS 97
Enhancing effects
The exaggerated poses
of the modern dancers
are given greater dramatic
impact by the addition of
special-effects smoke.
Exposure compensation
Scattered light, as shown in
this sequence, can cause
the meter to register more
light than is present. Open
the aperture an extra half to
one f-stop to compensate.
DRAMATIC PORTRAITS OUTDOORS

Rain, wind, and fog can sometimes be used Model
in lake
35mm SLR
set up on
A special solution of
glycol or glycerol is
to help add ambience to an outdoor portrait. other side burnt by an electric
An assistant controls
of water smoke generator to
Whilst these atmospheric effects can be make a white fog that the machine to
floats over the water create the required
added by waiting for the right conditions, it smoke effects
is more practical to create them artificially.
This has the advantage that the effect can be
added with minimal discomfort, and with
maximum control over intensity. Real rain,
for example, will cause problems with
lighting intensity, and may damage camera
equipment. A strategically-placed sprinkler
allows you to keep equipment dry and to
use brighter lighting conditions.
A favorite effect, both outside and in the
studio, is smoke. This can be used to suggest
clouds, fog, or mist. The smoke, however,
cannot be controlled precisely, so getting
PHOTO SET-UP: Morning mist on a lake
the exact effect you want is hit and miss. I wanted to take pictures of the model in a lake against a
Usually, it is best to wait for the smoke to backdrop of atmospheric mist. By using a smoke generator
build up, or disperse, to the right density, I was able to do the shot on a warm, bright summer’s day,
then quickly take as many shots as possible. rather than on a cold, gray winter’s morning.
Keeping your
distance, left
For this shot, only mist in
the background was
required, so that the
model was not obscured
from view. The smoke
machine was set up on the
opposite side of the water
from the camera. The
density of fog in shot
could then be controlled
by the model moving to
different parts of the lake.
Ripples, right
In order to get a feeling of
movement in the water, I
asked the model to move
forward as I shot the
picture. This created an
attractive pattern of ripples.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
Smoke can be
provided artificially by
using cigarettes,
bonfires, or dry ice.
For better control, a
mains-powered smoke
generator can be hired
from specialist
theatrical suppliers.
DRAMATIC PORTRAITS OUTDOORS 99
Tonal contrast, above

The carefully positioned sculpted
heads make an ideal frame within
which to place their creator, the
sculptress Elisabeth Frink.
35mm camera, 80mm lens, HP5,
f16, 1/30 sec.
Rural record, below

A single picture can tell a life story.
The simple setting, the clothes on the
line, and the farmer’s expression tell
of a way of life now extinct.
Tri-X Pan, f11, 1/60 sec.
Making a connection
An old woman holding her prized
pet pigeon makes for a revealing
character portrait. Diffused flash
is used to supplement the weak
sunlight and highlight the fine lines
on the subject’s face.
35mm camera, 105mm lens,
HP5, f16, 1/250 sec.
Window light
Weak sunlight from a window on the
subject’s right provides the only
illumination for this picture of a
Salvation Army stalwart.This type of
gentle and sympathetic lighting masks
some signs of aging and is in keeping
with the subject.
Tri-X Pan, f5.6, 1/60 sec.
PORTRAIT GALLERY 101
Framing an idea
In any photograph of an artist
you might expect the tools of the
trade to feature prominently. In this
portrait of sculptor Henry Moore, it
is his hands that are held up to the
camera, positioned as if sizing a
block of stone, yet acting as a frame
for his face.
Focusing attention
Although a face as powerful as
this would command attention no
matter how it was photographed,
a wide lens aperture keeps the
depth of field sufficiently narrow
to keep details in the background
from competing.
HP5, f4, 1/30 sec.
Natural spotlight, top

With sidelight revealing fine details,
typographer David Kindersley is
thrust forward in the frame.
HP5, f16, 1/250 sec.
Directional flash, above

A flash is directed at the subject to
throw a band of light over the face.
6 x 4.5cm camera, 120mm lens,
TAKING A SELF PORTRAIT

Self portraiture is a photographic exercise that
may require the use of one or two technical
aids and a great deal of patience, but it can
also be a lot of fun. The simplest way to take
your own portrait is to pose in front of a
mirror and to photograph your reflection by
holding the camera at waist level.
Alternatively, you can use a long cable release
or self-timer and pose in front of the lens.
DELAYED - ACTION TIMER

Practically all cameras have a delayed-action
timer designed for self portraiture. Activating
this before pressing the shutter release gives
you between 10 and 20 seconds (depending
on the camera) to get to your predetermined
position. Alternatively, if you pose close to
the camera, you can trigger the shutter at the
precise moment you want by using a long
cable release. An adjustable tripod is essential
for positioning the camera at the right height.
PHOTO SET-UP: Indoor self portrait
For this self portrait, the camera’s integral delayed-action
timer is used.The camera is prefocused on the exact spot
the subject will occupy, and a chalk mark on the canvas
sheet acts as a position guide.
Single flash unit is

set high and
positioned at
about 45˚ to
the subject
Umbrella diffuser
gives direct but
softened lighting
Hardboard reflector is positioned Self-timer sequence

on the subject’s shadow side to Experiment with different
return some of the light and
reduce contrast poses to record a comic,
Synchronization dramatic, or serious self
lead portrait. The exposure for
6 x 6cm camera with a l20mm
long-focus lens and with shutter these self portraits (above)
set on a delayed timer was calculated using a
flash meter, and the
settings then transferred
to the camera. Remember
Adjustable tripod is positioned so to wind the film on
that the camera frames the between shots and to
subject’s head and shoulders reset the timer.
TAKING A SELF PORTRAIT 103
Photo set-up: Outdoor self portrait

The camera is focused and set manually for the distance
of the subject from the camera, and an extra-long cable
Silver reflector is used to
release allows the shutter to be released at precisely the lighten the subject’s shadow
right moment. side and even out the lighting
contrast across the face
35mm camera on a Long cable release is held by
tripod with an 85mm the subject, low down and out
long-focus lens of shot, allowing the shutter to
be triggered at will
Exposure reading
To determine the exposure
for these self portraits, the
subject took a reading
from the back of his hand
while standing where the
pictures were to be taken.
Self portrait setting, below
Using a timer allows you
to position yourself some
distance from the camera.
PHOTO SET-UP: Delayed-action timer
A test run timed with a stop watch determines
that there is enough time for the subject to Viewfinder may have
take up his position before the delayed-action to be covered to keep
stray light from
timer triggers the shutter. affecting exposure
Colors in the scene are 35mm camera with an 85mm

warmed up using a lens is set on a delayed-action
color-compensating filter timer to release the shutter
after 20 seconds
COMPOSING GROUP PORTRAITS

No matter what type of group portrait you
are photographing, you need to show that all
those involved are somehow associated with
each other. This can be done by arranging the
figures so that they all obviously relate.
ARRANGING A GROUP
When arranging a dynamic subject such as
this modern-dance ensemble, aim to convey
the sense of group movement. It is possible
to use a slow shutter speed to record subject
blur (see pages 130–131), but this technique Dynamic arrangements
can be problematic in group portraits. The Try experimenting with
solution here is to place the dancers in active several group arrangements.
Two different compositions
poses, carefully choreographed and integrated work in different ways. The
to create a very definite compositional shape. pyramid (above) has greater
In all group portraiture, take plenty of shots group cohesion, but the
of each variation of the pose so that there is other arrangement (right)
emphasizes movement.
at least one frame in which every individual is
seen to best advantage.
6 x 6cm camera on a tripod with
an 80mm standard lens PHOTO SET-UP: Lighting a group
The lighting for group portraits needs to be generalized
to create a broad spread of light over a fairly large area.
Here a matched pair of diffused flash units, one either
side of the camera, ensures even lighting.Two undiffused
Background canvas flash units at the rear of the set help increase exposure
is painted to give a
mottled green effect on the dancers and so pull them out of the mottled
green background.
Undiffused flash unit

Undiffused flash lighting lights background and
unit is angled down to subjects
lighten tonal value of
floor surface and increase
exposure on the dancers
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
Flash lighting unit and
softbox reflector
•spread
Aim for a broad
of light, perhaps
with front diffusing
panel removed to from wide-angle units.
increase the intensity Synchronization
of light lead links camera
to power pack
•lighting
Soften directional
to prevent
shadows falling on any
Power pack for member of the group.
main light
Circular group, opposite

Careful attention to the
shapes described by the
dancers’ bodies produced
this circular composition.
Cable release The group seems poised to
explode into movement.
COMPOSING GROUP PORTRAITS 105
CREATING INFORMAL PORTRAITS

A good informal portrait relies on the
photographer working unobtrusively. The
presence of a camera may make some people
self-conscious, and some subjects may not
want their photograph taken. Ideally, the
photographer and his camera should go
unnoticed. Modern compact and SLR cameras
are lightweight, discreet, and quick and easy
to operate, and often ideal for this type of
candid photography. However, it is always
best to ask permission if you think that the
person you want to photograph may object.
KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE

Successful photographs depend on awareness
as well as being in the right place at the right
time with your camera loaded and preset to
the correct exposure. A compact camera or
SLR fitted with a zoom lens allows you to
distance yourself from your subject.
Natural reaction
At first glance, the model appears to be
PHOTO SET-UP: Dramatic expression a casual passer-by. In fact, as the set-up
A bustling riverside setting is an ideal location to wait for picture shows, she is deliberately
the reactions of passers-by to this street entertainer’s positioned level with the musician and
bizarre guitar-playing technique.This set-up picture shows is reacting for the camera.
how you can stage an expressive and amusing portrait
with the cooperation of your subjects.The model is
carefully positioned in the foreground to give the picture
added humor and exaggerated theatricality.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•easiest
Candid portraits are
to take in public
Riverside location is worth Model is kneeling in front of places where lots of
staking out because there is the camera so that her head people carry cameras.
a lot of activity is level with the musician
•fine-tune
Zoom lenses allow
cropping and
subject enlargement
from one position.
•shotPretend to take a
of an accomplice
Small, fully automatic 35mm in the foreground, but
SLR with manual focus and use a zoom to focus
fitted with a 28–70mm
zoom lens on your real subject in
the background.
CREATING INFORMAL PORTRAITS 107
Advance planning
This picture is the result of
careful advance planning.
If you visit the location
beforehand and choose
your subject carefully you
will be able to envisage
precisely the type of image
you want to recreate.
Storyboard sequence
Each image should work
on its own, but when they
are viewed together, all the
pictures in a sequence tell
a complete story and have
greater impact.
Monochromatic light, top Street life, above Unposed perfection, above

With the air heavy with wood The markets of Cairo are Although completely unposed, this
smoke and the threat of rain, full of photo opportunities. portrait of a Romanian boy seems to be
the moody light gives This portrait of a shopkeeper in an environment almost too painterly
atmosphere to this scene of an with his hookah was taken to be true. Strong geometric squares and
elderly Romanian couple using a long lens. Always ask rectangles, and clearly defined blocks of
holding their grandchild.The permission before taking color comprise most of the image.
light is so diffused that the your picture if you think that Snaking through the center is the single,
landscape appears a person may object. sinewy shape of an ancient vine.
monochromatic. 35mm camera, 90mm lens, 35mm camera, 28mm lens,
35mm camera, 28mm lens, Kodachrome 100, f16, Ektachrome 200 , f11, 1/250 sec.
Fujichrome 400, f8, 1/60 sec. 1/250 sec.
Ultra-violet light, right

The hazy effect of ultra-violet light
can be clearly seen in this picture
of young Indian tea pickers.
Tropical brightness, far right

Intense light and heat create specific
photographic problems. Depth of
field has been strictly limited here.
PHOTOGRAPHING THE NUDE

In the same way as the study of the human
figure in fine art is an exercise in drawing and
painting technique, so the nude can be used to
show the photographer’s skill. Lighting the
figure offers numerous ways to emphasize skin
texture, form, and tone. Daylight from a
window, or diffused sidelighting from a flash
enhances form, whereas backlighting highlights
shape rather than form to create a silhouette.
WORKING WITH A LIFE MODEL

Successful nude photographs depend upon
there being a good relationship between the
life model and photographer. The more you
involve the model in the picture-taking
process, the better the results are likely to be.
Working indoors assures your subject of
privacy and allows you to set up equipment
in advance. Remember to keep the room
warm and make sure the model feels relaxed.
PHOTO SET-UP: Silhouette lighting Graphic profile, above
For a silhouette effect, the background must The heavily diffused light
reflected from the gray
be much lighter than the subject. A large
backdrop gives it a mottled
exposure difference between the appearance. The figure is
two will produce a high-contrast in total shadow and stands
result. With the exposure taken out as a bold, stark shape.
for the light background,
the subject appears as an
underexposed shape. Flash lighting unit (one either side
of the set) with an umbrella
Gray background paper reflector, throws broad, soft
returns some of the beams of light onto the
light bounced from the background paper
umbrella reflectors
Flat boards are placed either side
of the set to stop stray light from
Adjustable lighting stand makes the flash units reaching the
it possible to change the height camera side of the subject and
and angle of the flash unit weakening the effect
6 x 6cm camera on low tripod Cable release Synchronization lead runs from the
with a 120mm long-focus lens camera to the main power pack; the
second power pack is fitted with a slave
unit that triggers its flash the instant the
first one is fired
PHOTOGRAPHING THE NUDE 111
Gray background paper

LIGHTING THE HUMAN FIGURE
Lighting for the human form usually needs to
be not only diffused and softened, but also White reflector Flash lighting unit
directional. If lighting is used in this way, board bounces with umbrella
light onto front reflector lights
some planes of the body are lit while others of the subject background
grade off into progressively deeper shadow.
This suggests the contours and shapes of the Flash head
with snoot
Board to prevent
light from straying
whole, but leaves the form only partly attachment and weakening
gives a narrow
revealed and thus abstracted. This type of beam of light
the effect
lighting effect can be achieved relatively

easily using natural daylight from a window
covered with a large sheet of tracing paper.
Harsh frontal lighting is usually inappropriate
for the human figure. It often reveals too
much detail, resulting in a clinical or an
overly suggestive quality.
PHOTO SET-UP: Directional sidelighting

The background lights used for the silhouette on the
opposite page remain the same, but a third flash is added.
This flash unit has a snoot attachment and is pointed at a Power pack for Synchronization lead 6 x 6cm camera on a low tripod Cable release
white reflector board to bounce a narrow beam of light main light runs from camera to with a 120mm long-focus lens is
onto the figure.The reflector softens the lighting effect. main power pack level with the seated model
Using a sidelight, above

PROFESSIONAL TIPS The silhouette takes on a
fuller, rounded form, as
•yourForlight
a silhouette, take
reading from
the play of light and shade
helps flesh out the figure.
brightest part of frame.
•beforehand
Brief the life model
not to
Enigmatic image, right
Using just the sidelight, the
wear tight clothing that background drops away.
may leave marks on The resulting increase in
the skin. contrast produces an
enigmatic, intimate image.
112 HOW TO TAKE BETTER PICTURES; PORTRAITS
NATURAL LIGHTING FOR THE NUDE

The essential requirement for a photographic
session with a life model is guaranteed
privacy. This may be difficult if you wish to
use an outdoor setting, but a secluded garden
or quiet beach may make suitable locations if
there are not too many curious onlookers.
Photographing a life model in an indoor
setting does not mean that you have to use
flash (see page 110). If you have access to a
bright, sunny room with a large window or
skylight, a wide range of subtle effects is
possible using only natural daylight. Artists’
studios are traditionally positioned so that
they receive light from a bright, open sky
rather than from direct sunlight, and this type
of reflected light is the most sympathetic
when photographing the human figure.
PHOTO SET-UP: Natural light source

This bright room benefits from a large window. Normally,
the bigger the light source, the less contrasty the lighting
effect. But by positioning the model in front of the glass,
the exposure difference between the lit and unlit areas
makes for dramatic pictures that emphasize form.
Shadow reading, above

A wall of light floods past
Model’s gracefully the model, softening her
curved body contrasts outline; exposure is judged
with the angularity of from a dark area on her
the window frame
leg, and the highlights are
allowed to burn out.
Bright reading, opposite

6 x 6cm camera
As well as lighting, the
on a tripod with aperture and shutter speed
an 80mm lens can also be important.
Exposure for this darker
image is taken from the
view outside. The model
is now silhouetted.
Low camera angle
emphasizes the
immediate foreground
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
It is often worth trying
to make the skintone
color slightly warmer
than in reality.This can
be achieved by setting
the manual white
balance to a cloudy
rather than a daylight
setting, to tweak the
electronic filtration.
NATURAL LIGHTING FOR THE NUDE 113
CREATING ABSTRACT NUDE IMAGES

When viewed through a camera, the human 6 x 6cm camera on
a tripod with a 150mm
figure can be seen as a series of interacting long-focus lens
abstract shapes. Variations in muscular tension Window provides the only
in a model’s body may seem minor when illumination for the room
looking at the whole figure, but when filling

the frame with a single area such as a torso or
upper arm, every little detail is important.
LONG - FOCUS OR WIDE - ANGLE LENS

Choice of camera position and focal length are
vital considerations. Long-focus lenses have a
restricted angle of view and facilitate cropping.
Extreme long-focus lenses flatten the subject,
robbing it of clearly differentiated planes,
while a wide-angle lens can cause curious
distortions, exaggerating depth and distance.
PHOTO SET-UP: Lighting for form

By positioning the model on the windowsill, the curve
of her back and buttocks receives direct illumination.
In contrast, her front and her lower body below the
windowsill are all in heavy shadow and would require
a longer exposure time to bring out additional detail.
Lighting contrast, left Angular form, above

This image uses lighting Asking the model to bring
contrast, rather than lens her arm across her body
focal length, to highlight creates a sense of diagonal
parts of the model’s body. movement. Excluding the
Her hair is also hanging model’s head focuses
forward, casting her face attention on the abstract
into dark shadow. angularity of the form.
CREATING ABSTRACT NUDE IMAGES 115
Abstract form
As the life model leans
against the wall, the
contours of her arms,
shoulders, and back
create an effect that
emphasizes abstract form
and textural contrasts
more than her nudity.
Lenses to isolate
Longer focal-length lenses
are useful when you want
to fill the frame with just a
small aspect of the figure.
In this picture a long-focus
lens is used to isolate the
model’s back.
Diffused natural light, left
Daylight is diffused through a
blind to reveal both the texture
and form of this reclining nude.
Tonal definition, below left

Superb tonal range and definition
result from an overhead skylight.
Selective light, below

A tungsten spotlight illuminates
the model’s arm and side.
Plus-X, f32, 1/500 sec.
Candid nude, opposite

Lost in her own thoughts, the
model seems unaware of the
camera. Natural light gives a
moody, low-key result.
HP5 Plus, f11, 1/125 sec.
Floodlit form, above

The lighting for this detail comes
from a 500-watt floodlight.Tungsten
lights allow you to see the highlights
and shadows before shooting.
PORTRAYING A MOTHER AND CHILD

The bond that exists between a mother and
her newborn child is an enduring theme for
photographers. Capturing those feelings of
trust and intimacy is easiest when you are
photographing members of your own family.
With patience you should be able to record
natural, spontaneous images, especially if
you stay alert to the baby’s shifts in mood.
UNPOSED B ABY PORTRAITS

Babies and young children cannot be directed
or persuaded to stay still while you compose
the shot in the viewfinder. Always enlist the
help of the mother to keep the baby relaxed
and happy and to divert its attention away
from the camera. With portraits it is usual to
take more pictures than you think you will
need, but when working with babies you
should show greater restraint. Constantly
flashing lights, even when heavily diffused,
are likely to upset a young baby.
Reflector returns
Private moment, above Open affection, below
light and keeps The reflector is used to A happy and relaxed pose
shadows from Draped, softly folded brighten the shadows and shows the mother’s natural
becoming dark muslin is used as a create a gentle gradation of pride and is complemented
backdrop to create
an intimate setting
tones without losing detail. by slightly subdued lighting.
Wide-angle flash Main flash unit for

head is directed the mother and child;
at backdrop its effect is softened
by bouncing it from
an umbrella reflector
Individual power
6 x 6cm pack for each light
camera on a minimizes the need
tripod with a for cables running
120mm lens across the set
Cable release
PHOTO SET-UP: Soft lighting

Bounced light from an umbrella reflector produces diffused Synchronization lead
links the power pack
light to emphasize the softness of the baby’s skin.The simple to the camera
background does not compete for the viewer’s attention.
PORTRAYING A MOTHER AND CHILD 119
USING A LONG LENS

Flash unit and
umbrella reflector Although long lenses result in large images
is lowered so as Draped muslin of small or distant subjects, they do not
not to put too background
much toplighting necessarily give you the feeling of standing
on the seated up close to the person being photographed.
figures
The longer the lens, the more obvious this
White cardboard
effect becomes. For an intimate picture, it is
reflector panel often best to move in closer, if the subject is
easily accessible, and to use a standard lens
(see pages 16 –17). With a young baby,
however, moving in too close with a camera
6 x 6cm camera on a could seem threatening. You may, therefore,
tripod with a 150mm
long-focus lens need to strike a balance between the ideal
focal length and what a young subject seems
most comfortable with.
Power pack
LIGHTING AND FRAMING FLEXIBILITY
A bonus of working with a long lens is that
since you are farther back from your subject,
you have more flexibility in where you can
Synchronization lead place lights and reflectors. You can position
lights close to the subject without danger of
casting a shadow by partially blocking them.
If you have a zoom lens, you will be able
PHOTO SET-UP: Baby portraits Cable release to adjust framing, without changing position,
Using a long lens allows you to take close-up portraits
to ensure that unwanted parts of the set are
without altering the camera position.The flash lights and
excluded from the shot.
reflectors are positioned to concentrate on the baby.
Close-ups of baby, above

PROFESSIONAL TIPS These close-ups are linked
by the repetition of gently
•A zoom lens gives you flexibility in framing shots. rounded forms, the soft,
•andKeep sessions short to minimize possible distress,
allow time for breaks to rest the child.
directional lighting, and the
contrast in scale provided
by the mother’s hands.
•close-ups
A slightly longer lens allows you to take detailed
without intruding too close.
Intimate detail, right
• Include the mother's hands in shots to highlight the
difference in scale and skin texture between subjects.
For this scene, a long-focus
lens produces a detailed
close-up. The tight framing
•tones
Soft, diffused lighting is best to capture the skin
of both mother and child.
excludes unwanted details,
and lighting is easier to
control over a small area.
TAKING CHILDREN ’ S PORTRAITS

Photographing children requires patience
and a sense of humor. In a studio, the
space and equipment will all be new and
fascinating, and children may well want to
touch and ask questions about everything.
For good results, try to make the photo
session fun – let them look through the
camera viewfinder, for example, and
answer their questions about what you
are doing and why as fully as possible,
Framing the shot
even while you are shooting. A long lens allows you
to photograph your subject
C AMERA AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT without moving in too
close. A zoom lens offers
Children rarely sit still, so do not try to greater flexibility – you
restrict their movements too much or they can fill the frame with a
child’s smiling expression
may become bored and uncooperative. Flash (above) or achieve a more
lighting units should be set to give a broad formal result as in the half-
area of even light, perhaps positioned either length portrait (left).
side of the set. You will have to be as
mobile as your subjects, and a hand-held
camera fitted with a telephoto zoom lens
will allow you most freedom of movement.
A wide background is created Wide-angle flash lighting units are
Wide-angle flash by draping a curtain of muslin positioned on either side of the
lighting unit at the back of the set set to give broad frontal illumination
Each light is
powered by
an individual
power pack Hand-held 35mm
camera with
a zoom lens
Power pack
PHOTO SET-UP: Lighting a large set

Wide-angle flash lighting units fitted with softbox Full-length portrait
diffusers give almost shadowless light over the A battered skateboard gives
whole set.The lights are positioned low down to the boy something to lean
suit the height of the subject and the camera on and adds informality to
viewpoint is set at the child’s eye level. this full-length portrait.
TAKING CHILDREN’S PORTRAITS 121
WORKING WITH CHILDREN

A 35mm camera is ideal for photographing
children since it is lightweight and easy to
operate. With a young subject you have to
work quickly, and there is little time to focus
or to adjust the exposure for each frame.
Count on using more film than normal to
cover inevitable framing and focusing errors.
Many children enjoy having their picture
taken, however, the presence of a parent or
other adult family member will give a child
extra confidence. A parent can also
encourage or entertain a child from behind
the camera to provoke laughter and smiles.
PROVIDING TOYS AND GAMES

A young child gets bored very easily and
has a short attention span. You will need a
supply of toys or other props, such as books
and games, on hand to provide entertainment.
With an interesting toy or a colorful picture
book, children will soon become absorbed
in what they are doing and forget about the
presence of the camera.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•what
Talk to the child constantly, taking an interest in
he or she is saying to put the child at ease.
•equipment
Make sure cables, switches, and expensive camera
are safely kept out of harm’s way.
•Kneel so that the camera is at the child’s eye level.

•Lights need to be positioned lower than normal.
Candid approach, below Center of attention, right
You must work quickly This child’s debut in front
since a child will not stay of the camera is facilitated
still for long. Dancing to by her glove puppet. With
music, this three-year-old her prop, she spent an
girl soon forgot about the enjoyable 15 minutes as
lights and camera. the center of attention.
Focusing on the eyes,

above
When shooting with natural
light indoors, you are
usually forced to use the
widest apertures that the
camera has available.This
means there is little depth
of field. In order to ensure
that the portrait looks
sharp, focus on the subject’s
eyes rather than any other
part of the face or body.
Digital SLR, 28–80mm
zoom lens, ISO 200, f5.6,
1/60 sec.
Shooting at eye level,

right & far right
For natural shots of
children, take the camera
down to their eye level,
rather than tilting the lens.
Kneel if necessary.
1/60 sec.
CHILDREN’S PORTRAIT GALLERY 123
Helpful distractions,
top & above
A grudging, unhappy child
will make an unphotogenic
portrait. Having a parent
just out of shot, reassuring
and entertaining the child,
can be helpful for achieving
a relaxed, natural pose.
1/60 sec.
Relaxing the subject,

right
This little boy was
uncooperative at the
beginning of the shoot.
Adding his sister to the
composition helped to
relax him, and kept him in
one place long enough to
take his picture.
1/125 sec.
124 HOW TO TA K E BETTER PICTU R ES: PORT R AI TS
PHOTOGRAPHING CHILDREN AT PLAY

Leave nearly any group of children to their
own devices and within a few minutes they
will have invented some sort of game to
play. Young children make ideal subjects for
informal, candid photographs, and older
children can also make cooperative models if
you want a more formal portrait (see page
120). The attraction of working with children
is their boundless energy, enthusiasm, and
constantly changing expressions and moods.
RECORDING C ANDID IMAGES

Once the photo session starts, it is often best
to keep well on the periphery of the children’s
activity. Children tend to behave more
naturally if you are out of immediate sight.
To avoid distant shots with the children very
small in the frame, use a long-focus or zoom
lens with a range that allows you to fill the
frame with the entire group or an individual.
Use a fast shutter speed and fast film if you
take shots of children on the move.
Sand castles, above
A high camera viewpoint
PHOTO SET-UP: Candid action keeps the children and the
A quiet beach makes an ideal location for photographing Hand-held 35mm Subjects are
circle of sand castles from
children. By squatting down you can position the camera camera with an 85mm absorbed in play and
long-focus lens allows pay no attention to becoming confused with
at the children’s eye level (below), whereas by taking the freedom of movement the camera the breakwater visible in
shot from a standing position (above), you can show the the set-up picture. The
children against a plain background. bright colors of the pails
and spade give a color lift
that helps to compensate
for the flat lighting.
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
•toTake lots of shots

ensure you capture
a wide variety of
expressions and poses.
Weaker shots can be
deleted later.
•a family
If taking pictures for
web page,
shoot at high
resolution, then resize
for the Internet later.
Successful shots can
then also be printed, as
well as being used for
on-screen images.
PHOTOGRAPHING CHILDREN AT PLAY 125
Sports sequence, above Captured action, right

These four pictures taken This shot captures the
in rapid succession show a peak of action as the boy
complete action sequence. runs to first base. An
The boy prepares to hit aperture of f16 ensures
the ball, makes contact, sufficient depth of field,
swings the bat, and starts and a fast shutter speed
to run. Fast film was used of 1/500 is used to freeze
because of the poor most movement and
natural light. overcome camera shake.
PHOTO SET-UP: Baseball game

The priority in photographing this baseball game is to
find the best camera position to photograph the boy Hand-held 35mm camera
with the bat. It is important to keep far enough back so with a 70–210mm zoom lens
is not too bulky to carry and
as not to interfere with the game.This means using a is also powerful enough to
long-focus lens and selecting a fast shutter speed to bring one figure up large in
freeze the action. the frame
Boy with the bat is

the main subject
Facial expression, above

Changing to a lower
camera angle and close
focusing with a zoom lens
shows the children’s
excitement on finding a
crab. The tight framing
emphasizes the boys’
friendly relationship.
Fancy dress, above & below Change of character, right

Children love to dress up, and having a collection Masks not only add color and
of masks to hand can help you get a selection of shape to a shot, they often have
unusual portraits at a family gathering or party. an effect on the wearer’s
Digital SLR, 14–54mm zoom lens, ISO 200, personality, helping you to
f4, 1/125 sec. capture unusual expressions.
Digital SLR, 14–54mm zoom
lens, ISO 200, f4, 1/60 sec.
CHILDREN AT PLAY GALLERY 127
Masks of menace, right

Masks strip away the visual
identity of the people
wearing them.The effect
of the transformation can
often be quite dramatic.
zoom lens, ISO 200, f4,
1/60 sec.
128 HOW TO TA K E BETTER PICTU R ES: PORT R AI TS
FREEZING A MOVING FIGURE

When using flash lighting as your sole or
principal source of illumination, you can
take advantage of its movement-stopping
characteristics to create unusual action
portraits that are full of “frozen” energy.
ARRESTING MOVEMENT
If, for example, you were to use a flash-
synchronization speed of 1/125 second at f8,
your subject would be recorded by light from
the flash alone (without flash, a shutter speed
of 1/30 or 1/15 second would be necessary
for correct exposure). The “freezing” power
of this technique stems from the fact that
flash units – studio units, add-on flashguns,
or built-in types found on some SLRs and
compact cameras – deliver a burst of light
of short duration. The longest flash duration
from a small unit might be only 1/1000
second, while larger units might deliver light
in 1/10,000 second bursts – brief enough to
stop any normal subject in its tracks.
Anticipating the action

Plain white background does To capture the dancer in
not detract attention from the
subjects and is a good surface Rear flash lighting unit mid-leap with his legs
to bounce the light off increases overall light perfectly horizontal
levels and bounces
light off the white
requires anticipation so you
Subjects wear brightly colored backdrop to produce can release the shutter at
clothing and are positioned a bright background exactly the right moment.
toward the rear of the set
Second flash unit with large

softbox diffuser provides
additional soft light
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
Front flash lighting unit with a •pressing

The delay between
the shutter
large softbox diffuser provides
direct, diffused illumination over and the shot being
the whole set taken can be much
longer on some digital
cameras than others.
This can make taking
Synchronization lead action shots difficult.
Single Focusing manually can
power
pack
help shorten the delay.
•timeDigital cameras take

to write the data
PHOTO SET-UP: Capturing the moment Cable 6 x 6cm camera with an
after a shot is taken, so
Four flash units are needed to light this large set, but it release 80mm standard lens set continuous shooting is
is possible to create similar effects using a single flash unit on a low tripod not always possible.
in a smaller room with neutral-colored walls and ceiling.
FREEZING A MOVING FIGURE 129
Dynamic portrait, left Shooting rate, above

The brief burst of flash You need to shoot a lot of
lighting from the two units film since there is no way
on either side of the set of predicting the results at
has perfectly captured the the instant when the flash
model – her hair is framing fires. A motor drive allows
her face, her expression is you to take a continuous
good, and her skirt and sequence of exposures
posture convey interrupted, with a firing rate of several
frozen movement. frames per second.
Colored backdrop Diffusing panels

for contrast with scatter light,
blue dress creating a more
subtle effect
Flash lighting
unit with
umbrella
reflector
Power pack 6 x 6cm Synchronization lead

camera with
an 80mm lens
PHOTO SET-UP: Freezing action

To create an even spread of light, the flash units on either
side of the model are fitted with umbrella reflectors and
placed in front of diffusing panels made of heavyweight
tracing paper.The set above is smaller than the one on
the opposite page, so fewer flash units are required.
EMPHASIZING MOVEMENT
Movement can be recorded in two ways. Flash unit fitted with Plain white background is
You can freeze a moving subject by using a barn-door attachment unlit so that subject
to highlight the dancer’s blurring is more apparent
fast shutter speed (see page 128), or you can skirt and arms
record a more indistinct, blurred image to
give a different impression of the action. Single flash unit with a large
softbox diffuser provides
diffused illumination over
CREATING A GHOST IMAGE the whole set
To record blurred and frozen detail on the

same frame, select an aperture and shutter
speed combination (the recommended flash-
synchronization speed or one slower) which
would result in detail being recorded even if
flash were not used. If, for example, you set
an aperture of f11 and a shutter speed of
1/15 second, the flash would fire a burst of
light lasting, say, 1/1000 second when you
pressed the shutter release, but the subject
would continue to move and be recorded on
film for all of the 1/15 second exposure.
6 x 6cm camera
PHOTO SET-UP: Blurred image on a low tripod
If ambient lighting is sufficiently high at the slow shutter with an 80mm Power pack
standard lens
speeds used, a secondary image records after the flashes
have fired.The slower the shutter speed, the more Cable release
obvious the secondary ghost image becomes.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•toLights should be set

isolate the subject
from the background.
•must
Ambient light levels
be kept high.
•image
Subtle blurring of an
may be lost if
background is well lit.
•withTrydifferent
experimenting
shutter
speeds and exposures.
Evocative imagery
The first image of the
dancer (right) was shot at
f11 and 1/15 second, while
the second (far right) was
shot at f11 and 1/8 second.
Ghostly dancer, opposite
The ghostly image on the
opposite page was shot at
f16 and 1/4 second – the
slowest shutter speed in
the entire sequence.
EMPHASIZING MOVEMENT 131
PHOTOGRAPHING SPORTS ACTION

The key to taking successful sports action
photographs is anticipation. Find the most
suitable camera position before the event
starts and then try to interpret how the action
will develop so that you can be ready with
the camera. Good results are also more likely
if you are familiar with the rules of play.
USING A LONG - FOCUS LENS

The most effective action shots are those in
which the subject appears large in the frame;
the impact will be lost if you can barely see
the action. For most field events, a lens with
a focal length of 200mm or longer is ideal,
but for close-ups of players in mid-field, a
500mm lens may be necessary.
PHOTO SET-UP: American football
The photographer kneels at the sidelines, near the action.
A motor drive attachment on the camera automatically
advances the film at a rate of three to four frames per
second, allowing shots to be taken in quick succession.
Football players are Fast action sequence, above

moving toward the A camera with a motor drive allows you to take
camera position
dramatic shots, such as this. A sequence of shots
can be taken of a particular move, which can
help ensure you capture the decisive moment.
The small amount of blur due to subject
movement imparts a sense of action.
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
A digital camera has
no film to wind on.
35mm camera Whether a rapid
with 200mm long-
focus lens and sequence can be taken
motor drive depends on the size of
attachment the buffer memory,
which temporarily
stores data before it is
saved permanently. A
Kneeling position
“burst” rate will only
close to ground be available for a
level gives a limited number of
dramatic viewpoint
shots, and at certain
resolution settings.
PHOTOGRAPHING SPORTS ACTION 133
MOTOR DRIVE
Flash hot shoe
Shutter
release
button
Lens
Detachable
motor
drive unit
Many modern 35mm SLRs have autowinders

or motor drives built in to the basic camera.
Professional cameras, however, have separate units
that are attached to the base of the camera.These
sturdy units can be set simply to advance the film
after each exposure or to take up to four frames a
second, depending on the selected shutter speed. Panned action, above Frozen action, below
You can increase the sense of excitement Although this frozen-action photograph
Some models can also be programed to take shots
in an action photograph by panning the presents the subject in a very unnatural
at preset intervals. Remember that at four frames camera to produce streaks and blurs that way, it depicts the power and athleticism
per second a 36-exposure film will last only nine exaggerate the impression of movement. of the player who is frozen in mid-air. The
seconds. Use continuous exposure settings in short This photograph conveys the urgency of plain background serves to emphasize the
bursts when shooting dramatic action sequences. the football player’s situation as another figures of the players and the two levels of
player sprints to tackle him. action – in the air and on the ground.
PHOTOGRAPHING ACTION SEQUENCES

A long telephoto lens is essential for many Digital SLR with
sports, but is not always easy to use with Long telephoto settings Camera is handheld so that 50–200mm zoom lens
action subjects. Long lenses provide limited provide little depth of each shot can be composed
field, so accurate, fast quickly and moved to follow
depth of field, which means that accurate focusing is essential the polo ponies
focusing is crucial. However, as the distance
of the moving subject is continually changing,
keeping the image sharp is difficult.
One solution is to pre-focus on a point you
know the subject will pass through, and then
shoot when the subject reaches this point.
However, many 35mm and digital SLRs now
feature autofocus modes that help focus on a
moving subject. A predictive AF system not
only continually refocuses on the subject until
the trigger is fired, it adjusts the lens up to the
moment the shutter actually opens, by
measuring the subject’s speed and direction.
PHOTO SET-UP: Polo at St. Moritz, Switzerland

The large playing area, and the fast-moving action, make
polo a difficult sport to photograph, but the digital camera
used had a predictive autofocus system that could lock
onto the moving subject.
PHOTOGRAPHING ACTION SEQUENCES 135
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
Some digital cameras
are slower to react
than film cameras –
with a delay as the on-
board camera prepares
itself for taking the
picture, and taking time
to write the image to
file. Setting a lower
resolution will improve
the camera’s reactions.
Wide approach, right

Although the range of
shots that can be taken are
limited, it is possible to
take pictures of sport with
a wide-angle lens. The
appeal of this picture is
that it not only shows a
close-up of the action, but
also the large frozen lake
on which this polo
tournament is played
and the alpine scenery
that surrounds it.
Multiple shots, left

One of the difficulties
of photographing field
sports is that however
carefully you choose your
viewpoint, the player with
the ball is frequently
obscured by other players
on the pitch. When a clear
view becomes available, it
is wise to take as many
shots as possible. The
sequence should be sharply
recorded with a predictive
autofocus system.
Timing
A poolside camera position and
careful timing of the shot captures
the swimmer’s facial expression.
Peak of action
This boy is photographed at the top
of his jump, before gravity takes over
and he falls back to earth.
Kodachrome 100, f22, 1/125 sec.
Viewpoint, left Roundup, above

The right viewpoint is often the When you are on vacation look for
vital ingredient of a good action exciting action images that capture
photograph. If taken from the the spirit of the country you are
riverside, this canoeist would be visiting.This shot of a roundup of
obscured by spray. An overhead wild horses in the Australian
viewpoint shows his descent outback is given atmosphere by
downstream in a dramatic fashion. the swirling dust.
35mm camera, 135mm lens, 6 x 6cm camera, 80mm lens,
Ektachrome 100, f8, 1/500 sec. Ektachrome 200, f16, 1/250 sec.
Direction of movement
By adopting a camera position
head-on to the action, a relatively
slow shutter speed is used to
freeze movement. If the hurdler
had been photographed from the
side, a faster shutter speed of at
least 1/250 second would be
needed to get a sharp image.
Panning
A plume of water, kicked up as
the water skier changes direction,
adds drama and excitement to
this shot.To keep the rapidly
moving subject in focus, it is
necessary to pan the camera,
resulting in the slight blurring of
the background scenery despite
the very brief shutter speed used.
138 HOW TO TAKE BETTER PICTURES: STILL LIFE
STILL LIFE SET- UP

STILL LIFE The equipment shown here comprises an
ideal set-up for photographing a still life
Photographing a still life can serve as an exercise in skill subject. A single diffused light is sufficient to
and creativity, honing your understanding of composition provide overall illumination, as all the
and the effects of lighting on objects. Like a painter, the shadows should fall in the same direction.
photographer can use a still life picture to communicate Ideally, this single flash unit should be fitted
with a softbox diffuser to soften the
ideas of color, form, tone, texture, and composition.
effect. Use a flash unit with a built-in
modeling light, if possible, so
Arranging a still life you can see how the shadows
A still life is an object or group of objects, fall.You will also need a
which is usually arranged as the subject for a
reflector to bounce light
picture. Because the subject is inanimate, you
into the shadows for
can concentrate more than is usually possible
overall illumination.
on the lighting and composition. Setting up
your own still life can be rewarding, since you
have total control over the selection and
arrangement of the objects. It is advisable to Light source
Lighting
A single flash unit is
See pages 142–143
begin with one object and gradually build up a the light source
for this set-up.The
composition in which the various parts relate to flash head is
each other. The items used should not be positioned at
about 90° to the
selected arbitrarily, but should fit into a theme – still life
for example, objects from a certain place or a
particular period. The essential point is to Softbox diffuser
The front of
collect as many props as possible. Gather the diffuser is
Light stand
covered with
everything you may want to incorporate and semi-transparent
Adjustable stand
allows you to
keep it on a table beside you while you work. material, softening
experiment with
the light and diffusing
Still life themes
This allows you to develop your composition it over a large area
the light at
different heights
See pages 144–145 carefully, one piece at a time. until you get the
desired effect
Power pack
Found still life The flash unit is
powered by
These are compositions that occur naturally a 3,000-joule
around you, and “found” still life photographs power pack.
Light output can
will demonstrate your ability to see good be varied in
pictures in day-to-day life. A collection of one-stop increments
objects in a shop window, for example, may

strike you because of their overall
arrangement, or the unusual nature of the
Outside still life items. And the natural world abounds with
See pages 146–147
found still life possibilities, from driftwood on
a beach, to a pile of fallen apples.
Photographing food
Simple ingredients such as fresh vegetables
and exotic fruits offer a sensuousness and a
variety of color and texture not found in other
inanimate objects. Food photography is a Synchronization lead
thriving area of commercial photography and This links the camera and the
flash unit’s power pack, triggering
professionals use special techniques for the flash to fire in time with the
Found still life
See pages 150–151 enhancing the appearance of food. shutter release
STILL LIFE 139
Still life group

This still life is the
result of the set-up
below. Soft, directional
Background light from the diffuser
This should harmonize with on the left-hand side
the still life without
suggests natural light
Clamp dominating it.The texture of
To support the this white board adds interest from a window.
background, you
can use a clamp
attached to a free-
standing pole White card reflector
A simple reflector bounces light
back into the shadowy areas.
There should not be any
accidental shadows
OVERHEAD VIEW
Light
source
White card
reflector
11⁄2ft Still life subject

Still life surface
(49cm) 2ft
The surface on which you
(65cm)
arrange the still life should Table with
be away from the walls so additional
that you can position the props
lights to best advantage Camera
EQUIPMENT
•Roll film
•wide-angle,
Range of standard,
and long-
focus lenses
•Adjustable tripod
•Cable release
•Flash lighting unit
•Softbox diffuser
Camera and film
•Power pack
6 x 6cm camera with
a 120mm long-focus
lens, loaded with ISO
100 film. It is set so
that the lens is level Prop collection
with the still life A variety of objects
allows you to experiment with
several different arrangements
Tripod
This allows you to Cable release
check the composition This releases the shutter,
in the viewfinder reducing the risk of camera
shake from hand contact
COMPOSING A STILL LIFE

For a successful still life you have to establish
some sort of link between the objects used in
the composition. This link could be a theme
– the objects on this page are all typical of a
pastoral lifestyle and could have been found
on a farmhouse pantry shelf.
A wooden storage container A blue bottle is positioned A wire basket filled with
BUILDING UP A COMPOSITION to provide balance. eggs confers warmth.
is the starting point.
Most still life pictures are built up element
by element. Begin with the most important Finished still life, below
The final addition is a small
object, viewing it through the camera and wooden pestle. Its position
adjusting its position until you are satisfied. keeps the gaze from being
Then add the second component, and again drawn to the gap at the
check the image through the viewfinder. In bottom. It also reintroduces
the warmth and texture of
this way you can build up your arrangement the wood of the storage
piece by piece, making minor adjustments A weathered lamp gives Adding an old copper pot container, which had
until you are satisfied with the result. character to the composition. anchors the still life. become slightly obscured.
COMPOSING A STILL LIFE 141
ANALYZING A STILL LIFE

A collection of still life objects arranged for the
camera should have shared attributes such as
shape, color, form, and texture. When you
start to take note of these qualities as well as
the more obvious thematic connections, your
creative scope is widened immeasurably.
B ALANCE AND HARMONY

The most difficult part of creating a still life
arrangement is knowing when it is complete. A
finished composition should have balance and
harmony. The objects should be organized so
that they emphasize, rather than detract from,
the main focal point. Creating a balanced still
life composition is instinctive, but you will
recognize it when your eye is drawn from one
object to the next, with the characteristics of
each adding to your pleasure in the next.
Shape and pattern, above
The repeated shapes of
fork and spade handles
leaning against a fence
create a strong pattern in
this still life picture.
Triangular group, left

A group of bottles defines
the apex of a triangle, a
classic compositional
shape. The bottle at the
rear acts as a visual anchor,
and the similar shapes and
textures of all the bottles
give the image unity.
Simple grouping, above
The appeal of this simple
still life is the wealth of
detail visible on the two
wooden objects as well
as their strong shapes.
Placement and balance

Although these bottles
appear to be arranged in
a haphazard fashion on
the shelf, they have been
deliberately placed so that
the densest mass sits in
the central portion of the
picture frame.
LIGHTING A STILL LIFE

How you undertake the lighting for a still
life depends largely on the elements making
up the composition and the degree of
translucency, solidity, or color saturation you
want them to take on in the final
photograph. Generally soft lighting coming
directly from in front of the camera will have
a form-flattening effect, and results may
appear two-dimensional. In contrast,
sidelighting tends to enhance the surface
characteristics of objects, but shadows may
be cast that obscure surface detail.
OVER - AND UNDERLIGHTING

Overlighting by directing a lot of harsh light
at the subject lightens the “visual weight” of
the subject elements, but it may also cause
colors to appear less saturated and weak.
Conversely, underlighting by restricting the
amount of light reaching the subject may
make objects appear heavier and more solid,
and colors, too, may appear darker and
stronger. By introducing secondary lights,
reflectors, or diffusers, myriad subtle or
dramatic lighting effects can be achieved.
Form and modeling
PHOTO SET-UP: Directional light Textured white board Diffused sidelighting and a
makes an interesting yet
A white-painted textured board directly behind the simple background reflector, combined with a
bottles makes a visually interesting backdrop. Lighting textured backdrop that
is provided by a single flash unit fitted with a softbox also reflects some of the
diffuser and positioned to one side of the glass light, highlight the form
bottles, pointing slightly downward. On the far and modeling to produce a
side of the group a reflector throws back subtle gradation of tone.
some of the light and so lessens the Reflector positioned on the
exposure difference between one shadow side of the composition
side of the group and the other. makes the exposure more even
across the whole arrangement
Lighting head fitted with a 6 x 6cm camera on a tripod

diffuser ensures that reflections with a long-focus 120mm lens,
on the glass bottles are not which makes it possible to shoot
intense enough to pick up from farther back, lessening the
reflections from the flash and chance of the image appearing
other nearby objects as a reflection in the surfaces of
the bottles
Table with selection of

props to be added to the
arrangement if required
Power pack is
used to power the
single flash unit
LIGHTING A STILL LIFE 143
Varying light, left

The textured board directly
behind the glass bottles is
removed for this sequence
of three photographs. This
leaves the white-painted
walls at the back of the set
as the effective background.
Then, for each shot, the
light output from the flash
is gradually increased to
produce progressively
lighter images.
Color saturation, far left

In the darkest image in
the sequence, you can see
immediately that the glass
bottles appear more solid
and heavier than in lighter
versions. Note, too, that as
the image darkens the red
stopper on the bottle on
the right seems darker and
the color more saturated.
PHOTO SET-UP:Transmitted light
Flash lighting is directed at the white background behind
the glass bottles so that they are defined solely by the
light transmitted through them (left and bottom left).The
shape of the bottles becomes the principal element.
Flash heads have

umbrella reflectors
The still life should be checked and are directed
through the viewfinder before at white backdrop
the shutter is released to bounce back a
Cable release
large area of very
even illumination
White walls at the back

of the set reflect back
light from the flash
6 x 6cm camera
on a tripod with a
120mm lens
Synchronization
lead
Backlighting, top Combined lighting, above

Lit from behind, the surface A flashgun fired from the
characteristics of the glass camera position gives soft
disappear. The silhouette of frontal illumination to the
each bottle is defined by a glass bottles. Backlighting
dark line. The red stopper predominates, but some
now appears nearly black. form has been reinstated.
SELECTING STILL LIFE THEMES

Working with inanimate objects allows you
time to select suitable subjects, to find the
most appropriate background, to position the
lights if using flash, and to make any subtle
corrections to the composition. All of this can
be carried out at your own pace, without
having to worry about the comfort of a model.
CHOOSING ELEMENTS
Look for some aspect that unifies the items in
a composition. This could be texture, function,
color, shape, or age. A suitable background
and sympathetic lighting are also important. In
the pictures on these pages the high-key
(light-toned) composition is lit by bright,
reflected light, and the low-key (dark-toned)
one is illuminated by daylight and fill-in flash.
Light composition separate the enameled pots
Although composed almost from their surroundings,
entirely of white, there is while the black rims give
sufficient tonal variation to balance and contrast.
PHOTO SET-UP: High-key still life

Wide-angled flash head For this simple still life study, the color PROFESSIONAL TIPS
points at the junction of
and reflective nature of the objects
the ceiling and back wall
to give a variety of dictate the lighting used.To achieve the
•photography
Nearly all still life
requires
toplight angles
desired high-key effect, a broad spread the use of a tripod.
of reflected, indirect light from a wide-
White, plastered wall
angle flash head is angled toward the • For a high-key still
life, provide sufficient
does not compete for ceiling and another light is reflected by
attention, but provides a white-painted board positioned to illumination so that
a contrast in texture there is only about a
with the smooth the left of the objects.
surface of the objects one-stop difference
between the main
highlights and the
6 x 6cm camera with a deepest shadows.
120mm long-focus lens
Objects are linked by
their white coloring, • When shooting
with a digital camera,
rounded shapes, and
enameled texture
Secondary flash head is
use the LCD screen
directed mainly at a reflector to check the lighting,
but its light also spills over composition, and
and reflects onto the subject
from the rear wall exposure of your
selected image in a
Adjustable tripod can be similar way to how a
positioned at appropriate professional would use
height for still life a Polaroid back.
Unlike film cameras,
Single power pack however, if the digital
is the power
source for both
image is a success
lighting units there is no need to
shoot a final version.
SELECTING STILL LIFE THEMES 145
PHOTO SET-UP: Low-key still life Hand-held flashgun directed at the 35mm camera with a
wall bounces light onto the objects 100mm lens is set on a
This antique kettle and range require additional manually timed exposure
illumination since there is not much natural daylight in the
Adjustable tripod
kitchen.This lighting is provided by a silver reflector on the
object’s shadow side (to reflect the available window
light) and a boost of indirect light from a flashgun.
Adjustable tripod
Silver reflector is positioned

opposite the window to reflect soft
light onto the kettle’s shadow side
Objects to be included in
the next still life shot are
ready and prepared nearby
Dark composition
An antique kettle and
range make an ideal
low-key still life subject.
Lighting is also low-key,
which suits the subject.
Even with added light from
a flashgun, an aperture of
f16 requires a long shutter
speed of two seconds.
TAKING OUTSIDE STILL LIFE

The main advantage of working outdoors lies 6 x 7cm camera with a
120mm long-focus lens PHOTO SET-UP: Still life with vegetables
in the range of backgrounds and settings you The vegetables are arranged in a wooden dish in front of
have at your disposal. Indoor settings tend to a red brick wall. It is lit by diffused light from a hazy sky,
be cluttered and the decor may compete with with no direct sunlight.The light reflected from the
the subject. Photographing a subject outside surrounding hard surfaces helps lift light levels by about
allows you more space to find a setting that one f-stop and ensures that the exposure is even.
makes a positive contribution to the shot. Tripod supports the weight Background wall adds
of the camera and lens, interest, yet does not
and gives the camera a compete for attention
WORKING IN NATURAL LIGHT fixed reference point for
checking the composition
The disadvantage of photographing a still life
outdoors lies in the diminished control you
have over lighting. Working inside, you can
Hard surface of the
position lights and reflectors at will, and paving stones reflects
bounce light off the walls and ceiling. available daylight
Outside, however, you are reliant on natural

light – either direct sunlight or, preferably, an
overcast sky. You can influence the lighting
quality by using reflectors to redirect light
into the subject’s shadows and so lessen
contrast, or you can use a flashgun to add
highlights or raise the level of exposure.
Fruit arrangement
You can create a still life
by confining yourself to
one type of food, like this
composition, which is
made up of colorful fruits
arranged in a glass vase.
Vegetable still life
In this well-balanced
composition, the shapes,
forms, textures, and colors
of the vegetables were all
carefully considered.
Diffused rather than direct
light is used because of
the reflective surface of the
eggplants and red onions.
TAKING OUTSIDE STILL LIFE 147
Food still life Mirroring art

Daylight helps bring out The inspiration for this
the color and texture of rustic tableau is a 19th-
the red and green pasta, century watercolor painting.
the pink crayfish, and the Although the scene looks
slab of stone. The color almost natural, the quail
contrast and shadows give eggs were bought and
an impression of depth. placed in an artificial nest.
PHOTO SET-UP: Spring still life

Sunlight filtering through the tree canopy is the light source for this still life
of an artificially re-created bird’s nest and eggs.The use of a long-focus lens
means that an aperture of f22 is required to ensure sufficient depth of
field, and this necessitates a shutter speed of 1⁄4 second. A windbreak
prevents unwanted subject movement.
Board is propped against

Appearance of the subject
the tree to act as a
is carefully checked in the
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
windbreak to prevent
camera viewfinder after
subject movement
every minor adjustment •food
For professional
photography,
ingredients must have
no marks or bruising.
6 x 7cm camera with a
165mm long-focus lens •toCare and attention
detail is critical.
•reflective
Objects with shiny,
surfaces can
be polished to remove
finger marks.
•theStart by positioning
largest object in the
Tripod and cable release composition and then
are essential to prevent build up the other
any slight movement of
the camera during the elements around it.
exposure
•canBackground color
affect the mood of
a still life composition.
CHOOSING BACKGROUNDS FOR STILL LIFE

Backgrounds are particularly important in
still life, since they are such a highly visible
part of the composition. As many subjects
that are photographed are relatively small,
the background becomes not only what is
behind the arrangement, but what is placed
underneath it as well. This means that it is
frequently in sharp focus in the frame.
When photographing natural objects
outdoors, such as fruit and vegetables, it
will complement the composition if they are
placed against a natural-looking background,
such as a piece of stone, a plank of
weathered wood, or an expanse of grass.
Pick the color of the background so that it
blends harmoniously with that of the main
subject. Check also that there is enough
difference in tone so that the subject stands
out – for instance, with a lighter subject, use
a darker background.
PHOTO SET-UP: Natural contrast
The aim of this shot was to juxtapose the smooth broad
beans in their pods with the rough hands of the gardener.
The man wanted to wash his hands beforehand, but the
soil in the creases and under his nails provided a better
colored, more dramatic backdrop for the composition.
Background texture, above
6 x 6cm medium- A specialist 120mm A piece of stone creates a
format camera on macro lens can focus
a sturdy tripod close enough to fill the Gardener rests arms textured backdrop, as well
frame with the subject on back of chair, so as a natural-looking surface
that his hands can upon which to arrange the
be held as still as freshly-picked peas.
humanly possible
Perfect lighting, opposite

Waiting until the hands
were in half shadow
provided a softer light that
suited the delicate shape
Shot composed so and color of the broad beans.
that hands frame
the broad beans
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
Some medium-format
cameras can take
interchangeable digital
backs, so the final
image can be recorded
digitally as well as on
film. Like a Polaroid film
back, a digital back is
also useful for checking
a picture’s composition
and exposure.
CHOOSING B ACKGROUNDS FOR STILL LIFE 149
PHOTOGRAPHING FOUND STILL LIFE

Any arrangement of everyday objects that PHOTO SET-UP: Greenhouse detail
forms a pleasing composition, but has not The sunlight filtering through the greenhouse creates a dappled lighting effect.
been put together specifically to be The white wall behind the objects acts both as a textured background and
as a reflector, raising light levels and relieving areas of shadow.
photographed, can be termed a found still
life. The art of photographing found still life 35mm camera on a tripod
with a 70–210mm zoom lens Collection of objects among the
lies in finding the appropriate camera angle clutter on a garden work bench is
and using sympathetic lighting so that the isolated in the viewfinder
final image you have in your mind’s eye

becomes the image captured on film.
NATURAL ORDER AND PATTERN

In one way or another, all of us tend to
impose order on our surroundings – in
our homes, at work, and in our gardens.
Manifestations of this are all around us. We
organize ordinary cooking ingredients in the
kitchen so that the ones we use most often
are easy to find, or we change the position
of everyday items on a shelf so that they
make a more attractive grouping. The secret
is to recognize the picture possibilities of
these arrangements.
Nostalgic mood, above Work bench, right

Sunlight entering through A collection of plant pots,
the window adds to the garden tools, a weathered
mood of this picture. watering can, and drying
Strewn with cobwebs, the bulbs, makes a harmonious
glass bottles and scales are still life with a unity of
a glimpse into the past. color, form, and purpose.
PHOTOGRAPHING FOUND STILL LIFE 151
Rhubarb, left
These sticks of rhubarb
had just been picked and
left on a garden table. The
white background and
diffused light shows off the
delicate coloration well.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•transform
Lighting can
a rather
ordinary arrangement
of objects into a
captivating composition
– depending on its
intensity, direction, and
color temperature. Be
prepared to come back
to a found still life at
different times of day
to see the effect of
alternative lighting.
•lifeView a potential still

subject from all
possible angles before
deciding on the final
camera position.
•andUseindex
your thumbs
fingers to
make a frame, to
previsualize how the
image will appear. But
always use the
viewfinder for final
compositional changes.
Repetition of shape
Finding a coherent theme for the
objects making up a composition is
one of the most difficult aspects of
still life photography. In this
collection of objects, it is the
repetition of shape that forms the
common link. Note, too, how the
arrangement sets up a strong
diagonal flow within the frame.
Natural sunlight
Soft, directional light coming from a
window to the right of this still life
is the only illumination.The sense of
calm would be marred if the
contrast between the shadows and
highlights were too marked, so a
white cardboard reflector has been
added on the left-hand side.
STILL LIFE GALLERY 153
Found objects, top Multifaceted imagery

A still life does not have to be a Although the components making
collection of objects arranged for up this still life are very simple, the
the camera. Use the viewfinder combination of elements with the
to isolate found objects, such as lighting and background results in
these old, discarded boots, to form a multifaceted image comprising
a pleasing composition. shape, form, texture, and tone.
Ektachrome 200, f11, 1/125 sec. Ektachrome 100, f16, 1/250 sec.
Shape and symmetry, above

The repeating shapes and
symmetrical composition of these
terra-cotta plant pots convey a
sense of balance and harmony.The Dominant color
low camera angle introduces a The two principal colors in this
depth that would be missing composition – the yellow of the
from an overhead viewpoint. sunflowers and the blue of the
35mm camera, 50mm lens, table top – represent a potentially
Ektachrome 100, f5.6, 1/250 sec. discordant color combination.
However, the intensity of the
daylight spotlighting the flowers is
such that the yellow relegates all
other colors to supporting roles.
154 HOW TO TAKE BETTER PICTURES: LANDSC APES
LANDSCAPE SET- UP
LANDSCAPES A 12th-century priory in the heart of the
English countryside is the focal point of this
Landscapes are constantly changing. Depending on the landscape picture.The camera viewpoint and
time of day, and weather conditions, they can take on many the position of the sun show some sides of the
different personalities and moods. Learning to see and ruins in bright sunlight, while other sides of the
capture on film the potential in a scene is perhaps the building are in shadow.The camera angle does
not show the reflections of any of the clouds
hardest part of landscape photography.
in the pool of foreground water, but it does
reveal the reflections of the higher parts of the
The light factor building and the ancient tree to the left.
Unlike an outdoor portrait, where a subject can
be moved into position for the most beneficial
lighting effect, with a landscape picture you
must work with the prevailing light. This does
not mean that you cannot influence how the
subject will appear in the photograph. For
example, from one angle, a pool lying at the
Viewing a landscape bottom of a ravine may appear black and
See pages 156–157
lifeless, while seen from another, the water
may be a mirror holding a flawless reflection
of blue sky and white clouds.
Compositional control
Before taking any pictures you should explore
the surroundings to find the best viewpoint. A
landscape may be dramatically improved by
the inclusion of a feature in the foreground or
Water and light when photographed in a particular light. Even
See pages 170–175 if your camera angle is restricted to a single
viewpoint, you should be able to move to the
left and right to find the best perspective. The
height from which you shoot is also critical.
Squatting down tends to stress the foreground,
while gaining extra height may allow you to
exclude an unwanted foreground detail. Look
at the scene through the viewfinder to see how
landscape features relate as you move around.
Dramatic skies
See pages 176–179 Lenses for landscapes
A wide-angle lens is ideal for broad
panoramas with a wide sky and plenty of
foreground. If the sky is flat and dull, you can
use a long-focus lens to restrict the angle of
view to parts of the scene that have maximum
impact. It is best to use a tripod and cable
release to avoid camera shake, even if you
are not working with slow shutter speeds.
Remember that a landscape may look most
dramatic toward dusk or in dark stormy light,
Urban landscapes
See pages 180–183 conditions that make long exposures essential.
LANDSC APES 155
OVERHEAD VIEW
Landscape subject
Direction of light
300ft (90m)
Camera
Emphasizing elements
Using a wide-angle lens EQUIPMENT
emphasizes the pool of
water in the foreground •and6 xspare
6cm camera
film
and allows more of the
blue sky and white clouds
to be included in the shot. •Range of lenses
Focal point
The priory is the main focal point;
Tripod
A medium-format camera is heavy
Camera
A 6 x 6cm medium-format camera
•andCable release
tripod with
sunlit and shadowy faces of the and best mounted on a tripod for fitted with a 50mm wide-angle lens
buildings create landscape photographs
spiked feet
tonal contrasts
VIEWING A LANDSCAPE
Photographing a landscape is more difficult
than it seems because it involves translating a
three-dimensional panoramic scene complete
with all its nuances into a flat image.
CHOOSING A DOMINANT ELEMENT

Any landscape is a complicated mixture of
colors, tones, textures, forms, and
perspectives. If you simply point the camera
in a general way at such a potential jumble of
subject matter it is likely to result in an
uninspiring picture, so it is important to have
a clear idea of how you want the elements to
relate to each other. Try to be selective about
what you include in the picture. By careful
choice of viewpoint and lens focal length you
can decide which elements are important and
how you can best arrange them within the
confines of the viewfinder. This task is often
simplified if you can identify one element as
being the main subject.
35mm camera with a Distant viewpoint
PHOTO SET-UP: High viewpoint 100mm long-focus lens
A high camera viewpoint is
Relatively small differences in camera position can create Distant windmill essential to keep the green
Platform on roof Tripod ensures that is made more
huge shifts of emphasis in a photograph.The extra height gives high the camera is level field from dominating this
prominent by
afforded by shooting from the top of a four-wheel drive car viewpoint and steady the use of a long- landscape. The 100mm
lessens the effect of the field in the foreground and focus lens long-focus lens with its
emphasizes the main subject – the windmill in the distance. narrow angle of view (see
page 17) isolates the main
subject and crops unwanted
elements. This viewpoint
also assigns the trees in the
middleground a subsidiary
role as an attractive frame
for the windmill.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•favorable,
If the light is not
try to find a
different viewpoint or
wait until the light is in
the right direction.
•viewpoint
Shooting from a high
minimizes
the foreground.
•viewpoint
Shooting from a low
emphasizes
the foreground.
•composition
A landscape
needs
one principal feature.
VIEWING A LANDSC APE 157
PHOTO SET-UP: Changing the angle Foreground feature Placing the horizon
Moving in closer to the windmill gives a different emphasis Inclusion of the stream in A low horizon emphasizes
to the landscape.The merits of the camera viewpoint in the foreground adds shape the sky and introduces a
terms of composition and lighting are considered in the and color. Its curve helps feeling of space (top). A
draw the eye to the mill. high horizon shifts the
viewfinder before pressing the shutter release button.
emphasis to the bottom of
Windmill is the the frame (above). The
main focal point in landscape now seems more
this landscape view enclosed than previously.
Interesting cloud
formations are an Directional afternoon
important element sun creates 35mm camera with a
in this landscape contrasting areas of 100mm lens is hand-held
light and shade to allow greater freedom
of movement
Extreme viewpoint
Moving in closer to the
windmill and pointing
the camera up results in
an architectural shot
that excludes any clue
as to the landscape or
surrounding elements.
RECORDING TIMES OF DAY

Light is the key ingredient in a successful
landscape photograph. Its intensity and the
angle at which it illuminates the subject play
a vital role in conveying mood. Dawn light
is of low intensity and has a gentleness that
softens colors and definition. As the sun
climbs, the angle of light accentuates texture
and form. Toward noon the sun is overhead
and the contrast between light and shade is
intense. The light can be so strong that colors
are bleached out and the landscape seems
lifeless. In the afternoon as the sun descends,
color intensity, form, and texture improve,
and by dusk the scene has a rosy warmth.
Early afternoon Mid-morning

Light, color, form, and Although a clear morning,
texture are evident in this the sun is not yet high in
scene, shot in the soft light the sky, and a grayness
of early afternoon. hangs over the beach.
RECORDING TIMES OF DAY 159
PHOTO SET-UP: Time of day

One of the best ways to see how the mood of a
landscape is influenced by different light is to take a series
of pictures of the same subject throughout the course of
a single day, perhaps at mid-morning, in the afternoon, and
at sunset.To ensure the framing of all the shots is
consistent, take a careful note of your camera position,
camera height, and focal length, and line each shot up
with a prominent landmark, such as this seaside pier.
Toward sunset
With the sun low, contrast
is extreme. It is just
possible to discern a hint
Position of the corner of
the pier is carefully noted
of pink in the clouds close
so that the framing of to the sun, an effect that
each picture is identical will intensify as the sun
dips below the horizon.
35mm camera with a

28mm wide-angle lens
Low wall makes a handy

support to lean on and ensures
that all pictures in the sequence
are shot from the same height
and camera position
Day to night sequence

Dawn at Rio de Janeiro’s
Copacabana beach (top
row left and right). Colors
intensify as the sun climbs
in the sky (bottom row
left), until by late
afternoon (bottom row
right) the glass towers are
in shadow with a blue sky
behind. As night falls, the
sky turns a warm reddish
pink (below).
160 HOW TO TAKE BETTER PICTURES: LANDSC APE
Highlight exposure, left Afternoon light, above

Scenes containing large areas The mirrorlike water of this Irish
of water tend to be brighter estuary is broken only by the
because they reflect available boatman’s oars.The wooden boat
light – even the weak light and finger of land provide contrast
from a twilight sky. Here the to the pastel pink-green scene.
land is darkened by 6 x 6cm camera, 150mm lens,
taking an exposure reading Ektachrome 200, f5.6, 1/250 sec.
from the sky, which is the
brightest part of the scene,
leaving the rest of
the image underexposed.
35mm camera, 135mm
lens, Ektachrome 100, f8,
1/250 sec.
LANDSC APE GALLERY 161
Snow exposure, left
Snow reflects light, giving too high
a light reading for the subject, which
can result in underexposure. Here,
the lens is opened by one f-stop.
Sunset color, below

At sunset the landscape takes on an
orange cast.Wavelengths of blue light
are scattered, and longer red
wavelengths illuminate the scene.
Ultra-violet light, above

Large amounts of ultra-violet light
contribute to the overall coloration and
slight haziness of this scene.The fact that
the landscape is illuminated by light from a
deep blue sky rather than direct sunlight
also influences the strong color-cast.
Monochromatic landscape, left

This aerial composition consists almost
exclusively of shades of green, relieved
only by farm buildings, stone walls, and
grazing cattle.The sun is low in the sky
and throws long shadows across the
fields, producing almost tangible
surface textures.
Fujichrome 100, f5.6, 1/250 sec.
CHANGING LIGHT AND WEATHER

In unpredictable weather, light is variable, Sturdy tripod is essential in windy
conditions because it is impossible
changing from second to second, and this to hold the camera steady
presents specific problems when judging Clean cloth is used
to keep the UV filter
35mm SLR camera with a
exposure. Wet weather does not necessarily 135mm mid-telephoto lens
clear of moisture
lead to bad or uninteresting pictures, and it
certainly does not need to keep you from
taking photographs. Although you should
always take precautions to protect the
camera and lens from getting wet, a few
drops of rain will not cause damage.
Storm light, misty conditions, and heavy
rain can dramatically alter the appearance of
a landscape, merging and simplifying colors,
distorting perspective, and creating a varied
vista. Landscapes do not have to be shot in
fair weather – scenes shot in unfavorable
conditions can result in spectacular pictures.
EXPOSURE FOR VARIABLE LIGHT

Areas of bright highlight with clear detail
immediately stand out in a landscape picture,
and appear visually stronger in the frame. In
PHOTO SET-UP:Wet weather conditions
order to record an accurate impression, you Although it is not raining, the air is saturated with sea mist and spray at this location
may need to override the light meter and overlooking steep cliffs. A clear ultraviolet filter (also known as a UV filter) is used to
expose for the highlight to keep the shot protect the lens, which must be wiped with a soft, clean cloth to keep the glass
from being dominated by the shadow areas. completely clear of moisture.The UV filter has no effect on exposure.
Moving shadows, above Foreground in shadow, above The final shot, above
Gaps between the clouds produce shafts of A few seconds later, and the house and The most successful of the three landscape
light, so every minute different parts of the country road are now well illuminated. pictures shows a band of shadow in the
landscape are illuminated. Here, everything is lit However, the foreground is now in deep distance. However, the house, foreground,
except for the house in the center of the shot. shadow, creating a dark band across the shot. and the hills on the horizon are well lit.
CHANGING LIGHT AND WEATHER 163
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•rapidly,
In changeable weather, light varies
and you will need to shoot a
lot of images in order to have a
good final selection.
•from
Ultraviolet filters protect the lens
rain and mist, and minimize
the blue tinge that UV light creates
in coastal and mountain scenes.
Worsening weather, right

Shot with a 135mm lens, this seascape
shows the outline of the rocks quite
clearly. A few minutes later and the
mood of the scene changes completely.
The mist descends, below

The worsening weather conditions
have led to a drop in light levels and
a shift in color temperature, producing
a more atmospheric blue tinge on the
daylight-balanced slide film. This is shot
with the same camera set-up and
135mm lens.
BLACK AND WHITE VERSUS COLOR

If you try to take landscape shots using Color versus pattern
black and white film in the same way you The most striking feature of the color
version of the landscape (left) is the
would use color film, the resulting colorful russet hues of the rust on the
photographs are likely to be disappointing. old barn’s roof and sides. In the black
Often, it is the color content of a landscape and white version (below) that same
scene that creates an exciting picture – the area of the picture is dominated by
strong pattern and texture. The graphic
bright yellow of a cornfield, the myriad effect of the black and white landscape
shades of green in a forest panorama, the is emphasized by the directional early
autumnal reds and golds of a woodland evening sunlight.
carpeted with fallen leaves.
SIMPLIFIED TONES
In black and white photographs, however, it
is the contrast of light and shade and the
tonal gradations of white through black that
dominate the picture. What might appear
distinct and obvious in color often becomes
more ambiguous once the color content is
removed, resulting in a more subtle picture
open to a different interpretation.
PHOTO SET-UP: Black and white landscape

The photographs shown on this page illustrate the
difference between a landscape scene shot in color and
one shot in black and white.These images were shot
within a few minutes of one another from the same
camera position. A tripod is useful to maintain the same
framing of shots while cameras loaded with black and
white and color film are switched.
35mm camera Cable release and tripod Early evening light

with a 300mm ensure that no vibration is reveals the color,
long-focus lens transmitted to the camera texture, and pattern
when the shutter is released of the landscape
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
Many digital cameras
can record the invisible
infra-red parts of the
spectrum, giving similar
ghostly images as when
using black and white
infra-red film.To
harness this ability, use
a deep red filter (such
as a Wratten 89B).This
blocks nearly all visible
light, so long shutter
speeds and a tripod
are necessary. Shoot
using the camera’s
black and white mode.
BLACK AND WHITE VERSUS COLOR 165
Color versus shape Infra-red film, right

Comparing these landscape Objects appear to have
pictures, it is the bold different colors because
shape of the semi- they absorb and reflect
silhouetted tree that different wavelengths
dominates the black and of light. Infra-red sensitive
white version (top). In the film can capture light
color picture (above) it is that is invisible to the
the foreground stubble and eye, transforming images
plowed field that attract into unfamiliar tones
immediate attention. and shades.
Unreal effect, top Storm light, right

Black and white infra-red film gives Low clouds, failing light, and falling
almost unreal tonal appearances. rain might restrict some scenes
6 x 6cm camera, 80mm lens, taken on color film to just a few
Kodak IR, f8, 1/125 sec. indistinct hues.The same scene
photographed on black and
Tonal range, above white film reveals a wide range
Delicate shades of white through gray of tones from deep black to
make up this tranquil scene. nearly pure white.
6 x 6cm camera, 50mm lens, 6 x 6cm camera, 80mm lens,
Pan F, f11, 1/60 sec. Plus-X, f16, 1/60 sec.
RECORDING THE CHANGING SEASONS

It is in the temperate regions that seasonal Winter landscape
variations in the weather are most distinct. In A snow-covered hedgerow
and icy country lane have
tropical regions the sun stays high above the produced a wintry scene of
horizon and seasonal changes are between monochromatic simplicity.
wet and dry rather than hot and cold. Snow scenes often need
slight overexposure to keep
the whites free from any
THE CHANGING LANDSC APE appearance of dirtiness.
The photographic potential of a landscape
can be transformed by seasonal changes in
light and weather. In temperate regions, the
sun stays low in winter and high in summer,
which affects the quality of light. It is best to
shoot summer landscapes when the sun is Early summer
low in the sky, which restricts photography The light filtering through
to mornings and afternoons. Remember that the tree canopy makes
exposure difficult, and
latitude affects the color of the sky, so that it overexposure by just one
appears a deeper blue at high latitudes. f-stop could rob the scene
of its color and density of
PHOTO SET-UP: Woodland scene shadow. The scene is shot
A woodland clearing is the setting for this early summer using several shutter speeds
scene. A wide-angle shift lens (see page 192) is used to to avoid any miscalculation
avoid distorting perspective by tilting the camera upward. of the exposure.
Dappled light through the

trees makes bracketing 35mm camera
exposures (by using different with a 28mm shift
shutter speeds) lens helps avoid
a wise precaution converging verticals
Cable release and tripod are

essential to avoid camera shake
when using slow shutter speeds
RECORDING THE CHANGING SEASONS 169
Spring landscape, left Summer landscape

Wild forest flowers such as Viewed against the yellow
these bluebells are one of field, the old tree appears
the harbingers of spring. By almost silhouetted. The
keeping the camera angle fully saturated green at the
low, just enough of the bottom of the frame and
trees can be seen to give the intense blue sky above
the picture context. epitomize summer colors.
Lighting is even across the
scene because the tree Fall landscape
canopy is not yet fully With no foliage to obscure
grown. Note that the color its path to the ground, a
is more saturated in the fall sun infuses this leafy
shaded foreground. carpet with a fiery bronze.
PHOTOGRAPHING WATER AND LIGHT

Light reflected from a lake, river, or pond can
enhance an otherwise uninteresting landscape
scene. An expanse of water in itself often
makes an obvious focal point around which
to build your landscape composition.
It is also important that you view the scene
from different angles and heights. Seen from
one particular angle, an area of water may
appear emerald green as it reflects light from
foliage on nearby hillsides. When viewed
from a different angle, the surface of the
water may sparkle with bright blue highlights
as it mirrors the sky directly above it.
When light strikes the water’s surface, the
intensity of the reflection provides extra
illumination, radically altering the exposure.
To record reflected light in water you will
probably have to take exposure readings for
both the highlight and the shadow and select
an aperture somewhere in between.
PHOTO SET-UP: Calm water reflections

Looking across this landscaped pond it is obvious that
the brightest highlight in the frame is the reflection of the
distant trees, vegetation, and blue sky on the water’s
calm surface.The lighting is bright and even, coming from
a mid-afternoon sky unobscured by clouds.
Tripod-mounted 35mm
camera with a 150mm
long-focus lens
Distant trees are the Long-focus lens view

principal subject of In this close-up of the far bank, shot with
the photograph
a long-focus lens, the backlit foliage has
taken on a delicate translucency, while
light reflecting off the water’s surface
Reflections of the trees and
looks like a sheet of shimmering silver.
the bright sky appear on the The strong afternoon light filters through
water’s surface the trees to create a calm, tranquil image.
PHOTOGRAPHING WATER AND LIGHT 171
PHOTO SET-UP: Sunset reflections Subject is rendered as a Sunset silhouette

silhouette due to highlight
Spectacular reflections can be seen looking across a exposure reading
By selecting a low camera
seascape at sunset. A range of different color effects is angle, the seated figure is
possible depending on the exposure selected, the most aligned with the finger of
intense resulting from a highlight exposure reading.
Setting sun on reflected light. A higher
the horizon casts camera position would
a bright reflection
Hand-held 35mm camera on the water
lessen the graphic impact.
with 28–70mm zoom lens
COLOR-ENHANCING FILTERS
Filters can be used to improve colors or eliminate

unwanted reflections. Polarizing filters remove
reflections from water surfaces and intensify blue
skies. For a warm effect, use a light red skylight filter.
A light blue filter, in contrast, cools colors down.
Polarizing filter
Light blue filter Light red skylight filter

CREATING IMAGES OF MOVING WATER

Landscape scenes with moving water have
a special charm for photographers. A small
area of fast-moving water in an otherwise
placid landscape scene introduces a strong
contrast – white against blue, turbulence
against smoothness and mirrorlike calm.
Moving water in a landscape scene allows
you to experiment with a variety of shutter
speed effects. A rapidly moving mountain
stream shot in close-up needs a shutter speed
of at least 1/500 or 1/1000 second to capture
its motion. If you shoot it at 1/15 second, or
even slower, film speed and light levels
permitting, you will find that the moving
water takes on an entirely different character.
PHOTO SET-UP:Water movement

Even very minor changes in camera position can create
Frozen movement Blurred movement
very different photographs of the same subject. Compare,
A fast shutter speed of about 1/500 A slower shutter speed results in the water
for example, the appearance of the sea spray in this set- second is used to freeze the movement appearing soft and blurred. This picture of
up picture with the version opposite, in which a lower of water over the stony bed of this fast- the stream was shot at 1/4 second. Use a
viewpoint is taken. Careful selection of exposure and a flowing stream. A shutter speed this brief tripod (which keeps the camera steady)
fast shutter speed are needed to capture and highlight often requires the use of fast film and a and a small aperture to compensate for this
the way in which the light dances on the breaking waves. wide maximum aperture. length of exposure time.
35mm with a 28mm

wide-angle lens
Rock formation gives

added interest to the
foreground water
Brief shutter speed

effectively stops the
movement of the
spray and allows a hand-
held exposure
Low viewpoint, opposite

A low viewpoint is
selected for maximum
impact. The inclusion of
the shoreline in the
foreground, around which
the water is boiling, and
the menacing rock in the
distance add drama to the
breaking waves.
CREATING IMAGES OF MOVING WATER 173
PHOTOGRAPHING SEASCAPES
Capturing the sea and its many moods is a
constant challenge to the photographer. The
extreme variations in appearance associated
with the sea are due to the fact that the
water not only mirrors the changing moods
of the weather, but also magnifies them
many times over. Coastal conditions can be
very different from the weather just a few
miles inland, so it is advisable to check on
local conditions by telephoning the local
coastguard beforehand.
When photographing coastal scenes, time
of day is important, since this may dictate the
state of the tide, which affects the appearance
and accessiblity of the coast you want to
photograph. Remember to protect your
camera against damage from salt water and
sand by cleaning it with a dry cloth after use.
PHOTO SET-UP: Moods of the sea

The inclusion of a prominent coastal feature adds interest
to what would otherwise be a picture of just the sea and
sky. In this photo set-up a majestic arch of limestone rock
makes a perfect backdrop for the breaking waves.
Sculpted rock formation 35mm camera on a Shutter speed, above
is the obvious focal
point of this seascape,
tripod with a 28mm Selection of a fast or slow
wide-angle lens shutter speed determines
punctuating the division
between sea and sky how the movement of the
waves will appear.
Although the coast here is
calm, a shutter speed of
1/250 second still leaves
some wave areas blurred.
PHOTOGRAPHING SEASC APES 175
SPECIAL - EFFECT FILTERS

Polarizing, gradated, neutral density, and
light-balancing filters are intended to cut
down reflections and correct variations in
lighting without changing the overall color.
There are also filters that produce strong
color-casts for dramatic effect. Red, yellow,
and orange are the most popular filters for
use with black and white film. These filters
can darken a blue sky to emphasize the
white of the clouds. Color filters can also be
used with color film to enliven an otherwise Seascape without filter
uninteresting landscape. Remember that all

filters absorb some light, so you must allow
for a longer exposure time.
Filter effects deep blue filter used with
Strongly colored filters are this seascape produces the
designed for special effects most normal-looking image
and can radically alter our and the orange filter results
perception of a scene. The in the most dramatic image.
COLOR FILTERS
Color filters are available in a range of hues and

strengths for creating special effects with color film.
All filters subtract some of the light that strikes the Seascape with orange filter
glass, making slower shutter speeds and/or wider
apertures necessary to achieve a correct exposure
as the filter color becomes darker.The more the
image is underexposed, the stronger the color.
Green Orange
Seascape with yellow filter
Red Yellow
Yellow/green Blue
Seascape with blue filter
CAPTURING DRAMATIC SKIES

The sky, which may be an important
element in a landscape photograph, can also
make a fascinating pictorial subject in its
own right. Not only does the sky have an
almost endless capacity for color change –
from the deepest blues to vibrant gold and
crimson – but the variety of cloud formations
visible from one location in the course of a
single day may be breathtakingly wide,
especially when the weather is changeable.
SUN AND CLOUD EFFECTS

The most dramatic photographic opportunities
are when the sun illuminates banks of clouds
at an angle or when small, billowing clouds
are partially obscuring the sun. Dawn and
sunset are the times of day when the colors
of the sky are at their most variable and
dramatic, and usually most photogenic.
PHOTO SET-UP: Sky at sunset

In order to photograph the sky at sunset, set up your
camera on a tripod in advance and wait for the sun to dip
below the horizon. Shooting the sun itself may create flare
spots so it is better to wait until the sun is partly obscured
by clouds.The exposure reading is taken for the brightest
part of the sky so that the landscape appears black. Close-up view, above
The limited angle of view
of a long-focus lens fills
the frame with the intense
yellow of this particular
Sun is just above 35mm camera with a
the horizon and 200mm long-focus lens
stage of the sunset.
largely obscured
by clouds Sky and land, right
Tripod is always necessary
when using a long, heavy
Vertical framing emphasizes
lens, even if the exposure the contrast between the
time is brief vivid sunset colors and the
black of the landscape.
C APTURING DRAMATIC SKIES 177
Obscured sun, left Stormy sky, above

When the sun is obscured In this picture, high banks
by clouds, those closest to of thunderous cumulus
the camera position appear clouds are gathering over
dark and menacing, while the hills flanking a city,
dramatic shafts of light signalling the onset of a
penetrate the gaps beyond rainstorm. Storm cloud
and illuminate the peaks formations can change
of the clouds farther away. from second to second.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•greater
Keep the horizon low in the frame to give the sky
compositional weight.
•lightToreading
accentuate the colors of a sunset sky, take a
from the brightest part of the sky.
•white
When using a digital camera, do not use automatic
balance, as this may try to neutralize the colors.
Instead, use the manual setting for cloudy conditions,
which will boost the warm glow of the sunset.
Scale and interest

A dramatic sunset scene illustrates just
how effectively water or, in this case,
wet sand, mirrors and reflects the
colors of the sky. Note, too, how the
lone figure walking on the beach adds
an important element of scale and
interest to the composition.
Wide-angle view, below left

Dramatic clumps of cumulus clouds,
with cirrus formations above,
transform this sunset sky into a poem
of shape, form, texture, and color. A
wide-angle lens gives a sense of depth
and perspective to the photograph.
Hidden light, below right

Timing is critical when there are
banks of moving clouds and the sun
itself is in the shot. From the angle
that this picture was taken, the cloud
shields the camera from the intensity
of the sun.
Silhouette lighting
For this spectacular view of
St. Michael’s Mount in Cornwall,
England, a light reading was first
taken from the brightest part of the
sky.The camera was then redirected
and the scene photographed.The
result is a stark silhouette
dominating the horizon.
Rainbow hues
Rainbows occur when droplets of
moisture refract the sun’s rays and
split them into their constituent
wavelengths.To intensify the
strength of a rainbow’s colors, this
shot is underexposed by between
a half and one full f-stop.
PHOTOGRAPHING URBAN LANDSCAPES

One of the most visually rich photographic
resources we have readily at hand is the city.
City centers, dominated by towering glass
and steel structures, can be a fascinating mix
of architectural statements, especially when
contrasted with more traditional building
styles, or when seen in the context of urban
areas awaiting renewal. Watch for repeating
patterns, dramatic shapes, contrasts of
natural and artificial features, the use of
color, even the written word on billboards,
the sides of delivery vans, and neon signs.
Brand color bias these two images were both taken from
The early evening summer light casts the camera position shown in the photo
shadows over waterfront buildings in set-up under identical lighting conditions.
dramatic contrast to the lit area behind. Whereas one picture (above) has a strong
Color can vary depending on the film green cast and is lighter, the other picture
brand used (see page 31). For example, (left) has a blue cast and is much darker.
PHOTO SET-UP: London Embankment
A personal view of urban life could include landmarks Hand-held 35mm Choose a city
that typify a city for you.The location for this picture set- camera fitted with a landmark as the focal
up is the Embankment beside the River Thames in 70–210mm zoom lens point of the picture
London, and the view takes in St. Paul’s Cathedral.
Railings make a convenient

place to lean against to
steady the camera
Early evening light

casts strong shadows
on the water’s surface
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•thatChoose a camera position

will give a good overall view
of the city.
•buildings
Contrast between old and new
may make an interesting
subject for photographs.
•exposure
Use a tripod and a long
to record subject detail
at dusk.
PHOTOGRAPHING URB AN LANDSC APES 181
Time of day
Cityscapes change radically
when viewed at different
times of day. In this shot,
taken just after dusk, there
is enough daylight to
reveal details in the
buildings and streets, yet
there is also sufficient
artificial light to add extra
color and interest.
Dramatic sky, below left

Framing to give a low
horizon imparts great
emphasis to the sky in this
cityscape. The storm-laden
clouds are dramatic in
themselves, but the
composition is full of
tension, as if the forces of
nature are gathering to
assault the city below.
Selected viewpoint, below

Finding a high viewpoint
from which to shoot is an
excellent way of showing
tall buildings without the
intrusion of converging
verticals typical of ground-
level shots. Here, the high
viewpoint shows another
aspect of urban topography
– the contrast between
recently built skyscrapers
and lower, older buildings.
PHOTOGRAPHING LANDSCAPES AT NIGHT

As night draws near, a range of picture-taking
opportunities opens up. One of the best times
to shoot is at dusk. At this time there is still
sufficient ambient light to define subject detail
and add color to the sky, but street lamps and
car lights start to become visible. These factors
combine to make great lowlight photographs.
EXPERIMENTING WITH EXPOSURE The structure of

the bridge is well
As the sky becomes darker, exposure times defined with lights
increase dramatically, but with a tripod or
35mm camera with a
some other form of camera-steadying device 135mm long-focus lens
this should not present a problem. Bracketing
shots by experimenting with several different PHOTO SET-UP:
exposures is essential for night photography. Luminescent bridge
Make a note of your exposure times and The long shutter speeds mean a
tripod is necessary – the high contrast
compare these with your processed results. If scene makes accurate metering difficult,
you do this regularly you will soon start to so a bracketed sequence with exposures of
build up an instinct for nighttime exposures two, four and eight seconds was taken. Note how the The tripod is essential to
under a range of different lighting conditions. water reflects the lights along the bridge and riverside. prevent camera shake
Colored filters
These three pictures were
all taken from the position
shown in the set-up
picture. Different colored
filters were used for
dramatic effect. For the first
picture of the illuminated
bridge no lens filter was
used (top). The color is not
entirely natural, however,
because of the effect of the
tungsten lights on the
daylight film. For the
subsequent images, yellow
(above) and orange filters
(left) were used.
PHOTOGRAPHING LANDSC APES AT NIGHT 183
MOVING LIGHTS AT NIGHT

Some of the most impressive nightscapes are
produced when you include moving lights in
the frame. A long exposure turns cars into
streaks of red and white, created by their
taillights and headlights. These trails add a
sense of movement and added interest to a
city scene after dark. Set up your camera on
a tripod at the side of the road or on a high
vantage point overlooking the roadway. The
length of the streaks of light is determined
by the length of the exposure – for the best
results, shutter speeds of around 30 seconds
or more are usually necessary.
Light of the moon, below
DIGITAL SOLUTION A full moon is surprisingly
bright, creating a high-
Experiment with the
contrast scene when
different manual white included in a nightscape.
balance settings to see Here, the moon was
which works best with allowed to burn out, to
the mixture of light ensure that the lights of
sources available. the city in the foreground
were exposed properly.
Overview, above Tunnel vision, below
A high roof gives a great The dashboard of a
view of London’s Big Ben. moving vehicle is used to
The long 40-second support the camera for this
exposure, using the shot taken inside a tunnel
camera’s B-setting, makes in New York. The tiles of
the view more colorful – the tunnel roof and walls
turning cars crossing the reflect the red taillights of
bridge into streaks of red the cars creating an
and white light. interesting abstract scene.
184 HOW TO TAKE BETTER PICTURES: ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE SET- UP
ARCHITECTURE This newly built shopping mall is surrounded
by tall metal railings, which make it problematic
Architecture is a very broad subject area, encompassing to photograph.The only way to achieve an
both modern, state-of-the-art developments and traditional unobstructed view of the building is to stand
buildings; places of work and industry; religious centers; as close to the railings as possible and shoot
homes both suburban and stately; and bridges and dams, as over the top of them. From this angle it is not
possible to include the whole of the building,
well as interiors and decorative details.
so it had to be decided at the outset which
part of the building to emphasize. It would also
Viewpoint and perspective have been possible to shoot down from the
Some professional cameras allow the normal pathway above, but from that angle views of
focusing screen to be removed and replaced
the adjacent street would have been
by an architectural screen – a grid of parallel
unavoidably included in the shot.
vertical and horizontal lines. This screen is
used as a guide to ensure that your framing
shows the subject square and perfectly upright.
Using a wide angle lens Practical considerations

See pages 188–189 Outdoor architectural photography is largely
dependent on available light. Take the time to
see how the light reacts with the features you
want to emphasize. Is the angle of the light
from direct sun casting shadows over the
detailing you want to see, or do you regard
those same shadows as a positive asset in your
picture, creating interesting patterns of light
and shade? If the lighting is not right on one
side of the building, then it may be better on
Using a shift lens
See pages 192–193 the other, or you may have to come back at a
different time of day. The sky is also a major
consideration when photographing buildings.
Dramatic pictures can result from cloudless or
stormy skies, but overcast gray skies should be
avoided if at all possible. Extreme weather
conditions, such as mist or fog, will add a
new dimension to your photographs.
Working in confined space

Interiors If space outside or inside a building is tight,
See pages 198–201
then a wide-angle lens (and sometimes a shift,
or perspective-control, lens) will be invaluable
for including all of the subject in the frame.
Often it will be a detail or an isolated feature
of the building that catches your eye, and to
record this a long-focus lens may be the
answer. For lighting a small interior (or a small
area of a large one), a hand-held flash unit
may be useful, but you will also need to use
fast film and long exposures that require a
Interior details
See pages 202–205 tripod or some other camera-steadying device.
ARCHITECTURE 185
High-contrast lighting
A highlight exposure OVERHEAD VIEW
reading from the strong,
directional sunlight results
Direction
in this contrasty image. of light
The camera angle is such
that the railings behind
form arcs on either side of Architectural
the dome. subject
18ft
(6m)
Camera
EQUIPMENT
Camera
A 35mm camera with a 28mm wide-angle shift lens
is used to include the domelike roof of the building •spare
35mm SLR camera and
film
without tilting the camera up and causing the
vertical lines to converge.The camera is loaded with
medium-speed ISO 200 film. •Range of lenses
•Flashgun
•Reflector
VIEWING A BUILDING
Most buildings, unless they are slab-sided and PHOTO SET-UP: Lloyds of London
featureless towers, have countless different A visually complex building such as the Lloyds Building in London provides innumerable
angles, faces, moods, and features to offer photographic opportunities.The overall shape of the structure makes a powerful design
the camera. As you move around the statement and the geometric arrangement of steel pipes and girders is striking.
building you are interested in photographing,
Design of building allows plenty of
keep a careful watch for architectural details opportunity for picking out interesting
both above and below your usual eyeline. architectural details
Look for the flow or rhythm that the building
projects and see how you might enhance
these characteristics on film, or even suppress Glass reflects the blue sky
them for a more personal interpretation. and white clouds –
a polarizing filter could
Look, too, at how the angle of light strikes be used to cut down
these reflections
the building, and decide when the optimum
time of day is in terms of lighting for your
photographs. Lenses of varying focal lengths,
or different settings on a zoom, can influence
the appearance of a building dramatically.
Try viewing the subject through the camera
with a series of different lenses attached
before you start to take any pictures.
Hand-held
35mm camera
with a 28mm
wide-angle lens
Extreme viewpoint, above Light coming

The dizzying convergence from directly
of vertical lines is produced behind the
by an extreme camera photographer
casts a strong
angle, near ground level forward-pointing
and shooting upward. This shadow
approach imparts a sense
of exaggerated height.
Usual viewpoint, left

This picture is taken from
slightly farther back than
the position shown in the
photo set-up. There is
some convergence of the
parallel lines, but the
distortion effect is minimal.
VIEWING A BUILDING 187
Tilting the camera

An interpretative approach
has been achieved here by
photographing the building
from an unusual angle.
This effect is created by
tilting the camera at an
angle to the subject.
Abstract pattern
A striking way to portray
this modern building is to
emphasize the abstract
pattern produced by the
gleaming steel pipes.
Implied movement
The camera viewpoint in
this shot emphasizes the
vertical nature of the
architecture and introduces
movement in the frame.
USING A WIDE - ANGLE LENS

Wide-angle lenses are essential for many
architectural subjects, simply because it is
often impossible or impractical to move
far enough back to use a longer lens. When
outdoors, other structures usually restrict your
vantage point, and when shooting interiors,
walls present an insurmountable hurdle.
Moderate wide-angle lenses (with a focal
length of around 28mm) allow you to tackle
most exteriors. A lens with an even wider
angle (16–20mm), however, is useful for
shooting smaller rooms. Such ultra-wide lenses
also seem to suit modern architecture well. Handheld SLR, above
A wide-angle lens gives
Lenses in this focal length range produce a
enough depth of field without
certain amount of distortion that can be using small apertures, so
inappropriate with some subjects, but suits the camera shake is minimized.
forms found in many modern landmarks. By
Barrel distortion, left
framing the subject symmetrically, the bowed The extreme angle of view
lines created by such lenses seem to become turns the straight paving
part of the design. stones into curved lines.
USING A WIDE-ANGLE LENS 189
Elevated position, above

Shooting from halfway up
the structure gives a fairly
undistorted view of both
atrium floor and roof.
Leading the eye, right

Wide-angle lenses can be
used to create a strong
feeling of linear perspective.
Photographing this staircase
from the bottom step
creates strong, converging
diagonal lines.
Unusual angles, opposite

Many grand-scale interiors
look interesting if you look
upward at the ceiling. This
may mean lying down on
the floor, or resting the
camera on the ground as
impromptu support.
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
•wide
To achieve ultra-
focal lengths on
digital cameras with
built-in lenses, use a
wide-angle or semi-
fisheye attachment.
•manually
Set the white balance
for interiors to
allow for a mixture of
light sources.
Searching for
symmetry, right
One of the most successful
techniques to use with all
modern architecture is to
search out the shapes and
patterns used in the
building – and then
show these in isolation.
This frequently produces
powerful abstract studies.
zoom lens, ISO 200,
f8, 1/250 sec.
Adding curves, right

The use of an ultra-wide-
angle lens does not always
have to be apparent, but
here the distortion has
been used to contribute to
the composition.The
straight, rectangular barriers
of the balcony have been
transformed into a curved
shape that echoes the
curves seen in the roof.
zoom lens, ISO 200,
f8, 1/60 sec.
Sense of space, far right

In most pictures you avoid
showing large, empty areas
in the foreground. Here, the
white floor tiles help to
convey the feeling of space,
light, and openness of this
public building.
zoom lens, ISO 200,
f4, 1/60 sec.
ARCHITECTURE GALLERY 191
The Forum, above

All the pictures in this
gallery are taken of, or
from, the same building in
Norwich, England. It is such
a fascinating, well-lit building
that wherever you point
your camera there is a
picture.This view shows the
entrance with the church
framed in the windows.
zoom lens, ISO 200,
f8, 1/60sec.
Ancient and modern,

above right
It is sometimes possible to
contrast different styles of
architecture by
photographing old buildings
reflected in the mirror-like
glass of new ones. Here a
slightly different approach
has been used. Using an
ultra wide-angle lens, the
entrance of the new
building becomes a frame
for the neighboring church.
zoom lens, ISO 200,
f8, 1/250 sec.
Surroundings, right
Avoid always showing
buildings in isolation. Often
the neighboring landscape
and street scene are
important to show their
impact, as well as their
context. By including The
Forum small in the frame, it
is possible to see how well
this ultra-modern structure
has been integrated into the
historic city around it.
zoom lens, ISO 200,
f8, 1/250 sec.
USING A SHIFT LENS

The apparent convergence of vertical lines at
the top of a picture frame is most noticeable SHIFT LENS
when a camera is tilted up to include the top A shift, or perspective control (PC), lens alters the
of a tall building. This is caused because the appearance of vertical lines. By turning a knob on the
back of the camera, and the film plane, are no lens you can make the front of the lens shift upward,
longer parallel with the subject. The base of downward, or sideways. So instead of tilting the
the structure is closer to the film and seems camera to include the top of a building, simply shift
the lens upward until the top of the building comes
larger; the top is farther away and appears into view on the focusing screen. Shift lenses are
smaller. This results in the sides of the building costly, are only available for certain 35mm and digital
appearing to converge at the top. By moving SLRs, and usually have a fixed wide-angle focal length.
back from the subject, you may be able to get
all the building in without tilting the camera,
Before and after
but details might then look small. Using a shift These photographs taken
lens is the solution to this problem. with a shift lens (left) and
without (far left) show how
PHOTO SET-UP: Perspective problems this lens corrects the
This 17th-century customs house on a quayside in appearance of converging
Kings Lynn, England, illustrates the problems of distorted vertical lines. A shift lens
perspective. If shot from close-up with a wide-angle lens, has greater covering power
than a normal lens,
the building would appear to fall away and topple backward. allowing you to change the
image without having to
35mm camera
with a 28mm If a shift lens is not used, move the camera.
shift lens perspective distortion tends to
be more obvious toward the
tops of buildings
Sides of the building

remain vertical-looking
when a shift lens is used
Telephoto lens result, left

Distortion occurs if a shift
lens is not used; compare
the top of the building
with the result of the
set-up (right).
Shift lens result, right

The sides of the building
now appear perfectly
square. The shift control
raised the front of the
lens, which straightens
vertical lines and corrects
any perspective distortion.
USING A SHIFT LENS/PHOTOGRAPHING EXTERIOR DETAILS 193
PHOTOGRAPHING EXTERIOR DETAILS

The details on the outside of a building can PHOTO SET-UP: Architectural details Doorway is lit by diffused daylight
that emphasizes
sometimes tell you more about the building The subject of this set-up is the carved stonework the texture of
than the whole structure. An entire building, of a church doorway and surround. A 28mm the stonework
wide-angle shift lens is used to make sure there is
especially a large one, would appear so
no perspective distortion caused by converging
small in the frame that much of interest vertical lines.The doorway is lit by diffused,
could be lost or overlooked. Another point directional daylight from a bright sky, but with no
to consider is that the lighting might be direct sunlight falling within the picture area.
ideal for features such as a doorway, 35mm camera on a tripod with a
colonnade, or windows, but unsuitable for 28mm wide-angle shift lens
the building as a whole.

The focal length of the lens required for
exterior details is dependent on the size of
the feature to be photographed and how
close you can get to it. For example, a
gargoyle under the eaves of a cathedral
roof may require a lens of at least 300mm
for a reasonably sized image, while to
include all of the main entrance of that
same building, a 28mm wide-angle lens
may well be needed. A typical standard
zoom lens will provide a range of options.
Textural emphasis, above Long lens details Taken with a 250mm lens setting, the
The doorway in the set-up picture is lit by diffused Using a long telephoto lens allows you elaborate carving on the columns
daylight that helps bring out the texture of the stone. to record architectural details that you (above left) and the grotesque face of
Bright, direct sunlight would result in dark shadows might easily miss with the naked eye, the gargoyle (above) fill the picture
that would mask important detail. or with a general wide-angle shot. frame, and so can be studied in detail.
Introducing drama, top Time of day, above

An intense sun and low camera Photographs of ancient sites, such
viewpoint highlight the walls of this as this of the Ramesseum (the
Canadian granary, producing mortuary temple of Ramesses II on
dramatic contrast against the deep the west bank of the Nile at Luxor
shadows of the unlit surfaces. in Egypt) are often best taken at
35mm camera, 28mm lens, midday when the sun is overhead,
Ektachrome 64, f16, 1/125 sec. creating strong contrast between
highlights and shadows.
Foreground addition, left 35mm camera, 35mm lens,
The space in front of this mosque Kodachrome 25, f22, 1/250 sec.
in Istanbul is relieved by placing a
figure in the foreground.
Ektachrome 64, f11, 1/125sec.
Intentional distortion, right

By moving in close to the base
of this building and tilting the
camera back, the towering glass
edifice appears almost to be
toppling over, as if giving up its
struggle against gravity.The
curved gridwork adds dynamic
pattern to the composition.
Polarizing filter, top Color content, left

The impact of this stark, white Even when the architectural merits of a
building would have been building are dubious, its color content may
diminished without the use of a still make it an eyecatching subject for a
polarizing filter, which darkens the photograph. In the drab surroundings of a
blue of the slightly stormy sky. Moroccan backstreet, the birthday-cake
35mm camera, 35mm lens, pink, green, and blue color scheme of this
Ektachrome 200, f8, 1/250 sec. building has immediate impact.
35mm camera, 85mm lens, Ektachrome
Lead-in lines, above 100, f22, 1/60 sec.
A shadowy wall guides the eye
toward the main subject of this
scene, a church on a Greek island.
Ektachrome 200, f16 , 1/250sec.
PHOTOGRAPHING INTERIORS
Photographing the interiors of buildings has
its limitations, primarily associated with FISHEYE LENSES AND CONVERTERS
working in a confined space and the quality Fisheye lenses give an extreme wide-angle,
and intensity of the lighting. Relying on but distorted, view of the world.Those
natural light can result in strong contrasts, that give a full-frame image typically have
with beams of light entering through well- a focal length of around 15 or 16mm.
Circular fisheyes, with a focal length of
defined window areas and casting distant
around 8mm, produce a round image in
parts of the room into shadow. If this is not the center of the film area.The angle of
the effect you want to achieve, use a white view for both is around 180°. Fisheye
cardboard reflector or mirror to bounce light converters, which produce similar
into dark corners or supplement the light effects, are made for digital cameras with
using an add-on flash unit. built-in zooms.
USING A WIDE - ANGLE LENS

Unless you want shots of specific details that
require the use of a long-focus lens, a 28mm
or 35mm wide-angle lens is best for limited
spaces if your aim is to include as much of
the room as possible in the shot. You will
still need to select the most appropriate angle
and rearrange furniture if it is a vital element.
PHOTO SET-UP: Using a fisheye lens

Photographing this old-fashioned kitchen would be difficult
without an extreme wide-angle lens. A 15mm fisheye lens
fits in as much of the room as possible.This results in
extreme distortion – most noticeable at the front of the
frame.The front-to-back distance is also very exaggerated.
Extreme views, above
The bowing of all vertical
lines positioned near the
frame edges evident in this
picture is typical of images
taken with extreme wide-
angle lenses. Depth of
field at every aperture is so
great with a 15mm fisheye
lens that there is virtually
no need to focus.
35mm camera with a 15mm

fisheye lens
Tripod is required to hold

camera steady during long
exposure of two seconds
Objects are positioned at the

front of the frame to emphasize
the distortion effect of this
extreme wide-angle lens
PHOTOGRAPHING INTERIORS 197
PHOTO SET-UP: Additional flash lighting

The living room of architect Richard Rogers’ ultra-modern
home is used as a portrait setting in this picture set-up.
An interior containing a figure requires an even, balanced
lighting scheme to light the surroundings as well as the
subject.This means you will nearly always have to use
additional flash lighting to supplement available light.
6 x 7cm camera with a

standard 80mm lens is
positioned on a high tripod
Two lighting units bounce

soft, indirect frontlighting
onto the seated figure
Single lighting unit close to

the subject is used to
bounce sidelighting off a
light-colored canvas
Standing figure, above

By positioning the subject
away from the skylight, the
potential lighting problems
are at once lessened. The
flash lights become more
important, but there is
now no need to balance
them with the natural light.
Seated figure, left

Positioning the subject off-
center is a useful device
when both the figure and
the interior are important.
The figure is backlit by
natural light and the flash
is just used as a fill-in.
WORKING IN LARGE INTERIORS

Working inside a large interior usually means High viewpoint
being selective about what you include in the This shot of the entrance
hall is taken from a higher
picture and what you leave out. If you cannot angle than the photo set-
accommodate everything in the frame even by up. Taken from a standard
using your widest lens, then look for the angle viewpoint, the ceiling is
that shows the most revealing or impressive excluded from the picture.
aspects of the particular location.
Often you will find that the best camera Low viewpoint, below
This dramatic picture results
position is directly in front of the windows, from the low camera angle
with the camera looking into the interior. In in the set-up photo. The
this way the light will be behind you and the pillars appear to converge,
interior features will be lit from the front or directing the viewer’s gaze
to the ceiling. The staircase
side. If there are windows in both flanking seems far steeper from this
walls, then a more central camera position position and the foreground
may result in the most flexible lighting. area has been minimized.
PHOTO SET-UP: Camera viewpoint

The marble hall of this stately home, with a grand staircase
leading up past ornamental pillars to a galleried landing, is
best viewed from the center of the ground floor to take
full advantage of the daylight entering through the windows
in the side walls above and behind the camera.
Low camera viewpoint 35mm camera with

and use of a wide-angle a 15mm wide-angle
lens includes the ornate lens is positioned
ceiling in shot on a short tripod
WORKING IN LARGE INTERIORS 199
PHOTO SET-UP: Painting with light

FLASH TECHNIQUES To light the high ceiling in this church, a flash unit is fired from a
A single burst of light from a hand-held flash unit variety of positions around the interior to direct the light at
different parts of the roof.
does not make much of a difference in terms of The flash gun is pointed
lighting a large interior, especially one with a high towards the ceiling from
various points around
ceiling like the church shown in this photo set-up. the interior
Rather than firing the flash just once, try setting the
camera’s shutter to T (time), then press the cable
release to lock it open and fire the flash manually
as many times as you think you need for a correct
exposure. A tripod is essential if you use this
technique during an exposure of many seconds.
You may need the help of an assistant to shield the
lens while you move between flash positions.
With and without flash Camera shutter is held open

The first picture (below) was throughout the exposure
using a locking cable release
taken without flash. An
exposure of six seconds gives
detail where the light falls, but 35mm camera on a tripod
the roof area is lost in shadow. with a 28mm shift lens
For the next shot (below right),
the shutter was held open while
a hand-held flash was fired at
different parts of the roof.
LIGHTING SIMPLE INTERIORS

Simple interiors can make fascinating
subjects for the camera. Whereas large
public buildings are designed to project an
impersonal public image, people’s homes
are full of private, intimate touches that can
reveal much about those who live there.
NATURAL LIGHTING
When shooting an interior you must decide
whether to rely on natural daylight from
windows, doors, or skylights, or to use
artificial lighting such as flash or tungsten
lights. The color temperature of daylight and
flash are the same, so color-casts are not a
problem on ordinary, daylight-balanced film.
Do not, however, turn on any of the room
lights unless you want an orange cast.
PHOTO SET-UP: Directional daylight

This kitchen is lit solely by light entering through the
large windows on the right. Contrast could have been
a problem were it not for the white walls, which reflect
light and so keep the shadows from becoming too dense.
35mm camera with a Directional daylight

28mm wide-angle lens from the windows
is positioned on a is the only source
tripod in one corner of illumination
of the room
Country kitchen, above

This shot is composed in
the camera viewfinder to
exclude unwanted details.
The high camera position
looks over the top of the
sink unit and the framing
is tight in on the cabinets
to avoid the edge of the
door frame appearing in
the shot.
Church interior, left

Directional daylight from
windows on the left of
the frame is the chief
illumination for this simple
church interior. Natural
daylight casts shadows into
the central aisle, adding to
the mood and atmosphere
of the tranquil scene.
LIGHTING SIMPLE INTERIORS 201
Lit by flash
Note how evenly the
scene is illuminated using
fill-in flash. However, in
this flash version some of
the mood has been lost
and the absence of
shadows removes the
sense of depth.
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
•balance
Set the white
manually,
particularly if the room
is lit by a mixture of
lighting sources.
•onLook at the image

the screen to make
sure that there are no
extraneous details.
•walls,
Minor marks on
etc., can be
removed later using
cloning techniques.
White-painted wall Flash lighting head is

and ceiling make ideal angled upward
surfaces off which to toproduce indirect,
bounce light reflected illumination
Lit by daylight
This picture is taken in Cable release
natural daylight without
using flash. In comparison
with the shot taken using 35mm camera with a
flash (top), the scene looks 28mm wide-angle lens is
more natural and has an positioned on a high tripod
intimate atmosphere.
PHOTO SET-UP: Supplementing light

Although supplementary flash can be used to light an
interior when daylight is not sufficient, the effect of even
lighting is difficult to achieve and can ruin the atmosphere
of a room.To illuminate this entire bedroom with flash
would require a minimum of three lighting units. One
flash unit is used here to light a corner of the room.
PHOTOGRAPHING INTERIOR DETAILS

Stairwells, windows, and doorways are just PHOTO SET-UP: Stairway detail
some of the interior details that often make a Although flash could be used for a small interior detail
far more revealing and interesting subject for such as this stairway, it is preferable to rely on daylight
a photograph than the setting as a whole. whenever possible. Natural light lends a moody and
atmospheric quality that is almost impossible to achieve
with flash or tungsten. Although the levels of ambient light
DETAILS IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS appear high, a long four-second exposure using fast film
If you are shooting in a large public building, makes the use of a tripod essential.
such as a church, museum, or stately home,
you may need a long-focus lens to enlarge the Tripod is essential if you 35mm camera with
are shooting a long a wide-angle 28mm
detail in the frame. In addition, camera angles exposure, and it is also shift lens
may be restricted; a 70–210mm zoom allows useful for keeping the
camera in precisely the
you the flexibility to adjust the size of the position you want
subject in the frame without changing position.
However, zoom lenses have small maximum
apertures, limiting their use in poor light. It
is best to use a fast film to avoid blurred
pictures caused by slow shutter speeds and
to overcome problems of shallow depth of
field due to shooting at maximum aperture.
Remember that you may need to ask
permission to use a tripod in a public building.
Framing of detail, left

Space is very restricted on PROFESSIONAL TIPS
the upper landing of this
oak stairway, making it •theIf camera
using an ordinary wide-angle lens, keep
back parallel with the subject to
difficult to position the
tripod and to frame the avoid unwanted distortion of perspective.
shot correctly. In order to
keep the lens level and •canInteriors lit by natural window light alone
be contrasty; use a simple reflector to
avoid any perspective
distortion, a 28mm wide- lighten shadows.
angle shift lens is used.
PHOTOGRAPHING INTERIOR DETAILS 203
STAINED GLASS WINDOWS

Although most often seen in churches,
stained glass windows are also found in
some secular buildings. For successful
results, try to get as close as possible to the
window and level with the detail you want
to record. If the windows are high up, use a
long-focus lens. The light coming through
the glass is best from an evenly lit, overcast
sky. The lower the light levels, the deeper
the color of the glass will appear. Always use
a tripod and allow long exposure times.
PHOTO SET-UP: Stained glass detail
It is best to position the camera as level with the window
as possible, so that it is neither pointing up nor down.
Because of the height of the window being photographed
in this photo set-up, the tripod is raised higher than
normal by placing its legs on three identical chairs.
35mm camera with

a 28–70mm wide-angle
zoom lens
Tripod is needed
to support the
camera since low
light levels require
Chairs are used to raise a long exposure
the camera level with
the windows
Subdued lighting intensity of color over

Light from a bright but the glass. Positioning the
overcast sky usually gives windows in the viewfinder
the best results when so that the black metal
photographing stained borders serve to frame
glass. In these pictures the scenes strengthens
(above) there is an even the resulting effect.
Powerful symmetry, right
Some of the finest architectural
features in churches are to be
found high above the heads of the
worshippers and visitors below:
majestic arches, delicate stained-
glass windows, and intricately
detailed columns and ceilings.
Harmony of tone, below

Overcast light is often the least
flattering for architectural work.
The lack of contrast in this detail,
however, has created an image
composed of harmonious tones.
The only black that can be seen is
the view into the interior, framing
the window on the other side.
Indirect lighting, far left

The ornately carved stonework
and marble floor of this building
are seen to best advantage when
the sun bounces off the walls of
the courtyard and indirectly
reaches the interior depicted here.
Focusing on detail, left

By selecting the appropriate focal
length lens, or focal setting on a
zoom lens, you can isolate a single
detail of architectural merit, such
as this ancient wooden door and
surround, in an otherwise
uninteresting scene.
Selective focus
The choice of a relatively large
aperture to focus on the opaque
glass and ironwork of this light
fixture renders the background
slightly out of focus so that it does
not compete for attention.
Kodachrome 64, f5.6, 1/60 sec.
Graphic imagery
By omitting the doors, windows, and
other features of this Tudor house,
the black of the timbers seen
against the white of the infill makes
for a strong, graphic image.
Domestic tungsten, above

When shooting an interior, you will
often have to rely on the available
light.This scene of a stairway is lit by
a mixture of natural daylight and
domestic tungsten bulbs.Where the
tungsten lighting is strongest, a warm
orange color-cast is noticeable.
Venetian detail Interpretative result Selective geometry, right

These candy-striped mooring poles For this interior view of the All types of architectural styles
make the location of the image Guggenheim Museum, New York, provide interesting details for the
(Venice) immediately obvious to which has a series of spiraling camera lens. In this picture, the view
the viewer.There is no need for a galleries, the exposure is set for the has been chosen so that the image is
wider angle to communicate more brightest parts of the scene.The composed of geometric shapes –
clues as to the identity of the locale. result is abstract. squares, rectangles, and triangles.
35mm camera, 135mm lens, 35mm camera, 28mm lens, 35mm camera, 85mm lens,
Kodachrome 200, f11, 1/60 sec. Kodachrome 64, f16, 1/125 sec. Fujichrome 100, f16, 1/250 sec.
206 HOW TO TAKE BETTER PICTURES: NATURE
NATURE SET- UP
NATURE Photographing this lily pond requires careful
framing with a zoom lens to avoid unwanted
Photography has an increasingly important role to play in details.The lighting is diffused, with the sun
recording the natural world. As human habitation spreads hidden behind clouds. An overhanging tree
ever deeper into the landscape, submerging meadows and also reduces available light. Note how the
forests, photography can reveal a unique beauty of form, green of the lily pads seems to be intensified
by the heavy shade, while the white lilies show
color, and texture that might otherwise pass unnoticed.
up starkly in comparison. However, conditions
change rapidly, and later in the day the sun
A question of scale broke through the clouds to bathe the lilies
The key to successful nature photography is to with direct light and completely change the
move in close to capture the many guises of
atmosphere of the scene.
nature. Close-up photography no longer
represents a technical problem. Many modern
cameras allow close focusing with ordinary
lenses and many zoom lenses also have macro
mode settings that let you shoot with the front
Nature in close-up element almost touching the subject.
See pages 208–209
Close-up equipment
Additional close-up equipment such as bellows
units and extension tubes allow you to get
extremely close to your subject. Successful
nature photography relies to a large degree on
you, the photographer, adjusting your sense of
scale. Viewed from a distance, a bluebell patch
is a subtle wash of color, but you can move in
Macrophotography closer so that your view is of a single plant,
See pages 210–211 and then closer still so that a single flower fills
the frame, and then perhaps even closer so that
a detail of a single flower is revealed.
Confined view
Although your view is more restricted when
working with natural history subjects than
when you are photographing landscapes, the
basic disciplines that are needed to make good
Macro lighting
See pages 212–213
pictures in any field of interest still apply. First,
use your judgment to find the most appropriate
camera angle from which to photograph your
subject. Second, think about the best possible
composition and adjust framing to maximize
the distribution of color and tone within the
frame. Third, experiment with horizontal and
vertical framing: even try framing the subject
diagonally if that seems best. Finally, consider
the lighting for your subject and if it is not
appropriate, think about returning at another
time of day when the lighting direction and
Flowers and shrubs
See pages 218–219 quality are more favorable.
NATURE 207
OVERHEAD VIEW
Direction of light Camera and tripod
6ft (2m)
Nature subject
Effect of sunlight
Direct sunlight lessens the EQUIPMENT
contrast between the lily
pads and flowers, but •camera
35mm SLR
and plenty
highlights the difference
between the plant and the of spare film
Camera Lighting dark, reflective surface of
A 35mm camera with a Dappled light from overhanging the surrounding water. •including
Range of lenses
a 100mm
70–210mm zoom lens set at about tree casts shadows over part of
90mm and positioned on a tripod. the water and intensifies the color macro lens
The camera is loaded with saturation of the leaves and
medium-speed ISO 200 film flowers beneath
•extension
Bellows and
tubes
208 HOW TO TAKE BETTER PICTURE: NATURE
REVEALING NATURE IN CLOSE UP

Natural history photography is not restricted
to those who have specialized macro lenses.
All of the images shown on these pages
were taken using a 35mm camera with a
150mm long-focus lens. Many modern zoom
lenses also have a macro mode setting,
which is useful when photographing smaller
subjects (see page 210).
The principal problem with close-up shots
using either a long-focus or macro lens is the
restricted zone of sharp focus, known as the
depth of field. This problem is made worse
because depth of field is even more restricted
at close focusing distances. Small apertures
are needed to make sure everything is in
focus, and this often results in long shutter
speeds, which can introduce problems of
camera shake or subject movement. To avoid
camera shake, use a tripod and cable release
and choose fast film to speed up exposure.
PHOTO SET-UP: Close-up on flowers Natural pattern

Although the subject is lit by bright daylight, a small The camera looks into the
aperture of f22 results in a shutter speed of 1/60 second. open trumpets of the lilies.
Remember that even at this shutter speed you should The angle of view of the
wait for any breeze to die down before taking the picture 35mm camera 150mm lens excludes all
fixed on a tripod other details, creating
so that subject movement does not spoil the shot. with a 150mm a strong composition of
long-focus lens color, pattern, and form.
Viewpoint is chosen so that
the camera looks down into
the open flowers
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
•allow
Many digital cameras
you to focus
very close to subjects,
particularly if a special
macro mode is used.
The amount of
magnification, however,
may not be as great as
it seems as the image
has already been
enlarged when it is
displayed on the LCD
viewing screen.
•more,
To magnify an image
use a close-up
lens, which attaches to
the front of the
camera like a filter.
REVEALING NATURE IN CLOSE UP 209
35mm camera PHOTO SET-UP: Mobile subject

with a 150mm
long-focus lens When photographing a mobile subject such as this toad, it
is important to confine the animal within an area of its
natural habitat. Make sure that the enclosure is sufficiently
large and try not to handle the subject too much or keep
it confined for longer than necessary.
Tripod is necessary to Natural setting provides a Large enclosure to keep

prevent camera shake camouflaged background the toad from escaping
during a long exposure for the toad
Subject and setting

Successful natural history
shots require patience and
perseverance. It is always
preferable to photograph a
subject in a natural setting
(top). Finding your subject
in the right surroundings
may take a little time but
the results make it well
worth the effort (above).
Depth of field of 1/30 second. Careful

The light for this shot is timing of the shot so that
slightly overcast, and this, the toad is sitting still on
linked with an aperture of the stone results in a sharp
f32 to ensure sufficient image (left), whereas even a
depth of field for subject tiny movement of the toad
and background, means will cause the picture to be
using a slow shutter speed slightly blurred (above).
MACROPHOTOGRAPHY
Look at a lens when it is focusing on a close-
up subject and you will see that as it moves
away from the camera body, the closer the
focusing distance becomes. Many zoom lenses
have a macro setting that extends the lens
beyond its normal range.
MACRO TECHNIQUES
Macro lenses have greatly extended focusing
ranges and they are used for high-definition,
close-up photography. Other close-up
techniques involve using extension tubes or
bellows between the camera body and lens.
Lighting for macro shots can be difficult since
the camera, lens, and tripod are so close that
they may cast unwanted shadows. This
problem can be partly overcome by using a
longer 100mm lens rather than a standard
50mm lens on a 35mm camera. Ring flash
offers the most controllable form of lighting
for close-up subjects (see box opposite).
PHOTO SET-UP: Macro lens

When working at very close distances, even the most
minute degree of subject movement will result in a very
blurred image.To prevent any movement of the flower in
this set-up, a white cardboard reflector is propped up on
one side to act as a windbreak.The stem of the flower
can also be secured using a piece of wire (see inset).
35mm camera on a White cardboard helps reflect Cable release allows you to fire the Periwinkle
tripod with a 100mm light onto the subject and shield shutter without touching the camera The blue flower is separated
macro lens the subject from any air currents and perhaps causing vibrations that
would spoil the picture from the background by
selecting a wide aperture.
Depth of field for close-up
shots is shallow, making
accurate focusing critical.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•solely
Lighting the subject
with flash will
give you a sharp image
if all subject movement
cannot be eliminated.
•useIf the
you have a choice,
longest focal
length macro available.
A 100mm lens gives
greater magnification,
Length of wire allowing more space
attached to the rear between the camera
wall is used to hold
the flower steady
and the subject.
MACROPHOTOGRAPHY 211
Water lily, above

Restricted depth of field
emphasizes the flower and
gives a sense of depth.
Pale rose, left

Ring flash produces an
almost shadowless result
and creates an exposure
difference that shows the
background subdued by
slight underexposure.
Rose and dew, far left
The beads of dew add extra
interest to this picture of a
rose. The effect is easily
achieved by misting the
flower with a water spray.
MACRO AND CLOSE-UP EQUIPMENT Bellows unit Ring flash

Fitting a bellows onto your This specialized unit has
The term macrophotography describes film images that camera gives you a wide a circular flash tube that
are life-sized or larger. For 35mm SLRs and the various range of possible image fits around the front
medium-format roll-film cameras, the most flexible magnifications. One end of element of the lens.
systems for macro and general close-up work include the bellows fits into the 27.5mm 14mm Designed for use with
macro lenses, bellows, and extension tubes. camera while the other extension extension small close-up subjects,
accepts a normal lens. it gives an almost
Macro lenses Moving the bellows along shadowless light effect.
Macro lenses for 35mm its track takes the lens
Ring flash
wSLRs range from 50mm closer to or farther away for 35mm camera
to 200mm. Although they from the subject to alter
can be used for ordinary magnification.
work, they are designed to 105mm extension
give best resolution for 60mm macro lens Standard bellows
subjects very close to the Extension tubes
lens. Sharpness is slightly Extension tubes, usually
poorer for distant subjects available in sets of three,
in comparison with an can be used individually
ordinary lens. A macro lens or in combination to alter
is expensive and should be lens-to-film distance, and
considered only for so produce fixed degrees
specialized close-up work. 100mm macro lens of subject magnification.
LIGHTING FOR INDOOR MACRO

In order to take close-ups of small subjects Enhancing the subject
such as butterflies, insects, coins, or jewelry, It is important to use the
right lighting to enhance
you often need to position the camera lens your subject’s form, color,
extremely close to your subject. This can result or other characteristics.
in problems, since the camera and lens are so The differences in these
close that it may be difficult to get sufficient pictures are startling, with
sidelighting used for the
light where it is needed. A 100mm macro lens first image (far left), and
makes lighting easier since it allows you to diffused toplighting for
work farther away from your subject. the second image (left).
PHOTO SET-UP: Directional lighting

A single flash lighting unit is used in this set-up.The
light is positioned low down to give a strongly
directional effect.The snoot attachment
ensures that a concentrated
beam of light falls onto the subject.
Adjustable
lighting stand
35mm camera Cable release

with a 100mm
Flash lighting macro lens
unit with a snoot
attachment
Directional light color contrasts. Sidelighting

Strong, directional light also highlights the deeply
from the right-hand side of grooved surface of the
this small red butterfly wood on which the insect Power pack Synchronization lead
emphasizes the texture and has been placed.
PHOTO SET-UP: Diffused toplighting

Toplighting is provided by a flash unit
fitted with a softbox diffuser.
Although this amount of light Flash lighting
may seem overpowering for a unit with a
small subject, much of the light softbox diffuser
is lost due to the proximity
of the camera, lens, and tripod.
Cable release
35mm camera
with a 100mm macro lens
Power pack Adjustable

lighting stand
Soft lighting more obviously the subject

This time the small red of the photograph, the
butterfly has been lit with wood background is less
soft light from above. Its intrusive, and the effect of Synchronization lead
color and shape are now the toplighting is warmer.
LIGHTING FOR INDOOR MACRO 213
Blue butterfly, left Gray butterfly, above

With some subjects, the Although the subject is the
direction of the lighting same blue butterfly (left),
will have a profound strong sidelighting
effect on the way their produces a very different
color is recorded. For this picture. Here the insect is
image, diffused toplighting illuminated by light
was used so the brilliant reflected up through its
blue and black-edged translucent wings from the
coloration of the butterfly’s surface of the stone, rather
wings is highlighted. than from above.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•of Ifa you do not have a snoot, cut a hole in the center
piece of card to create a narrow beam of light.
•youLighting is easier using a long lens and bellows since

are able to work farther away from the subject.
•close-ups
Extremely shallow depth of field associated with
means working with a small aperture.
•A ring flash is useful for lighting a small subject.

Light and texture, far left Wide aperture

In this shot, intense sunlight falls at A large flower can be photographed
an angle that accentuates the rich without specialized equipment.To
color of the fungus and the texture keep the background from being too
of the supporting bark. prominent, use a wide aperture.
Fujichrome 100, f16, 1/125 sec. Ektachrome 200, f4, 1/60 sec.
Abstract effect, left

At first glance, this picture seems
to be an abstract pattern of shapes
in the long grass. In fact, the
subject is a field of fallen apples.
NATURE GALLERY 215
New life
A few days before being
photographed, this fern barely
showed above the soil. Part of the
fascination of nature photography
is the awareness it gives you of the
natural cycle of growth and decay.
Color rendition
The color of the toadstools varies
subtly, from near white to blue,
according to where the sunlight
and shadows fall.
35mm camera, 135mm lens
(plus extension tube),
Supplementary lighting
With a tightly framed subject, it is
possible to supplement lighting with
a flashgun.The angles of the flash and
natural light must correspond to
prevent a double set of shadows.
35mm camera, 100mm macro lens,
Early morning
Crisp, clear, winter sunshine has
a particular steely clarity not found
at other times of the year.To record
the frost still clinging to evergreen
leaves, however, you need to
photograph your subject early in the
morning before the sun has warmed
the surrounding air.
PHOTOGRAPHING GARDENS
When taking a picture of a garden setting, the
details of the location are less important than
the way in which they interact with each
other to create a unified whole. A standard
and a wide-angle lens are generally more
useful than longer focal lengths, though this
depends on the size of the garden and the
vantage points its design and layout allow.
THE GARDEN AT ITS BEST

Gardens are at their best at different times
of the year, depending on the plants – some
are spectacular in early summer when in full
bloom, while others may be spring or fall
gardens. The time of day is also important.
To the naked eye, a garden may look most
impressive in bright, midday sunlight; on film,
however, early morning and late afternoon
light usually produce the best results.
House and garden, above
PHOTO SET-UP: Garden as a setting Direction of the shadows The vantage point shown
This is a mature garden, and the house is an integral part indicates afternoon sunlight, in the photo set-up results
which tends to be better for
of the overall setting. By positioning the camera on the recording the color and in this charming image of
6 x 7cm camera on Fast-moving water
riverbank opposite the house, it is possible to convey a tripod with a adds vitality to texture of plants an idyllic country house
some of the atmosphere of the scene. 90mm standard lens the scene surrounded by its garden.
PHOTOGRAPHING GARDENS 217
Use of color, above

At first glance, this formal
garden setting at Villandry,
France, appears to be a
riot of random color
separated by hedges.
However, the repetition of
colors, notably the yellow,
leads the gaze back toward
the château.
Leading the eye, left

Many devices can be used
to direct attention to a
specific area of the picture
frame. It could be the
repetitive use of color or,
as here, a statue that
seems to compel you to
follow its gaze into a
sheltered corner of a much
larger garden setting.
PHOTOGRAPHING FLOWERS AND SHRUBS

Unless carefully considered, photographs of
flowerbeds and planted borders can be a
disappointing amalgam of discordant color
with no particular center of interest, form, or
structure. Avoid this pitfall by finding an
individual plant or group of plants around
which to build your composition. Once you
have this focal point, look for angles that
show other parts of the garden in supporting
roles to give your picture a coherent structure.
EQUIPMENT AND CONDITIONS

The selective angle of view of a long-focus
lens is best for filling the frame with an
individual plant. Wind is the main problem
when photographing flowers. Gusty conditions
require a fast shutter speed to avoid subject
movement, and this in turn requires a wide
aperture, resulting in shallow depth of field.
PHOTO SET-UP: Coordinating color
By concentrating on flowerbed and planting details you
can create an interesting picture, even if the garden as a
whole does not have photographic potential.The chief
attraction of the flowerbed shown in this photo set-up is
the coordinated color theme.The flowerbed is in shade,
which accounts for the slight intensifying of the color.
Flowerbed detail, above
A harmonious theme of
Kneeling down on Hand-held lilacs, mauves, pinks, and
one knee 35mm camera Intensity of color in the reds unites this flowerbed
creates a steady with a 90mm front part of flowerbed is detail, with the whites and
camera position long-focus lens due to the angle of light
greens acting to cool the
Area of flowerbed in direct warmth of the other colors.
sunlight contrasts well with
the shadowy areas Still image, opposite
Any slight movement will
be noticeable when you
take photographs of
flowers and plants. If you
do not use a windbreak to
prevent movement, wait
for the wind to die down,
or use a fast shutter speed.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•windbreaks
Use large boards as
to stop
flowers swaying.
•beAused
telephoto lens can
to make
planting look denser
than it is in reality.
PHOTOGRAPHING FLOWERS AND SHRUBS 219
Frame-filling form
Large flower heads, such as that of
this sunflower, allow you to take
detailed, frame-filling close-ups
without going to the expense of
using specialized macro equipment.
Here the bloom dominates the
frame, even though it was taken
using only a moderately long lens.
Indoor light levels, below

An exotic clivia photographed in a
large, glass-covered conservatory
requires a slow shutter speed. A
wide aperture ensures correct
exposure for the dim conditions,
since the flower is surrounded
by other plants and lit only by
daylight filtering through the glass.
Controlled imagery, above Ring flash, opposite

A combination of aperture, focal By fitting a ring flash to the lens,
length, and camera distance exposure on the orchid bloom
produces this image of a brilliant alone is increased, making the
red hibiscus flower.The green background appear much darker in
leaves are softened and out of comparison.The ring flash gives
focus, but add extra information almost shadowless illumination of
and interest to the picture. the orchid itself.
35mm camera, 70mm lens, 35mm camera, 100mm lens,
Fujichrome 100, f5.6, 1/60 sec. Ektachrome 100, f11, 1/60 sec.
NATURE GALLERY 221
PHOTOGRAPHING GARDEN ARCHITECTURE

It is quite common to find ornate structures,
such as dovecotes, summerhouses, follies, and
even classical temples in large gardens. The
best way to photograph garden architecture
does not differ from that used for any other
outdoor architecture, except that the setting –
the garden itself – should be an integral part
of the photograph. For the most harmonious
composition, try to imagine how the
landscape designer planned the garden to be
viewed, and visit it at different times of the
day to capture the best lighting effect.
Before shooting, try to find the vantage
point that shows the garden to best advantage.
The garden may vary at particular times of the
day, from different viewpoints, in certain
seasons, or when seen from a distance.
PHOTO SET-UP: Afternoon light
A low, bright afternoon sun in a sky strewn with white
clouds provides the perfect illumination and backdrop
for this building – a large dovecote, with box hedges
and an ornamental fish pond in the foreground.
Directional sunlight on
the roof of the
dovecote creates planes
of light and shade
Central viewpoint
results in symmetrical
composition Symmetry, above
This viewpoint records the
symmetrical arrangement
of clipped box hedges, the
circular fish pond, and the
avenue of trees leading to
the large brick dovecote.
Hand-held 35mm
camera with a 28mm
wide-angle lens
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
•when
Avoid shooting
the sun is high in
the sky, since this tends
to produce excessive
contrast and poor
color saturation.
Long shadows •angle

Look for a camera
that corresponds
indicate that the sun
is low in the sky to the way the garden
was originally intended
to be viewed.
PHOTOGRAPHING GARDEN ARCHECTECTURE 223
Romantic image, left Silent grotto, above

This image successfully Framed by lavender and
captures the romantic and roses, this folly is the
secluded atmosphere perfect backdrop for this
evoked by the ruined, small garden. The angle of
medieval-type folly. the light adds impact.
PHOTO SET-UP: Ruined folly

The position of this folly in a quiet, shady corner of the garden
makes a slow shutter speed and the use of a tripod essential.
Although the day is bright, much of the light is obscured by the
overhanging foliage.The need for a small aperture to ensure
adequate depth of field results in a long exposure time.
Overhanging foliage
casts dappled shade
Tripod-mounted 35mm over the folly
Flower colors
camera with a 50mm help brighten the
standard lens resulting image
RECORDING GARDEN FEATURES

The finishing touches to a landscaped garden
are the ornaments used and the focal points
created by them. Statues, urns, garden seats,
pergolas, rose arches, and similar devices are
the nonorganic features intended by the
garden designer to enhance the beauty of the
setting, and they can make ideal subjects.
For small garden features and close-ups of
larger ones, a 35mm SLR camera fitted with a
100mm lens is useful. This lens allows you to
exclude extraneous detail, but the angle of
view is not so narrow that it removes all traces
of the setting.
PHOTO SET-UP: Garden statue
To photograph this garden statue, it is important to wait
until the sun is low in the sky so that the bust is lit from an
angle of about 45°.This lighting direction is best suited to
show the bust’s texture and form, which are emphasized by
Decorative urn, above
the interaction of light and shade (see page 46). A low camera angle is
Early evening light is striking
the statue from an angle of
essential to show the about 45°, apparent in the
decorative basketweave direction of the shadow
35mm camera with a molding on this garden urn.
70–210mm telephoto
zoom lens
RECORDING GARDEN FEATURES 225
Garden statue
The lichen-covered garden
statue in the photo set-up
is made to stand out from
the surrounding greenery
by using a long lens with a
restricted angle of view.
Selecting a detail, above

A telephoto zoom is useful
for isolating a garden
detail and adjusting subject
framing without changing
the camera position.
Informal planting
A rich and varied planting theme
using a mixed color palette has
been created by the designer of
this garden.The yellow rose
bushes in the background create a
feeling of depth and distance.
Sculpted beauty, below

The formal topiary shapes in this
garden create large blocks of
dense, hard-edged greenery,
unlike the softer, more organic
shapes normally associated with
garden photography. A carefully
chosen camera angle allows a
tunnel-like view through to the
rear of the garden.
NATURE GALLERY 227
Water view
The early morning light shows up
perfectly the shades of green and still
water in this shot of the gardens at
Stourhead, England.
35mm camera, 35mm lens, Fujichrome
100, f16, 1/250 sec.
228 HOW TO TAKE BETTER PICTURES: ANIMALS
ANIMAL SET- UP
ANIMALS The location for this set-up picture is the
reptile house in a safari park. Light levels are
Animals have long held a fascination for the photographer. not high in the glazed building due to the
While luck can play a part in taking a successful wildlife dense vegetation.The rail surrounding the
photograph, a knowledge of animal behavior is essential, as observation platform makes an ideal surface
on which to steady the camera during the
are patience and perseverance. When the opportunity for a
long exposure.
good shot arises, you should be prepared to act quickly.
Early cameras and lenses

Until the early years of the twentieth century,
the only pictures you were likely to see of wild
animals were of dead specimens. Cameras and
lenses were bulky and film so insensitive and
slow that long exposures of several minutes
were common. Rather than seeing a picture of
a bird in flight, you were more likely to be
Wild animals confronted by a photograph of a stuffed
See pages 230–231
collector’s specimen behind a protective glass
dome. Today, with cameras a fraction of their
former size, and lenses and film hundreds of
times faster, the scope for photographing wild
animals in their natural habitat is vast.
Wild animals
Most of us normally see wild animals only in
zoos, nature reserves, wildlife and safari parks,
Birds
and animal sanctuaries, but the spread of
See pages 232–233 human habitation into the countryside and
wilderness areas has brought humans into
closer contact with many animal species. Even
if accustomed to the presence of people, wild
animals should always be approached with
caution. Long-focus lenses allow you to stand
back from your subject, and fast film permits
a brief shutter speed or small lens aperture for
freezing subject movement or creating the
necessary depth of field.
Pet portraits
See pages 234–235
Domestic animals
The most readily available animal subjects for
photography are, of course, pets. Since most
pets, especially dogs and cats, are not at all
camera shy, you will be able to move in much
closer and use a shorter lens. Try for portraits
that show your pet’s facial expression, and
remember that shots taken from the animal’s
eye level usually work better than ones taken
from standing height. Be prepared to shoot a
Pets on location
See pages 234–235 lot of film and select the best shots afterward.
ANIMALS 229
OVERHEAD VIEW
Direction of light
Animal
subject
Camera 12ft (3.5m)

camera-to-
subject distance
Surroundings
Overhanging palm
leaves and other
vegetation shade
the subject and
reduce light levels
EQUIPMENT
Tight framing
Using a zoom lens allows
•and35mm SLR camera
fast film
Camera you to adjust framing to
Hand-held 35mm
camera fitted with a
exclude unwanted detail. •Tripod if necessary
Low ambient light levels
70–210mm zoom
lens.The camera is result in a slow shutter •including
Range of lenses
long-focus
loaded with fast ISO speed of only 1/60 second.
400 film lenses and converters
Camera support
Safety rails surrounding the
platform make a suitable surface
for steadying the camera
Animal subject
Crocodile is asleep and
oblivious to the camera
so subject movement is
not a problem, allowing
a slow exposure
PHOTOGRAPHING WILD ANIMALS

Although bars and wire fences can present a
problem when photographing wild animals
in captivity, modern enclosures with high
observation walkways offer superb picture-
taking opportunities. As with all animal
photography, the most important attributes
required are patience and timing.
ELIMINATING UNWANTED ELEMENTS

A high camera position can often eliminate
an unattractive background by showing the Overhead viewpoint
animal subject against a backdrop of grass or The viewpoint shown in the photo set-up
stone. If this is not possible, use a long-focus results in these photographs in which the
or zoom lens and a wide aperture to restrict subject is seen against a background of
grass and foliage. The diffused sunlight is
angle of view and depth of field. A motor excellent, because it ensures that the rich
drive is useful since you do not have to look color of the tiger’s coat is well recorded.
up from the viewfinder to advance the film.
PHOTO SET-UP:Wildlife park

The high walkway at a wildlife park is the perfect vantage Hand-held 35mm camera
point for this photo set-up overlooking a large enclosure of with a 135mm long-focus
Sumatran tigers. A long-focus lens with a x2 converter lens and x 2 converter
ensures that the framing is tight on the tiger and that none
of the resulting shots reveals the encircling safety fences. Timing, opposite
A slight change in the
tiger’s posture or facial
Safety rail makes a convenient
expression can make all
support to steady the hand-held the difference between an
camera – camera shake, even at ordinary or an outstanding
fast shutter speeds, is always a risk shot. Working with an
Patience is required to when using a long-focus lens
unpredictable subject
wait for the subject to
adopt a suitable pose means that you have to
keep your finger on the
shutter release at all times.
In this shot the tiger
momentarily looks back
toward the camera.
PROFESSIONAL TIPS
• In a wildlife park,
obey all the safety
rules and take no risks.
Background is excluded
from resulting picture
by tight framing of
•equipment
Take the minimum
if you are
animal subject
stalking wildlife.
•disturb
A motor drive may
the animals.
•of Bring out the color

your animal subject
by including contrasting
vegetation in the shot.
PHOTOGRAPHING WILD ANIMALS 231
PHOTOGRAPHING BIRDS Canada goose’s nest is well

hidden in tall grass, with the
bird keeping very still
Tripod is essential for
With their senses of hearing and sight far 35mm camera with a
sharp images because of
300mm lens and fitted
sharper than our own, wild birds can be with a x2 converter, the slow shutter speed
which increases the and the weight of the
difficult subjects to observe and to photograph. focal length to 600mm long-focus lens
Whether or not your intended subjects will let
you come within camera range often depends
on whether they regard you as a potential
threat or just as a harmless observer.
OBSERVING BIRDS
Many birds, such as common garden visitors,
and others found in parks, sanctuaries, and
lakesides have developed a tolerance
of people and can be easily approached.
However, it is best to assume that all wild
birds will be cautious, making a long-focus
lens and tripod essential for detailed close-ups.
To avoid scaring birds, keep out of sight, using
natural cover or a manmade shelter if
available, and make as little noise as possible.
PHOTO SET-UP: Nesting birds
You cannot approach too close to nesting birds since they
may damage the eggs or even abandon the nest. A long-
focus lens and converter is useful for recording detailed
images of the birds without causing unnecessary stress.
White swan Canada goose

Surrounded by tall reeds, Although in a sleeping
this swan’s nest is sunlit for position, with its head
only a short period each resting on its back, this
day. Without this direct goose is alert to danger.
sunlight, the swan’s white A 300mm long-focus lens
plumage would take on a with a x2 converter is used
gray coloration, and the to avoid getting too close
surrounding plants would to the subject and possibly
lose their vibrancy of color. frightening it.
PHOTOGRAPHING BIRDS 233
PHOTO SET-UP: Natural camouflage Family outing, above

The less obvious your presence, the more natural the behavior of the This family scene shows
birds that you want to photograph will be.These geese are aware of the a clutch of goslings
intruder, but with the lake nearby for a quick escape they are not too under the guardianship
concerned. A 500mm long-focus lens makes it possible to use natural of two adult geese.
Depth of field with the
cover and to be positioned some distance from the subject.
500mm lens is shallow
and isolates the birds
Conveniently located tree provides cover from the surroundings.
35mm camera
with a 500mm lens
Tripod is essential to avoid camera Geese congregate near

shake because of the combined the water for a swift
weight of the camera and lens escape if necessary
Lighting direction, above
Patient observation and a
concealed position results
in natural-looking pictures.
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
Use a teleconverter to
extend the telephoto
range of a digital
camera with a fixed
zoom.These can
increase the focal
length by 1.4–3 times.
PHOTOGRAPHING PETS
Many people regard their pet as one of the
family, so it is not surprising that owners
often want an animal portrait and that this
is a popular area of photography. The main
difficulty is persuading the animal to stay still
long enough to be photographed.
DECIDING ON A SETTING
The controlled environment of an indoor
setting is ideal if you want a detailed, well-
illuminated, and carefully composed image
of your pet. However, if you are working
with an animal that you do not know, make
sure the owner is present and that it is well
trained and not of a nervous disposition. For
more informal portraits you can choose an
outdoor location. Depending on the animal
being photographed, your back yard, a local
park, or a beach could make a perfect setting.
Full-length portrait Close-up portrait
This portrait of a Boxer An endearing image is
shows the dog’s stance achieved by closing in on
and facial expression, the dog’s face. The bubble
as well as its distinctive at the corner of his mouth
markings and coloring. makes the portrait amusing.
Single lighting head
fitted with a softbox
diffuser produces
soft, even illumination
on the table
White reflector
board is positioned
to return light from
the flash opposite Owner makes sure
the dog is looking in
the right direction for
each shot
Cloth covering
the table helps
reflect additional Power pack
illumination provides the
necessary
power for
the lighting
6 x 6cm
head
camera with a
120mm long-
focus lens
PHOTO SET-UP:Working with pets

Animals can be very difficult to photograph in an unfamiliar
environment and may need to be restrained. A large dog
can be a danger to those around it if it becomes frightened,
and it could also damage equipment. A useful tip is to
remember that most pets respond to their owner. In this
set-up, the dog’s attention is focused on its owner, who is
standing out of shot, and on the rubber ball she is holding.
PHOTOGRAPHING PETS 235
A boy and his dog, left Dog on the move, above

This close-up image of the The Dalmatian’s high spirits
boy and dog was taken are illustrated in the first
using a long-focus zoom image, as the dog pulls
lens to alter framing against the leash. The boy
without having to change lets the dog run along the
the camera position, which sand, the surface of which
might distract the dog. throws back reflections.
PHOTO SET-UP: Pets on location PROFESSIONAL TIPS

Early morning is chosen for the photographic session
because at this time of day the beach is nearly deserted. 35mm camera with Boy squats down •quickly
Be ready to react
to an animal’s
a 70–210mm long- beside the dog to
The dog’s young owner helps to keep his pet’s high spirits focus zoom lens restrain him, bringing changeable and
in check, and a low camera angle ensures that both faces allows a range of their faces level unpredictable moods.
can be clearly seen. A long-focus zoom lens is especially framing options
useful when the dog is off the leash and running freely. •andUsing an autofocus
autoexposure
camera, you can give
your complete
attention to the animal.
•zoom
Use a long-focus
lens to take
many shots in rapid
succession.
Wet surface of the sand

acts as a mirror, reflecting
the images of the boy
and the spotted dog
Exposure override, above

To prevent overexposure of this
toucan perched in sunlight with the
dark forest behind, the exposure
reading is overridden by increasing
the recommended shutter speed by
one f-stop.
Shooting through glass, left

Some zoos and wildlife parks
provide observation windows so
that the public can see a different
view of the animals, such as this
pair of seals.The water is clear and
shallow enough to allow sufficient
light to filter through from the
surface for a hand-held exposure
using medium-fast film.
Shooting through mesh, far left

The mesh surrounding this tiger’s
zoo enclosure is rendered invisible
by placing the front of the camera
lens close to the wire and then
selecting a wide aperture.
Camera angle, left

An unusual camera angle can often
hide an unwanted background.To
disguise its zoo enclosure, a high
vantage point is used for this shot of
a swimming tiger.
35 mm camera, 100 mm lens,
ANIMAL GALLERY 237
Choice of aperture, above

A wide lens aperture is selected
for this shot of a tree frog.The
shallow depth of field resulting
from the aperture separates the
small creature from a similarly
colored background. A very fast
shutter speed is used to arrest any
sudden movement of the subject
or hand-held camera.
Backlighting
When any subject is backlit, such
as this puma sunning itself on a log
platform, you need to select
a wide aperture (or use a slow
shutter speed) to avoid any risk
of underexposing the subject.
Fujichrome 100, f5.6, 1/125 sec.
DIGITAL
MANIPULATION
Digital imaging is not just about using filmless
cameras. One of the main advantages of
having pictures in a binary form is the ease in
which images can be tweaked, improved
upon, or completely reconstructed using a
computer. The amount of control you have
over the result is far greater than that ever
enjoyed in a traditional darkroom.
240 DIGITAL MANIPULATION
SETTING UP A DIGITAL DARKROOM

Whether you use film or a digital camera, and some models have built-in transparency
digital manipulation provides a degree of hoods handle negatives and slides; SOFTWARE
control and craftsmanship over your pictures alternatively use a special film scanner. •theAdobe Photoshop is
that is simply not possible in the traditional As you will use the computer screen to best-known image
darkroom. The key piece of equipment judge how much correction an image needs, manipulation program.
required is a computer. To get started in it is essential that the screen is set up to show But since it is designed
digital image editing, practically any relatively the image as accurately as possible. Some for pro use, it is costly.
recent PC or Mac will be more than sufficient. computers and image manipulation packages •Elements
Adobe Photoshop
The only other essential requirement is the have utilities that allow you to calibrate the is more
software (see box). The images can be monitor correctly – and as the screen’s color affordable – but still
downloaded direct from your digital camera changes over time, this set-up procedure must provides a great deal
of creative control.
to the computer’s hard drive. be carried out periodically. To ensure that
To work on conventional photographs, the your eyes see the image without any •trialYouversions
can download
of these
slides, negatives or prints need to be distraction, it is sensible to choose a plain
grey background as your desktop pattern – and other programs
converted into digital form. This can be done
from the web. Often
commercially, with the images supplied on bright patterns and pictures may lead you to cameras and scanners
CD – or accessed from a password-protected misjudge colors. You should also ensure that are sold with editing
webpage. Alternatively you can use a desktop desk lights and windows do not create software.
scanner. Flatbed models are ideal for prints, reflections on the screen surface.
Computer monitor
THE DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHER’S DESK Fitting a hood around the
The ideal workstation has everything positioned screen helps minimize
surface reflections.This can
within easy reach. However, if you do not have much be made from black card
space, items such as scanners and back-up drives
need only be plugged in to the computer as and Slide scanner
when they are required. Produces high-resolution image
files direct from mounted slides
or from negative strips
Printer
Laptop
Inkjet models are the most
An alternative to the
popular choice – but the
desktop computer – and
paper used is key to getting
can be taken on location.
good results
Some pro digital cameras External hard drive
can record images direct Low-cost solution for
to a PC, and can be increasing the storage
controlled from it capacity of your computer
Work surface Disk burner Zip drive Keyboard

If possible, choose a working environment Records blank CDs which store up to 700MB Each rewritable disk can store up to The use of time-saving keyboard
away from windows. Or ensure they have of data. CD-Rs can only be used once, but 250MB of data. Less popular since CD shortcuts minimizes effort and
efficient blinds or curtains are more affordable than rewritable CD-RWs. burners have become so inexpensive. results in less strain on the wrists.
SETTING UP A DIGITAL DARKROOM 241
CHOOSING A PRINTER
Although digital images could be viewed DVD’S
entirely on PC and TV screen – and shown Recordable DVDs and drivers continue
to others using email and the web – most to fall in cost, making them an increasingly
photographers like to have a hardcopy of at popular storage medium for slides. With
least some of their images. Prints can be each disk having a capacity of nine
made from your digital files by commercial gigabytes, they are more space-efficient
than CD-Rs – particularly for those
labs, but can be output at home easily.
working with large image file sizes.
A standard desktop color inkjet printer can
produce very reasonable results, especially if
printed on photo-grade paper. Special photo
printers use additional inks to the standard CARD READERS
cyan, magenta, yellow and black, to create a
An alternative to plugging your camera
richer range of tones. Some models also offer into your computer is to download
‘bleed’ printing, so that shots are printed up your images using a card reader. Multi-
to the edge without a white border. Dye format designs can read several
sublimation printers provide prints that look different card types. Also a solution for
more like traditional photographs by computers which have ‘wrong’ sockets,
vaporizing colored ribbons so that the dye or operating system, for the leads or
penetrates the surface of the specially-coated software supplied with the camera.
paper. These can be expensive to run.
OTHER ITEMS
Computer
The main processing unit of
CD rack
Keep CDs in cases or sleeves to Desk lamp
•requirement
Comfort is a key
if you are
the computer can be avoid scratching. File each with an Ensure this is adjustable so that it can be angled
positioned on the floor to index print so you can see which away from the computer screen, to avoid sitting at your computer
create more desk space images are on which disk unwanted reflections for long periods.Your
chair must support
your back and should
be at the correct
height so that your
forearms are horizontal
Flatbed scanner when you are working
For digitizing prints – although some models at the keyboard.
can also handle negatives and slides. Keep the
glass surface clean and scratch-free
•negatives
Old slides and
are likely to
be covered in a layer
of mold, fingerprints
and grime.These
Loupe should be removed
Magnifying glass allows you to using a special cleaning
check slides and negatives
carefully before they are solution and lint-free
scanned cloth – such as PEC-12
and PEC Pads.This will
minimize digital touch-
up work after scanning,
and will maximize
image quality.
•compressed
A blower brush, or
air, is also
useful for removing
Mouse Graphics tablet Lightbox dust immediately
Mouse needs to operate smoothly, as it An alternative to the computer Allows you to view and select the
will be used as a painting tool. Clean ball mouse. Using a pen to ‘draw’ on a transparencies that you want to
before scanning.
mechanism regularly – or use optical type special mat gives you greater control scan more easily
COMPUTER RETOUCHING
Digital image manipulation software can Change of scenery, left
change pictures in many different ways, In this image the backdrop
color has been changed to
but it is often the straightforward techniques create a stronger contrast
that are the most useful. Whether you shoot with the color of the
your pictures on film or with a digital dancer’s dress. Compare
camera, nearly all shots benefit from minor the image with the original
(see page 129). This is
adjustment. Small blemishes to the film or the achieved most easily
composition can be removed with the use of using the hue/saturation
the cloning tool, which copies neighboring command in a program
groups of pixels over an offending scratch or such as Photoshop
Elements. An effect similar
unwanted element in a picture. to using a slow shutter
Exposure can usually be improved, either speed has also been added
globally or just in small areas of the image, by using a blur filter.
in ways that simply are not possible with
conventional darkroom techniques. For
Change of angle, below
instance, areas of a picture can be selected The original image (see
by color, and then the hue changed to get a page 237) has been
more pleasing composition. rotated, reversed, and
When retouching images on screen you recropped for this version,
and the feeling of
can see exactly what you are achieving at movement has been
each stage and can go back one or more emphasized by the
steps if you are not happy with the result. addition of blur lines.
COMPUTER RETOUCHING 243
Removing picture
elements, far left & left
One of the advantages of
digital manipulation is the
ease with which minor
tweaks can be made to a
composition. Litter, road
markings, advertising
hoardings, and unwanted
passers-by can be removed
with relative ease. In this
shot, cloning techniques
have been used to remove
the wooden piles from the
water, and to increase the
area of blue sky. Even old
pictures shot on film can
be manipulated in this
way once they have been
digitized using a scanner.
Original shot, above Corrected version, right

This still life shot is slightly Using digital techniques,
tilted. The image could be extra areas of table and
cropped traditionally, but window can be added to
much of the window in the shot, by cloning them
the background would be from other areas. The
lost from the composition. shot can then be rotated
so the verticals are upright
without losing any of the
photograph’s setting.
DIGITAL FILTER EFFECTS

Most digital manipulation software comes
with a variety of special effects that can be
added to an image with a single mouse-click.
Inevitably, a number of these effects recreate
those that have been available for decades to
photographers using darkroom techniques or
optical filters. The advantage that the
computer brings is in the amount of control
that is available over the final result.
Moreover, once the desired effect is achieved,
the image can be printed again and again
without further work, and the chosen
settings can also be applied to other shots. Mono conversion
Creating a black and white
As with all special effects, most digital
print from a color original
filters are best used only occasionally. But traditionally involves
there are some that merit more regular use, copying the film to create
such as blur and sharpening controls. an interneg, then printing
the result. On screen, a
Gaussian blur, for instance, allows you to
monochrome shot can be
throw out of focus details that were not created almost instantly
possible to hide when taking the original from a color file. With
shot. The unsharp mask (USM), meanwhile, some programs it is also
possible to control the
can be applied in varying degrees to
exact tone of gray that
practically every picture once other each hue becomes.
adjustments have been made, to improve
the apparent sharpness of the shot.
Going for grain

Traditionally, a grainy effect is created by
using a fast film, by push processing, or
by selective enlargement of a print.
Digitally, however the original shot was
taken, the effect can be achieved by
selecting a filter from a pull-down menu.
The original still life (above), was shot on
slow film in the studio, but when scanned
digitally the shot can be given a grainy,
atmospheric look (right). The program
will often allow you precise control over
both the size and the pattern of the grain.
DIGITAL FILTER EFFECTS 245
Gaussian blur
In the original shot (above), the people
in the background are not sufficiently
out of focus and create a distraction to
the main subject of the portrait. Using
digital manipulation software it is possible
to work on a very specific area of a
picture. In this case, the background is
thrown out of focus using the Gaussian
blur filter (left). The amount of blur can
be adjusted until the effect looks
convincing; sometimes it is necessary
to blur different elements by different
amounts in order to achieve this.
Watercolor filter
There is a wide range of filters available
that can be used to add artistic effects to
images. The filters are supplied either
with popular programs or separately as
plug-ins. The effects can give photographs
the appearance of oil paintings, etchings,
stained-glass windows, or charcoal
sketches, for instance. In this example,
the original image (above), has been
transformed to look like a watercolor
painting (left). Always keep a copy of the
original photograph (as a separate file or
layer), when using this type of effect,
otherwise it is impossible to revert to
the original digital image.
COMBINING IMAGES ON COMPUTER

Digital darkroom software provides powerful tools for combining two
or more images into one picture. Not only can different elements be
cut from one image file and seamlessly inserted into a different
picture, but many programs offer the ability to work in layers. Layers
allow you to work on different elements separately, and to include
multiple copies of the image, with slight differences between each.
This allows you to check whether the image has improved by
switching layers on or off, and also means that you can return to a
former state by deleting unsuccessful layers. The transparency of each
layer can be altered, and it can be combined with the layer below in
different ways. These layer blending modes can be used for a wide
range of creative effects, even when two layers are identical. The original shots, above
Two charming individual portraits of brother and sister,
Whatever your artistic intent, layers are an important way of with great smiles. It would be nice to capture the two
structuring your manipulation work. They allow you to undo each expressions in the same frame. Fortunately, digital
stage of your work and avoid irreparable mistakes. imaging allows you to do this without too much difficulty.
The template, above

With groups, it is hard to get everyone looking perfect.
This is the best shot of the session, but the girl’s pose
and boy’s expression are not quite natural. The solution
is to combine elements from more than one shot.
Finished image, right

Combining the three different pictures creates a perfect
portrait of the children. Each shot was put on a separate
layer, cropped, and adjusted in size, color, and exposure
so that they matched well. The visible joins between
each of the elements were hidden by careful use of
the cloning tool.
COMBINING IMAGES ON COMPUTER 247
Top layer
This is a nice portrait, but
the backdrop is bland, and
the horizon line distracting.
Bottom layer
Spectacular sunsets like
this make ideal backdrops
for using with other images.
Combining layers, right

The two original pictures
were put on separate
layers. The background of
the portrait was removed
using the digital rubber so
the sunset showed
through. The efficiency of
the eraser tool was
reduced near the outlines
of the girls to ensure a
seamless result.
Action shot, right

This photograph uses
similar techniques to the
above, with pictures
combined on separate
layers. In this case, the
image sizes were adjusted
to give a feeling of depth
and movement.
TRADITIONAL
MANIPULATION
A wide range of photographic techniques can
be used to create special-effect photographs
that are far removed from normal images.
This section shows effects that can be
achieved by using special films, by darkroom
manipulations of both color and black and
white originals, and by combining traditional
photographic chemistry with software.
250 TRADITIONAL MANIPULATION
SPECIAL FILMS
Using special films is a simple way to create
unusual imagery. Special films include black
and white and color infra-red-sensitive
emulsions and high-contrast recording film.
Infra-red film is sensitive to the infra-red
region of the electromagnetic spectrum and
can therefore record images by light that is
normally invisible. The film is usually used in
conjunction with an infra-red-transmitting
filter over the camera lens, which blocks all
visible lightwaves. Infra-red radiation comes
into focus on a slightly different plane than
visible light, so you may need to adjust your
lens according to the infra-red focusing index
(a red or orange line engraved next to the
ordinary focus index on the lens barrel).
Special recording film mainly registers
black and white, rather than the intervening
shades of gray. To achieve a similar effect,
use regular black and white emulsion film,
then use high-contrast film developer and
print onto high-contrast lith paper.
Color infra-red, left Striking tones, above Grain effect, opposite

This film can be used in Atmospheric haze is Film manufacturers go to
conjunction with colored invisible to black and white great lengths to produce
filters for a range of infra-red film, so images ultra-fast emulsions with
special effects. The result taken with it are often the minimum amount of
will depend on how much rendered with great clarity. graininess. However, if you
individual elements in a In addition, striking tones want to achieve the type
scene reflect infra-red are made apparent, notably of impressionistic result
radiation, as illustrated (left) the snowy white foliage in shown here, use a fast
and (above left). Some this scene, which seems to ISO 3200 emulsion and
elements reflect no infra- give the image an almost then develop the film in a
red, appearing near-black. surreal appearance. grain-enhancing developer.
SPECIAL FILMS 251
Streaky light effect

The atmosphere of this
carnival scene at dusk was
enhanced by using artificial-
light film. Using a slow
shutter speed has recorded
the fairground lights as
colorful blurred streaks.
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
Most digital cameras
are sensitive to infra-
red light.They produce
effects similar to black-
and-white infra-red
film if you use a deep
red or special IR filter
over the lens – then
convert the recorded
result to monochrome.
High-contrast treatment
A scene that is inherently
contrasty provides the best
starting point for this
technique. Photographed
on ordinary black and
white emulsion, this image
of a horse and young rider
in the burned ruins of a
barn was developed in a
high-contrast developer to
suppress most of the half-
tones and then printed
onto lith paper.
MULTIPLE IMAGES
There are many ways to create multiple
images on film. One simple method is to
use a mini-strobe flashgun, which fires a
rapid burst of flashes during a single
exposure. A moving subject will be caught in
a different position every time the flash goes
off. However, too much ambient lighting will
cause blurring in the final image. On some
cameras it is possible to reset the shutter
without advancing the film; you can then
make repeat exposures either on top of each
image or in selected areas.
SANDWICHING
The traditional and easiest technique for
creating multiple images is to sandwich film Slide sandwich, above l Double exposure, below
originals together in a single slide mount and A slide of windmills and one of reflections Many film and digital SLR cameras allow
project the result onto a screen. This can in water were sandwiched to make this you to combine two or more exposures
image. First experiment by combining in the same frame. Here a shot of a dried
then be rephotographed directly. Alternatively, different slides on a light box, then river bed has been combined with a
the film sandwich can simply be loaded into mount the chosen slides for projection or close-up portrait. Such multiple exposures
an enlarger and printed in the normal fashion. reshooting, or to use in the enlarger. give a textured canvas to an image.
MULTIPLE IMAGES 253
Strobed action, above

The flash used to take this
multiple image of a boxer
is an amateur unit capable
of only six rapid flashes.
Professional plug-in strobe
units are also used by
athletes to make detailed
photographic records of
their events, which are
then used to analyze how
slight changes in technique
could improve their
performance.
Seeing double, left

For this image the model
wore black clothes and was
placed in a dark room. A
series of flash-lit shots was
taken with the shutter held
open on setting B. The
model shifted position for
each shot. When super-
imposed, the images make
a dramatic composition.
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
Digital manipulation
programs allow you to
combine images in a
number of ways. Each
element is put on a
different layer – and
can be resized, color
corrected, and so on,
to suit. By changing the
opacity of each layer,
and by experimenting
with different blending
modes you can create
effects that are similar
or very different to
those with traditional
techniques.
BLACK AND WHITE DARKROOM TECHNIQUES

There are many techniques available for
working in black and white; the few radical
effects here are just a sample. These include
printing a negative in combination with a
patterned screen to break up the image, or
introducing color into a print by hand or by
chemical toning.
Changes you may want to make to an
image include rectifying tonal imbalances. The
sky in a landscape, for example, may have
been overexposed if the land required extra
exposure to define enough detail. In this case,
give the sky on the negative extra exposure
under the enlarger to balance the picture.
Patterned screens Local density, right
Various effects are possible A shaped piece of dark
by printing with patterned cardboard known as a
screens. The chimneys dodger was held over the
(below) were printed with the image of the sculptor
a linear screen and the Elisabeth Frink on the
ponies with a mezzotint printing paper for the last
(below right). Screens can quarter of the exposure
also be used for color. time under the enlarger.
Hand coloring, opposite

DIGITAL SOLUTIONS Any black and white print
produced on fiber-based
Most darkroom effects
paper can be selectively
can easily be achieved colored – using special
on a computer using dyes, pens, or crayons.
editing software. An
image can be toned,
Color toning, left
for instance, in Toning solutions not only
seconds without add color to a print, they
chemicals, and the can help to preserve the
effect saved so that it image. The toners used
can be printed again. here are sepia, copper, and
blue, respectively.
BLACK AND WHITE DARKROOM TECHNIQUES 255
SOLARIZATION AND LITH FILM SANDWICHING

Solarization (also called the Sabattier effect) Black and white effect
is a technique for producing a black and A normal black and white
print was the starting point
white or color image that is part positive, for this image. A black and
part negative. This is done by exposing the white copy negative was
partially developed image (on paper or film) then made from it. The
to white light. For the best results, an image negative was then solarized
and used to make a print
with contrast should be used, because the on regular black and white
re-exposure flattens contrast considerably. printing paper.
To solarize, introduce light selectively
when a print is partially developed in a tray
– using a small flashlight is a handy way to
do this. A more advanced technique is to
solarize a film negative or positive. You can Color solarization
For this striking image, a
then make as many prints as you want. copy negative was made
Lith film sandwiches are made by contact from a 35mm transparency,
printing a lith film negative to form a lith then solarized using a
film positive, then placing the two together color head enlarger. The
color of a film image can
in register. You can then make prints from be altered by adjusting the
this sandwich onto either black and white filtration of the light used
or color printing paper, with good results. for solarization.
SOLARIZATION AND LITH FILM SANDWICHING 257
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
The easiest way to
create a solarized
image digitally is to use
the “Curves” control
found on programs
such as Photoshop.The
line of the on-screen
graph is simply pulled
into a U-shaped curve.
Black and white lith, left

For this print, a lith film
positive was made, then
contact printed to make a
lith film negative. The
negative and positive were
sandwiched in register.
Color lith, below

For this color result, the
negative/positive lith film
sandwich described above
was used together with
color printing paper.
COLOR MASKING TECHNIQUES

All the images shown here were printed
from slides onto positive/positive color
printing paper, which is designed to produce
a positive print from a positive original. The
color response of the prints was manipulated
using different types of mask.
A highlight mask is made by contact
printing a slide onto high-contrast lith film.
The slide and lith mask are then combined
in register and printed. The highlight areas of
the slide print as black or gray depending on
the density of the lith; other areas appear
normal. To adjust the colors of the shadow
areas, first make print-sized negative and
positive masks from the slide. With the slide
in the enlarger and the positive mask in
contact with the printing paper, make a first
exposure. Remove the positive and register
the negative mask in contact with the paper,
then expose to light to tint the shadows.
Shadow mask, above

The shadow colors here
were created by first using
a positive mask in contact
with the printing paper.
This covered the shadow
areas, but the rest of the
print was normally
exposed. Another exposure
was made with a negative
mask, and the enlarger
filtration controls set
appropriately.
Flat area mask, far left

A negative and a positive
mask were contact-printed
in register to produce this
effect. With the slide in the
enlarger, the paper was
exposed for three-quarters
of the correct exposure
time. The positive mask
was then removed and the
exposure completed.
Solarization effect, left

This print was made in the
manner described above,
but the enlarger lens
aperture was opened one
stop, doubling the amount
of light reaching the paper
and creating a pseudo-
solarization effect. Colored
filtration was used to get
the eerie, surreal result.
COLOR MASKING TECHNIQUES 259
Highlight masking
This technique involves a
lith film negative mask
being printed in register
with the slide original.
Depending on the density
of tone, the mask keeps a
certain amount of light
from shining through the
highlight areas of the slide.
However, if the mask is
tinted rather than left as a
gray tone, as it was here,
dramatic prints with a
mixture of real and unreal
colors can be produced.
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
•packages
Digital manipulation
allow you to
“sandwich” different
versions of the same
image together in
different ways.There
are many possibilities,
and you can try out
different effects until
you get the image you
require on screen
without wasting paper.
•shown
To get the effects
here, open up
your image and copy it
onto a separate layer.
Convert this layer into
a “lith” negative by
using the “Invert”
command. Increase the
contrast, then reduce
the color saturation to
zero. Combine the two
layers using a blending
tool such as the
Difference or Multiply
options in Photoshop.
Also try altering the
opacity of the layer.
DARKROOM
AND STUDIO
EQUIPMENT
In a studio environment you have complete
control over the lighting, which allows you to
concentrate on producing precisely the type
of image you want. Taking the picture is only
half the creative process, however. It is in
the darkroom that you can exercise ultimate
control over the final appearance of the
image. This section shows all the basic
equipment you need to set up a home
darkroom. Also included is useful information
on systems for viewing and storing slides,
negatives, and prints.
262 DARKROOM AND STUDIO EQUIPMENT
THE HOME STUDIO Neutral-colored walls

Walls and ceiling should be painted
either white or a pale neutral color
so that they reflect light without
Many amateur photographers would like to introducing an unwanted color-cast
create their own studio but are discouraged

from doing so because they mistakenly
believe that a studio necessarily requires a
lot of space and that this area would have to
be permanently set aside.
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
The size of a home studio depends on what
types of subject you intend to photograph.
If most of your photography involves table-
top subjects, such as small still life objects,
then an area measuring about 8 x 8ft (2.5 x
Make-up mirror
2.5m) will usually be sufficient. For portraits, The camera is critical of
however, especially full-length shots, you imperfections, so a well-lit
make-up mirror is essential
will probably need an area about twice that
size at least. Generally, square rooms are
best, since they give you the greatest
flexibility in positioning lights and reflectors.
A spare bedroom is excellent for setting up a Storage shelves
Extra storage areas are always
studio because you can leave camera, tripod, useful for camera and lens
accessories, props, clamps,
lights, reflectors, and background papers tape, reflectors, and numerous
permanently in place. If this is not possible, other items
equipment can be stored in a large closet and
Make-up table
assembled in about 30 minutes when required. Table for cosmetics,
hair accessories, and brushes
is useful for portraiture and
WINDOWS AND LIGHTING all shots involving life models
In a room with large windows (and ideally

a skylight for additional lighting), you may not
need to use flash or other lights if you restrict
yourself to working during daylight. If
possible, a home studio should have a good-
sized window to supplement any lights used.
A darkening shade or blinds can be used to
exclude all window light when necessary.
Floor
Solid floor is essential
to keep movement
STUDIO REQUIREMENTS on the set from causing
vibrations that might
•lighting
White walls and ceiling to maximize ambient
levels and to double as reflectors without
affect the camera
creating unwanted color-casts.
•equipment
Storage shelves or closets to store accessories and
when not in use, so that the working part
of the studio can be kept free of clutter.
•through
A solid floor to stop vibrations being transmitted
the tripod to the camera.
Flash unit
Main light is positioned
Links camera to the power pack
about 45° to the so that the flash fires at the same
subject time as the shutter is released
•lighting
A ceiling high enough to allow you to position
units above the height of a standing figure.
THE HOME STUDIO 263
Background paper Subject on adjustable table Background supports

Selection of different- A stand or table on which Telescopic metal supports OTHER ITEMS
colored background height can be readily adjusted is hold the roll of background
papers is essential useful for small-scale subjects paper at various heights
•positioning
Strong clamps for
small lights
on shelves and backs
of chairs, etc.
Blind •minimizing
Dulling spray for
reflections
An adjustable blind gives a
range of lighting options. It from shiny objects.
also excludes daylight
altogether if necessary
•synchronization
Different-length flash
leads
and shutter cable
releases for different
set-ups.
Window
This gives you the option •adaptors
Double or multiplug
for additional
of using daylight alone or
combining daylight and flash power points.
Snoot
Conical snoot fits over the lighting
head and restricts the spread of
light to a narrow beam
Colored gels
Large sheets of colored gels are
useful for special lighting effects and
for filtering daylight to match any
tungsten lighting being used
Reflector boards
Different-sized reflector boards
and surfaces give flexibility
Compressed air
Can with compressed air is useful for
cleaning filters and lenses, and for
removing any dust from the surface of
still life objects before shooting
Spare lighting head

Range of spare heads allows
you to adjust the lighting for
each subject
Tape
Masking or black tape can be used
to attach filter gels to lights or
windows and to adjust the
position of background paper
Umbrella diffuser Camera and tripod Flash meter Power pack

Light is diffused through The camera should, whenever If possible, choose a light Heavy-duty power source is required
the umbrella to provide possible, be mounted on a meter that can also be for the high output and rapid recycling
a softer light source sturdy, adjustable tripod used as a flash meter times required of studio flash units
THE HOME DARKROOM

All you need to set up a home darkroom is the area around the enlarger, which should be
a windowless area, such as a walk-in closet black. Proper ventilation, so that there is a PRACTICAL ADVICE
or a spare room that can be sealed against flow of air through the darkroom, is essential.
•in All light sources
outside light. The essential equipment the darkroom
required is shown on these pages. Arrange FILM AND PRINT PROCESSING should be operated
your darkroom to separate the wet and dry by pull-cords. Ordinary
Total darkness is required when removing an light switches used
darkroom processes as much as possible. exposed film from its cassette and loading it with wet hands are
The wet side of the room is where all the onto a spiral. Once the spiral is inside a potentially dangerous.
film and paper processing and washing takes processing tank and the lid is firmly in place,
place and the dry side is where unprocessed the room lights can then be turned on. •bulbs
Use correct strength
in safelights to
and processed film and printing paper are The chemicals used in film and print prevent film fogging.
handled, and where the enlarger is found. processing must be diluted in exactly the
It is best to have running water, but you proportions stated, and solutions must be •should
All ventilation units
be sealed
can use a room that does not have a sink if brought to the correct temperature, and kept to keep outside
you use a pail to move processed prints for in contact with the film or printing paper for light from entering
washing elsewhere. The walls and ceiling of exactly the right time. Consistency of time the darkroom.
your darkroom can be a light color except for and temperature ensures standardized results.
DARKROOM PROCESSING SIDE

Storage bottles Processing tanks Mixing pitcher
Concertina bottles can be Exposed film is
compressed to exclude Measuring beaker loaded onto spirals Chemicals Plastic funnels
Timer air; this helps extend the before being put in Film dryer
Essential for timing life of the chemicals processing tanks This unit has a
Spirals Measuring cylinders
processing stages thermostatically
controlled heating
Processing tongs element, and a long
Used for lifting plastic tube that
paper between trays surrounds the film
after processing
Thermometer
To check solution Color processing unit
temperatures This thermostatically
controlled unit has slots
Mixing rod
for processing chemicals
Ensures solutions
as well as a motor to
are properly mixed
keep the film tank or
Safelight print drum rotating
Placed above
processing trays Work top
Surface should
be resistant to
chemical spills
Spare processing trays Processing trays Squeegee tongs Large sink Hose Storage space Heated print dryer
Keep a supply of different- These are used for For removing water with taps attachment Large cabinets for This greatly speeds
sized processing trays to black and white prints.Try from film after For washing For washing accessories and up the print drying
suit various printing not to splash chemicals washing.Tongs must film, prints, and prints equipment process
paper sizes onto surrounding surfaces be kept very clean equipment
THE HOME DARKROOM 265
DARKROOM PRINTING SIDE

Enlarger head
Enlarger column This contains the light source and mixes
The enlarger head can be moved the light before it reaches the film original
up and down on the column to and the lens. It also houses colored
make different-sized enlargements printing filters of varying strengths
Timer
Easy-to-read timer to check
the length of exposure of
the printing paper
Light Printing papers

Wall-mounted white Different sizes of printing paper are
light with string pull-cord required and, for black and white
printing, different contrast grades
Wall color
The dry side of the darkroom Printing easel
where the enlarger is located This holds the paper flat on the
should be painted black enlarger’s baseboard during
exposure; the metal arms can
be adjusted to give different-
width white borders around the
finished print
Compressed air
Useful for removing dust and
hairs from negatives and for
cleaning the enlarger lens
Contact printing frame
Strips of negatives are loaded into
slots on the glass cover and then
brought into contact with a sheet
Focus magnifier of printing paper on the base
Magnifies a small section
of the projected image
from the enlarger to
ensure focus is accurate
Negative carrier
Individual negatives, or short
strips of negatives, are held in
position between the enlarger’s
light source and the lens
Bench
Work top should have
an easy-to-clean surface Additional printing papers
Store little-used or large-sized
papers on shelves out of the way
Color analyzer sensor

This is held under the lens
when a color original is being
projected by the enlarger. It
analyzes the color content
of the image and recommends
exposure times and filter settings
Floor Print trimming equipment

Hard wearing, easy-to-clean floor Gives a straight, clean edge; a
made of a nonslip material sharp craft knife can also be used
VIEWING AND STORING IMAGES

As your interest in photography develops, of them at a glance, file them in clear plastic
you will need to create an effective system sleeves. Slides can also be conveniently DIGITAL SOLUTION
for storing and cataloging your increasing stored in projector trays, but these can be Keep back-up copies of
number of slides, negatives, and prints. costly and they take up a lot of space. all your digital images –
Slides generally come from the processing Keep negatives in acid-free paper sleeves as hard drives can fail,
laboratory ready-mounted and packed in in a file, and, for quick reference, file the CDs break, and files can
convenient plastic boxes to protect them negative contact sheets alongside. Prints are be accidentally deleted.
from dust. If you want to be able to see all best displayed in albums, mounts, or frames.
SLIDE CHECKING, SELECTION, STORAGE, AND PROJECTION On/off switch Opaque surface
Checking and selecting
Although subject colors Glass
and tones are unlikely to lens
Durable
have been altered during plastic
processing, it is best to mount
check all slides with a
magnifying glass for image
quality. The best way to
compare and select slides
is on a light box. Mounted slide Magnifying glass Light box
Storage 35mm color slide

Mounted and unmounted
slides can be stored in 21⁄4in color slide
plastic sleeves, which, for Individual
sleeve
35mm slides, usually have
about 20–25 pockets. By Window for each
transparency
inserting a metal hanger 35mm color
through the top, sleeves negative strip
can be put in a suspension
file system. For display,
mount slides in black card.
Slides in plastic viewpack Slides mounted in black card
Projection Circular slide

Projection is the only way Lens tray in place
Slots for up Slots for up
to get maximum impact to 100 slides to 50 slides
from your slides. Projectors
accept either round
magazines (holding up to
100 slides) or straight ones
(holding up to 50 slides).
Standard slide tray
Some accept both.
Slide projector Circular slide tray
DIGITAL ARCHIVING Screen shows

image stored
Quality digital images use a lot of memory, on drive
and will soon fill your camera memory card
Laser-readable
and PC hard drive.To make room for more surface Cursor
shots you must archive your images. A cost- keys
effective solution is to copy them to CD-R
using a disk burner. When traveling, a battery-
Mini
run mini hard drive lets you to store and Recordable portable
back-up the contents of many memory cards. CDs hard drive
VIEWING AND STORING IMAGES 267
VIEWING AND STORING NEGATIVES Individual sleeve
Viewing negatives
Even with careful scrutiny
Contact sheets of Each paper negative sleeve
it is often difficult to make miniature prints can be can accommodate a strip of
out the details of an image filed alongside their six negatives; the paper is
on a negative, and almost corresponding negatives acid-free, so will not damage
impossible to compare the film emulsion
image quality. Contact
sheets are very useful for
Negative
selecting the best image, strip
as they give an
approximate idea of what
your negatives will look
like when printed and they
can be stored adjacent to
the negatives in an
ordinary ring binder.
Hard ring binder protects

the contact sheets and
negative sleeves; mark each Color negatives in paper sleeve
page with a date or
reference number so that
all the images can be Storing negatives
readily identified Negatives should always be
handled and stored
very carefully. To keep
them from getting dirty or
damaged, special acid-free
Ring binder with paper negative sleeves and contact sheet paper sleeves are available.
VIEWING AND FRAMING PRINTS

Viewing prints Print can be
Lightweight glass cut to size to
Albums for standard-sized frame is secured fit the frame
prints include those with Prints are held in place by a onto backboard if necessary
sticky pages to hold prints thin plastic overlay in with metal clips
this spiral-bound album;
in place, in which every the dark album pages
page is covered with a enhance the photographs
plastic overlay. Others
require adhesive “corners”
to hold prints in place.
Dark card can
be used to
create a
border around
an image
Framing prints
Prints can be enlarged,
then mounted in frames
for display. Of the many
easy framing and mounting
kits available, those shown
here use clips to hold the
glass and backboard
together. Others have
Spiral-bound album with color prints arranged beneath plastic overlay wood or aluminum frames. Framed prints
268 FAULT FINDER
PICTURE - TAKING ERRORS

Modern camera film is made to very high standards. It is generally produce good, well-exposed images in average
unusual for there to be anything wrong with quality or conditions (where the subject is frontally lit and the entire
consistency when it leaves the factory. Even own-brand frame has evenly distributed light and dark tones).
and promotional packs of film should present few Autoexposure problems are most likely to occur if the
problems – they have more than likely been produced by subject is lit from behind or if it is much lighter or darker
a leading film manufacturer. Remember that film should than its surroundings. If you consistently experience
always be kept in a cool place, out of direct sunlight, in exposure problems, have your camera tested and serviced.
low humidity, and away from all sources of chemical
fumes, such as household cleaners and bleaches. Many C AMERA C ARE AND USE
photographers store their film in a refrigerator. Always
Faults such as tilted horizons, lens obstructions, and
use and process film by the date indicated on the carton.
framing problems that often result in a subject being
chopped in half, are the typical errors of inexperienced
COLOR AND EXPOSURE PROBLEMS photographers or those working with a camera that is new
Some pictures display odd color faults, such as an orange to them. The only cure is patience and attention to detail.
or blue color-cast. Such faults usually have nothing to do Before exposing each frame, take extra care that the image
with film quality; color-casts are caused by exposing film you see in the viewfinder is the way you want it and that
designed for specific lighting conditions incorrectly. On there is nothing obscuring the lens. Your fingers or the
color print film, casts can be corrected or minimized by the camera strap can get in the way, especially if you are
printer. With color slide film, however, there is no printing using a compact camera. Establish a simple routine for
stage, so always use the correct film for the light source, or camera care, checking that the lens is not dusty or
use a correcting filter over the lens. A green color-cast can smudged, and that the inside of the camera is free of hair,
result from using old or badly stored film. Most modern dust, and grit. This will guarantee a high percentage of
cameras have an automatic exposure control that will successful, sharply focused, blemish-free photographs.
COLOR-CASTS
Overall orange color-cast Overall blue color-cast (i)
This usually occurs when film This problem is rare and usually
made for use in daylight or flash the result of exposing tungsten-
is exposed indoors by domestic balanced film by daylight or by
tungsten lighting. Be sure to use flashlight. Again, use the right film
the correct film for the lighting for the lighting conditions, or use
conditions or use a correction an appropriate correction filter. A
filter over the camera lens or light blue cast can also occur if flash is
source. An orange cast can also bounced off a blue-colored surface
occur if flash is bounced off an before reaching the subject. Use
orange-colored surface before neutral surfaces for bouncing light.
reaching the subject. Use neutral
surfaces for bouncing light.
Orange color-cast Blue color-cast
Overall blue color-cast (ii) Overall green color-cast

A strong blue cast can be caused In outdoor shots, this usually
by a very smoky atmosphere in the means that the film is old or has
room where a shot is taken or been badly stored. Always check
excessive amounts of ultra-violet the use-by date on film cartons. A
light, which are particularly green cast on photographs taken
associated with coastal areas and indoors may mean that daylight-
mountain landscapes. Attach a clear balanced film has been exposed
UV filter to the lens to minimize by fluorescent lighting. Overcome
this problem. A polarizing filter can this problem by finding out
sometimes have a stronger effect precisely what type of fluorescent
than a UV filter, but it will result in lighting is being used, then use
increased exposure times. the a correction filter, if available.
Blue color-cast Green color-cast
PICTURE-TAKING ERRORS 269
COMPOSITIONAL ERRORS
Obstruction Parallax error
If you are using an SLR camera, This occurs when parts of a subject
always check the viewfinder are accidentally omitted. This
before taking a photograph to see usually happens when the parallax
if there is anything obscuring the correction marks in the viewfinder
lens. If you are using a compact of a compact camera are not taken
camera, be sure that your fingers into account, or the shot is taken
and camera strap are well away too close to the subject. Frame your
from the lens, because they subject within the marks and do not
will not appear on the direct come in closer than the nearest
vision viewfinder. recommended focusing distance.
Also examine your negatives
carefully to check that this problem
is not due to a printing error.
Lens obstruction Subject partly obscured
Image distortion Tilted image

Distortions can be caused by To avoid this problem, look
using the wrong type of lens carefully through the viewfinder
to photograph a particular scene – before taking a picture to make
for example, when a wide-angle sure that the horizon is parallel to
lens is used too close to a subject the top or bottom of the frame.
or when a converging vertical
distortion results from tilting the
camera up to include the top of a
tall building. To avoid distortion,
be sure always to select the
correct lens and camera position.
Distorted image Subject tilted in frame
FLASH FAULTS
Flash-lit subject overexposed Flash fall-off
This occurs when the flash is This describes underexposure of all
used too close to the subject, if or part of a flash-lit subject. Check
the wrong aperture is used, or if that the subject is within the
the flash has been set with the recommended working distance for
wrong film speed. Follow your your flash unit (assuming that you
flash instructions regarding the are shooting indoors with enough
correct working distance and reflective surfaces to bounce the
aperture required for your unit, light back). Outdoors, flash fall-off
and make sure that you set the is rapid, so move closer to the
correct film ISO number on subject or select a wider aperture. If
nonautomatic flash units. you are using a manual flash, set it
to the correct film ISO number.
Subject overexposed Subject underexposed
Unsynchronized flash Vignetting

This results in all or part of the This shows as dark edges and
image being black, and is most corners on an image and can be
often associated with SLR cameras; caused if the spread of light from a
it is caused by the flash firing flash is inadequate for the angle of
when the shutter has only partially view of your lens. Fitting a diffuser
cleared the film plane. On manual over the flash or bouncing a flash
cameras, check that you have set off reflective surfaces helps.
the flash-synchronization speed Vignetting on nonflash images can
(usually 1/125 or 1/60 second) or be caused by using the wrong lens
the lightning flash symbol on the hood on a wide-angle lens, using
shutter speed dial correctly. more than one filter on a lens at
the same time, or if a polarizing
Image partially blacked-out
filter is fixed to a lens. Vignetted image
270 FAULT FINDER
CONTRAST AND EXPOSURE

Camera shake Multiple exposure
This results in multiple images of More than one image recorded on
the subject and general blurring. the same film frame indicates that
Adopting a steady, relaxed the film has not been correctly
shooting posture is the best way loaded and is therefore not
to avoid it. If the shutter speed advancing properly. Be sure to
being used is very slow and likely follow the loading instructions in
to result in camera shake, support your camera manual carefully. If
the camera on a tripod or level your camera has a rewind crank,
surface, such as a wall or the roof check that it turns in the opposite
of a car. Using a fast film often direction from the direction the
allows a sufficiently fast shutter film is wound (this means that the
speed to be selected, which will film is loaded properly).
avoid the problem altogether.
Blurred image Double exposure
Subject movement Excessive contrast

Part of the subject is blurred but The shadowy areas of the print
all stationary parts of the scene are too dark or highlight areas too
are sharp. This occurs when the bright. Unfortunately, the
shutter speed being used is too recording ability of film cannot
slow to arrest the rapid movement resolve detail in both very bright
of part of the subject. If possible, highlights and deep shadows.
use a faster shutter speed, or find Decide which is more important
a more head-on camera viewpoint for the composition of the image
so that subject movement is and set the exposure accordingly.
effectively minimized. Alternatively, wait until contrast is
less extreme, or, for close-ups,
artificially lessen contrast by using
a flash or a reflector.
Moving subject blurred Excessive contrast
Flat contrast Pale image or colors

This is when there is very little Assuming that it is not a lighting
difference between the brightest problem, washed-out colors or a
and darkest areas of the image distinct lack of image contrast are
or subject, which is a problem if often caused by a dirty lens or
the photographer is relying on lens filter. Make sure all front lens
shape to make the image elements, filters, and, on an SLR,
interesting. This problems occurs the back lens element, are clean
often in twilight shots. To light an and free of scratches.
appealing foreground or subject
in such conditions, use a fill-in
flash to create artificial contrast.
Image with flat contrast Image with washed-out colors
Overexposure Underexposure
This is when too much light Like overexposure, this is when
reaches the film, causing light the wrong shutter speed/aperture
shadow areas and bleached-out combination has been selected for
highlights. The fault lies in the film speed, resulting in too
selecting the wrong shutter little light reaching the film, which
speed/aperture combination for causes heavy shadow areas and
the film speed. If overexposure dull highlights. If underexposure
happens consistently on an happens consistently on an
autoexposure camera, there may autoexposure camera, there may
be a problem that needs be a problem that needs
professional repair. professional repair.
Image overexposed Image underexposed

PICTURE-TAKING ERRORS 271
MISCELLANEOUS FAULTS
Unexposed film Image out of focus
Processed film that is perfectly If the final image is partially
clear has never been exposed. blurred, the aperture selected may
This happens as a result of the have resulted in insufficient depth
film not advancing. Follow the of field. Autofocus cameras may
loading instructions in your focus incorrectly through glass or
camera manual carefully and if the subject is not center-frame.
always remember to wind the end If the subject is off-center, use the
of an exposed film back inside focus lock (if your camera has
the cassette. one) and consult your camera
manual regarding potential
autofocus problems. If the shutter
speed is below 1/30, slight camera
shake can also cause this problem.
Unexposed film frame Image out of focus
Blemishes on print Red eye

These usually take the form of A subject’s eyes glowing red
spots, lines, and scratches on the usually happens when the built-in
film caused by dust, dirt, hair, or flash on compact cameras and
grit inside the camera. Check the SLRs is very closely aligned with
inside of the camera whenever the lens. If you cannot bounce the
you remove a film. Blemishes or flashlight from a nearby wall or
out-of-focus spots are also often ceiling before it reaches the
due to raindrops on the lens subject, use a film that is faster
when the photograph was taken. and correct for the available light
minus the flash.
Out-of-focus spot on image Subject’s eyes glowing red
Film fogging Flare

This happens when non-image- Never point the camera directly at
forming light reaches the film, a bright light source unless the
usually when you open the back lens is adequately shaded,
of a camera before rewinding the otherwise bright patches of light
film. Remember always to rewind (flare) will obscure parts of the
the film before removing it. An ill- film and produce a washed-out
fitting or loose camera back can image. Flare can also be caused
also allow enough light in to by fine scratches on the
cause fogging. mat-black interior of the camera.
Film fogged by light Flare surrounding light source
Grainy image Half-framed image

Using the wrong film speed This happens when you try to
results in an overly grainy image. squeeze an extra frame of film at
This usually occurs if extremely the end of a roll. Although film
fast film is used. It is most comes in standard lengths, you
apparent when an image is can occasionally take an extra
greatly enlarged – a smaller print frame. If the picture is important,
minimizes it. To avoid excessive however, it is worth taking the
graininess, use a slower, finer- shot again when you have
grain film with an increased reloaded, in case the processing
exposure time, or add extra laboratory has to cut into the
lighting. Grain shows up more in frame to detach the film from the
the neutral and light-toned areas core or attach a clip to the end
of an image. Overly grainy image
while the film is drying. Half-framed image
272 FAULT FINDER
PRINTING ERRORS
At a large processing laboratory, films requiring the hair, or grit on the surface of a negative or positive
same type of chemical processing (E-6 for most color will result in a blemished and flawed print, even if
slides and C-41 for color negatives) are processed in filtration and exposure are perfect. More serious is the
long strips and passed through a series of chemical baths, contamination of one processing solution with another.
which are constantly monitored to ensure that they are Even one drop of bleach or fixing agent spilled in a
at the correct temperature. Depending on the volume developer solution will mean a waste of expensive
of film being processed, the chemical solutions are paper and chemicals.
constantly renewed to give consistent results; likewise
at the printing stage. Each film image is printed by an CHEMICAL PROCESSES
enlarger that automatically analyzes its density and color
The temperature of solutions and the timing of the
content and sets the required color filtration and exposure
separate chemical stages of print processing are other
length. A conveyor-belt system transports the individual major sources of potentially avoidable problems for
sheets of exposed printing paper through another series the home darkroom user. Some chemical solutions,
of chemical baths and hot-air dryers, delivering hundredsparticularly those used in color printing, have only to
of finished prints every hour. be fractionally off the exact working temperatures stated
in their accompanying instructions to seriously affect the
HOME DARKROOM PROBLEMS color balance of the print. It is also worth remembering
Naturally, the degree of automation in a film laboratory that only a fixed number of chemical solutions can be
is not possible or desirable in the home darkroom, where used to process prints. Avoid having to throw away
you can work creatively on individual images as you ruined printing paper and wasting your creative efforts
process them. Inherent in home processing, however, is by keeping accurate records of the number of prints
the likelihood of error. The most common problems to passing through these solutions before their chemical
be avoided are related to darkroom cleanliness; dust, action is exhausted.
BLACK AND WHITE PRINTS

Blurred prints Inaccurate highlight detail
If a negative is sharp but the This can happen even though
resulting print blurred, first check a negative has been correctly
that the enlarger is focused exposed. If details in the highlight
correctly. As an aid, use a focus areas of a negative do not appear
magnifier to view an enlarged part in the corresponding dark areas
of the projected image on the on the processed print, you may
baseboard prior to exposure. Also need to print on a softer grade of
use a printing frame to ensure that paper, because hard grades yield
the printing paper cannot move fewer intermediate tones.
during exposure.
Blurred image Lack of highlight detail
Soft print with “muddy” tones Spots and lines on a print

Black and white prints can These are generally caused by
sometimes turn out too soft and dust, hair, or similar debris on the
muddy looking, even though the negative and are very noticeable
negative is satisfactory. To achieve on a print. The only way to
increased contrast – when there prevent such blemishes
are areas of solid black and bright is to keep your darkroom
white present – try using a harder scrupulously clean. Inspect both
grade of paper, which eliminates sides of a negative each time you
more intermediate tones to create load one into the enlarger. When
a crisper, more contrasty image. cleaning negatives, take particular
Also make sure the developer you care with the emulsion side, which
use is not contaminated. scratches easily.
“Muddy” tones Spots and lines
PRINTING ERRORS 273
COLOR PRINTS FROM NEGATIVES

Brownish streaks on print Dark image lacking in contrast
The most likely cause of brownish Usually caused by exhausted
streaks appearing on a print is bleach solution. Keep a note of
that light hit the paper before the number and size of all prints
exposure and fogged it. Be sure passing though the solution.
that your darkroom is completely Discard and replace it before
sealed against white light, exhaustion point is reached.
especially around doors and Read the instructions
windows. If you have a safelight, accompanying the chemicals to
check that it is the correct type determine how often they should
for color printing, that the filter be renewed.
cover is secure, and that the bulb
is the right wattage.
Brown streaks Lack of contrast
Heavy shadows and color-cast Pale, reversed image

These are probably due to the If a processed print shows a pale
temperature of the developer image, reversed left to right, the
solution being incorrect. The paper was probably placed under
correct working temperature of the enlarger with the emulsion
the solution can be found in the side face down, so that the paper
instructions accompanying it. Use was exposed through the back.
a thermometer to gauge the exact (Note that prints like this can also
temperature of a solution before have a blotchy, cyan color-cast.)
pouring it into a print drum. A Practice with a spare, waste piece
thermostatically controlled of paper until you are confident
processing unit for solutions and you can tell the emulsion side by
print drums makes these critical touch in complete darkness.
controls easier to maintain.
Heavy shadow areas Image reversed
COLOR PRINTS FROM SLIDES

Purple color-cast Magenta color-cast
If the print has a purple color- If a processed print shows a pale
cast, the paper was slightly image, reversed left to right, the
fogged by white light before paper was probably placed under
exposure, which destroyed most the enlarger with the emulsion
of the top yellow dye layer. Seal side face down, so that the paper
the darkroom completely against was exposed through the back.
white light, and if you are using a (Note that prints like this can also
safelight, make sure it is the have a blotchy, cyan color-cast.)
correct type for color printing, Practice with a spare, waste piece
that the filter cover is securely in of paper until you are confident
place, and that the bulb is of the you can tell the emulsion side by
recommended wattage. touch in complete darkness.
Light purple color-cast Bright magenta color-cast
Blotchy, uneven image White or colored scratches

This is usually due to the These indicate that the delicate
printing paper being loaded surface of the printing paper has
into the processing drum with the been damaged. Scratches often
emulsion side the wrong come up white, but can also be
way up, so that uneven amounts blue, yellow, magenta, or cyan,
of each chemical solution reach depending on the depth of the
the emulsion. The same happens scratch. Always handle the paper
if the paper is correctly oriented gently, especially when still wet,
but not enough solution is used. because this is the time when the
Be very careful at every stage. emulsion is most easily affected.
Unevenly processed image Scratches on print

274 GLOSSARY
choose from three print sizes at the time of Barn doors Set of four hinged metal flaps on
GLOSSARY shooting. Information about each picture is

marked invisibly on the film's magnetic strip,
and this data is used during printing.
a frame that fit around a spotlight. Moving the
flaps in or out of the light beam controls the
spread of light.
A Archival Any process or material that is

specifically designed to significantly improve
Barrel distortion Design fault, usually
associated with wide-angle lenses, that causes
the life expectancy of the image. vertical lines near the edges of the frame to
Adobe Photoshop Professional-standard image bulge outward.
manipulation software package. Although it is Array The arrangement of image sensors in a
costly and requires a powerful computer, the digital device. Bellows See Extension bellows.
program offers a wide range of techniques Artefacts Unwanted information in a Between-the-lens shutter Shutter system on
and effects. Suitable for PCs and Macs. digital image, caused by limitations in the most compact cameras that is built within the
AE See Autoexposure. recording process. lens itself. See also Focal-plane shutter.
Aerial perspective Illusion of depth and Attachment A digital file attached to an e-mail. Bit The basic unit from which any digital
distance in a photograph due to the light- piece of data is made up. Each bit has a value
Autoexposure Camera system designed to of 0 or 1. Digital files are usually measured in
scattering effect of atmospheric haze. set the size of the aperture and/or the shutter bytes, which are each made up of 8 bits.
AF See Autofocus. speed, to ensure correct exposure of a scene.
Film speed is also taken into account. Bleed A picture that is printed or cut so that
Ambient light See Available light. the image extends to the edge of the paper.
Autofocus A system where the lens is
Analogue A non-digital recording system adjusted automatically by the camera to bring Bluetooth Wireless connection system used
where the strength of the signal is in direct the image into sharp focus. to link different computer peripherals and
proportion to the strength of the source. digital devices using radio signals.
Autofocus illuminator System used in some
Angle of view Most widely separated parts of cameras to assist autofocus in low light Blur Unsharp image area caused by camera
a scene that a lens is capable of resolving into situations. A red pattern is projected onto the or subject movement, inaccurate focusing, or
an acceptable image on a piece of film. The subject, which enhances the contrast-detection a limited depth of field.
angle of view varies according to the focal function of the autofocus, allowing the lens
length of the lens and the camera format. to be adjusted correctly. Bounced flash Light from a flash that is first
directed at a surface, such as a wall, ceiling,
Anti-aliasing A method of smoothing Available light Light that is normally available or reflector, before it reaches the subject. This
diagonal lines in digital images, to avoid a in a scene, such as extra domestic tungsten creates a broad, soft area of lighting.
staircase, or stepping, effect created by the lighting, but not including artificial light such as
individual pixels. flash. Also known as ambient or existing light. Bracketing Taking a series of photographs of
the same scene with each frame at a different
Antihalation layer Coating of dye on the exposure setting. Useful when you want to
back of films that absorbs light. Without this select slightly darker or lighter prints than the
layer, light would be reflected back from the
film base and through the emulsion, creating B exposure system would normally produce, or
when it is difficult to judge the best exposure.
ill-defined haloes around sources of bright
light in the image. Burning-in Photographic printing term used
B (Bulb) setting Shutter setting found on to indicate those parts of an image that would
Aperture Circular opening within a lens that many cameras that holds the shutter open for benefit from extra exposure. Parts of the
determines the amount of light that is allowed as long as the release is depressed. Used for image not requiring burning-in must be
to pass through to reach the film. On all but manually timing exposures that are longer shaded from the enlarger light during this
the simplest of cameras, the size of the than the standard shutter speeds available. process. The procedure can be mimicked by
aperture can be varied by a diaphragm, which Backlight compensation control Manual most digital manipulation programs.
is set to different-sized openings, known as exposure control found on many modern
“stops,” calibrated in f-numbers. Byte Standard unit for measuring memory
cameras that opens the aperture by a capacity of digital devices. Each byte can have
Aperture priority Type of semi-automatic predetermined amount to compensate when one of 256 values, and is equal to 8 bits.
exposure system whereby the photographer the main subject is backlit. Most exposure-
sets the aperture and the camera selects the measuring systems tend to underexpose a
corresponding shutter speed to ensure correct backlit subject because the side of the subject
exposure of the scene. facing the lens is in shadow.
C
APS (Advanced Photo System) Miniature Backlighting Lighting that illuminates the
film format used for compact cameras and subject from the rear. See also Backlight
Cable release Mechanical or electrical device
some SLRs. Film is automatically loaded from compensation control.
used to trigger the shutter. Useful if a camera is
the cassette by the camera, and is returned in Back-up Copy of a digital file, kept in case of mounted on a tripod, as it ensures that the
the cassette after processing. An indicator damage to or deletion of the original. camera is stable at the moment of exposure.
shows whether the film is unused, partly used,
completely used, or developed. A five-digit Ball-and-socket head Simple type of camera- Cassette Metal or plastic holder for 35mm
reference number on the cassette is also mounting system found on some tripods. It and APS film.
printed on the back of prints to allow you to consists of a ball that can be rotated in a cup-
Catadioptric lens See Mirror lens.
identify negatives. The image area of the shaped fixture, allowing sideways and up-and-
format is 30.2 x 16.7mm, but the user can down camera movements. See also Tripod. CC filter Abbreviation for Color conversion
GLOSSARY 275
filters – pale color filters designed to provide Color gamut The range of colors that can be Cropping Removing unwanted parts of an
small changes in color balance when using displayed by a computer screen, or printed by image by enlarging only part of the frame
color slide film. a printer. This range of possible colors may during printing or digital manipulation.
well be different for both – and different from
CCD (Charge Coupled Device) An imaging those recorded in the digital file.
sensor used in digital cameras, found at the
focal plane. It converts the focused image into
an electrical signal. See CMOS sensor.
Color management A system that warns you
of color gamut problems, and helps to ensure
D
that the colors that are printed look the same
Center-weighted metering Type of as those you see on screen. Daylight-balanced film Film designed to
exposure-measuring system that assumes the
reproduce correct subject colors when
subject is placed in the center of the frame so Color temperature Measurement of the color
exposed in daylight or by the light of
weights the exposure in favor of that area. of light, often expressed in Kelvin (K). The
electronic flash or blue flash cubes. See also
human eye adjusts for the color temperature
Chromatic aberration Lens fault that Tungsten-balanced film.
of different light sources without us realising.
causes the different wavelengths of light to A digital camera can make electronic Dedicated flash Type of flashgun designed
focus on slightly different planes. It appears adjustments using its white balance system. to be used with a specific camera or range of
as a series of different-colored fringes When using color film, if accurate color cameras. Once attached to the camera, the
around the subject. Occurs with some balance is essential, correct filtration is often flashgun effectively becomes an extension of
cheap camera lenses, and lenses with long necessary when shooting or printing. that camera’s circuitry, controlling shutter
focal lengths.
speed, receiving film speed information, and
Compact A type of camera that has a shutter
Clip test Small length of film clipped from the using the exposure meter.
mechanism built into the lens. Compacts use
beginning of an exposed roll. This is processed point-and-shoot designs that are easy to carry Depth of field Zone of acceptably sharp
in advance so that processing times can be around. Many have built-in zooms and either focus extending in front of and behind the
adjusted if necessary for the rest of the film. record images digitally or on film. point of true focus. Depth of field varies
Clone tool Facility on many digital image depending on the aperture selected, the focal
Complementary colors In a photographic
manipulation programs that allows you to length of the lens (or zoom setting), and the
context, this term refers to the colors yellow,
replace an area of the image with a copy focused distance. Depth of field is increased if
magenta, and cyan, which are complementary
taken from another part of the image. a smaller aperture is set, a lens with a shorter
to the primary colors blue, green, and red.
Extensively used for removing blemishes, dust focal length is selected, or the further the
Colors are complementary to one another if,
marks and unwanted subject matter from a subject focused on is away from the camera.
when mixed in the correct proportions, they
digital photograph. form white or gray. Depth of field scale Pairs of f-numbers
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide engraved on a lens barrel that indicate the
Contact sheet A print with the images from
Semiconductor) An imaging sensor used in effective depth of field surrounding a subject
the same roll of film exactly the same size as
digital cameras similar to a CCD sensor. It is when the lens is focused on the subject and
the negatives. Contacts are produced by
found at the focal plane, and converts the the desired aperture has been selected.
placing the negatives in contact with a sheet
focused image into an electrical signal. of photographic printing paper, pressing them Depth of focus Distance that the film plane
CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black – down under a piece of glass, and exposing can be moved without requiring the camera
the four primary inks used in commercial them to light. to be refocused.
and desktop printing to produce full-color Continuous AF Autofocus setting where the Diaphragm Adjustable aperture of a lens.
images. Digital photographs and scans are focus is constantly adjusted up until the moment The size of the aperture affects the amount of
recorded in RGB (red, green, and blue), the shutter is fired. Useful for moving subjects, light reaching the film, and the depth of field.
but can be converted to the CMYK color where it is inappropriate for the focus distance
space using imaging editing software. It to be locked once correct focus is initially found. Diffuser Any material that is used to scatter
is not, however, necessary to convert and soften light.
before printing. Continuous tone Term used in black and
white photography to describe a negative or Digital manipulation Any alteration to a
Color balance The matching of film or print that has gradations of tone from black to digital image on a computer that changes its
imaging chip settings to ensure that white white, which correspond to the different tones appearance. Digital manipulation software
and grey tones appear in a picture as they of the original subject. provides a range of tools and techniques
would to the human eye. With color film, that are similar to those of the traditional
color balance can be changed using filters. Contrast range A measurement of the darkroom, hence the fact that digital
With digital cameras, color balance is difference in brightness between the darkest manipulation processes are often referred
changed electronically using the white and lightest part of an image. Films and to as the digital darkroom.
balance system. image sensors are capable of successfully
dealing with differing, but generally limited, Dodging Masking selected areas of the image
Color-cast Unwanted color tint on an image, contrast ranges. at the printing stage to reduce exposure in
usually created by incorrect color balance or that area in relation to the rest of the image.
by a reflection from a strongly-colored object. Contre jour Another term for backlighting. A process that is often recreated with tools
available during digital manipulation.
Color depth The amount of color Converging verticals An effect usually
information in a digital image. 8-bit color associated with a wide-angle lens that occurs Downrating Exposing film as if it were
offers 256 distinct colors, 16-bit color offers when the film plane and the subject are not less sensitive to light than its ISO rating
over 65,000 colors, whilst the human eye is parallel. This results in the vertical sides of a indicates. Allowances for downrated film
capable of distinguishing over 16-million tall building appearing to converge when the have to be made during development. Also
colors (32-bit color). camera is tilted back to include the top. known as pulling.
276 GLOSSARY
dpi (dots per inch) A measure of the Exposure latitude will depend on the contrast Film plane Plane on which the film lies
resolution of a printer or other digital device. range of the subject. in a camera. The camera lens is designed
to bring images into focus precisely at
DPOF (Digital Print Order Format) Facility Exposure lock Feature found on many the film plane to ensure correctly
available on some digital cameras that allows automatics SLR cameras that allows the exposed pictures.
users to mark the images that they wish to photographer to take a light reading from one
have processed into prints. part of a scene, lock the reading into the Film speed The more sensitive a film is to
camera, and recompose the picture and shoot. light, the “faster” it is. The speed of a film is
Driver A piece of software that is used by a A useful feature when the subject is backlit or indicated by its ISO number. Each doubling of
computer to control and communicate with a when the main subject is either much lighter the ISO number represents a doubling of light
printer, scanner, or other peripheral. or darker than the surrounding scene. sensitivity (for example from ISO 100 to 200
DX coding Black and silver markings on a or from ISO 400 to 800). Slow films are in the
Exposure meter A device that measures the range ISO 50–100; medium-speed films ISO
35mm film canister that can be read by many amount of light reflected from or falling onto
cameras. These usually only tell the camera 200–400; and fast films ISO 800–3200.
the subject, assesses the film speed, and
the film's ISO speed (its sensitivity to light), recommends a shutter speed and aperture to Filter Glass, plastic, or gelatin disks or
but the code can also communicate the length achieve the correct exposure. Can be built squares that fit over a camera lens or, less
of the roll and its exposure latitude. into the camera or hand-held; it is also known commonly, the light source, in order to
Dye sublimation Printing method used to as a light meter. change the appearance of the finished image.
make high-quality prints from digital image Extension bellows Close-up attachment for Filter factor Most filters subtract some of
files. The results look and feel very similar to SLR cameras and view cameras that fits the light passing through them. Through-the-
traditional photographic prints. between the camera body and the lens. The lens (TTL) exposure-metering cameras
bellows unit is made of flexible material and automatically compensate for any extra
mounted on rails. exposure required, but for non-TTL and
manual cameras, the mount of the filter
E Extension tubes Similar in principle to an
extension bellows, extension tubes are made
may be engraved with a filter factor that
indicates the additional exposure that has
of metal in different lengths and can be used to be given.
Electronic flash Type of flash that discharges singly or in combination to give different
an electric current through a gas-filled tube to degrees of subject enlargement. Fisheye lens Extreme wide-angle lens
produce a short burst of bright light. that produces highly distorted, circular
images, sometimes with an angle of view
Emulsion Light-sensitive coating on in excess of 200˚. Depth of field at every
photographic film and printing paper consisting
of silver halides suspended in gelatin. F aperture is so extensive that focusing may
not be necessary.
Enlargement Any size of print that is larger Fixed-focus lens Lens that is set to one
than the transparency or negative from which Feathering Technique used in digital
manipulation to soften the edge of a selection subject distance from the camera and cannot
it is produced. be selectively focused closer than or beyond
or an effect. A certain amount of feathering is
Enlarger Darkroom device that projects the necessary with most selective operations so the subject. Used on the simplest of cameras,
image of a negative or transparency onto a that the joins between images do not show. the lens is usually set at the hyperfocal point,
piece of photographic printing paper. which, when coupled with a small maximum
File format The way in which a digital file aperture, renders most subjects relatively
EXIF (Exchangeable Image File) Data is saved. A digital image can be saved in a sharp. See also Hyperfocal point.
recorded by many digital cameras as part of wide variety of file formats – the most
the image file. This data automatically records commonly-used being TIFF and JPEG. The Flare Non-image-forming light caused by light
a wide range of information about the picture, format dictates which programs will be able scattering as it passes through the glass
including the date and time it was recorded, to read and open the file. It also dictates the surfaces of a lens, or light reflected from
aperture, shutter speed, model of camera, amount of information and the detail that inside the camera body itself.
whether flash was used, number of pixels is stored. Other formats include RAW, GIF, Flash See Electronic flash.
used, metering mode, exposure mode, and Photoshop.
exposure compensation used, and zoom Flash fall-off Progressive underexposure of
setting. This information can be read by Fill-in light Supplementary lighting from a those parts of a subject that are beyond the
certain software. However, the information flash or reflector that is used most often to working distance of the flash.
can easily be lost if the image is subsequently lighten shadowy areas of the subject and
saved in an incompatible file format. reduce overall contrast. Also used to add Flash fall-in See Fill-in light.
highlights if the subject is flatly lit.
Flash meter Type of hand-held exposure
Exposure Amount of light received by a
Film back Preloadable film holder designed meter designed to register the very brief burst
photographic emulsion or imaging chip.
for use with a medium-format camera. It is of light produced by a flash. Some exposure
Overall exposure is the product of the
possible to change from black and white to meters can be used in both continuous light
intensity of the light, the aperture size, and
color or from color negative to color and flashlight.
the shutter speed.
transparency film at any time (even halfway
Flash synchronization speed Fastest shutter
Exposure latitude Amount by which a film through a film), simply by removing the film
speed available that ensures the shutter is
may be over- or underexposed and still back from the camera and attaching another,
fully open when the flash is fired.
produce an acceptable result when given loaded with the appropriate film. A thin, dark
standard processing. Fast films in general have plate protects the film from accidental Flash umbrella Umbrella-shaped reflector
a wider exposure latitude than slow films. exposure. Digital backs are also available. that casts a broad area of soft, diffused
GLOSSARY 277
light onto the subject when flashlight is

bounced off its inside surfaces. Also known G Hyperfocal point The nearest point of
sharp focus to a camera when a lens is
as a brolly. focused on infinity (for a particular
Gain Amplification of an electrical circuit. aperture). If the lens is focused at the
Flashgun Any type of add-on flash unit.
Used in digital cameras as a way of hyperfocal point, depth of field extends
Floodlight Studio light designed to produce a electronically boosting the sensitivity of the from infinity to a point halfway between it
broad beam of light. imaging chip in lowlight. This allows digital and the camera.
f-number Series of numbers engraved on cameras to allow a range of different sensor
the barrel of a lens that represent the sizes of sensitivities, equivalent to using film with
different ISO ratings.
aperture available. Moving the aperture ring
up one stop (for example from f4 to f5.6) Gamma A method for measuring or setting
I
makes the aperture smaller and halves the contrast.
amount of light passing through the lens. Incident light The light falling on a subject,
Moving the aperture ring down one stop (for GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) Digital as opposed to that being reflected by it.
example from f11 to f8) makes the aperture file format that can be used for saving
larger and doubles the amount of light graphics and images. Infra-red (IR) film Film that is sensitive to
passing through the lens. The scale of f- invisible infra-red light. IR film is most
Grain Exposed and developed black silver commonly used for black-and-white
numbers is calculated by dividing the focal halide grains making up a photographic image.
length of the lens by the effective diameter photography because it is relatively insensitive
of the aperture, so a 110mm lens and an Graininess Term describing the visual to blue. This produces dark, moody images,
effective aperture diameter of 10mm appearance of irregular clumps of exposed which can be made even more dramatic by
would equal f11. f-numbers are also known and developed silver halide grains on films using a red filter. Colour IR film available but
as f-stops. and printing papers. Graininess is most less widespread.
apparent in light-toned areas of an image. Inverse square law Law that states that a
Focal length Lenses are most often described
by their focal length, measured in millimeters Granularity Qualitative measurement of the doubling of the distance between a subject
(mm); this is the distance between the optical degree of clumping together of silver halide and a compact light source, such as a flash,
center of the lens when the lens is focused on grains within a photographic emulsion. results in a quartering of the light illuminating
infinity, and the focal plane. Zoom lenses the subject.
Guide number Measure of the maximum
offer a range of focal lengths. ISO Abbreviation for International Standards
output of an electronic bulb or flashgun that
Focal plane Plane at which light from the varies according to the film speed used. Lens Organization, the internationally agreed film
lens is brought into focus. In order to ensure apertures can be calculated by dividing the speed rating system that amalgamated the
sharp images, the focal plane and the film guide number by the distance between the older ASA and DIN scales.
plane must precisely coincide. subject and the flash. Suppose the number is IX240 Another name for the APS film format.
40 (metres with ISO 100 film), then at 10m
Focal-plane shutter Type of shutter (33ft) the lens would be set at f4, at 5m (16ft)
consisting of fabric or metal blinds situated f8, and so on.
just in front of the focal plane. Focal-plane
shutters are normally found only in cameras J
with interchangeable lenses.
Focal point Point of light on the optical H JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) A
file format used widely for digital images. A
axis where all rays of light emanating from
a given subject converge and come into variable amount of compression can be used
High-key image An image composed to vary both the detail stored and the resulting
sharp focus.
predominantly of light tones or colors. size of the file. It is the standard format used
Focus lock Feature found on autofocus SLR See also Low-key image. by most digital cameras (although RAW or TIFF
cameras and many compact cameras that formats may be available for the highest
Highlights Brightest parts of an image.
allows the photographer to focus the lens on resolution capture settings).
one part of a scene, lock that setting into the Histogram Graphical display – used as a
camera, and then recompose the picture and way of depicting and manipulating the
shoot. A useful feature when the subject is brightness, tonal range and contrast of a
off-center, as most AF systems focus on
anything that is positioned in the middle of
digital image. K
the frame. Hot shoe Metal plate usually found on the
top of the camera, which is designed to hold Kelvin (K) Unit of measurement used to
Focusing Adjustment of the lens-to-film a flashgun securely. Electrical contacts on the describe the color temperature of light
distance in order to achieve a sharp image of base of the hot shoe correspond to contacts sources. See Color temperature.
the subject. on the bottom of the flash, so completing a
circuit when the shutter is fired. Key light Alternative term for Main light.
Focusing screen Glass or plastic screen
mounted inside the camera that allows the Hybrid camera A compact digital camera
image to be viewed and focused accurately. that is designed to handle like an SLR.
Format Size or shape of a film original,
printing paper, or camera viewing area.
Combines the fixed lens of a standard
compact camera with SLR features such
L
as adjustable aperture, shutter speed, and
f-stop See f-number. color balance. Large-format camera See View camera.
278 GLOSSARY
Lasso Selection tool used in digital

manipulation software. Allows you to outline M Motorized film transport Automatic feature
found on many cameras, which uses a motor
an area of an image by drawing a series of inside the camera to advance the film at the
points around it. Macro Term used to describe equipment or beginning of a roll, advance the film after
features that allow you to take pictures at a each exposure, and rewind the film after the
Latent image Invisible image on film or
closer shooting distance than usual, to last shot is taken.
photographic printing paper formed by the
action of light from the subject and made provide a more magnified image. Multiple exposure Technique of making
visible by the development process. more than one exposure appear on the same
Magic wand Selection tool used in digital
manipulation that lets you select an area of image. Sometimes done for special effect but
Layer Feature available on some digital
similar color or tone simply by clicking on it. can also occur due to a fault with the film
manipulation software that allows you to lay
advance system.
different versions or elements of an image on
Main light Principal lighting unit that
top of each other. The original image can be
protected as the background layer, whilst provides illumination for a subject or scene.
alterations are made to copy layers. Layers
can be opaque – or they can be merged with
Marquee Selection tool used in digital image
manipulation programs that allows you to
N
layers below in a number of different ways. draw regular shapes – such as ovals or
Layers are an essential way of working for rectangles. Negative Developed film image in which
any serious manipulation work. colors or tones of the original subject are
Medium-format camera Camera with a reversed. An intermediate stage in the
LCD (liquid crystal display) Type of display picture format larger than 35mm but smaller
panel used widely on cameras to provide production of a print.
than a view camera. The rolls of film measure
information to the user. Color LCDs are capable 6cm (2 1⁄4 in) across - but the image size varies Neutral density filter Gray-colored lens filter
of showing detailed images, and are often from camera to camera. Popular formats that reduces the amount of light reaching the
used as viewing screens on digital cameras. film without affecting color balance.
include 6 x 6cm, 6 x 4.5cm and 6 x 7cm – with
LED (light emitting diode) Colored indicator a variety of panoramic sizes also available.
lamp used on many cameras for a variety of
Megabyte (MB) Unit for measuring the
purposes.
Lens Glass or plastic optical instrument that
capacity of computer memory. Equal to 1,024
bytes (two to the power of ten bytes).
O
can refract light. A photographic lens
consists of different-shaped glass elements Megapixel Measurement of the resolution of Off the film (OTF) A light-reading system
arranged in groups to form a compound a digital camera, equal to one million pixels. that gauges exposure by measuring the
lens. In a compound lens, some elements Memory card A removable electronic card amount of light being reflected by the film.
are convex in shape, causing rays of light to used in most digital cameras to save and store Open flash Button on some flashguns that
converge, and some concave, causing rays digital images. Cards of different memory allows the flash to be fired without exposing
to diverge. capacity are available. the film. Very important feature on any flash
Lens hood Attachment made of metal or unit if exposure using a flash meter is required.
Mirror lens Telephoto lens with mirrors
rubber that screws into the filter mount on the Also used for “painting with light” technique.
replacing some of the glass elements found
front of a lens and prevents unwanted light in a traditional lens. The effect of the mirrors Opening up Increasing the size of the
from reaching the surface of the lens and is to reflect light rays up and down the aperture to allow more light to reach the film.
affecting the image.
length of the lens to produce a long focal
length in a relatively short lens barrel. The Overexposure Occurs if a film receives too
Lens speed Refers to the maximum aperture
available with a lens. Lenses with wide aperture of such lenses is usually fixed at much light, either by exposing it to too bright
maximum apertures admit most light, and so around f8. Also known as a catadioptric or a light or by allowing the light to act on it for
can be used in dimmer lighting conditions or reflex lens. too long. It results in light prints or slides and
to compensate for faster shutter speeds; these a reduction in subject contrast.
are known as fast lenses. Modeling lamp Low-wattage, continuous-
output lamp mounted in the lighting head of
Light box Box containing fluorescent tubes a flash unit. Allows the photographer to
with an opaque glass or plastic top used for
viewing transparencies.
preview the effects of light and shade,
especially the fall of the shadows that will be
P
Light meter See Exposure meter. produced when the flash fires.
Pan-and-tilt head Versatile type of camera-
Linear perspective Sense of depth and Monochromatic Describes a photographic mounting system found on some tripods.
distance in a two-dimensional photograph image that is solely or predominantly composed The tripod head can be swiveled from side
caused by the apparent convergence of of a single color or shades of a single color. to side or tilted up and down, and the
parallel lines receding from the camera. camera turned either horizontally or
Montage Composite picture made from a vertically and locked securely in any
Lith film Black-and-white film with a tonal number of photographs. position. See also Tripod.
range that is reduced to black and white with Motordrive Automatic film advance system,
only minimal greys. Must be developed with a Panning Action of turning the camera while
either built into the camera or available as an the shutter is open to keep pace with a
special lith developer.
add-on accessory. The system allows moving subject. The subject should appear
Low-key image An image composed continuous shooting, taking picture after reasonably sharp while all stationary parts of
predominantly of dark tones or colors. picture as long as the trigger is held down. the scene are blurred.
GLOSSARY 279
Panorama A broad, continuous scene taken

either with a panoramic camera or produced
front of the lens until you achieve the desired
effect. Linear polarizers can be used with some R
by taking a series of different photographs of cameras, but can interfere with the metering
a scene and joining the individual pictures and autofocus systems of many models. RAM (random access memory) A
together to create a panoramic view. Circular polarizers avoid such problems. computer’s working memory – the storage
Panoramic camera Camera that offers an Polaroid camera Instant camera that area it uses whilst working on files and
image size where the width is significantly produces an image within minutes of processing information. Digital manipulation
greater than the height. exposure. Each print contains its own programs can require more RAM than many
processing chemicals and is automatically fed other computer programs, particularly when
Parallax error Framing error almost always handling large image files.
out of the camera, whereupon the processing
associated with direct vision viewfinders,
chemicals develop the print. Rangefinder Manual focusing system that
which results in a slight difference in
viewpoint between the image as seen in the Polaroid film There are two types of polaroid superimposes two views of the subject. When
viewfinder and that recorded on the film. film: the first is used in a Polaroid camera, they coincide, the subject is in focus.
while the second is used in an interchangeable Rebate Non-image area on a film in which
Passive autofocus Autofocus system that
Polaroid back that can be added to specially the frame numbers and, on some films, the
adjusts the focus of the lens by looking at the
designed SLR, medium-, and large-format sprocket holes are located.
image itself, rather than actively measuring
cameras. This second type is used by
the subject distance. This type of autofocus Rear curtain sync Facility found on some
professional photographers to preview the
is widely used on 35mm SLRs and on some SLRs and flashguns that synchronizes the flash
shot before re-taking with the desired film.
other types of camera. It is also known as output with the moment when the second
contrast-detection or phase-detection autofocus. Portrait lens Short telephoto lens with a shutter curtain is about to close. Normally a
focal length of about 90mm (for a 35mm flashgun synchronizes with the point where
Pentaprism Five-sided prism usually found on
camera). the first shutter is fully open. The facility gives
the top of SLR cameras. Its inside surfaces are
silvered so that the image produced by the Posterization Technique where the number more natural-looking images when using slow
reflex mirror appears in the viewfinder the right of colors or tones in a photograph is synch flash with a moving subject, as the
way up and correctly oriented left to right. drastically reduced. Instead of gradual blurred after-image created by the ambient
changes in density and color, the picture is light appears behind the line of movement,
Perspective control lens See Shift lens. rather than in front of it.
made up of bands of identical color –
Photoflood See Floodlight. similar to a painting-by-numbers picture. Reciprocity failure Loss of sensitivity of a
The effect can be achieved in the darkroom, photographic emulsion when given either a
Photogram Picture made by placing opaque but is produced far more easily using digital
and/or translucent objects in contact with very brief or a very long exposure. Color
image manipulation software. Posterization material may also experience uncorrectable
photographic paper or film, exposing the can also be an unwanted side-effect of
paper to light, and then developing normally. shifts in color balance.
digital imaging – caused by over
Photomicrography Production of larger- manipulation of the image. Red-eye Fault caused by light reflected from a
than-life images of small subjects by attaching subject’s eyes when exposed by flash. A
ppi (points per inch) Also known as pixels particular problem with cameras with built-in
the camera to a microscope. per inch, ppi is an indication of the resolution flash with telephoto zoom settings – as the
Pixel Short for picture element. A single light- of a digital image produced by a digital angle between flash and lens axis is narrow.
sensitive cell in a digital camera's image camera or scanner. If possible, move the flash unit to one side or
sensor. The basic unit used when measuring Predictive autofocus Autofocus setting bounce the light before it reaches the subject.
the maximum resolution of a digital camera or where the focus is not only constantly Some cameras have settings that use a
a digital image. adjusted until the shutter is actually fired, but preflash to reduce the size of the irises of the
is also adjusted during the delay between subject’s eyes, to minimize the problem.
Pixelated A digital image in which the Another solution is to move closer to the
individual picture elements that make it up pressing the trigger and the shutter actually
opening. The camera can therefore track subject, using a wider lens setting.
have become visible. This is usually due to
over-enlargement to poor resolution of the moving subjects more accurately. A common Reflected light reading An exposure reading
original image. The effect can also be created feature on autofocus SLRs. taken by measuring the amount of light
with manipulation software, using effects such Preview button See Stop-down button. reflected back from the subject toward the
as a mosaic filter. camera. All TTL (through-the-lens) exposure-
Primary colors In a photographic context, measuring systems take a reflected light
Plug-in Piece of software which adds the term usually refers to the colors blue, reading. See also Through-the-lens metering.
functionality to an existing computer program. green, and red. In terms of painters’
Plug-ins are available for some digital image pigments, the primary colors are blue, Reflex camera Camera design that uses a
manipulation programs, providing an yellow, and red. mirror between the lens and focusing screen
increased range of effects and transformations. to correct the upside-down image produced
Prime lens See Fixed focal length lens. by the lens.
Point-and-shoot See Compact
Printing-in See Burning-in. Reflex lens See Mirror lens.
Polarizer A filter that only lets through light
Pulling See Downrating. Resolution The ability of a lens, film or
vibrating in one plane. It can be used to
digital imaging device to record fine detail.
deepen the color of part of a picture, such as Push processing Technique for increasing
the sky. It can also be used to eliminate or the sensitivity of a film. The film is exposed at Retouching Removing blemishes and/or
reduce reflections from non-metallic surfaces a higher-than-normal ISO rating, and is then changing the tonal values of negatives, slides,
such as water or glass. It must be rotated in developed for longer to compensate. prints or digital images.
280 GLOSSARY
RGB Red, green, and blue. The three colors Slide Positive film image designed to be exposure. The photographer can then judge
used by digital cameras, scanners, and viewed by projection. Also commonly known depth of field on the focusing screen. Also
computer monitors to display or record as a transparency or a positive. known as a preview button.
images. Digital images are therefore usually
Slow film See Film speed. Stopping down Closing down the aperture.
RGB models – but they can be converted to
other color models (such as CMYK). Slow lens See Lens speed. Strobe light Low-output flash light that is
capable of delivering many thousands of
Ring flash Circular flash lighting unit that fits Slow sync flash Technique where a slow flashes per second.
around the outside of the front of the lens. shutter speed is combined with a burst of
Most often used in close-up photography to flash. The flash usually provides the main Studio flash Large flash units, often
produce localized, shadow-free illumination. illumination, but the ambient light creates a connected to heavy-duty power packs and
secondary image that can be useful in mounted on adjustable stands, and designed
Roll-film camera See Medium-format camera.
suggesting movement. The technique can also to illuminate large areas of a photographic
be used to ensure that the background studio or for use on location.
receives more exposure than it would
S otherwise have done.
SLR See Single lens reflex.
T
Safelight Low-output darkroom light filtered Snoot Type of flash head used to direct a
through an appropriate color (orange is usual) narrow beam of light over a small area.
Technical camera See View camera.
so as not to affect unexposed printing paper.
Black and white printing paper is not affected Soft-focus lens Lens designed to produce a
Telephoto lens Lens with a focal length that
by safelighting, but most films and color papers slightly soft image, with not all in-focus
is longer than the standard lens for the format
will be, so different colored filters are used. elements critically sharp. A portrait lens may
being used. See Standard lens.
also be a soft-focus lens.
Scanner Device that converts a physical Test strip Strip of printing paper or film that
image into a digital one. Solarization Complete or partial reversal of
is given a range of trial exposures.
an image, caused by massive overexposure to
Sheet film Large-format film cut to a specific white light. The effect can easily be mimicked Through-the-lens metering A type of light-
size rather than in roll form. Each sheet is using digital manipulation software. measuring system used commonly in reflex
used for just one photograph. cameras to measure the light that is reflected
Spot meter Type of exposure meter with an
from a subject and then passes through the
Shift lens Lens in which some elements can extremely narrow angle of view. A spot meter
lens. Commonly abbreviated to TTL.
be shifted vertically or horizontally off- is used to take a light reading from a specific
center, to overcome the type of problem part of a subject. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Digital
encountered when a camera is tilted (to image format used to record files with
include the tops of tall structures, for Spotlight Unit that produces a strong beam
maximum available detail. File sizes can,
example). Also known as a perspective of light, which can easily be trained on a
however, be large.
control (PC) lens. subject.
TWAIN (technology without an interesting
Spotting Removing blemishes or small
Shutter Device that controls the moment of name) Piece of software, similar to a driver,
unwanted areas of detail on a print using a
exposure and the length of time light is that allows you to control a scanner, or similar
paintbrush and dyes, watercolors, or graphite.
allowed to act on the film to produce an computer peripheral, from another application
Similar correction is possible with digital
image. See also Between-the-lens shutter and – such as a digital image manipulation
images using manipulation software, most
Focal-plane shutter. usually with the aid of the clone tool. package.
Shutter priority Type of semi-automatic Standard lens Lens with a focal length TLR See Twin lens reflex.
exposure system whereby the photographer approximately equal to the diagonal of the
sets the shutter and the camera selects the Tonal range Range of shades of gray,
image area of the format with which it is between the extremes of black and white,
corresponding lens aperture to ensure correct used. With 35mm format film the standard
exposure of the scene. which can be distinguished in a photograph.
lens is 50–55mm, and an 80mm lens with 6 x
Single lens reflex (SLR) Type of camera in 6cm medium format film. A standard lens Tone An area on a print or negative that has a
which the viewfinder image shows the subject reproduces about as much of a scene as you uniform density and that can be distinguished
through the same lens that will be used to would see with the naked eye (excluding from other lighter or darker parts.
expose the film or imaging chip. A mirror is peripheral vision).
Transmitted light Light that passes through a
used to reflect the image to the viewing Starburst filter Special effects filter that
screen, which moves out of the way when the transparent or translucent material.
produces starlike patterns around the sources
picture is taken. of light in a photograph. Transparency See Slide.
Skylight filter Pale amber filter that can be Stop Another name for aperture. See Aperture. Tripod Camera-steadying device consisting of
used with color film to introduce a slight, three legs and some form of mounting system
natural-looking color-cast. Useful with cold- Stop bath Chemical solution (usually weak to hold the camera. Tripod legs are extendable
looking scenes and to counteract the tendency acid) that halts the action of film or paper so that the camera height can be adjusted, and
of some films to produce a blue cast in developer and neutralizes any developer most also have an extendable central column
shadow areas. residues, so preventing contamination of other
(on top of which the camera is mounted) for
processing chemicals.
Slave unit Fires additional synchronized finer height adjustments. The two most
flashes when the principal flash lighting unit Stop-down button Manual control that closes commonly available camera-mounting heads
connected to a camera fires. down the aperture to that selected for are ball-and-socket and pan-and-tilt types.
GLOSSARY 281
TTL See Through-the-lens metering. There are two main designs. The monorail X-sync socket External socket found on
camera allows a full, independent movement some cameras that accepts a cable connecting
Tungsten-balanced film Film designed to of film and lens planes – allowing a high the shutter to an electronic flashgun used off-
reproduce correct subject colors when exposed degree of control over image distortion, camera. It ensures that the firing of the flash
in tungsten light. If exposed in daylight perspective and depth of field. However, they is synchronized with the opening of the
without the appropriate correction filter over are heavy and cumbersome so are best suited shutter.
the lens, subject colors will appear unnaturally to studio use where they can be supported on
blue. See also Daylight-balanced film. a heavy stand. Field cameras have a
Twin lens reflex (TLR) Type of medium- baseboard to support the bellows and are
format camera that uses two lenses of identical slightly more portable. Also known as
technical, field, or baseboard cameras.
Z
focal length mounted one under the other on a
lens panel. The top lens is used for viewing Viewfinder Viewing system that allows a
and focusing and the bottom lens for taking Zoom lens Type of lens designed so that
camera to be aimed and focused accurately. groups of internal elements can be shifted
the picture. Some models have interchangeable The viewfinder often contains exposure-
lenses, which are changed as paired units. in relation to each other to produce a range
related information around the edges of of different focal lengths. See also Fixed-
the screen. focus lens.
Viewpoint In photography, the position from
U which the picture is taken in relation to the
subject. Very small changes in camera
viewpoint can result in considerable
Ultra-violet (UV) filter Colorless filter differences in finished prints or slides.
designed to remove excessive ultra-violet from
the light passing through the lens. A UV filter Vignette Gradual fading of a photographic
may be left on the lens all the time to protect image to white or black. The effect can be
the lens from dirt, knocks, and scratches. UV achieved in the darkroom either by holding
filters do not affect exposure. light away from the edges to create a white
vignette (see Dodging) or by giving a large
Ultra-violet light Part of the electro-magnetic amount of extra exposure to the edges to
spectrum beyond visible blue. In distant create a black vignette (see Burning-in).
scenes, such as mountainous areas, ultra-
violet radiation increases the effects of aerial Visible spectrum The part of the electro-
perspective by creating a blue haze. Ultra- magnetic spectrum between infra-red and
violet effects can be minimized by using an ultra-violet that is visible to the naked eye.
ultra-violet filter.
Underexposure Occurs if a film or imaging
chip receives too little light, causing dark
pictures and a reduction in subject contrast.
W
Uprating Exposing film as if it is more White balance System by which a digital
sensitive to light than its ISO rating indicates. camera measures the color temperature of a
Allowances for uprated film have to be made light source and then corrects it so that the
during development. Also known as pushing. whites, and therefore all the other colors,
Unsharp mask (USM) A facility provided on appear normally to the human eye.
digital image manipulation programs that Wide-angle lens Lens with a focal length
allows you to sharpen an image. Takes its shorter than the diagonal of the film format
name from a printing process, where a soft- with which it is used. Commonly used wide-
focus negative is sandwiched with the original angle lenses for 35mm-format cameras
in order to increase edge contrast. include 35mm, 28mm, and 24mm focal
UV filter See Ultra-violet filter. lengths. Lenses wider than this may show
signs of barrel distortion.
V X
Vanishing point Point at which parallel lines
appear to converge in the distance. Used by X-ray fogging A gray veil produced when
artists to give realistic perspective in a two- unprocessed photographic emulsions are
dimensional representation. exposed to excessive X-ray radiation. This
can occur as a result of baggage screening
View camera Large-format camera, using at airports, but modern systems use X-ray
individual sheets of 5 x 4in (12.7 x 10cm) film dosages that should be safe for most
or larger, with a lens panel mounted on a emulsions. Repeated screenings of
flexible bellows and a ground-glass screen at films, especially fast films, may have a
the image plane for viewing and focusing. cumulative effect.
282 INDEX
moving subject 134 APS 18
INDEX predictive 134, 135

automatic cameras 18–19, 235
automatic 18–19
compact 14, 18–19
digital 8, 20–1
direct vision 14
A B film 18–19
instant 22, 23
large-format 23
B-setting 183, 253 manual 18–19
abstract compositions babies 118–19 medium-format 14, 22–3
architecture 186, 189, 205 background 64 rangefinder 23
color contrast 40 animals 230, 236–7 SLR 14, 18
dynamic imbalance 67 blurred images 130 special 23
fashion portraits 82 combining images 247 35mm 18
nature 214 defining style 84 underwater 22
nudes 111, 114–15 distracting 58, 65 waterproof 22, 23
patterns 50–1 lighting 72 camera angle, see viewpoint
vertical framing 68 on location 89 camera backs 22, 82, 148
accessories, fashion 77 portraits 72, 89, 95, 118 camera bag 33
action 128–31, 187 silhouettes 110 camera care kit 33
animals 209 still life 148–9 camera shake 16, 25, 208, 270
anticipation 128, 132 studio 263 camera strap 33
blurred movement 130–1, 132, 172, 242, 270 backlighting 8, 46 camouflage 233
children at play 124–5 exposure 237 Canada 194
focusing 134 glass still life 143 candid portraits 106–7
frozen movement 128–9, 133, 137, 172 silhouettes 43, 110, 171, 179 character 91
group portraits 104 balance 66–7 children 121, 124–5
moving lights 183 central framing 59, 66 nudes 116–17
moving water 172–3, 174 cropping 69 street life 108
panning 133, 137 dynamic imbalance 67 card reader 241
portraits 72, 128–31 selection 68–9 CCD chip 20
sequences 134–5 shapes 42, 55, 66 CDs 240, 241, 266
sports 132–7 still life 141, 153 central framing 59, 66
strobed 253 barn doors 29 character 72, 90–1, 100
viewpoint 136 barrel distortion 188 camera angles 75
Adobe Photoshop 11, 240, 242 Bellamy, John 89 chemicals, darkroom 264, 272
aerial perspective 60–1 bellows 23, 206, 211, 213 children 72, 122–3
Amazon River 42 between-the-lens shutter 14 communicating with 120–1
American football 132–3 in masks 126–7
angle of view 24 birds 50, 232–3, 236
black and white photography 52–3 mother and child 118–19
animals 228–37 at play 124–5
automatic camera 235 color compared to 164–5
color conversion 244 studio portraits 120–1
backgrounds 230, 236–7 working with 121, 123
birds 50, 232–3, 236 darkroom techniques 52–3, 254–5
digital imaging 95 Christie, Agatha 88
close-ups 212–13 cityscapes 180–3
moving subjects 209 film 30–1
filters 175 at night 182–3
pets 228, 234–5 cloning 201, 242–3, 246
wild 228–31, 236–7 infra-red 53, 250
landscapes 164–7 close-up photography
wildlife parks 228–31, 236 equipment 206
anticipation 128, 132 light and dark tones 44–5
portraits 94–5 fashion photography 82
aperture 14 flowers 208, 210–11, 214, 220–1
close-ups 208, 213, 214 printing 272
texture 52 lenses 26, 27
depth of field 16, 17, 101, 214, 237 lighting 79, 212–13
exposure 16 blade shutter 14
blower brush 241 nature 206, 208–15
optical principles 16–17 portraits 77, 79, 91, 119
wide 65 blurred images 16, 270
action 130–1, 132–3 texture 48
aperture ring 16 see also macrophotography
APS (Advanced Photo System) 18, 30 camera shake 270
digital filter 242, 244–5 clouds 176–8
architecture 157, 184–205 CMOS chip 20
abstracts 186, 189 moving water 172
camera 185, 188 panning 133, 137 color 8, 36
cityscapes 180–3 printing errors 272 architecture 195
color 195 strobe flash 252 balance in composition 66
converging verticals 63, 181, 269 bracketing 168, 182 black and white compared to 164–5
details 187, 193, 202 buildings, see architecture brand bias 31, 180
framing 54 complementary 40
garden 222–3 computer retouching 242
distracting 52
interiors 196–205
large-format camera 23
lenses 26, 27, 184, 186, 188–90
C dominant 153
dramatic effects 96
lighting 184, 194 fashion 77
modern 188 cable release 33, 73, 154, 139 gardens 217, 218
pattern 62 close-ups 208 hand coloring 254–5
perspective 184 self-portraits 102–3 high-key 44
shift lens 192 Cairo, Egypt 108 light and 40, 41
viewing a building 186–7 camera 13–33 low-key 44
viewpoint 58, 184 basics 14–15 monochrome 108, 161, 168, 244
architectural screen 184 cleaning and care 33, 268 and mood 94
atmosphere 90, 108 for close-ups 208–10 patterns 51
autoexposure 18–19, 235 equipment 33 primary 40
problems 268 loading 18, 19, 270, 271 print faults 273
autofocus 18–19 protection 174 problems 268, 270
animal shots 235 secondhand 19 saturation 142–3
infra-red detector 28 types still life 153
INDEX 283
sunlight 222 portraits 101, 122 Luxor 65, 67, 194

time of day 158–9 scale 16–17 enlargements 69, 79
toning 254 details 37 enlarger 265, 272
color balance 31, 82 architecture 187, 193, 202 equipment
color-casts 161, 200, 205, 268, 273 cropping 69 basics 33
film type 31 pattern 51 close-up 206
filters 175 printing errors 272 darkroom 264–5
color contrast 37, 38, 40–1, 55, 82 diffusers 29, 96 digital manipulation 240–1
color film 30–1 flash 90 flash 28–9, 72–3
daylight 31 panels 74 studio 29, 262–3
infra-red 250 softbox 78, 79, 120, 138, 212 see also lighting set-ups
tungsten 31 toplighting 212–13 eraser tool 247
color filters 38, 171, 175 umbrella 263 evening 40, 159, 224
black and white 52 digital backs 82, 148 exposure 14
night photography 182 digital cameras 8, 20–1 automatic 18–19, 235, 268
special effects 96, 175 buffer memory size 132 bracketing 168, 182
color harmony 36, 38–9 close-up lens 208 bright vs shadow reading 112
color masking 258–9 delay 128 color 38
color screens 254 fisheye converter 196 compensation 97
color temperature 29, 200 how they work 20 darkroom 53, 254
compact camera 14, 18–19 LCD screen 14 digital manipulation 242
APS 18 macro mode 208 errors 268, 270
digital 21 predictive autofocus 134 filter factors 175
zoom 19 teleconverter 233 long 154, 180, 184, 203
complementary colors 40, 82 types 20–1 multiple 252–3, 270
composition 8 white balance 31, 112, 177, 189, 201 night 182
balance and proportion 66–7 wide-angle attachment 189 nudes 112
cropping 69 digital imaging 8–11 optical principles 16
division into thirds 66 action shots 128 over- 168, 236, 269, 270
errors 269 archiving 241, 266 reflections 160
framing 54–5 black and white 95 self-portraits 103
group portraits 104–5 children 124 snow 161, 168
image planes 64–5 close-ups 208 under- 160, 179, 237, 270
landscape 154, 156 converging verticals 63 water 170
nature photography 206 infra-red 164, 251 extension tubes 206, 211
selection 68–9 interiors 189, 201
shooting around subject 58–9 sequences 128, 132
still life 138, 140–1
computer 8, 240–1
see also digital manipulation
skies 177
skintone 112
still life 144
F
contrast 184–5 web images 124
color 55 digital manipulation 239–47 f stops 14, 16
errors 270 cloning 201, 242 see also aperture
high 45, 185, 250–1 combining images 246–7, 253 fashion portraits 76–7
lighting 114 cropping 69 styling 78–9, 82–5
low 45 equipment 240–1 film 30–1, 268
printing 272–3 filter effects 242, 244–5 basic equipment 33
shapes 42–3 layers 246–7, 253, 259 black and white 30–1
sunlight 222 retouching 242–3 brand bias 31, 180
convergence sandwiching 259 color negative 30–1
diagonals 189 software 240 color slide 30–1
inear perspective 60, 62 solarization 257 daylight-balanced 31
shift lens 168, 192 toning 254 fogging 271
verticals 63, 168, 181, 186, 192, 269 diminishing scale 60–1 formats 22–3, 30
viewpoint 181, 198 direct vision viewfinder 14 grain 32
converter lens 232 directional lighting high-contrast recording film 250
cropping 69, 114 landscapes 48 infra-red 53, 165, 250
cross-processing 82 nudes 111 interiors 200
portraits 74 lith 256–7, 258–9
still lifes 138–9 roll 35
D texture 48–9
distance indicator 16
sheet 30
special 250–1
storage 268
distortion 269
barrel 188 tungsten-balanced 31
dance 96–7, 104–5, 128 film backs 22
darkroom 11 intentional 114, 186, 195
lenses 24, 25, 26, 188, 190, 202 film speed 32
black and white 52–3, 254–5 DX recognition 18
color masking 258–9 dodging 254
dramatic images fast 125, 202, 208, 228, 270
lith film sandwiching 256–7 film transport 18–19
print faults 272–3 architecture 194
portraits 96–9, 106 filters 33
solarization 256–7, 258 black and white 52
dawn 158, 176 skies 176–9, 181
dusk 158, 180–1, 182 color 38, 171, 175, 182
daylight, see natural light digital manipulation 244–5
daylight-balanced film 31, 200 DVDs 241
DX film-speed recognition 18 graduated 175
delayed-action timer 102–3 infra-red 53
depth and perspective 60–1 dye sublimation printer 241
light-balancing 175
diminishing scale 60–1 neutral density 175
image planes 64–5 polarizing 171, 175, 195
vanishing point 61, 62–3
depth of field 14, 17
E soft-focus 90
special effects 96, 175
close-ups 208–9, 211 ultraviolet 162–3
depth and perspective 60 Egypt 57 fisheye converter 196
intense light 109 Cairo 108 fisheye lens 24, 27, 196
lens length 24–5, 134 Great Pyramid and Sphinx 42 flare 271
284 INDEX
flash vertical vs horizontal 55, 68–9, 176, 206 simple 200–1

add-on 28 zoom lens 119 Ireland 160
barn doors 29 France: Villandry 217 ISO 32
bounced 88, 89 freezing action 16, 128–9 see also film speed
built-in 28 sport 133, 137 Istanbul 194
daylight simulation 87 water 172 Karnak, Egypt 67
diffused 74, 90, 100 Frink, Elisabeth 100, 254 Kindersley, David 101
directional 101 frost 215 Kings Lynn, England 192
equipment 28–9, 72–3 Frost, Sir Terry 89, 92–3
errors 269
fall-off 28, 269
film types 31
G L
flood 29
freezing movement 128–9 landscapes 154–83
ghost images 130 gardens 216–27 black and white 164–7
hand-held 28, 184 architecture 222–3 cameras 22, 155, 168
interiors 197, 199, 201 features 224–5 color 164
movement 128–31 gargoyles 193 composition 154
outdoor 215 Gaussian blur 244–5 figures within 37, 178
overexposure 269 gels 96, 263 flowers in 58
painting with light 199 ghost image 130 lenses 154–5
portraits 74 glass light 48, 154, 158–63, 170–1
red eye 28, 271 shooting through 236 night 182–3
ring 210, 211, 220 stained glass windows 203 seascapes 174–5
snoot 29, 111 still life 142–3 seasons 168–9
strobe 252–3 graduated filters 175 skies 176–9
studio 29, 262 grain 32, 250–1, 271 times of day 158–9, 181
supplementary (fill-in) 72, 86, 197, 201, 215 digital filter 244 urban 180–3
synchronization 73, 269 graphics tablet 241 viewing 156–7
wide-angle 78, 79, 120 Great Pyramid, Egypt 42 viewpoint 154, 157
flashgun 28, 33 Greece 195 water 170–3
flash meter 29, 263 group portraits 104–5 weather 162–3
flash unit 29 Guggenheim Museum, New York 205 large-format cameras 23
flood flash head 29 layers 246–7, 253, 259
floodlights 116 LCD screen 14, 20
flowers 58, 218–19
close-ups 208, 210–11, 214, 220–1
focal length
H leading the eye 58, 189, 195, 217
lens caps 33
lenses 14, 33
angle of view 24 animals 228, 230, 232–5
depth of field 16, 17 half-framed image 271 architecture 184, 186, 188–9, 192–3
vanishing point 62 Hamilton, Richard 88 children’s portraits 119, 120
focal plane 14 hand coloring 254–5 cleaning 270
focal-plane shutter 14 harmony 141, 153, 204 close-up 26, 27, 208
focal point 36, 59 hats 77, 92 compositional shapes 42
gardens 218, 224 lighting problems 79 controls 16
focus control 16 Hepworth, Barbara 88 depth of field 17
focusing 14 high-key lighting 44–5, 185 digital camera 20, 189, 196, 208
automatic 18–19, 235 still life 144 distortion 24, 25, 26, 188
depth of field scale 16 highlights 160, 162, 170 effects 37
digital camera 128 highlight masking 258–9 focal length 16, 17, 24
errors 271 printing 272 gardens 224–5
portraits 122 Hitchens, Ivan 88 interiors 196, 202
pre-focus 134 Hockney, David 88 landscapes 154–5
selective 17, 92, 205 horizon 60, 68, 157 nature 182, 216
focusing screen 15, 184 low 177, 181 nudes 114, 115
fog 184 hot spot 90 portraits 75, 119
fogging 271, 273 humor 36, 106 speed 16
food photography 138 sport 132, 135
still life 146–7, 151 types
foreground 64–5, 194
balance 66 I K fisheye 24, 27
long-focus 24–5
gardens 217 macro 27, 210, 211
wide-angle lens 58, 59 image planes 64–5 mirror 26
form and modeling 8, 46–7 merging 37, 65 shift 27, 192
abstract 114–15 India 60, 66, 109 special 26–7
black and white 53 Indonesia 37 standard 24–5
lighting set-up 114 informal portraits 106–7 ultra wide-angle 27
modeling light 138 infra-red photography wide-angle 24, 26, 33
nudes 110, 111, 112, 116 autofocus detector 28 zoom 25–6, 33
still life 46–7, 142 digital camera 164 light
formal portraits 72–5 film 53, 165, 250 artificial 29
found still life 138, 150–1, 153 with filters 53 bounced 196
frames for prints 267 landscapes 165–6 color and 40, 41
framing 7, 54–5 inkjet printer 241 film speed 32
architecture 188, 191 instant cameras 22, 23 moving lights 183
children’s portraits 120 interiors night 159, 182–3
composition 54–5 ceilings 189 path through camera 14, 15
errors 18 details 202 patterns 50
fashion portraits 77 digital imaging 189 scattered 97
location portraits 86 figures in 197 trails 183
nature photography 206 large 198–9 ultraviolet 109, 161
portraits 86, 88, 101, 119 lenses 188, 196 see also natural light
using fingers 151 lighting 197–201 light-balancing filters 175
INDEX 285
light box 266 confined spaces 94, 184, 188, 196, 202 nudes 112–13
light metering London outdoor portraits 92
autoexposure 18 Embankment 180 overcast light 92, 146, 184, 203, 204
flash 29 Lloyds Building 186–7 poor 87, 88
scattered light 97 long-focus lens, see telephoto lens seasons 168–9
silhouettes 111 low-key images 44–5, 84, 117 simulated daylight 87
sunsets 177 low-key lighting 38, 39, 145 still life 46, 146–7, 152
light stands 73, 138 Luxor, Egypt 65, 67, 194 studio 29
lighting 8 times of day 158–9, 181
abstract nudes 114–15 variable 162, 163
angled 46–7
backlighting 8, 46, 143 M weather 162–3
windows 86–7, 112–13
black and white 94–5 see also lighting
contrast 114 macrophotography 210–13 nature 206–27
diffused 41, 48, 111, 118, 138 lenses 27, 206, 210, 211 birds 50, 232–3, 236
directional 48–9, 90, 111, 142 lighting 212–13 close-ups 206, 208–9
form and modeling 46–7, 143 nature 210–13 gardens 216–27
frontal 111, 142 still life 148–9 macrophotography 210–13
high-contrast 87, 96 make-up 76, 77, 262 patterns 50
high-key 44, 45, 144, 185 manual SLR camera 18–19 wild animals 228–31, 236–7
interiors 198–201 masking 258–9 negatives 30
location 86–9 medium film 32 cleaning 241
low-key 38, 39, 145 medium-format cameras 14, 22–3 storing and viewing 266–7
macrophotography 210, 212–13 backs 22, 82, 148 neutral density filters 175
modeling 46–7 landscapes 155 night photography 159, 182–3
movement 128–31 standard lens 24 Norwich, England 191
nature photography 206 still lifes 139 nudes 110–17
nudes 110–11 mesh, shooting through 236 abstract 114–15
older subjects 90 metering, see light metering candid 116–17
over- and underlighting 142 middleground 64–5 lenses 114, 115
portraits 74, 86, 90, 96, 120 mirror lens 26 lighting 110–13
rim 43 mirrors 102, 196 optical principles 16–17
selective 116 mist 45, 162, 163 184 outdoor photography
side 46, 53, 142 creating 98 dramatic portraits 98–9
soft 49, 74 modeling, see form nudes 112
still life 142–3, 151 models pets 234, 235
texture 48–9 fashion 76–7 portraits 92–3
toplighting 47, 212–13 life 110–14 self-portrait 103
tungsten 29, 116, 205 relaxing 72, 80–1, 110 still life 146–7, 148
windows 86–7, 112–13, 203 two 78–9 styled portraits 78
see also flash; lighting monitor 240 overexposure 236, 269, 270
set-ups; natural light monochromatic color 108 color 38 168
lighting equipment landscapes 161, 168 overhead lighting 47, 116
floodlights 116 monopod 27 overlapping forms 60
gels 96 mood
modeling light 138 black and white 52
power pack 29, 72–3, 138, 263
reflectors 29
color 38, 94, 147
landscapes 158, 163
P
studio 29, 262–3 portraits 77, 91
tungsten 29 moon 183 painting with light 199
see also flash Moore, Henry 56, 101 panning 133, 137
lighting set-ups Morocco 195 parallax error 19, 269
afternoon light 222 mother and child 118–19 patterned screens 254
baby portraits 119 motor drive 18, 129, 133 patterns 50–1
blurred images 130 animals 230 architecture 62, 187, 195
bouncing light 86 sport 132 black and white 52, 164
capturing the moment 128 movement, see action color 51
close-up portraits 79 multiple images 252–3, 270 nature 208
colored gels 96 still life 141, 150
diffused flash 74, 90 pentaprism 15, 22
directional light 111, 142, 200, 212
form 114
freezing action 129
N O personality, see character
perspective
aerial 60–1
group portraits 104 architecture 184, 190–1
high-key 144 natural light and depth 60–1
high viewpoint 75 afternoon 158, 160 linear 52, 60–3, 189
interiors 197, 199, 200–1 architecture 184 merging planes 37, 65
large sets 120, 128 dappled 168 shift lens 27, 168
low-key 145 dawn 158 vanishing point 61, 62–3
natural light 112 daylight 158–9 wide-angle lens 60
painting with light 199 diffused 41, 111, 116 perspective control lens, see
poor natural light 87 direct sunlight 92 shift lens
silhouettes 110 directional 44, 48 pets 228, 234–5
soft lighting 118 dusk 158 photo set-ups
still life 138–9 evening 40, 159 action portraits 128, 130
supplementary flash 86, 197, 201 form and modeling 46 animals 228–30, 232–5
three-point arrangement 72–3, 74 indirect 88 architecture 184–6, 192–3
toplighting, diffused 212 intense 109 baby portraits 119
transmitted light 143 interiors 196, 200–3 black and white landscape 164
linear perspective 52, 60–3, 189 landscapes 154, 158–63, 170–1 black and white portraits 94–5
lith film 256–7, 258–9 midday 158, 194 blurred images 130
Lloyds Building, London 186–7 morning 39, 158 candid action 124
locations 96–7, 88, 235 nature 206–7 character portraits 90–1
286 INDEX
children 118, 120, 124–5 prints 30 shapes 8, 42–3

cityscapes 180, 182 blemishes 271, 272, 273 balancing 42, 55, 66
close-ups 79, 91, 208–9 from slides 273 black and white 52, 165
communication with model 80 viewing and framing 267 still life 141, 152–3
confined spaces 94 problems and errors 268–73 sharpness 244
delayed-action timer 103 processing sheet film 30
digital backs 82 equipment 264 shift lens 27
dramatic portraits 96, 98, 106 faults 272 architecture 184–5, 192
fashion portraits 76 profiles 75, 79, 110 interiors 202
formal portraits 72–5 projector 266 trees 168
gardens 216, 218, 222–3 proportion and balance 66–7 shutter
group portraits 104 see also composition B-setting 183, 253
interiors 196, 198, 200–2 light trails 183
landscapes 154–7, 168 optical principles 16
location portraits 86–7
macrophotography 210, 212 R time (T) setting 199
types 14
nature photography 206–9 shutter speed 14, 16
night landscapes 182 rain 98, 162, 166–7, 271 animals 236
nudes 110–12, 114 rainbows 179 blurring action 104, 130–1
outdoor portraits 92 Ramesseum, Luxor 194 children 124–5
reflections 170–1 rangefinder camera 23 close-ups 208–9
seascapes 174 red eye 28, 271 freezing action 128–9, 137
self-portraits 102–3 red filter 45 ghost images 130
sky at sunset 176 reflections moving water 172, 174
smoke 98 dulling spray 90, 263 sidelighting 46, 53
sport 132, 134 exposure 160 directional 111
stained glass windows 203 filters 171, 175 macrophotography 212–13
still life 118–19, 142–8, 150 highlights 160 nudes 110
styled portraits 78–9, 82 hot spots 90 portraits 101
subject and background 95 surface sheen 49 still life 142
times of day 159 water 154, 170–1, 178, 182, 235 silhouettes 8, 42–3, 55
water movement 172 reflectors 29, 263 landscapes 171, 179
wet weather 162 interiors 196, 202 lighting set-up 110
photographic paper 272 outdoor portraits 92 metering 111
picture elements 36–7 still life 138–9, 146 nudes 110, 112–13
pixels 20 studio portraits 72, 74, 118 single lens reflex camera, see
polarizing filter 171, 175, 195 reportage style 82 SLR camera
polo 134–5 resolution 20, 124 skies 168, 176–9, 184
portraits 72–137 restricted palette 38 skin
action 128–31 retouching, digital 242–3 texture 53, 90, 110, 116
black and white 94–5 rim lighting 43 tones 112, 119
candid 91, 106–7 ring flash 210, 211, 220 slides
character 72, 75, 90–1, 100 Rio de Janeiro 159 cleaning 241
children 120–7 Rogers, Richard 69, 197 color masking 258–9
close-ups 77, 234 roll-film 30 color prints from 273
combining images 246–7 Romania 108 film 30–1
composition 104–5 sandwiching 252
cropping 69 scanner 240
dramatic 96–9 viewing and storage 266
dynamic 104, 128–31
elderly subjects 90–1, 100–1
S slow film 32
SLR camera 14, 18
exaggerated poses 80–1, 106 autofocus 18, 134
fashion 76–9, 82–5, 90 Sabattier effect 256 digital 20
formal 72–5 St Michael’s Mount, Cornwall 179 features 15
framing 86, 88, 101, 119, 120 San Moritz, Switzerland 134–5 manual 18–19
groups 104–5 saturation 142–3 motor drive 133
home studio 262 scale 119, 206 portability 106
informal 106–7 diminishing 60, 61 secondhand 19
lenses 75, 119 human 67, 178 smoke 96–9
lighting set-up 72–3 scanner 240, 241 snoot 29, 111, 212–13, 263
on location 86–7, 88 sculpture 86–7, 94–5, 100 snow 161, 168
mother and child 118–19 garden statues 217, 224–5 soft-focus 90
nudes 110–17 seascapes 163, 171, 174–5 softbox diffuser 29
outdoors 92–3 seasons 168–9 solarization 256, 258
permission for 106, 108 secondhand SLR 19 space 45, 54, 190
pets 234–5 self-portraits 102–3 special effects 82
profiles 75, 79 self-timer, see delayed-action timer colored gels 96
relaxing subject 80–1, 110, 118 Senegal 41 combining images 246–7
selective viewpoint 56 sequences darkroom 254–5
self-portraits 102–3 action shots 134–5 films 250–1
sports 132–7 digital camera 128, 132 filters 175, 244–5
street life 108 motor drive 133 multiple images 252–3
styled 78–9, 82–5 storyboard 107 sandwiching 252, 256–7
viewpoints 75 times of day 158–9 smoke 96–9
Portugal 64 shadows solarization 256, 258
power packs 29, 72–3, 138, 263 architecture 184, 194 sports 132–7
pre-focusing 134 color masking 258 focusing 134
predictive autofocus 134, 135 double 215 lenses 132, 135
printer 240–1 landscapes 162 stained glass windows 203
printing printing 273 stairwells 202
digital pictures 20 shapes 42 standard lenses 24–5
equipment 265 still life 138, 142 portraits 80, 119
errors 272–3 texture 49 still life 37, 138–53
INDEX 287
arranging 138 midday 158, 194 water 172

backgrounds 148–9 morning 39, 158, 176 vignetting 269
cameras 139 night 159, 182–3 Villandry, France 217
composition 138, 140–1 sunset 159, 161, 176–8
food 138, 146–7, 151 timer, see delayed-action timer
form and modeling 46–7
found objects 138, 150–1, 153
timing 230
tone 8, 142 W Z
home studio 262 backgrounds 148
lighting 138–9, 142–3, 151 black and white 52–3, 94, 164–7
outdoor 146–7, 148 light and dark 44–5 water 160, 170–3, 227
themes 140, 144–5 nudes 110, 116 mist on 98–9
storing images 241, 266–7 portraits 94 moving 172–3
storms 162, 166–7, 177, 181 shapes 42–3 reflections 154, 170–1, 178, 182
storyboard sequences 107 tonal separation 64 seascapes 174–5
Stourhead, England 227 toners 254 watercolor filter 245
strobe flash 252–3 toplighting 47, 212–13 waterproof camera 22, 23
studio 11, 262–3 tripod 33 weather
equipment 29, 262–3 architecture 184 architecture photography 184
outdoor alternative 78 camera shake 270 creating 98
portraiture 74–5, 120–1 close-ups 208 landscapes 162–3
styled portraits 78–9, 82–5 dusk and night 180, 182 light 162–3
subject landscapes 154, 155 mist 45, 162, 163
central framing 59 painting with light 199 rain 162, 166–7
landscapes 156 portraits 73, 80 seascapes 174
movement 208–10, 218, 270 self-portraits 102 seasons 168–9
shooting around 58–9 still life 139, 144 snow 161, 168
subject-to-camera distance 16, 17 studio 263 storms 162, 166–7, 177, 181
summer 168–9 tungsten lighting 29, 116, 205 wind 210, 218
sunsets 171, 176–8, 247 film 31 web images 124
color 39, 161 webcams 21
contrast 159 white balance 31, 112, 177, 189, 201
Sutherland, Graham 66
Switzerland 61, 134–5 U V wide-angle lens 25, 33
abstract nudes 114
architecture 184, 188–9
symmetry 59, 66, 76
architecture 188, 190, 204, 222 distortion 202
still life 153 ultra-fast film 32 focal length and angle of view 24
synchronization leads 73, 90, 138, 262–3 ultra telephoto lens 27, 114 foreground interest 58, 59
ultraviolet (UV) filter 162–3 interiors 196
ultraviolet light 109, 161 landscapes 154, 155
T ultra wide-angle lens 27

architecture 188, 190–1
umbrellas 29, 263
perspective 60, 62–3
portraits 90, 95
shift 168, 184–5
portrait set-up 72, 74 skies 178
Taj Mahal, India 66 underexposure 8, 160, 237, 270 sport 135
teleconverter 233 low-key effect 38, 39 ultra 27, 188, 190–1
telephoto (long-focus) lens 25, 33 rainbows 179 zoom 26
abstract nudes 114, 115 underwater camera 22 wild animals 228–31, 236–7
animals 228, 230, 232 unexposed film 271 Williams, Glyn 86–7, 94–5
architecture 184, 192, 193, 202 unsharp mask 244 windbreaks 210, 218
children at play 124 urban landscapes 180–3 windows 100, 110
depth of field 134 night 182–3 diffused light, 41, 111
focal length and angle of view 24 vanishing point 61, 62–3 directional light 44
gardens 218 Venice 64, 205 home studio 262
image planes 37, 65 viewfinder 14 interiors 198
landscapes 154, 156, 170 compact cameras 18 stained glass 203
nature photography 208 composition 54–5, 56, 68 zoom lens 25, 26, 33
portraits 92, 119 direct vision 14 animals 229, 235
skies 176 medium-format camera 22, 23 architecture 193, 202
sport 132, 134 selection for effect 68 children at play 124
ultra 27, 114 SLR camera 14, 15, 20 compact camera 19
water 170 viewing images 266–7 framing 119
zoom 26, 120, 225 viewpoint 56–7 macro setting 206, 208, 210
texture 8, 48–9, 214, 224 animals 230 nature photography 205–6
architecture 193 architecture 58, 184, 186–7 portraits 106
black and white 52–3, 164 children 121, 122, 124 telephoto 26, 120, 225
directional lighting 90 cityscapes 180, 181, 183 wide-angle 26
landscape 161 found still life 151
multiple images 252 gardens 222, 224
skin 53, 90, 110, 116 height 154
still life 141 high 56, 75, 156, 183
themes 140, 144–5, 152 image planes 64
thirds, rule of 66 interiors 198
35mm format 18 landscapes 154, 157
camera accessories 33 low 43, 57, 58, 71, 172, 224
film 30 overhead 230
portraits 90, 121 patterns 50
standard lens 24 portraits 72, 75
vertical versus horizontal framing 55 selective 56
time (T) setting 199 shapes 42–3
time of day 158–9, 181, 186, 216 shooting around subject 58–9
afternoon 158, 160, 222 silhouettes 43
dusk 158, 180–1, 182 sport 136
evening 40, 159, 224 vanishing point 62
288 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Author’s acknowledgments:
Producing this book was essentially a team effort. Special thanks go to Jane Ewart.
Steve Gorton, Alison Melvin, and Robyn Tomlinson. I would also like to thank Miranda Talbot,
Auberon Hedgecoe, Jenny Mackintosh, Mrs Surridge, Mrs Last, The Carter family, Lara and
Luke Evans and, of course, the many models who appear in the book.
Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following:

Jemima Dunne for all her work on the initial stages of the project; Roddy Craig, editor for the last three months
of the project; Claire Edwards and Nathalie Godwin for design help; Lorna Damms, Julee Binder, and Camela
Decaire for editorial help; Leigh Priest for the index; Pippa Ward for administrative help; Iain Pusey for
computer image manipulations; Carol Hart for make-up; Slag for supplying the hats on pp.78-9; Richard
Lewington for supplying the butterflies on pp.212-13; Hazel Taylor and Doreen Mitchell for supplying the pets
on pp.234-35, and Ben Pulsford for building the sets on p.260, pp.262-3, and p.265. Thanks also to the
following for modeling: Anna Kunst, Ella Milroy, Tim Ridley, Hilary Nash and Nuala Morris (Take 2 models),
Lucy Fawcett, Kate Douglas, Lucy Keeler, Ivan Inversion, Kevin O’Kane, Arthur Pita, Georgia Cooper, Jo Cligget,
Sandra and Rosie Kuys, Oliver Swan-Jackson, Emily Gorton, Alice Surridge, Jennifer Smith, Freddy Harrold,
Daniel Evans, Shaun Rebbeck, and Croydon Kings American football team (coach Brian Smallwood).
Editor on revised edition, Nicky Munro.

Designers on revised edition, Ted Kinsey, Alison Shackleton and Phil Gilderdale.
All photographs by John Hedgecoe with the exception of the following by Steve Gorton: photo set-ups;
cameras and equipment (pp.18-19, pp.22-3, p.25, pp.26-7, pp.28-9, p.30, p.33, pp.74-75, p.76, pp.78-9, pp.86-7,
pp.90-1, pp.94-5, p.96, pp.102-3, p.104, p.106, pp.110-111, p.112, p.114, pp.118-119, p.120, pp.124-5, pp.128-9,
p.130, pp.132-3, pp.142-3, pp.144-5, pp.146-7, p.150, p.155, p.156-7, p.159, p.162, p.164, p.168, pp.170-1, p.172,
p.174, p.176, p.180, p182, p.185, p.186, p.192, p.193, pp.196-7, pp.198-9, pp.200-1, pp.202-3, p.207, p.208-9,
p.212, p.216, p.218, pp.222-223, p.224, p.229, p.230, pp.232-3, pp.234-5); darkroom (pp.260-1, pp.264-5);
home studio (pp.262-3); and photographs of John Hedgecoe (p.1, p.3, p5).
Illustrations:
Patrick Mulrey: pp.14-15, p.17, p.24, pp.240-241
Mike Garland: pp.46-46, p.73, p.139, p.155, p.185, p.207, p.229,
Janos Marffy: p.16, p.264
Information and assistance was kindly provided by:

C.Z. Scientific Instruments Limited
Canon (UK) Limited
The Flash Centre
Johnson’s Photopia
Leeds Photovisual Limited
Linhof & Studio Professional Sales
Nikon (UK) Limited
Olympus Optical Company (UK) Limited
Pentax UK Limited
Polaroid (UK) Limited
The Pro Centre
Teamwork
Special thanks to Joe’s Basement, London W1, for technical assistance, notably Kerrin Roberts and Godfrey Pope (color),
and Ian MacMaster and Simon Lloyd (black and white). Thanks also to Danny at DGP Photographic, London W1.
Photographic location credits:

St. Moritz, Switzerland Tourism: p.58-9
Holkham Hall, Norfolk (Seat of the Earls of Leicester):p.25 (kitchen), p.65 middle right, p.145 (kitchen), p.196, p.198, p.200
Black Sheep Mill House, Ingworth, Norfolk: p.216
Felbrigg Hall, Norfolk (National Trust property): p.222
Blickling Hall, Norfolk (National Trust property): p.27 & 192 (views of garden pavilion), p.218, p.219 top, p.224 bottom, p.225
The Mill House, Corpusti, Norfolk: p.223, p.224 top, p.251 top left
Porchester Centre Baths, London: p.254 (bottom three photos)
The Lloyds Building, London: pp.186–7

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The book of

Art Editor HOW TO SEE

Framing the shot, left Photographer at work

Developing an eye, left Unnatural view, above

Using my own examples again, I provide an

THE COMPLETE PHOTOGRAPHER

THE BASIC CAMERA

THE PATH OF LIGHT Aperture

Viewfinder window Rubber eyecap

Aperture control ring

Internal mirror reflects the

Focal plane shutter

Shutter release button –

the subject of the photograph. Problems may

•toShutter speeds tend

ZOOM COMPACT Flash and

DIGITAL SLR Exposure

Focus adjustment ring,

Interchangeable lens system.

HYBRID MODEL Exposure compensation Automatic pop-up flash

BASIC DIGITAL CAMERA Color LCD screen

MEDIUM - FORMAT AND SPECIAL CAMERAS

6 X 6CM CAMERA Protective

6 X 7CM CAMERA Shutter release

INSTANT CAMERA Lens with

LARGE-FORMAT CAMERA Viewfinder

STANDARD CAMERA LENSES

FOCAL LENGTH AND ANGLE OF VIEW

LONG-FOCUS LENS Depth of field scale Focusing ring Lens

SPECIAL CAMERA LENSES

with SLR users. Zoom lenses are also fitted as

WIDE-ANGLE ZOOM Lens Depth of Focusing ring

Aperture Distance scale Focusing ring

ULTRA WIDE-ANGLE LENS Lens Focusing ring

MACRO LENS Aperture ring Distance scale Focusing ring

TELEPHOTO LENS Camera body Focusing ring

400mm telephoto lens

FLASH LIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Built-in flash Add-on flash Hand-held flash

STUDIO LIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Diffused lighting Bounced lighting Adding a reflector

Softbox diffuser Umbrella reflector Portable reflector

CHOOSING FILM TYPES

DAYLIGHT AND TUNGSTEN FILM

BRAND COLOR BIAS

FILM SPEED AND CAMERA EQUIPMENT

SLOW FILM Choosing slow film

MEDIUM FILM Choosing medium film

MODERATE-FAST FILM Choosing moderate-fast film

ULTRA-FAST SPEED FILM Choosing ultra-fast film

BASIC CAMERA EQUIPMENT

NOTEPAD AND PEN

CAMERA CARE KIT

THE ESSENTIAL PICTURE ELEMENTS

Color harmony, left

Main subject Vibrant color

UNDERSTANDING COLOR HARMONY

Sunset colors, above

Low-key image, left

USING COLOR CONTRAST