Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GT 0991
GT 0991
------
THE JOURNAL
OF GEAR MANUFACTURING
SPC IN GEAR HOBBING & SHAPING FULL-LOAD TESTING OF LARGE G.EARBOXES BASIC GEAR GENERATI,ON - DESIGNING THE TEETH
"
...
iii
CO'NTENTS
SEPTE;\IBER / OCTOBEI{, 1991
---
FEATURES
SPC Ace,eptance ollGear IHobbing & Sha:ping Machines
By
Bl"ian
Cl.uff
American
26,
Frost
ew South Wales
University of
T.R.
Cross
35
SPECIAL FEATURES
IGear Fundamentals: IBasie: G,earGeneration ~ Designingllbe TeedJ
By
R'ob,ert Moderow
IL
40
_
DEPARTMENTS
AG:MA IG:e'ar Expo '91
1
Trade
conference
in Detroit
8 8 ._ 10
. 13
'Exhibitor's Iindex
Advertisers exhibiting at. Gear Expo 91
Viewpoint
Our readers respond "
Advertj:ser Iindex
Find the products and services you need
16
Robert
IJ e r t
E.
Smith
0 "
E r r i c II e It
1'1
51
"..
Cal!endar
Events of inte re st
601
Classil,jeds,
Products. services, and informarion you can use
62
Puts iit a.11't:ogetlher withl exciliin'g, ne'w p,rod'ucls, 110keepl you com,pe't'itlive!'
Gearmakers world:wide face customer demands for hig:hest qualiity and on- . time deHvery atfiercely competttive prices. Meeting these demands requires greater flexibillity."productivity and the' ability to integrate new technology. Recognizing your ultimate 'goals - customer satisfaction and IPfo,fitabilityKliing:elnberglgl'oballtechnology is read:y wi:t:hthe most advanced CNC Spiral Bevel Gear Generators and Grinders, and the most complete line of CNC Gear Checkers available ... anywhere.
We've IPut it alii together: S:piral Beve'l Gear Appll'cations KN:C 40/60 fUilly CNC controlled Generators AMK ILarge Gear Generators WN:C-80 Grlind'er CNC Inspection Equipment Quench Presses Worm and Rotor Grinding Applications HNC Series of CNC controlled Grinders CNC Iinspection Systems
, ,
The KN:C~40/60 'Gear Generat,ors These new, fuilly CNC, 8 axis g:ear generators produce Spiral Bevell Gears up, to .24" 0.0. P,erf,ectfor small! batch or lnterrnediate levell procuction runs, the KNG Series 'generates Spiral Bevel Gears of any geometry by continuous or silngle indexing operation. Its program storage capacity for 250 differem workpteces and unlimited storage capacity with a IDNC interface, makes it the most flexible gear generator you can buy.
With leading edge technology, the WNC-SO becomes the universal Spiral Bevel Gear ,grinder for any gear geometry. Perfect for ,ground gear quality applications up to 31.5" 0.0., the 'Qir,inde:r,off,ers Qireat versatility,. short set-ups and superior accuracy.
The PNC Series Gear Chec!k'e:rs Compact, new CNO controlled gear checkers provide fuillyautomatic rneasurinq ot gears up to. 80" 0.0. Fast operation, high accuracy excellent documentation and a wide variety of software modules, term the perfect gear checking pac!kage.
For the latest information on Klingelnberg systems that satisfy customer demands, for lncreased productlvlty and profitability, contact our representative. Or, write to. KHngelnberg Gear Technology, Inc., 15200 IFoltz Industr!ia!1Parkway, Strongsville, OH 44136. Phone: 216/57.2-2100..; FAX: 2116/572-0985 ..
@
see us
KLI~GELNBERO
AT
Booth #101
...
Close dimensional
...
GEAR TECHNOLOGY
EDITOR!. \ I
Publisher & Editor-in-Chief
:to .001"
Michael Gol'dstein
Associate Publisher & Managing Editor Peg Short Sen ior Editor Publishing Assistant - ancy Bartels Kelli R. Hopkins
TPS
Technical Editors
,\RT
Art Director Art Director Jean Sykes
Jennlrer Goland
.\D\'ERTISIi\'(;
Sales Manager Sales Coordinator Patrtela flam Mary Michelson
R,\;-":LULL PllBUSllINC
President
ST\FF
Vice President
Manager
Donlglan
Marsha Goldstein [;\;C.
CHECK THEBE
FEATURES:
,/ Accuracy- All grinding operauons completed in a single step. ,/ Rapid Setup or ChangeoverBodies to blades, roughing to finishing, other d'ameters. ,/ Full Probing Capabilities For both part and wheel location.
An Consultant
RA;\'D.\LL PliBUSIIli\'(;,
1425 Lunt Avenue P.O. Box [426 E]k:Grove Village, IL 60007 (708) 437-6604
\'OL. S,
xo. ~
.ELK
RAPilDS ENGINEEFlING
Subsidiary of Star Cutter Company
210 Industrial Park Drive. P.O. Box 728 Elk Rapids, Mil 49629 Phone 616/26456'611 '. Fax '616/2645663
VISIT US IN BOOTH 201 AT AGMA EXPO '91
CEAR ifECHNOLOGV. jJ'lli: Juocmal of Geiil" [\.1'jjnurllttutlniL tIS:5N 0143~58) IS published b!mooUd)' b)' RI!JKII!.II Pklbh~hllt&. tac.. 1-42' Lun~ Avc'nlit. P.o. BoK.1420. Elk Grove Villil-ge. IL ,&KX}1 SubllcrlpUoo !'lite!. lire: $40.00 ie the u..S.;'s'SO.OO ln C.IIu!":idti,.sS1i,OO illull omerecenules. SC\... und"ClA.'l~ pos~e paid al A1"!ing~OfI H.,-i&-.II!'i. fL. ~ndIt I!ddllloo;gl nmmng office. R1I'KI3~l Pubhsh~J.1g makes every .effon: til ensure Ih;u the processes ~I;ribi!.d If! GEA.R if,.ClINOLOOY conform to sound cl'l811ll!e."n!l8~\~r;,. Nei~ il'!lI!l ,~!,!Lh.O~ normc publisoocnn be held responsible-for injdrl5.sufiUllned while rO'IlDWin&
Ibr pi'Ol:edurt:~ deY:-rtbed. ~.qu. Smd.dfmllctl.tlg;!~1I]GAfI"tECHNOLoGY. "Thoe-JOYl'Rl OfGC-II1 Manllfarnuing.. 1425Lunl Avenue. P.O. Ba-~ 1;426. ElIi:Growe VillllC'~ IL :on~na c:opyriJhtcd by RANDALL Pl,JiBUSHINO. INC . ~991. Ar
soon.
tkles
III
~
(Jf
~n'".-boIe or
die1lU0I0r
61
(lEAR
TECHNOLOGY
7ffyARCUT .&/ ~
//lJiir'"
SALES" INC.
fornt-... Ueved Cuttlll'S. IpresluN-coolant fllmln, gundriJls,IDDlllolderl;, cOltin9L. ad machine lools. Wel-ISDI proVidel a pUcllaD engineering"
;34611 lndustrial Park Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48335 313/474-8200 IFAX313/474-95118 'CIRCLE ~7 on READER RPl Y CARD
Booth 0.717-719-721
AGMA (7m) 684-021. I Booth No. 337
American Oerlikon
(708) 810-0050
Cobo Conference
Detroit. Ml. Gear Expo '91 will provide 35,000 square feet of exhibits by 91 companies from around the world.
Products and proce ses on display include broaching. custom gears. cutting
roo~, fini hing, forging, grinding. heat treating, hob bing, inspection, l'ubricaling. milling, shaping. shaving, and te ting, Showhours are L2:oo p.m. to 6:00 p.m. on Sun-
day; 10:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. on Monday; 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m, on Tuesday: and 12:00 p.m.. to 4:00 p.m. on Wednesday.
GMI-Mut chler
(70S) 986-0756
BOOlh No. 512 Gear Technology (708) 437-6604 Booth o. 536-538 Guehring Automation Inc.
(414) 2464994
Booth
0..425
Inc.
Center, a short distance from This year's meeting has been The
Hommel America
(203) 827-8500
expanded
papers will feature a variety of gearing subjects, including 3-D contact analy is, gear tooth friction, gear noi e marine gear. tress di tnbution, oil jet gear lubrication. and [ow-
ITW-Zero Sy tern
(708) 867-5857
GEAR
T~CHNOLOGY
r---------------------------------------------------------------------
Booth No ..24.1
BOOIhNo. 521 MillS & Merrill (315) 629-300 1 Booth No. 240 Niagara Gear Corporation (716) 874-3131
Booth 0.225 Normae, Inc .. (704) 684-1002 Booth No. 120-122 Perez MlIchine Tool Co. (Okammo) (716168&-6982 Booth 0.301 Pfauier-Maag Cutting Toot (815) 877-8900 Booth 0.242 Precision Gage Co.,lnc. (312) 586-2121 Booth No. 439'
L.P.
Inc,
Booth - o. 644-646
Russell, 'Holbrook & Henderson, Inc. (201) 6704220
Sales.
Inc,
(313) 474-8200 Booth No. 347 Tifco, Inc. (313) 6247900 Boeth No. 718 Tocco, Inc. (313) 3998601 BOOLh O. 606-608610 United Tool Supply (513) 7526000 800th No. 633 WMW Machinery. Inc. (914) 3583330 Booth No. 247 Winterthur (508) 831 ~7918
A Word In Edgewise
lastly, I believe, your point isrhat education system needs
W
be directed
Mr. Arvin notes the amazing growth of the gear indu try in the Asian markets he and the INFAC affiliates visited. He points out that the equipment they saw was at or near "state of the art." He also points out that Asian countries have invested heavily in training and re eareh, Noted too isthe
toward teaching subjects usable in the working world. 1 also believe thor requires the input of every mom and dad and all industrial may need leaders. All Qf us.
11 large dub to get the educational.community's attention, but involve-
VIEWPOINT
Dear Editor: Re: Your editorial and "Viewpoint" by Joe Arvin .. Both you and Mr. Arvin make some valid points. Your editorial appear to
be a response to Mr, Arvin's "Viewpoint." This is a response to borh, The first point you make is that we cannot depend upon any segment of the government complex to assist in "fixing" the problems of the gear indu try. The second point is that the industry must develop its own solutions. And
ment is in everyone's best interests. That tips. my hand. I believe that involvement. in education,
at all level fmmprimary through graduate. doe to worker safety in some countrie .. . omething towardaddre sing "indusHis viewpoint reiterates the posture try solutions" through training and refact that less attention seems to be paid that company training would put his company at a price disadvantage his competition. Much of this is true, but nothing is said as to why these condirioesexist, Better understanding of the reasons for these differences should lead to better with . earch, U training and research co exceedtheirpayback;
t
planning for compenrivenes . In aU of the countries mentioned, all government agencies, the banking
community. complex and advance and the their industrial intercountries and with
I. I. ,.,
,.,
ng and studying the wrong things. While INFAC and the nTRI gear
research is facility may address some needs
0
our system, not only is this Improbable, but illegal. "a level playing youngest an extreme
~lIusfol' lhi column should be addressed to: Leuers 10 the Ediror,
grandchild' optimist.
produce
GEAR TECHNOLOGY,
P.O. Box 1426. Elk.
lar to Phitllps
Govemmeat
Grove Village. IL 60009. Names will be withheald upon request, howevl'er. flO "nonymous letters will
be puiJHf/te(/,
and research"
and Precision
Engineering
industrial base and been less sensitive to recession country than areas of the that. have done nothing!
110
GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
polY:bagst,or its magazines. As a ceived books that have been changing our paper ill an efsubstantial, but we would ap-
CONCERNS
result, some of you have rebadly damaged. We are fort to make the book: more preciate hearing.flr,om you if We k_nowmany oryou save we ho pethat wei can coma up,
lin response to, concerns for the environment, GEAR TECIHNOlOGY no 'longer uses
and
Ifvou ra-
in America were to' put $.OOl/pound ,of gears cut into a.Gear Technology Degear manufacturer velopmentFund money could be accumulated and administered by an industry coulllcil?Tbe
heat treatment research. 1.0.01 development, machine development. of the Aft American No Governmentl No. Banks'! No Interest'! State Macbine Toolsl
tural industries .... EVERYONE! Some FUNd! Maybe the amount needs to be
OD~y $.OOO[fper
petty differences
ourselves
keep
are we waiting for tb.e European Bconomic Commllility to teach usthe rest
than imagined!
solve? If not this way, there are others ...Th.e question have the resolve?" Clem Miller MiUer & Associates CrownPoint, IN
SEPTEUBE'R,OCTO'BER. l'UVl
111
Part blank and gear c!Lttlng tools, play crlt,ioal Il'Oles i1'1 gur 'Cl,uality control!.
We, olfer optional soft ware' packages for inspectingl gear blanks for
circular geometry and gear cutting toots such as hobs, shaperlshaver cutters, and broaches.
Gear Testingl using 'Generative Metrology technique,s is ,enhal'leed by,computerizealautomalian, and analysis. True index, I'ead, and involute testing are performed
as the lesl part and probe' are engaged in il'ller-related continuous movement. 'Rotary and llinear axis are sy-nehronlzed as reqUIred by 'the leSl-
IndRl!
IPnxess cOl'llrollcan
be ,Implemel'ltedl by analyzing data collected ,In gear testing'. We offer SPC software 10 evaluale x-ba.r, IA.
90124 ac 'Gea-, Ana'l:yzer Is one, ,of a family of our gear and gear ,cutting tool analyiem.
For a free, full-color brochure,
See
IUS 8.t
BOOlih #213,
describing our Gear analyzers, write or call M & M Precision Systems, 300 Progress Ad., West Carrollton, OH 45449, 5131859-8273, FAX 5131859-4452.
or research ..
Gear Technology will be at Gear Expo '91 too. Come and visit us at Booth No. 512. Welook forward to the opportunity to meet with you, our readers and advertisers.
and ideas for the magazine, or just stop by for a chat. Find out
about how our new readership among people who BUY gears and gear products and our increased circulation article or a suggestion can help your sales. If you have an idea for an for the magazine, this is the place to discus
-
it. BUf you don't need an excuse at all Just drop by to say, "Hello."
Gear Expo '9] will be an exciting place 0 be. At the time we go to press .ninety-one companies are planning to be there, demonstrating their preducrsand services. The latest in equipment and pro-
PUBLISHER'S PAGE
or are just "tire kicking," this is the place to see what's available in the marketplace.
be missed.
crowd alone of the giant trade shows or spent hours searching forthe companies you were interested in, Gear Expo '91 will come a a
pleasant surprise. Its smaller, more intimate size makes for comfortable and friendly fact-finding.
products and services you need are easy to find, and you don't have to fight the crowd to get up close enough to see and hear productpresentations and demonstrations.
0\.1
This the fourth time AGMA has produced a trade show exclusively for
industry. It
began as a small table-top adjunct. to the Fall Technical Meeting and has grown bigger-and better every time since. It is a valuable service, bringing buyers and sellers together under excellent conditions for doing business. It deserves the support of the entire industry.
13
Evolution.,
3500' Be . Man invents the wheel and says "it is ,good" 25001 BC Man invents the spline and says "il is good" 2499 BC - Man invents the spline gage and says "it'll do the trick" Man has been using the same spline gage ever since, That is, untll FRENCO redesigned the gage for modern man. The IFrenco indicating spHnegage produces variable' data on exact Pitch Diameter while simultaneously checking: "GO" condition . This SPG compatable gage also quickly checks taper, ovality and other nrne consuming inspections. Available for linternal, ,exl,ernal, straight or linvolute spline configurations. lei us show you a system for today and beyond. Call or write:
9 u e h- r'-.n-g-=
.~ . - - - - _.
ION
AUT
0 MAT
INC
W227 N61,93 Sussex Roadl P.O. Box 125Sussex, WII 53089' (41'4).246-49940 FAX (414)246-8623
STANDARD' ,U,N',IT'
O,PTIO'NAL
E,QU'I,PM'ENT
,FLEXI'.B,LE
SYSTEM
F,EATURES,
*
.
> * *
Options Install and IRemove ,in Seconds Multiple Operations One Cy.el'e in
'
1'0/00 Deburring
Fax 1818) 442-0374
James Engineering
14
GEAR
TE.CHNOLOGY
ADVERTOR.IAL
PETEFISTRA'E1E 45
05609, HUCKESW.AiGEN
TELIEX: 85113196.TEL.(02192)811
TELIEFAX: (02192)81-200
Klingelnberg .. II tradition of growth. Since its founding in 1814,as a trading company, Klingelnberg bas combined innovative thinking. eonsistent ..reinvestment in the busines and new t.eclmology to progressively serve the gearmaking industries. In the early 1920's .. the companyentered
enjoy annual. ales exceeding $1.50 million with over 1200 employees dedicated [0 gear industryactivitie .
the gear industry. Througb technological development. and business acquisitions, the company has emergedasan mremational kader for gearmaking equipment. The product line has grown to illdude .... spiral bevel gear generating and grinding equipment. hob sharpeners, worm and rotor grinders, and a comprehensive line of analytical gear inspection and diagnostic equipment. With the growing reliance on CNC equipment,
KNC 40/60 Fully CNC Controlled Geaeratnrs AMK Large Gear Generators " WNC-80 Gear Grinders CNC Inspection Equipment Quench Presses
Worm and Rotor Grinding Applications
" HNC Series of CNC Controlled Grinders " eNC Inspection Systems P~rallell Axis Gear Applicatiions " CNC Controlled Gear Inspection Systems " SNC Series of CNC Hob Sharpeners " Gear Cutting Tool Inspection Systems HURTH product line: CNC Shavers, Hard & Fine Finishers, Shaving Cutter Grinde:rs anr' DebmringiChamfering Equipment
ADVERTISER INDEX
Page Number Reader Service Number
49,54
62
47,48
cover 2.62 62 63
31-34 39
you mi. s by a mile. Niagara Gear i~1\, contract manufacrurer of preci~ion ~pur. helical and pu~p gear.. 10 AGMA Class 15 with crew ning. We are e pecially proud of our reputation as a Reishauer ground gear specialist, Niagara Gear 11 5 quality inspection systems in place 10 meet MIL1-4520 and Calibration Standard M1L-STD-45662A. ital [llch Inspection and Charl ing an! available. Niagara Gear delivers. On price. On qualily. And on time. We an! as close' a phone call away. 941 Mililary Road Buffalo. N.Y. 14217 ne; (716) 874-3131
Fax: (716) 874-9003
A-23 A-49 A-]5 A-32 A-17 A-38 A-39 A-48 A-35 A-40 A-18 A-26 A-4Z A-3 A-16 A-22 A-4, A-24 A-8
63
.18
Fairian
Gear
54 57
61
60 63
14
6]
2.1
mv. of earl
Zeiss, Inc.
Hommel America ITWmino.is Tool ITW Zero Sysl.ems Intercontinental Klingelnberg lndu tries. Inc. Gear Technology, Inc.
50
64
2 20
14 4,15 9 12
James Engineering
Koepfer America. Inc. M & MPreci ion Systems ManufacilUred Gear Metallurgical. Inc. Mikron Corp. Elgin
Mitsuhishi Heavy Industries. Inc. Mitis & Merrill
,&
A-II
A-50
Gage
63 6
53 55, cover 4
A-5
A-29 A-33,. A-41 A-27
A-12
52
16
Niagara Gear Normae. Inc. Packer Engineering Perez Machine Tool Co. Pfauter Maag Cutting Tools, L.P. Precision Gage
cover 3
A-43
63
58
J
A-53
A-37 A-2 A-45 A-54 A-55 A-30 A-14
THAN WE SELL
IGOODWllL
IN'DUSTRIIES
eo.. Inc.
62 63 63
53 18 46
Profile' Engineering, Inc. Pro-Gear Company. Inc. Reef-Baker Corporation Rote Technology, Inc, Russel], Holbrook & Henderson, Inc,
Skidmore near Company Stareut Sale Inc.
A-25
A-28 A-6. A-7. A-19 A-52
52 6.7,22
63
Tifco, Inc.
Tocco. Inc. (Subsidiary of Park-Ohio Industries. Inc.)
24,25 56
56
]I
A-ZO, A-21
A-36 A-9
'16
A-W
GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
mea-
surement and what is the best method The main function uniform is
measurements
motion another
a probe or stylus device that explores part of a tooth or gear. Composite (Functional). Composite measurements are made by running
at the design ratio of the gears. If the gears do not do this, they are said to have transmission a true gear functional quality errors would error .. Therefore, measurement be one of angular or variations that me-
would
terms of uniformity
be a tangential:
rather than a radial measurement. Gear Quality measurement is done by either elemental or composite
methods. compared The resulting values are to the customer's specifistandard
Gear Telehnollogy, P.Qi. IB,ox 1426. IEllk IGrove, ViU.age, IL 160009'. or ca U our edit,oriia,llstan at (708) 437-6604.
Elemental,
Elemental
measure-
Robert.E..Smith
is the principal ill R.E. Smith & Co.i lnc .. gear consultants in Rochester, N. Y. fie has 11\'('/" 40 years , experience ill gearing methods, manufacture, and research.
Robert Eniehello,
is tire principal in GEARTECH, a gear consulting firm in Alban, CA. He is a member of
fI
11
GEA:R:IliNSPECTION SYSTEM
'4 FUll'" AXIS CNC MOVEMENT
SCheCk-400
POSITIONING BOT AR., 3,600,000,PLACES. COMPUTER ENHANCED PUtl DOWN MENU USER IFRIENDLV PROGRAM TIUCEABLE TO NI ST POWERfUL UNIT COMPACT DESIGN
HIGHI
SPEED PRINTER
RESOLUTION CRT
nAccuracy
.;n Millionths"
IDouble Iflank Composite (Seo Fig,. 21 Advantages: -lnexpensive eQ.uipment -The' best way to measure tunc ticnal tooth thickness oGoodway to measure roug,h ho,bbed pans that are to be finished by a subsequent operation -Fast Ourable D,isadvantages: -Not truly functional jradial measurement) 'Contacts both sidesoHeeth {not good for diagnosing invo'lute problems! oOoesn't measure' accumulated pitch variation (afunctional characteristic) "Niot good for noise contro'l Single: flank Compos!ito' (See lFig'.31' Advantages -Truly functiona'i measurement '{tangentia'U "Good for positional accuracy {accumulated pitch variation, 'Good for measuring involute effects Good for noise control D;isadvantages: "Relatively slow ':Equipment is more expensive, and delicate
..
CIRCLE
A-14 on READER
IREPlV CARD
mone
GEAR DES~GiNCAILCULATION
lp
HE
FIRST
that keeping track mentally of all these discrete measurement to determme what the functional. result wiU be is very difficult. The third drawback of using elemental gear measurememjies with the AOMA standards 2000A-88andAGMA390.03a):. standard cumulated functional (See "Shop A-88 use necessarily variations surement not accumulated pitch variation, (AGMA These Ac-
SO,
fTWA
are telerances for runout and pitch variation measurement Floor," is a more 199I. of
SECOND
You define yourperfonnance ne~ regarding Pilling Life, Bendmg
than runout.
Ja:n/Feb,
Gear Technology.) Also, AGMA 2000 a "K" chart evaluation involute variations, This method i a't a good control of profile for noise problems. of composite meais more complex, To begin and
The subject
GEAiR
DETROIT,
EXP'O
BOOTHH441
on REA'DER REPLV CARD
18
GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
CIRClEA-15
: the American
f'acturers, : checked
,OR
manuare
the double flank method common that measuremem" to understand these two of if more people advantage tandpoint, measure-
and
term "composite
It is important
was : equipment.
simple. inexpert ive, and fast, and il's : preach, Single flank te ling equipment
human nature to prefer the easy ap- : gear industry? Some types of gear are difHcuh to Envel-
Perhap
is a newer technology
flank results AGMA
and is more : measure with amy validity by elernenin the : oping worm wheels and bevel gears : are among the e.
expensive. Also. tolerances for single : tal or double flank techniques, do not appear tandards. instruments
f1ank cornposite be
.0
ment from a functional. it wouldn't Table flank rare. For a comparison, teeth are in contact method. contact for the The important
However. I have u ed single flank : i done subjectively measuring gears since facture of highlyaccurate and rnooth : procedure
e of mea-
for the manu- : contact patterns. Single flank testing allow quantitative urerneru of the functional character-
I. Both sides of the meshing Only one side is in ingle flank. method. differences are:
first and most important tools in my : istic ofllle consulting practice. more common Probably in foreign countries.
: testing can be done on a sembled gear : very useful for gears used in printing robots, antenna di-
The use of this equipment has been : trains as well as on loose gear. no more than 25 sy terns : presses, noi e en itive products, to : dex mechanisms, : rectors. etc. ystem el ewhere: Almost
I.. Tile double flank method measures variation in center distance, while [he single Hank method measures variation in rotational movements.
yet there are more than 300 company of AGMA. the existing 2. Most gears never run with both sides of the teeth Therefore, U
0
The fact that single flank testing is : valid reason for not using it. With the : introduction of statistical techniques,
in
imultaneous flank is
in : such a SPC, in the American auroraetive andother industes ..lhesingleflank : method ample can be u ed to te on a regular basi.
t
single method.
in England, of gears
small.
by an American
The trend
by : isto gel away from [00% inspection. _.,: such a. is usually done with double : flank measurement,
: Question: Iso't it lime that the Ameri: can gear industry gave erfous
nmc.
: Smith. circle Reader Service No. 78. : Question: We have reconstructed iii : tr,iple reductien parallel a j gear: box which is driven by a 100 horse-
. I
L......I
: metrical
:
119
GS8-2HS
MODEL ~. capacity Gear Shaper . 12 snapers ....... se 'fro(11 10 ctl V" s" 9"109 esl st Pric Lowe I orders! I speer!! ., elVlee BeS t S call for
name alreP m yourare8
__
---
_I
-~~~-----I
burjzed,
need the geometry of the tools used to cut the gears in order to calculate the bending strength geometry factors. The purpo e of the standards provide common methods gears for differing to encourage uniformity applicarions, is to and for rating and consismost of
ning hours that can be expected from this box? It so, how?
Parallel-axis gear sets can be rated using the methods described in ANSIJ AGMA 2001-B88, American National Standard. "Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth," and AGMA 6010-E88. American National Standard. "Standard for Spur. Helical, Herringbone. and Bevel Enclosed give equapitting resisAlso. tile Appendix Drives." These standards tions for calculating ity of gear sets based tance and bending ANSI/AGMA
011
teney between rating practices within the gear industry. the calculations vary significantly. application, Although are straightforward, depending on the
some of the factors in the equations system effects. gear acpractice .. of an exand judgment
perienced gear designer is required to these factors obtain realistic ratings. Software is available for personal computers that automates much of the gear rating task . If you have questions/or ert Errichelio vice No. 79. , circle Mr. RobReader Ser-
2001-B88,
A. gives methods
CIRCLE A-l'S 011 READER REP,l.'y CARD
risk of scuffing and wear. In addition to the data you mentioned, you win
20
GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
dimensional probe head that allows faster, more accurate testing of profile and~lead. IEven the simplest Hofl'sr model is more precise' than any competing machine in the industry. Hofl~erproducts include the ZME series for cylindrical gears, the EMZ series for universal gear measuring. and the ZMC mod'el for your most demanding Ilaboratory, 3,10and bevel-gear applications. You can also choose from three distinct software packages that runon a networked or standal'one IBM AT-compat1ible or lH'ewlett~Packard compllter.
3.
d.emonstration.
1-800-888-1967Ext.51
Or see your local Zeiss representative.
ADVERTORIAL
In
response
to
the
demands
of
the
the years that quality is higher and production is optimum under this arrangement, We curhobs, form. relieved cutters, reamers, and gun drills, AU under our one product/one preforms facility. and rently manufacture pressure-coolant are manufactured plants, machine a carbide tool
automotive
under heavier
produce precision hobs having a super finish. hobs are finished by skiving or by are skived. In the past we grinding, depending on the hob geometry, The vast majority method finished hobs using an EDM process, This has been discontinued. in CNC equipment and uniformity. to ensure Superior Tests Under this new method all hobs are vacuum heat treated extreme heat treatment accuracy
manufacturing
plant, These
and in
autonomous
services through our sales and service division, Sales, Inc., located Hills, Michigan. wide array of talents and an innovation Farmington
such as this new hard finished hob production system. The specialized experience 'of people in all our plants in such disciplines machining, were brought heat treating, coating, as hard CNC, Our
higher quality gears. Their hard finished surfaces readily accept coatings and other technologies. In developing this latest innovation we called on an amazing producing array of specialized of our nitride advanced coating
statistical process control, and quality control together on this project. objective was to produce productive back them with timely the most accurate, and experienced
product service. We feel that we have accomplished this and that hob users will agree. There is a "continuity" of leadership at Star Cutter that has made it possible to assemble
them and work in them are truly specialized. We subscribe to the "one product/one philosophy because we have learned through
22 oe
1'\
TECWi'lOLOGY
ADVERTORIIAL
the talent and develop the plant facilities that we have today. Since its founding in 1927. Star bas been headed by a member of the Lawton
outside for further education, assume management ment on the industrious feeling.
and returned to
family.
Norm
Lawton
took
over
active
management
of the company
These are things that result from this family Wi.th our extensive specialized our highly motivated employees, resources, our dedi-
today. He is ably
has headed
program production
quality
Jeff, control
ofand willingness to change with changing technologies, Star Cutter Company look:s
forward to further growth in serving the metalworking
Star Cutter that is the result. of wise leadership, unit size, and a policy of promotion from within. All plants are managed
MI
Ground hob. and eleseup 01 ground teeth. CIRCLE A-19' !!!'!R~ADER REPLY CA'RO
SEPTEMBEA/OCTOBEA
1991
23
lntrooucim
At Ilast. .. there's a gear hardening process that provides exna hardness/strength at the pitchline, and optimum strength gradient at the rootfillet - withoutexcessiv~ heating and brittleness at the tooth tip. TOCCO ~roflle _ Hardening (TP'H), a new, highly automated and field proven process developed by TOCCO, merge~ 3 distinctive technoloqiss: Programmed Preheat (AF-Iow frequency), 'High lntsnshy (RF - high frequency) and Incremental Hardening ..AII can be comprised in a single, compact, totally integrated manufacturing cell. * Another TOCCOadvantag.e: The proprietary TPH process usually uses less than 200 KW rated power supplies (AF & RF),. So, you don't need an expensive substation, as required by older design contour hardening systems.
Contact your TOCCO representative' for detailed .information on TPH ... the most advanced, selective or surface g;~ar-Inardening/tempering system available' ... anywlnere. TOCCO, lnc., Sales, Service and Technology Center, 30100 Stephenson Highway, Madison Hts. MI 48071. Phone 1-800-468-4932. In Michigal1 31'3-399-8601. FAX 313-3998603
Photographed
at TOCC()'Boaz
during' run-of
ADV,ERlORliAL
25
Loves Park.ll
Today, as part of filling a typical gear hobbing or shaping machine order, engineers are required to perform an SPC acceptance test. This SPC te t, while it is contractually necessary for machine acceptance, acceptance workholding grated measuring is not a machine accepcutting tool, as intetance test. It is a process capability test. It is an of the machine, fixture. machine. and workpiece cal dements of the system in a gear hobbing or gear shaping machine. Usually. in the proposal stage for a machine order where SPC requirements American Pfauter engineers are defined, reverse-engineer
all critical elements of the system to establish if the desired Cpk can be achieved. Often, at first glance, workpiece production tolerances shown on the workpiece achievable. drawing are practically indexes But when the capability
u ing a gear
evaluation software, to measure the acceptance dements of the workpiece .. Depending on the workpiece tolerances and desired capability (Cpk level), this acceptance tesr can be a relatively simple runoff, or it can be a long, complicated procedure to determine the source of variables in the system. Rarely is the bobbing or shaping machine a sensitive element in the acceptance process. Fi.g. 1 shows the relative weighting of the criti-
are greater than 1.0, the reduction of the allowable values often reveals tolerances which are not readily achievable. In some cases the centering of the average value for a plus/minus 30' requirement exceeds the achievable accuracies of the generating process. This is typically seen when attempting to conduct an SPC qualification for workpieces which will be subsequently finished by another process, where productivity feeds and speed alter tooth topography to a
50.0% 20.0%
10.0% 6.0%
7.0%
7.. 0%
Fig. I - Relative weighting ofthe criticalelements of the system in a typical gear hobbing or shaping 6 Sigma machine acceptance for size, lead, and runoutcriteria. Involute and spacing (pitch) are usually excluded as criteria for pre-shave and preroll gear operations, but included as criteria for finished hobbed and shaped operations. The elementlabelled "Topology" refers to the flank topology ofa gear tooth a produced by the feed ofthe cutting tool. and in the case of hob bing, to the number of threads in the hob.
Fig. 2 - Gear tooth flanks produced by high feed rate, multi-thread hobbing,
26
GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
in the anashaving
lytical inspection process. Fig, 2 shows the flanks of gear teeth hobbed for subsequent using high feed rate .and a multiple thread hob. Fig, 3 shows theflanks of teeth shaped by the CCP method for subsequent shaping machine mu
1
alignment
and kinematic tests to be considered Figs. 4a and b illusFig, 3 - flanks of gear teeth shaped by the CCP highfeed-rate method for 'ubscquent shaving.
Standards of Acceptance for Hobbing MQchille P 1251 in accordance with DIN 8642) wi1i1Special A.ttutucy
Seniti No:
ready-to-cut. workpieces.
I TR-73
Procedure
PIa ,""'gbtedg< B .., ,wopgtlll""bi\of,!lrn 1ie.1 "'"8th <xl ,ohl. top. Mof'l.5UIt' disl.'ilJKCI from l>ym..__ bk>;;b, "",,,,..mj!homao
I
II
TR~73,
Procedure
Serial NQ:
Check IUIL'tratWII
IIConsignee:
Me asu nng lil'enniSSiblC MellSured .x:\,[ilfioo tool< de_wi"" Gago blocb SDlliglu
. Consignee:
mU-,~lmUOO
a.,,,k
MCMunng
1001,
~I
I
6
Pn1l;:II!1'iti
1'IoID<o,.
1>0.035 mm
I I
.;0,035
01'-.,..
.""g~
Gage bllXb
SIl1l~hl
bcl'Wio:ft
wri'itk.lt'bcif
1h;
noE be
"""hob
!ihdc IUltlc~ iiiy
IJ,~
li~I
A +O,lP-5 nun
I
1\
+0.018 0
circumrermce _. R.....
~riI;;ll)'t:HO""
..at II1x!r
Q'f wort
1["'OO1",rn"OI
B O,Oi$rmn
.o'lllnlp><dK!llof
0,01
1 PInIldwn
bnwt'lm
'[l;
1
.o.02Qmm
-~.-,"P,
0..,
IObIo"'P o<>!
crilLHr... ",Jdeway
u- ~_._A
---~J.
IJ
odJC CompanolQr
per 10000mm
.0,02
"'P.
011
on hobhad.CtOflLIICI
"""'HIlI oompan.!'"
potnl
7
hntIkll!r.1Il
IDVC!
beeeeen
~II B
~,~I
~~
[J
l~
II .;O,02Omm B O,OW"""
A
PosmDl'1
campanUM'
on
""""
+OJJI~ B 0.02
fcompamor
'op.
truel
rurmn,
4
of_',,!>
-I
It. .
ICompmclO!f
O,02Omm
:::t~--~-...lJ
enur DI>pIooe"'l'P"'O!IJI .!o<k ova .run !lcn,gth ifif 1T.iiI~1 ,and OOI~ oompanuor
ouIongo
I'ooillm.,..".,.,...,. m
D,OI.5
Rotal. _
IIi1dflCil.i:
"'",Iy rudlJ1~.
~pan1t1f'
1\
A
O.OOS
I
CQ[I;'Cfl--.lr'M;: It)'
c_pvotarl
o,w:nun
0,015 mm
II cirt'UmfCmlCe
Take
bcllrina
RHJC}'
II
A
:g;d C.m,lffral
I
I
}
-
0,010 rnrn
1("""'1"""''
I ,
O.lm
tee ess,
'-""
or 'Work
nrbar
B D,008
I
companunr remlinB'.
mees.eemem
.lIdo i!Uldt""".}
'P'" loomm
I
0,01
lI,lIlJH
radmgs.
near cone.
~
l'iif1il1:clh,m
I
II
Ahs!~ru
onn ('Ilil"ockl
eeeer
..
"'~D
!l,Om mrn
CDmpilmlw
II 0,.008 U 0,008
10cenE:ra1 p0mono'f
concrnlnCll)
Ulnparalor
1\ O,QIS mrn
1\
"lido
:IIU&WU,)'
~
I
I
B 0,010 mrn
over
Dl>place ,"","",,1II.1ode full (en81h of If!i'Vrl and ROl.e-COnlpamtDr reedme " Poi~tlon
c:omplrldDF
m'OI'.
O,015mm
n
Conccntri1:1cy
ofhoh
Fl
A.
II
opplO<d.
-.
fui!
process,
CompMIIlOf
O,OOS ITIm r'1 0,00-1 cneamrereeee "t'l U,003 of wort ereee. RoolI< hob 'p,ndk >lowly. B B Tm~'A 0.008""" "t'l a,DOg
on
t'l
O,llOR
..,.,.""'"
Fig. 4a - Standards ,of acceptance for a hobbing machine (DIN 8642). Te IS 1-5. Fig. lib - Standards of acceptance for a bobbing machine (DIN 8642). Te IS 6-10.
hobbing machine according to DIN 8642 standard. SPC engineers, 'however. attempt to accept a hobbing or haping machine through the statistical evaluation a process by checking the prod-
materials.
and
evaluation
and inspection
Brian W. CluH
of gear manufacturing is the gear manufactest to to AGMA
is Vice President, Sales,
American Pfauter, Ltd. He is the author of
(It
papers on gearin.g
subjects and is a member of AGMA,MME, and SME.
199'
b) arbitrary component.
SEPTfMBEFlIOCToeeR
21'
I
18 TEETH 25.6419' HA 1.1811' PO
I I
OUAUn
I I
g lOLER'At{CES 16.933 NOP 9483" FWI SlD GEOMETRY, V.T 0.0004
Jc
I
2~AII)
ing at ihigh feed rate , (See Tables 1,2. and 3,) The inherent manufacturing system variables the desired in the gear capabillty process (see Table 4) can make onthe speci-
ON AOMA
(AN&l1AGUA
1
NO MODIFICATIONS
it difficult
to achieve
V,T'
0.0011
,e
SAUPLIE SIZE
CPK 1.33 EaUIY. AGIIA CPK 1.17 EQUIII'. AGIIA CPIC 2.0 EOUI,Y'. AGIIA
at
25 QI QI ' "': 25
0.0005<1,
12 0.00043 12 0.00036 13,
T
I
I
39.3 !!LB
TABLE 2! It EFFECT OF REDUCED SAMPLIE, SIZE (PA'RT.TOPAR1i) ON AGMAOUAUTY TOI.ERANCES GAADATA' ON GEcAR'IDATA IN TO,"E 18 TEETH 25.8419 l.t811' HA PO 1 18.9G3NDP 9483" FW sro GEOMETRY,
'I
I
I
'NO MOOIFICATIONS
Tooth
Vv.I _C-Vo
A~IU TOLERANCE (Iantha) 00004 SIZ,E 2 "" lOL 14.1 11.3 g'.4 0.00008,
I
v.
0'001t 0.00015
of Location
9~
:0.00082 0.00012 IS 0.00009' >15 0.00008
~"
CPKU3 IEClUIY, AGMA CP,I( 1.11 EaUIY.
fl
atl
SAIiPlE
1..Center of Rotation
A,GMA QlI
2---r
2
~15
0:00005 >15
'5
000012 >':5 00001 :>15
I I
o OOO!J;ll,
:>15
EOUI,V. A:GII"
at
,.1S,
I
Lead
Trace
Tooth Alignment (Lead)
TABLlE3
I
EI'F:ECT OF :SPC ONI AGIIA ,GEAR OATA; IiG TEETH 18.2602' HA , 11.68' PDSTO
I I
'QUAUn
I I
'I/TOLERANCES 5.06 NOP
I I I
,I I I
.1 I I
(ANSIJACl!MA :2000-AII..1
II
INa MQOFICATIONS, V.T 0Q383, VpA 0.00177 0.000087
AGMA TOLERA'NCI! ~, CPK Ut3 ,EQWY. AGMA at, CPK 1.17 EQIIIY. "GIlA.
('.nthal
SAIIPI.ESI~E .2.5
I .
I "" TOI..
I I
1
I
12 12 0.00058
at
r.:
25
C'P!( 2'.0 I EOIIIV: ..... GII.. !:WI NOTE: All slatlstlCS baud
I
Lead Trace Tooth Alignment (Lead) Tooth Alignment to Axis of I Rotation
I, Center of Rotation
I Table 1.2, 3 - The effect of SPC on AGMA Quality 9: 'tolerances. (ANSI! AGMA 2000A88) Legend: VwT = Tooth alignment (lead) VoT '" Profile V rT = Radial runeut VpA;;;; Pi.lch
esfimal8 or SD(X).Rld2
on u"btased
such as bore-to-face
perbore
for
I
Lead
lead variation
work-
28
GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
2) Workpieces elements
whose
critical
fied to a compatible
GEAR ELEMENT
TootIJ Aligmnent (VwT)Oead)
rossrat.s
Machine
SOURCE
geom.etry variation impact lead, involute, and radial runout error. 3) Little bore geometry error means less
lead, involate, lead, involute. and radial ranout variation. and radial ranout error. Fig. 4) Little axial face runout error means less
S iljustrates determining
contact
5) Greater bore geometry error means less between the machine workholding
(VwT)-variatioru
wilhill a single
workpiece
fills the bore) Measuring macl:tinearbor radiaJ runout Transfer error between clamping on
cutting arbor and :measuring .arbor Guide looseness (sha,per)
nitude of bare geemetry errors from part to part and throughout a given sample of parts means
lead, involute, and radi~ runout variation shall
be :in."statistical
8) A greater
(Fig. 7)
and magnitude o[l:>o]',e tI,eometry errors from part to part and throughout a. given sample ~f parts .. means lead, involute, and radial runout variation shall be less "staristicalty capable."
For inspection repeatabijity be implied proximates" of rotation,
2), There is always a difference between ma-
Profile (VoT)
statements:
1) At best, inspection
workholding workholding
me axis
of workpiece
rota-
rotation cannot
be identical. 3) Greater random variation of number and magnitude of bore geometry errors f:rom
part 'to part and threughout of parts ma~hine meansgreater workholdmg a given and sample between inspection difference
Radial runout
(Vff)
differential (solid arbes) Workpiece bore cylindricity "Arbomlogy" (How tile arbor fills the bore)
Measuring machine arbor
workholding,
machine software,
29
fitch (VpA)
Feed rates
Number of ihreads in hob Flank topography "as seen" by measuring machine probe
-..' ! I
I
I
Size
Machine X-ax.is setting Thermal machine growth Hob Ilute resharpening accuracy Hob thread-to-thread error Lead topogruphy as seen by
three 'traces on a helical geur bobbed at high feed rate
I I
conditions
Measuring technique
variation
on flanks
hobbed
with
muhi-
threadhobs
blanks show
Most manufacturer'
chines dedicated naturally fieation process to a specific requirement interested is achieved,
Fig, 7 - Tooth topography showing three lead possibilities II measuring probe might "see," With reference to Fig. 6 and the introduction of hob thread-to-thread errors La the lead trace, which the measur.ing probe "sees," funher opporltmily is provided for incorrect evaluation ofthe lead.
to a specific
in qualifying changing
capable.
specification.
al a later
no longer
demon-
on another workpiece
level.
at another
hobbing machines and shaping machines with a. specification level of 2.0, tight
production tolerances, samples and low piece numshould not expect to give Capanecessarily improvement. ber qualification
A verage Lead
..
"
bility indexes greater than].01 against stringent tolerance process analyrical functional fields on all gear elements control of SPC to may have no for hobof ccrnmon
severely constrain
when. ill reality,
sense is usuallyaecessary
Acknow'ledgement: Fig, 6 - Effect of muhi-thread hob. thread-to-thread error on average lead value as measured. on four teeth 90. apart, Splral progression of feed rate and thread error alters average lead, even though the lead is straight,
M llllU/aCI uring Symposium, April 7-9, J 99 J , Chi caga, IL and at tin SME Gear Clinic. Reprin.led
with permission
301
GEAR
TECHNOlOGY
Ihe fastest grindin!g machines on the maliketo And the best: BHSH()FLER machines are still the most versatile ones, You can grind any gear with almost no tool eost, using standard inexpensivegrinding wheels, ausomatieelly dressed to size on the grinder and of course with our CNCdresser, A BHS-HO'IFLER machine will grind your gears just when you need them with very
inexpensive wheels unlike form grinding wheels. Profile or lead modlflcatinnsare no problem. Every BHSHOFLiBR is capabte of grinding even the most cemplicated tooth forms 'to meet your present and future requirements.
Now - BHS-HO'IFLER introduced the improved double flank grinding m,ethod'" to. compete even with
'" D'ouble flank ding means: opposite neous grinding
tWlJ'
PRODUCTIVITY
HIVe yo- ,enl checked
yo,ureC.-up
tl.m,es?
grinsimaha of tooth
flanks sides
with both
oj a rigid-rack
grin-
type formed
ou are losing bundredsof hours of valuaMe production time with the grinding machine idle while you are setting up the gear and fixture on the macbine. Now our newly developed prectsten panet.
:loadlnll sys,te:m
and it faster
.g:
30-50
0/0
v gear grinding
Even the best machines need service and parts from time to time. OUI factory-trained service engtneers are available from .OHS-HOFLER CORP., New Jersey. In addition to' spare parts we stock grinding wheels and other perishables in our U.S. facility,. For more Information, call or write to OMS-HOFLER CORP. P.O.Box]27 Sky Manor Road Pittstown, NJ 08867 Tel.: 908 -996-69'22 Fax: 908, -996-6977
system.
tivwtyl Our pallet setup stations win keep your grinders, busy. Much faster change-ever rime. All unproducsive setup time is done outside the machine where it belnngs while your grinders grind gears hour after hour - uninterrupted. Twenty four hours a day? No problem, pallets can be Winedup for the 2nd or 3rd shift operation.
SUPPORT
To get the maximum ,uoducti.vity from your BHS-HOF.LER. we now offera training program for your 'opera-
tors. EXIl'erieo.ced instructors let you benefit from their lifelong obtained knowhow. Our computer program. is available to calculate grinding times, raachine set-up data and other valuable parameters.
happy to arrange a demonstration. in your area at one of OUI TU .S. customers or to olganize your trip and visit to .8HSHOFLER in Bttllagen, Germany,
You are producing hardened and ground gears. A product with a bright future because more and more gears are ground, Out like in every competition only the best will survive. The gear grinding operation in your company is probably the most important one because this is where your Dame go,e on your product. .8HS-HOFLER state of the art gear grinding macbines send signals to your customers that your ,company is a Ieadel' io. its field because you are capable of produdng the highest quality products, Get the best, contact us and we will put you in the company of tbe most suecessfulgear manufacturers in the world. Let's do it together.
.' BHS-HOFLER
agents
H{estem States:
In
AMERICAN MACHINERY AND ENGINEERING CORPORATION P.O.8.2]57 Mission Viejo, CA 92690' Tel.: 714-586-20'0'0' Ask for Ron Luebke
Indiana. Illinois, Wisconsin, .1owa.Minnesota:
lRM & ASSOC., INC. 5633 East State Street Rockford, IL 6110'8 Tel.: 815-3'97-7557 Ask for lim Mattox or Ma.rk Biteler
New England States:
LYND.FARQUHAR CO. East Point Crossing 176 East Main Street Westborough, Mass, 0'15811706 Tet: 50'8-898-9494 Ask for Howard Rich or Rob Smith E-"ennsylva.nia', Mew Jersey, Maryland. CaroUn.a: H'OLCO INC .. 8 Lindenwold Terrace Ambler, PA 1'9'002 Tel.: 215-.283-'0156 Ask fur Emil or Marc Conti
W-Pennsy.lv.ania. Michigan. Ohio. Kentucky . Virginia:
I. LEE HACKETT C'OMPANY 23550 Haggerty Road Farmington, Michigan 48335-2636 TeL.: 313-478-0200 Ask for J. Lee Juett or John McCartney
8HS-Hofler Maschinenbau GmbH Industrlestralse 19 D-75O'5 EttJingen 7 . Germany Tel. 0' 72 43 19910 . Telex 782907 Telefax 072 431 '9 'sn 65
'lR. C'ross
J'ohn We'lsb Ply. Ltd. M'elbourne .Austr,a'iia
Summary: Thi . method of testing large geareleoiently mas ive, unless further supplementary gearing is provided ..One way of doing this, of
C~lU"
ment. has numerous advantages, and offers 'the possibility of large avings in time. energy, and plant. if the overall. situation is conducive to its use. This, u ually requires that several such units need to be tested. and that they can be conveniently connected toeach other in such a way as to form a clo ed-loop drive train ..No power ink
in series, as shown in Fig. 1.0.. This, however. does nothingto avoid the necessity fora large source and sink.
(a)
IPowerll1
Source
III
is required. and the drive input system has only to make up power losses. The level of circulating power i controlled by the torque, which i the drive (b) applied statjcaUy during rotation,and
,Power Sink
I
Sink
peed. Principles. advantage, and limitations are described. together witb. recent experiences the only known large-scale nique in Australia, in usage of this tech-
lP,owerl
Ie
Source
IS~:~d,
IBox Under
I
I Po;-'t'sr
II
I
Test
I
Introduction
Full-load testing of large gearboxes and other power tran mission modules or components has traditionally been carried out. with 'Ille tesung linear
OT
Fig. ~ - The traditional, schemal:icaJI.y open arrangement of gearbox test rigs: (0) the . implesl arrangement; (b) a tandem anangememt which tests two gearboxe simllllnneolisly and which avoids 8.massive torque at a low speed al the power sink. The above situation can be markedly im.-
tates the use of a power source and a power sink. or brake, each with that ofthe required capacity at lea t equal 10 test further. all energy test, ink. units
proved by the use of a closed-loop arrangement of the test drive train. Such an arrangement allows the return to the test system ofthe output
power from
IR.B. Fras1
is Senior Lec/urer. School 01Mechanical &. Industrial EngineerinB. University olNew Soulh Wales,
which passes through the gearboxunder which can. be considerable. This 13 t factosiscornpounded need to be tested, Iflhe is wasted inlhe unumerous
T.R. Cross
is MalUIging Director. John Wt'/~h ,Pty. LId. in fIilelbouf"1!l!. Australia.
18111
gearbox under test is large.and the output speed is low, the torque at the sink can be inconve-
SEPTE,IIBERIQCTQ!lER
35
m 'the required
input stages, chen four can be coupled as shown in Fig, 3. For generality, and because of recent experience with such a ' erup, the remainder of this article is written as relating to a setup
lIS
possible. Disadvantages or Iirmtancas on the use of such a test method are that
shown in Fig. 3. The three additional. components above can be incorporated referred to
the power level in each gearbox. in a particular setup' win be slightly different due to losses
around die drive train loop; . ' the method is best suited to situations where at least as many gearboxe need to be tested as are required to make up the drive 'train loop;
if
the motor speed corresponds to the speed 01 the high- peed shafts, and the motor has a doubleended shaft, it can be incorporated one of the high-speed directly in a shaft lines, The torque
tor1lues at its two ends: i.e., an actioa and a reaction ..If the motion input :isnow started. the whole drive train loop w:iUrotate in the direction
~,i~
10....-
DRIVE IN'PUT
of the
directioas of the drive rotation and the torque The level of circulating power is, detennined by the combination of the speed of the drive rotation and the level of the torque application.
Fig. 2 - A elo .ed-loop arrangement rorr testing two parallel-shafted gearboxes simultaneously and IJtiJizingcirculating power, thereby avoiding thenecessity for a 'power sink.
,361 GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
With the exception of the Iosse due 110 the inefficiencies lin the gearboxe power does not leave the drive train loop; therefore, it doe '11101 ne d to be provided by the drive input, except tor the losses, regardless of the level ofthe circularing power. Power flows and 110 ses are shown in Fig ..3. If P I is the input power to the gearbox IOn the "downstream" sideof the drive input (in the power-flow en e) and P:sis the power delivered to the drive input by theadjacent gearbox on the "up ITeam" ide, then
P'
lOSS2
+ (1-'1) P'
Pi-
Loss!
(1-11) P
where Tl is the efficiency of each individual gearbox. 0 that the total power [0 is given by
The input power fraction, which is the ratio of input power required when 'l.Isinga clo ed-loop rig to thaI. required when using a rig of the type shown in Fig .. I, where input power must equal test power, is given by f
p
P. .
mpul
P
4
I -11 =1'\3
(3)
where P , which is the lowest input power level 4 [0 any gearbox in the [001'. is taken robe the agreed power level for 'the test. This agreement could be made differently. of course. in which case, f will be defined differently. but this will p make little difference tD fp . The input energy fraction :for testing a series of gear boxe in this way, rather than a in Fig, 1, is given by f 1 ~ 114 fE ==....:::: -3 N Nil
c -
(4)
where N is the number of gearbox units tested simaltoneously ..In the situation considered here.
N=4.
Similarly. the overload factor on Gearbox I, in order to achieve P4 into Gearbox 4, is given by
(5)
Fig.], - Similar to Fig.2. but to suit four right-angle-drivegearboxc are hewn, boxes, Clearly. large avings ioinstalled capacity. time and energy can be realized, provided the overload OR some units can be tolerated for the duration of the test. This overload i , of course. significantly reduced if PI' P2' orP 3 can be agreed upon as the power level for the test, rather than P4' Consideration needs to be given to the "handing" of gearboxe and the resulting compatibilily of rotationaround the drive train loop. Regardle of this. however, it i nece arily true that one diagonally oppo ire pa'ir of boxes will be operating in the chematicaUy forward (powerflow) sense as ' peed reducers, bearing on the forward flanks of the teeth, while the other diagonally opposite pair are operating in the schematically backward sense as speed increaser , bearing on the rear flIanks. PDr spiral bevel gearing the difference in geometry and force levels between thesetwo ca e are lgmficant, Whether this is seen as a problem. a in the necessity to prove every box in every mode, or as all,opportunity whereby each of these two. ca es can be demon trated simultaneously, depends IOnthe way in wnich test requirements are written. At most, however, this problem would only involve a reversal ofrotation and/or torque in the , rune setup once testing is under way, Recent Experience With Closed-Loop Testing John Welsh Ply. Ltd. of Melbourne recently upplied 2~ gearboxes, each rated at 610 kW,
and losses
. Power flows
Fig,4 hows \la\l.1esof fpi fE' and Fo fm a range of T\ which is realistic t:or a large range of gear-
cr e B E R
1991
37
which. it was
would be assembled
1.3 I--~-.,...j-~'r-I~--+--""""""---il
I
0.3
~~~
it was found that the torque transholes in its flanges to final closure application and conneccoupling ini-
ducer had sufficient allow convenient with the torque tiaUy set of testing.
.0
1.2 I----II---~---"'rl"'-'---t__--t- 02
L-~L-~L-~L-~~~o
091.
1)
F~g.4 - Variation of energy fraction fE' power fraction fp' and overload factor Fo far a range of efficiency .:1fIl. for the setup shown in Fig. 3. output stage, for coal conveyor drives. These were te ted four-at-a-time in an arrangement similar to that shown in Fig. 3, at 50% of full load and then at HXJ% of full load, in each case until temperature and thereafter to be taken. equilibrium was reached to allow noise measurements
shaft.
096
098
10
the motor
required minimum pressure of approximately 5 bar. This gave rise to the necessity overcome the lightly was nota some degree of initial stiction torsionally real problem, pre-loaded however,
the rig broke the stiction and started to move, it ran very freely. The.hydraulic the torque progressively application increa coupling was then
the circulating
the motor was achieved ing of course, cally
power Ievel, the losses. lind en the torque meter. Thi had to be calculated
boxes ..This
application etary item,
Glyco in Germany. hydraulic a compact total relative tic torsional calculated the torque chambers. design, cilitate tile production
two active
faa
proceeded
without problems. ConcilUlsi.on res ting of mulltiple gearboxes rig arramgementis a very testing method are satisfied. On
Slmaltaneous convenient
loop at 1.15% of futl-Iead to be approximately application tive rotation at the adjacent located and tile backlash was estimated
was
using a elosed-looptest
and co t-effective
coupling
to be approximately
I.
0'1Engineers
0/1
Manufac-
July
Australia.
1113,
Reprinted
W,ollongong,
permission.
,38,
GEAR
TECHNOLQGV
BOURN & KOCH MACHINE TOOL CO., a manufacturer of precision products since 1975 adds new dimensions to the Hobber & Shaper line acquired from Barber- Colman Company.
Tapered Root spLinehobbing, automatic hob clamping. and water soluable coolant capabilities are our standard options.
Model ]6HCNC-56 16HCNC Series Available in 16. 36 and 56 Models Max ..Work Diameter 16" Max. Work Length 1.6",36",56" Max ..Hob Diameter 6.. Max ..Hob Length 7" Crowning, Dol.lbling Cutting, Radial! Tangential worm gear cycles. The machines are controlled by a 32 bil. NUM 760E Gear Hobbing CNC Controller which is especially designed for hobbing.
Model JOOHCNC
JOOHCNC Sertes Available in 300,400. and 600 Models Max. Work Diameter; ... 12",. 16",25" Max, Work Length 40", 48", 144" Max. Hob Diameter fi" Max. Hob Length 7" Also offers Carbide Bobbing capablluies.
& l-Iecl...
macMlne TOOL CD.
bOURn
2500 Kishwaukee Street Rockford, IL 61 104
(815) 965-4013
Creation of even diametral pitches of I, 2, 3, etc., however, ences in circular pitch. Between metral pitch, the difference Therefore, vided into even quarters: between the finer pitches, the coarser pitches 1 and 2 diaare again di-
is about 1 1/2".
On the other hand, there is so little difference and 61 D.P.) that the designer's be either 60 or 64 D.P. The system of diarnetral pitch is somewhat confusing, and the explanation that D.P ..means the number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter does little to clarify it. In reality it is nothing but a numbering system. Everyone knows, of course, that this numbering system has certain advantages for figuring diameters and center distances. From the standpoint of design, the D.P. standard is of little help. If a chief draftsman were to tell one of his men that he wanted to use teeth spaced about U2" apart and about 3/8" high. the man would immediately have a mental picture. When told, however, that the teeth are to be 6 D.P., he must fi:rst translate that figure into actual circular pitch and height before he can visualize the proportions. It is considerable time before the D.P. numbers become firmly associated with proportions. For some engineers, the existence of stanto dardized diametral pitches has a tendency absolve them of responsibility choice should
ting motion through gears. At the basis of it all, however, is the job of designing, mensioning laying out, proportioning, and dithe gear tooth, and analyzing the
line of action picture. In most cases, this is all that is required to create good running gears. Further improvement in designing gears and transmissions will be the result of experience in many applications. In his selection of tooth proportions, the designer is guided by a long established standard. Spacing, height, and pressure angles have been fixed. The spacing of gear teeth, or pitch, is seldom designated by actual circular distance at the pitch line, but rather by the value otn, divided by the actual circular distance. The standard has selected values for pitch line spacings which are evenly divisible into n. Asa result, there are so-called diametral pitches of 1,2,3,4, etc. Standard value for the addendum is lover n.p" and the dedendum, in order to allow for clearance for the mating addendum, is
1.] 57
design and leaves them with the impression that an they have to do is specify pitch and pressure angles on their drawings. Such incomplete spedfications are an indication that the designer does
* While the latest AGMA standard specifies a coarse pitch dedendum of 1.250 over D.P., most gear hobs and gear cutters are currently made to cut 1.157 over D.P. (American Standard 86.1-1932) unless otherwise specified. t Fine Pitch= 20 D.P. andfiner. Coarse Pitch= Coarser than 20 D,P.
40
GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
not know what is going to happen when the gear he designed runs with its male. The result is that ornegears fail to give ati factory ervice, Proper engineering
upon correct knowledge
of gears must be based of their action and is cale and placing them
essentially the process of actually drawing the gear teeth in magnified into a picture which shows their operating relationship to their mating teeth. The resultant picture i easy to under tand and easy to make. It is the arne for a 1 D.P. gear as for a 100 D.P. gear, for the involute CUJiVebelongs to a family of geometricaJly proportioned curves ..It applies to spur, helical, herringbone, and worm gears. In principle, it applies to all gears. h represents the basis of good gear engineering. The suggestion are
110t satisfactory
hg. I
one base circle from which all of the involute surfaces of the gear teeth are generated. This base circle is not a physical part of the gear and cannot be measured directly. The contact between mating involutes takes place along a line which is always tangent to and crossing between the two base circles. This is tile Iine of action. This line of action is a line on paper only. In reality, on spur, helical, worm, and all gears which are not paper thin.jt is aplane 'of action, Any part of one involute may be used to run with any part of another. The debate as to which part of the involute is most useful has gone on for quite some time ..For a long time, pressure favored, pressure suitable. The active length of the line of action is evidently limited by the O.D. 's of the two gears. (See Fig. 1.) With small pinions, it is sometimes further limited by the contact point of the line of action with the base circle or with the undercut. (See Fig. 2.) The distance between successive gear involutes alonga linerunning tangent 10 the base circle is called the "base pitch." If the length of the line of action is divided by the base pitch, a figure is obtained which is caned the tooth contact ratio. This division should indicate that one tooth is well in action before the preceding tooth lets go. (See Fig ..1.) Theoretically. for angles of about 14 1/2 to 15" were but for the last 10 to 2.0 years, 20 angles have proven generally more
teeth does not intend to imply that our standards of standard pitches has so many sizes to choose from that one of them i bound to be suitable. Departure from standard pitches is necessary only in those cases where special conditions of size and center distance must. be satisfied. Gears are used to transmit
a1 constant angular
of the gear which best produces this constant angular velocity is the involute. The action between the teeth of a pair .of gears is called "mating"
Dr
"conjugate"
involute is not the only tooth form which is capable of conjugate action .. Almost any other shape may be made to mate with an opposing profile. Gears, however, are universally made with involutes, and conjugate shapes other than involutes are not usually developed, bevel and pump gear designs. U is not necessary togo into the characteristics of involutes - numerous text books explain them well. Every involute gear has one and only except in
it must equal
than 1.40. It may be less only in those cases where accurate gears are produced. Since low numbers of teeth in gears are usuIN E FF'ECTIVE PORtION MATING GEAR TOotH t)f
Roben Moder,ow
is the training mcmager
trw./l/ilJois Tools. He
al
ally avoided because of undercut and pointed teeth, it is usually not difficult to meet this minimum requirement with standard tooth pro-
has over 35 years experience ill gearing and is the author of numerous
books and articles gearing subjects.
Olt
hg . .:!
SEPTEMBERIOCTOBER
19914'1
pitch diameter.
They
tween gear teeth in the arc of reces ion (assuming the pinion as the driver) is increased at DO sacrifice of action preach, because ited by the undercut short addendum in 'those instances in Ule arc of apis limThe long and and high addendum the arc of approach anyway.
of one gear at the expense of the other in cases where there is no undercut It would
only mean a transfer from the arc of approach
10 the arc of recession
active length of the Iine of action .. Long and short addendum duced with standard bobs simply by inking-in
10 standard D plusF from the increased O.D. of
tile pinion and correspondingly portions. In those case ,:nowever, where small pinions must be 'employed. tooth contact ratio is likely to be insufficient because of 'I he nigh ba e diameter and undercut. As a rule, when a pinion 'has a low number of teeth, the mating gear has a high number, It is usually the demand for a high rano which forces the designer to select a small number of pinion teeth. When ratios such as 3,to ] and over
OCCUJ,
decreased
a.D.
of the big gear. They have the arne base circles as standard gears.
method of
lengthening
time avoiding excessive undercut. This method is called the "long and short addendum
the
andgear ..(See Fig. 3.) Long and short addendum gears still roll
42
GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
ranees, One of the many advantages of the involute is that. it is independent of center distance. The involutes as such roll perfectly. However, when the distance eters and,
at
The picture
loath shapes, the width of the flat at the top of the teeth, the fillet or undercut, the length of the line of action and, through division by the base pitch, the tooth contact whether ratio. It also shows the last points of contact with the mating gear and indicates interference A picture there is any between the fillet and the tip of like this serves the purpose for
between
creased, they establish new rolling pitch diamthose diameters, become gears of different pitch. pressure angle, and moth thickness. If the spread is small, they may still be bobbed with standard hobs at the sacrifice of a little backlash, tooth thickness, or depth. If the spread is considerable, new hobs of might be necessary. In spite of the fact that special tools might be required. some designers insist on maintaining the impression size or spread-center that the gears are overdistance standard gears.
all
the mating gear. (See Fig. 7.) gears which are merely hobbed or shaped. The situation is more complicated when gears are of shavto be shaved or ground. Theaddenda
odd pitch
ers are longer than those of the mating gears because they must shave beyond the last point of contact In addition, protuberance amount protuberance Therefore, hobs which precede a made with a the shaving operation are made with extra depth,
There is really no benefit in doing this. The gears might as well become gears of a new pitch with standard addendum proportions 20' pressure angle and and dedendum are maintained, based on the new well-established
of stock removed
and sweeps out at a certain point. The tip ofthe shaving tool meets or overlaps intersection cut. This point of intersection the point of between the involute and undermust be at least
The length of the line of action. the tooth contact ratio, and the use of standard addendum and depth still do not ten aU there is to know about gear teeth. In order to determine what they really look like, their method of production must be taken into consideration. different shape Hobbing produces than shaping, and such opera-
.015" to ,020" below the last point of contact with the mating gear ..(See Fig. 8.) Special problems also arise in the case of round-bottom gear teeth. This system has gained great prominence in recent years .. It is used almost exclusively in gears for aircraft engines
tions as shaving and grinding call for more than the ordinary tooth design. An involute is. an involute regardless of how it is produced, but shaping produces different fillets and undercuts than nabbing. Because of this, shaped teeth are always made deeper than hobbed teeth. Their dedendum:is
r,25
True tooth shapes are best produced on the dra wing board, magnified from ten to fifty limes by rolling one sheet of tracing paper OVer another, snowing a drawing of the hob tooth. The outline of the hob loath is traced through several times until the full form is generated. This is really nothing but an imitation of the actual machine process. In making the drawing of the hob tooth, it must be realized that it is not made with sharp comers, but with aradi us of approximately 10% of the tooth thickness. The various enveloping lines are connected with a heavy line representing the involute, fillet, or undercut. Pictures of both gear teeth, produced on separate sheets of tracing paper, are then transferred to the line of action picture ..(See Fig. 6.) h~. 7
SEPTEM'eeRIOCToeER le91
43
141/2' 20 25
141/2'
2.440/DP 2.335/DP
.534fDP
,427/DP
.317/DP ,
2,250/DP
2,350/DP 2.350/DP 2.0OD/DP 2.000/DP
20'
141/2'
1{DP ,800/DP
L300/DP
,300(DP
20'
.BOO/DP
.550/DP .5OOIDP
Involute.
Any point on the involute .is therefore determined by a definite amount of angular roll of the
than those with a standard geaerated at the expense of greaterdepth, recommends tom tooth took the proportions
spite of the fact that the round bottom is obtained The author shown in Table
I for establishing depths of radii on roand botAnother suggestion is to use the full dedendum as a starting point for the radius. There are also designs to be found which call for a combination of several radii. Any combination, ever, is omly ferthe bowpurpose of increasing the
depth at the expense of the radius and. therefore, is contrary to the theory that the largest radius produces the strongest tooth, regardless of depth. The main point is that round-bottom teeth must be designed from the tool, either hob or shaper cutter. It is theteeth of the generating tools which are provided with full radii, which, in turn, cut fillets of almost circular contour. In the interest of strength, it is also a practice. on ground gears, to leave the fillets ungreund ..In such cases, hob teeth are provided with round top and protuberance equalling the amount of grinding stock. In subsequent grinding, the invo~utes are blended with the fillets. With all these maneuvers to obtain strength and accuracy, care must be taken that the active involute profile :is maintained without interference. Therefore .dimensions mllst be given. fixing the length of the active involute profile. These dimensions must be in such form that they can be read at the time the involute is checked. Involute checking is done om fixtures using interchangeable base circles. U tl'ley do 110tuse they have a mechanism actual base circles,
involute on the gear tooth being inspected. A complete gear drawing should show. in degrees of roll or scale reading,. the minimum start of iavolute, (See Fig. 9.) U mating gears are 10' go together, their tooth thicknesses must be held. The figures for [hickne s include a definite allowance for backlash, There are recommended standard allowances es for backlash. It is approxirnarely 5% of the tooth thickness per gear . Pitch lime tooth thickne can be measured by caliper. They are, however,
difficult to operate and not particularly accurate .. It is better to expre slbe tooth thickness measurements in the form of block readings. consideration the possibility hese readings should have tolerances which take .imo the requirements for the gear and of maintaining them. is or of
The best desig-ned gear may be an ab olute failure unlessa definite grade ofworkmanship maintained. This mean for spacing. involute, runout, straightness, helix. angle must be held. The importance that certain tolerances
whi.ch produces the identical effect of a gear rolling onits base circle over a straight edge. The indicator finger is attached
A'AI ,"tOt 10
the straight
picked up when the preceding tooth goes out of action. The result is noise and wear on the teeth. The higher the speed. the greater the noise and wear due to these errors. The same effect is created through involute errors and throughrunout which result in slowly and uneven
Fig, X
i I ,/
_,;
__
,--~~I
.(IIO'.OI!I, MATING GEAR
J SHAVlN(;
-: .... ~OUNT
OF
STOCK
increasing or decreasing spacing errors. AU ermrs resuh in noise. wear. vibration running. Errors in helix or heJical gears or
I
I
!.AST POINT OF
CONTACT""'TIl
straightness on spur gear teeth result in reduced areas of contact. The same applies to misalignment in mounting. 'Gear tolerances, with the possible exception of the tolerance on readings over blocks. are not given for the purpo e of interchangeability. A high-speed gear made with excessive errors is like having loose gibs in a shaper or play in a grinding spindle. Excessive fore, vitally interested The specification inaccuracies ruin the pnrpose of the gear, The designer is, therein tolerances of tolerance and win must. take
'110
want to specify them on his drawings. into account the ability of the manufacturing process to live up to them. There is point in caUing for .0002 error in spacing and involute if the gears are only shaped and subsequently heattreated. Tolerances are a compromise between what i wanted and what can be produced. Additional finishing operati.ons like shaving, grinding. lapping. and burni filing. are developed for the purpose of obtaining accuracy. Any manuFig. io
facturingconcern with the latest available finishingequipment and hobbing and shaping mabetween theoretical chines in good repair is bound 'to be able to make a much better compromise perfection and reali ty . Gear error chines are not only the result of maproce ses. Tools and manufacturing
The various methods of inspection are a subject In themselves. fixtures and gear charters. which give a quick overall. picture of the geae, to the various machines which break down the errors: the involute, spacing, helical lead, and runout checking instruments. Also part of the same picture are the checking instruments forthe tools: the hobs, shaper cutters, and shaving cutters. Gear performance and gear noise are the
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1991
45
direct result of design and prnduction racy. However. gears run smootherthan due to the gradually contact between creased theteeth, contact should through involute
accu-
Tile 'effect of
me tip relief
is
1'101
line nfaction diagram, However, it is one of the reasons behind the recommendation contact ratio, because tip relief takes effect in
developing
that region.
A method of providing for errors in align-
tive part of the line of action is greatly the helical arrangements requirements in width
and there i never any trouble obtor tooth gears and helix acratio. (See Fig. 10.) Helical
be so designed
angle that theaction of the pitch line helices alone provides for complete carry-over
be inexpedient
[u tify every dimension by calculation. A designer has many gear applications frnnt of him which may guide him in hi lion of the pitch. Gear elec-
particularly onhobbed, shaped. and shaved gears, but not on all ground gears. All standard fun depth, course pitch, gear generating hobs are made to cut a small amount of tip relief. The effect of the tip relief is to let the driven gear lag
slightly and, thus, pick up gradually any spacing errors which might be present. This action efUIe
tip relief would, of course. be nullified by an opposing involute which is "fat" at the bottom.
.
Presented at the A.GMA 19(11 A'JIlua{ April 7-9. 1991. ChiSymposium. .... itli permission.
A Complete ,une of
Standard Involute Speciall Forms Spline, & Serration Multiple Thread Shsnk.Type
HOBS
I I
AU SORE SIZ5
TRU~VOLUTE
Titanium-Nitnde
,\ I " I,
PVD G,OLD'
I. J It t (, -.. '1 <; t~ ~
Shaper Cutters Disc Type Shank Type Rack Mililing Cutt.ers Thr,ead Milling Cutters
CIRCLE A-25
on IREADEfllREPl
V C'AJ{I)
,46
GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
Advertorial
The Oerlikon MAAG "Opa1420" CNC Gear Grinder for the 90's
New Technology brings cost effective high precision (AMGA 14 +) gear Igr,inding capability to a.major aircraft & transmission gear producer
Arrow Gear Company of Downers Grove, H. recently purchased the fi rst Oedikon M AAG Opal 420 CNC Helical gear grinder to be delivered to a U.S ..company. After extensively evaluating their high precision aircraft gear grinding requirements Arrow determined that the Opal offered the right combination bing shop needs. By applying new dressable abrasive technologiea.user friendly-highly powerful gear geometry software and JIlT production capabilities" the of flexibility. accuracy and productivity for their varied jobemploy the optimum grinding abrasive and most economical process to suit their production, finish and quality requirements, With the Opal, gear geometry can be developed and verified with dressable abrasives before a commitment is made to manufacture
electroplated CBN form grinding wheels. FDf added versatility the Opal can be fitted with a choice of three interchangeable variable speed spindles. With wheel diameters ranging from. 9.5/1 down to 1" it can accommodate most aircraft gear cluster configuration .. While fOf automotive and various power transmission gearing, the standard self-balancing 20 HP spindle is also capable of creep grinding with higb rates of metalremoval and fine surface finishes. The Opal can also be programmed to grind tooth flanks independently of each other when grinding gears with non symmetrical crowned leads, rolling dies or shaving cutters. Additional software can also be provided for conformal, epicyclic, or other non-involute forms. Another exclusive feature which Arrow Gear intends to utilize, is the Opal's ability to calculate, anticipate, and correct the involute and lead ("He1ical1Wist") inaccuracies that occur when helical gears". The ,opal, grinding "crowned
and
cost advantages over other helical. gear grinders using either generating or form grinding methods. Since the Opal's introduction it has achieved outstanding acceptance by producers
of aircraft gears, off road vehicles, and power transmissions in England, Europe, and .!Iapan.
fea-
tured Opal CNC helical. form gear grinder because it was ideaUy suited for their gear grindingapplication which require frequent changeand easy, time overs, involute modifications,
saving setups. Equipped with an integral computer controlled wheel dres er and long life diamond dressing disk for maximum flexibility and cost effectiveness, best utilize the ,opal has the ability to developed dressable recently
by modifying the wheel geometry; helix. angle of the wheel, and combining the rotational and radial movements of the gear and wheel during grinding, will automatically correct these common gear profile errors.
ceramic abrasives and newly improved vitrified CBN technologies for maximum grinding performance at a fraction of the cost of electroplated CON wheels. Form modifications are quick and simple allowing immediate changes of gear geometry to correct for hobbing variations or heat treating distortions. When required, the Opal can also utilize electroplated CON wheels for additional versatility on peeifc gear grinding applications where these wheels can. be proven to be cost effective and justifiable. Arrow can thereby select and
cmCllE
With features such as these and many other the Opal 420 is indeed the CNC gear grinder
for the 90's. If you would like additional information about this unique gear grinder please can, American Oerlikon Gear Machines, Inc. at 1-908-238-23()() or fax 11-908-238-2385 and ask: lor Ray Mackowsky, Vice President-Parallel Axis Gear Products,
SE PT EMS ERIO C TO BE R 1991
141
Grinding spindles availabl'e Wheel speeds 2000 to 240001 RPM Std. Spindle 20 !-II.P', IDouble Flank Grinding Singl'e IFIMk Grinding
for
...........
33 Teeth -
3.1 D.P. - 4' Face -11.7" Dia. - 20' P.A. Mal. 10 NI cr Mo 7G - Case hardened to 60Re GrolJndwiUlTip Relief &, Lead CroWll
20' Helll(
Versatility
S.2min ..
CALL (708) 81 '0-'005'0 FAX (7'OB,)81 '0-9'899' 5021 Chase Av,enue, . Downers Grove, IlL 6'0515
1M A
TT
PRE
TAT
~-~n..
t.a T
-4~-63
2 010 1.
HOIII!(I!
OPI
[W;;l,.
1'I<00RAti I'll 1'1
!17 :Ie
0A
.....
T It)
QIt
'"
B28 ,~
DEl.JlY
T
CIoI
12" e 1
a we
Subjective judgements about gear tests can cost you a bundle in scrap, assembly problems or warranty charges. This.is the way you should be testing gears- by the numbers with completedocumentation. And now you can -simpty and easily. Just retrofit your existing double-flank rolling gear tester with a Hommel Z -.2000 computerl recorder. Or upgrade to an entire new Hommel gear testing system.
Either way you get the quantitative analysis arid documentation you need to do the job right. Write to Hommel America (formerly Valmet, Ilnc.),30 Peter Court, New Britain, Cf 06051. Orcall (203) 827 -8500. FAX: 223-2979.
autocratic organization. ,employees seldom panici:pat's in decisions that aHeet diem. By esta'blishing ,a, co~lIlaborBtive envir,oDment,. YOUI snow ,everyone "ollplay,8 role in making vour lorganila~ion
8:success ..
1'01 an
that we can appl y to cur own organization. For example: A collaborative organization need, a . ttong leader to get started, Leaders have to possess courage to change lhe Ihings they can change, patience to
Three different organizationsin three different situations achieved the same re-
MANAGEMENT MArTEH.S
however. is not imple.
Managing
tOd:8IY'S,
busiiness in
o'ameeco-
vey showed that customers rated a car bum on a new line as No.1 in its class, At the third fac.ility, th.e firm. won the Malcolm Bal<lr:idge Award - five years
after Tom Peter co-author
moment a leader commits 'to changing his or her organszation from autocratic to
of
If! Search
0/ EXcellence.
lament that the e factors are too much like apple pie and
motherhood. The critics Me absolutely ciple right. The prinand concepts are so
bond amonglhe
AU
three
Getting individual
indi viduals comment on collaboration by aying, "That' just the way we do thing
around here," wililiake five to eight years. If'plaoned, the metamorphosi will take two
C. Raymond IRog;ers
is vice-presrdn
Kepner-Trego,
,al
ln .. a
that
comullinR/irm based ill Princeton, NI. dtallng .... iII. prQbfem-so/l'ing and decision-making. techniques lor inJlISlry.
SEPTEMBER/OCTOIIER lUI
151
to three years,
I
dudes
gineering
mentis
volvement 10keyways cui each week, chances are 'very good a Milts & Merrill PC/Hydraulic Keysealer can easily be justified.
This stepinclude
ing whattype of interaction will take place and what kind of behavior leaders will model on a daily basis. One way to get started is to use tile accomplishments laborative benchmarks. of colas organizations
For example, in many organizations. layout, engineers parts design, influand ence equipment design and method of production. all of which impact the way workers and managers interact they performtasks, Engineers need to eollaborate, not practice their various disciplines in isolation
To illustrate,
as
following is a summary of what we have found in those companie ' thar have made the change and now are say Fast set-liP Rugllllil stability
Depth repeatability 10.001o IEasy-IO"<I!)erate
m!CNlllfocessor oOIl'ro[s
ora eoll'abo-
rative Organization Have you noticed that when people enter a church t:heir behavior changes? They become quieter. Likewise.
OUf
~HE KE1!I'S~ATER COMPAN,V P.O BOX 195 .' WATERTOWN.NYl3601 .' PH(315)62'9-3001,FAX(315)629-3C()5 CIRCLE. A-27 'on IREADE.FI: REPelY CAFID'
behavior changes when we enter a football stadium. We become louder ..Employees' behavior changes when they enter a collaboratlveenvironmenr; they become more involved, dedicated. Achieving a collaborative environment Ihinking tional. structure requires refuncthe current interested, and
workers question an organsanity. when they are given pans that don't fit 'together easily or machines that don't nm properly? Yet, these member of the orgaand nization are requested
and infor-
mation systems. hi some facilities. creating small business units forces manufacturing, maintenance, and quality control, for example, to form new alliances. This new structureTncreases enhances of qualcommunication, the measurements ity,
COl . and
hoc groups of engineers. supervisors. and floor workers might focus on developing an ergonomically
piece of equipment
One way to increase collaboration is to reduce functional barriers. And Illat in-
the process,
abolish
tional barriers.
current
to the top
ik i ."What information i.
anyone with a problem involve, alllyone else whose commitment ful resolution
required to ensure that a specific task meets 1) the required quality level, 2)lhe deli.veryofthe quantiti s
is required in
of the probwhen a
1_
01 high
periormol1()e
fOl' line
and medium
p!'ch9OOl}.
1"
machine has a problem, an operator Slays with the machine to answer critical questions from the maintenance technician. That way. the technician isalaies the
hi a number of collabora-
I'IIkxhines are ovoiloble lor all s10ges 01 gaor production. from Single piece loaded 10 fully oulomo!ed producron sel' ups wilh CNC For 80 years, worldwide, MiL-on has been the lop dIOICS
05 Ihe Single source
for
gaor manufacturers
thot
demand
el: 1--IIIKRONI
Phone 708' BBB 0 132
Telefa 708B880J43
MANA'GEMENT MATTERS
IIINDIECIS,IOIN MlAIKIN'G .THE CRITI~
AUTO'CRATIC
ANIID ,A COLLABOIRA
TI~VE ORG,AINIIIZAT~ONI RES:TS, liN THIE.ANISWIER TID TWO QUESTIiONS: WHO IS: INVOLVED?
process capabil ity estimates.
and data and task procedure are easily acces ible, The information al
0
IHOW?
cau e of the problem more rapidly. Similarly. lift truck dri vers provide recommendations specifications ideas and about before the
is updated
company buys new trucks, How are people invoived? Manager and leaders in and a collaborative organization . eek advice, opinions,
@
(II)
REEFB,AKER
CORPORATION
50903 E. Russell SChmldl BI"d. MI. Cl~. "'Ill 48045 (1131'949-2!W IFu:: (313) 94\1-34&1
53,
MEETING 1991
concerns. They male deci- :ing sions based on consensus: do managers organizations. collaborative
excessive
procedures." com-
Anotb.er supervisor,
in autocratie
organization:
: ager. put it this way: "Jim is helping me understsnd what we have to acget the job
Leaders in a : constantly
know the value of honestly ; complish and then asking me asking questions of and lis- ~ what I needto tening to tile people
be affected by a decision.
However, in a truly eollaborative organization. range of behaviors
I organization
manag- .~overpower.information.and
(0
Devel.opingsldllsoftheteam
making a decision alone to : members is a high priority securing full consen us, The : for each lead way ihey decide in
II
'October 23 -25, 1991 IDetr,oit, M~ch:i'gan For more information conta.c,t: AGMA H!eadqual1ers 1500 King. Street, Suite 201 Allexandri,a, VA 22314 Ph: 703/684-0211 Fax: 703/6840242
1
situation will depend on the : ward coaching, which leads situation - on the needs of ~ to skill improvement. others for information, maintaining commitment everyone's on ~ Mistakes in a collaborative ~ erganization are viewedas
zadcn, onthe impact 'of the ~ signal, not a need to punish, decision on the development time. Time, however, is the last consideration. I
'iWf
for training,
of people, and. ofcourse, on ~ coaching, and counselling. The End ResuU Ina collaborative visor ~ skill have organi-
QUALITY GEARS
I I I I
. Interactlans
UP TO AGMA 1.5. MIL-I-45208A 8. MIL-STD-45562 FROM' A SI GLE GEAR TO LONG RUN PRODUCTION. INCLUDING PROTOTYPE 8. EMERGENCY REPAIR!REBUILD SERVICE SIZE RANGE: FROM UNDER 1'10 48" DIAMETER
Assembly Plant .~ha_nd~edin a common-sense : way, within the bounds of common courtesy. Objecshared. and the ellsays, "I work:
Re,j'shauer Ground IGealrs M'ost TJPe' Gea~s M'anufa'c~ured Complete'tol Customer' SpeciUcaUons:
""roliC OR AMERICAN STANOARO SPUR. INTERNAL & EXTERNAL HELICAL. INTERNAL & EXTERNAL .. WORMS. WORM GEAAS
. SERRA nONS '.' SHAFTS .' SPUNS. INTERNAL &, EXTERNAL SPROCKETS CLUSTERS SEGMENTS SPINDLES RATCHETS. GEAR BOXES
more than [witblany other ; tire organization is caught up approach to management tha:I : . ma constant now 'of energy
-
those a
j
.i
environment, improvements
line satis-
way managers and supervi, sors behave when working; an autocratic erganization
in quality,
Cf.1:111
- :Jall.lane ,(lea,.,3nc ..
CIRCLE A32 on READER REPL V CA'RO
Fullly implemented SPC. and da'la communicaUoDs capabUities, utiliziing stale 101' the art IC'MMI'san~ MI &: M precision ,~ear '~h_eCk,er to.aQ,~ diameler.IOlla" face.
ina collaborative rather than : faction have been the end As one supervisor putit, forcing compliance cedure . Now I
H] : .----------
P.O.IBOX 409. PLYMOUiH. MI48170 11313) 459-.2440 In Mich. 1800-482-1n3 FAX (3113)459-2941
time removing barriers be- ~ this column. circle Reader tween groups andelirninat-
0I"t
GEAR
TECHNOLOGV
ADVERTORIAL
Just 2 of the ma.ny ~~a_s!ns to choose Mitsubishi Gear Cutting Machine Tools
#1 A small shop with big results
"We bought our Mitsubishi GB 15 Gear Hobber based on the additional jobs it would allow us to handle. for example. we were recently able to take on a job for a transmission company v- a W key spline, 3-1/2" in diameter, 7- to 8-inches in length. The lead tolerance was 0..00I" along the length of the spline. We've been meeting the specs and the deadlines--no problem. "But in addition to the new jobs, it's a] ooutperforming our conventional hobber at least 2-to-l! We get better turn-around and better overall quality. The solid construction and 5-axis controls make it one of the best machine investments we've got. Ever since we installed the new machine, we've been getting a steady stream of new work, and everybody's happy." --Plant Manager at a small precision gear producer
Thists.;
....
MIITSUBISH!I
INTEiRNATI'ONAL CORPORATION:
Machine Tool Division 1500 Michaell Dr., Wood Dale,IL 60191 Phone: (708) 860-4220
CARD
WMW:NILES - recogni~ed around the, world for excellence inspurandllhelical gear generating grinders. On~y NIUES Ilets you select from ibothl high precision PiLCs and field-proven 'ONOs equipped with electronic gear boxes. The NilLES CNCGear Grinder elimiinates change gears for faster set-ups, and automatically checks input data for eorreetnesa within perm issib'le parameters. Plain language programming and a.library of pre-programmed cycles further ease set-up and 'operation. Automatic whee'l wear compensatio.n and an optionall 2~or 4~axis, ONC wheel dresser is availab'le. The NILES gear generating process is the fastest and most cost effective method for grinding small and medium production runs. Grinding: quality to AGMA14 and better can be, realized on gears with ,outside diameters from
!Oil.,
0'0
"o\~'
I'
.t
'$
_
...
:...
1_'
Ojt.
G.
-It 1t io'~~'
24" to 1137"'.
III
I
Provides actual over ball/pin measure- I ment of any helical or spur gear or spline without the
need of costly
seWng masters, Provides vital 's.P:G.. information.
'CAPACITY:
9" O.D. 8" I.D.
156
GEAF!
TECHNOlOGY
CALENDAR
AGMA Events OCTOBER 21-25 Gear Expo Meeting .. Society of'Manufacturing Events Engineers contact Mike '91 and Fall Technical
GEAR TECHNOLOGY, P.O. Box 1425, Elk Grove Village, IL, 60009, or
call (708) 437-6604 for a copy of our Writers' Guidelines.
Traicoff, SME, One SME Drive, P.O. Box 930, Dearborn, MI 48121-0930. Phone: (3] 3)27 I -1 500. Fax: (313) 2712861. SEPTEMBER 17-19 & ManuAdvanced Gear Processing napolis, IN. OCTOBER 14-16 Grinding Technology. Detroit MI. Other Events SEPTEMBER 1012 Ohio State Uni versity .Three-day course
Air Chuck
contact Miss Carol J. Bird, OSU, (614) 292-3204 . SEPTEMBER mission 1316, Conference.
ASME 6th International Power Transand Gearing Marriott Camelback Conference Resort, Phoenix,
AZ. Contact: Allen G. Strandford, Jr., Chairman, Dresser Rand, P.O. Box S60,Olean, NY 14760. Phone: (716) 373-3285. Fax: (716) 373-3715 .. .oCTOBER 2224
GMI-MUTSCHLER
"Takes the edge off"
Ask for a free demo ... no burrs attached! Call (70B) 986-1858' FAX (70B) 9860756 CIRCLE A3B on READER REPLY CARD
60
GEAR
TECKNOLOGY
Illinois Tools
Gear Tool Spec'ialists
2.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7.
A. Cycloidal Teeth B. Involute Teeth C. Gear Cutting Machines D. Gear Cutting Tools Getw Typn A. Parallel Axis B. Intersecting Axis C. Skew Axis Gear Rattoa Involute Gear Geometry A. Nomenclature B. Involutometry - Contract Ratio, etc. C. Helical Geers - Lead - Helical Overlap ONr Tooth Systema A. Full Depth B. Full Fillet C. Stub Depth Genenli Fonnul.e Methematlca - (I.T.W. Trig Book) A. Common Types B. Special Types C. Heat Treatment - Metallurgy D. Controls E. Surface Treatments F. Special Cases
2. HI SPEED STEELS
d) Schematic - Principles e) Speeds - Feeds I) Machine Cutting Conditions B. Hobbing a) The liobbing Machine b) Types and Manufacturers c) Schematic - Differential and Non-Differential d) Speeds - Feeds e) Climb Cut - Conventional Cut f) Shifting - Types 3. The Hob .. a Cutting Tool A. How It Cuts B. Tolerances and Classes C. Multiple Threads D. Hob Sharpening and Control E. The Effect of Hob and Mounting Errors on the Gear 4. The Shaper Cutt.r a Cutting Tool A. Know Your Shaper Cutters B. Design Limitations C. Sharpening D. The Effect of Cutter Mounting and Errors on the Gear E. Manufacturing Methods 5. Tool Tolerance V. Gear Tolerance A. Machining Tolerances B. Gear Blank Accuracy and Design Limitations
B. Rolling 2. ONr Flnlahlng .tier HNt TFNI A. Honing B. Lapping C. Grinding a) Methods - Formed Wheel Generating - Threaded Wheel b) Machine Types
S. GEAR INSPECTION
1. Functlonel A. Gear Rollers B. Gear Charters a~ Reading the Chart b Tooth-to- Tooth Composite Error c Total Composite Error C. Master Gears a~ Tolerances b DesiQns c Special Types 2. Anelytlcel A. Size - Tooth Thickness B. Runout C. Spacing D. Lead E. Involute 3. Autometlc end Semi-Autometic A. How They Work B. What Can Be Checked C. How Fast 4. etten Interpt'etetlon - AnaIytIce/ MIl FuncttoMl A. Reading the Charts B. Which Errors Affect Other Elements C. How to Correct the Error the Chart Shows
4_
IlW ILLINOIS TOOLS A DMsion of illinois TOO/s Works IfIC. The 4-day program consists of a coordinated series of lectures given by the Engineering, 1992 GEAR TRAINING PROGRAM Production and Inspection staffs of illinois Tool Works Inc. They represent oyer sixty years of experience in gear and tool specialization. Four Day SemInars The sessions are conducted with a technique and approach that leads to interesing Jan. 20-23 May 11-14 SePt. 14-17 discussion and participation. Starting with the basic fundamentals, the program Is directed Feb. 17-20 Jun. 15-18 Oct. 12-16 into those areas of greatest interest and value to the people attending the particular session. Mar. 16-19 Jul. 13-16 Nov. 16-19 The groups are kept small so that this object Is readily accomplished. Apr. 13-16 Aug. 17-20 Dec. 7-10 As mentioned, the planned program lasts four days. OnHaif of the fourth day Is for inTUITION FEE: $l1li6.00 dividual discussion of specific problems in a detailed manner with members of the Illinois NOTEI Additional .wdenIa. AIM c;ornpMy ...,. cIIIIa MaO.OO Tool Works' staff. Includes the transportation !rom the hoIIII to IlW and back. one group climer. More than 4,000 Individuals from hundreds of companies representing manufacturing. hospitality ~ing, conIinentaI breaIftIIv. and 1II1unche11. engineering. inspection and management, have come to Chicago for these programs. They have been conducted on a monthly basis since 1958. Classes have also been conducted in The SocieIy 01Manutactuflng Engw.ra (S.M.E.) hils approved !hI! School tor Prolessional Credits toward the S M.E. ReoertitIcaIlon Program. Credits are _dad Europe. We are certain that this well rounded program has helped all of them to a better job on the basis 01 008 credit pel' conIenI hour. and also given them a better understanding of engineering. manufacturing and inspection. FfK eddIIIotJaIlnI'amNIIIaII 00IItIICt: All those attending are assigned to the same hotel. This promotes friendly contact and ROBERT H. MODEROW. Ma!lllflet' T,.lnl .. discussion of mutual problems and interests. Tuition tor the course includes transportation 708-875-2100 1-800-628-2220 In IL Call: 1-800-828-2221 from the hotel to ITW and back, one group dinner, all continental breakfasts and all lunches. We hope we may include your company in one of our Training Programs. Visit Us Gear Expo. Boothlt62l CIRCLE A-42 on READER REPLY CARD
--
SERVICE
Gear{~lResearch Institute
An Institute of ASME and AGMA A Developer of Gear and Power Transmission Technology
Cooperative Pre-Competltlve
Current Programs: Aerospace. Vehicle
SPIRAL
BEVEL GEARS
Range up to 16 mod ~850 mm dia. , Machine with special large spi ndle bore 8" , 'Small batch quantity Early del ivery , Angular spiral bevels 'Formate cutting 0118rge diameter gears for prototype , Redesign of spiral systems available Maintenance requirement can be made from your samples Can make drawing from sample CAI.IIFORNIA .BEVEl. GEA'AS INC. 1660 Mabury Road San Jose. CA 95133 408-258-7212 fax 408-258-7335 Sales reps wanted
Research
and Industrial. Worm
MultiClient
Topica]
Research
Individual Client Research Raring Reviews, Testing (Gears, Contact Fatigue, Bending Fatigue, wear), Problem Solving, Etc. Consulling
Staff. Experts Directory
.' Membershi,p Bloc Fund Programs, Corporate, Individuals A Non-Profit Activity in Support of U.S. Gear Producers. Information. Memberships Available.
Location: 1944 University Lane FAX 708/241-0662
Lisle, u, 60532
708/241-0660
CIRCLE A-480n
OEAR. INSPE.CTION
Repair,. rebuild, or update your present instruments to new1991 designs ..We can improve your gear inspection capabill~& -
15.
up
Helical Gears up to 12" in dia., Face Width up to 6", Overall' Length to 3~'', to AGMA Operational 'Reishauer Quality Master 1:5. Gear Grinding-
or dynamic
any
Applies to all gear types. Gives involute ~ gears that are quieter. smaller. and less costly gears. for details than conventional helical If you wanlthe best, write or call
System
and/or quotation.
Fax
TIFCO ,.
-oo&JN.
C.
Wixom. Ml48393
29905 Anthony
(313) 624-7900
Gear Tooth
Grinding Capa.city
to 27.5
inch pitch diameters All services to AGMA standards CERTIHEO GEAR INSPECTION
Precision Performance Experienced and Accommodating Certiification to Mil-Standards Aircraft Quality Instruments
~
Visit us at GEAR EXPO '91 Booth #439
",0"":0-
~, 'lo'.r:.
...i
PACKIEIR ENGINE.ERING
708/505-5722, ext. 214 BOX 353. NAPERVILLE, ,IL60566 CIRCLE 11.59, on READER REPLY CARD
63
Correction
.Careful Kotlyar's readers of Mr. Yefim article, "Reverse Engineerbetween ing" in the July/August issue may have noted a lack of continuity page
HIGH NOON
;, WESTERN COLLECTIBLES;:'
]7 and 38. It's not your glas es thai need fixing; irs us.
mn the
TECHNOLOGY
1(21312029010
(2m Z02134D(fax)
CIRCLE A,40 on READER REPLY CARD
gram to the layout program several lines were "lost" from Me. KoUyar's article.
The effected paragraphs are reproduced below. REVERSE The omitted words are ENGINEERING underlined. We apologize for this error, "Another difficulty may be encountered during gear inspection. Unless an inspection machine can follow the rnaterial, itis likely that the machine will TlInoutofpro'bedeflectionrangebefore completion spection. of the profile or lead inHowever, Qnestl9J1ld not be
I
1
6
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I
I I I
..
I
""DP
..
..
I
I
1
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o.
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.......
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discouraged from continuing {ntg a second i.teration, since the method ,employs the slope/evaluation than slope error itself ratio, rather
ib';.'
I
I
... ..
..
.. -
fl2
After determination of b~~J;j!~ diameter and ]lead,lhe traditional. gear ,characteristics lile
nonnal diarnetral
Meeting customer demands for totall quality requires ho'bs that meet the tests-every time. GMI-:FHUSA hobs, solid or Inserted Ib'lade, are fully inspected with the latest Klingelnberg CINC techniques. lt's your assurance and our guarantee of total quallity. Don't settle for I'ess-specify GMI-FHUSA hobsl
normal pressure angle, or normal diametra] pitch is assumed, one of the sets of formulae shown in Table I could be used in order to calculate other traditional gear characteristics." Mr ..Kotlyar is Product Manager for the Pfauter-Maag Gear Measuring Center in Loves Park, IL
GiMI-IFHUSA
Call (708) 9861858 'FAX (708) 9B60756 CIRCLE A-39 on READER REPLY CARD
I.
61
--
CLASSIFIED
HEAT TREATING GEAR CHECKING
NOW 19 THE TIME FOR FINE IPIITeH, HIGHI ACCURACY GEAR CHECKING EQUIP,MENT
COMPUTER AIDS
Barber Coleman Hobbers:
for the quality gear manufacturer and end user. High accuracy, composite gear testing' for spur, helical. bevel and worm gears. Suitable for lesting cut, ground, molded sintered, and die cast gears. Introduclng gear inspection analysis softWare in Booth 242 at GEAR EXPO
.ANDREWS
PRODUCTS,INC.
5212 Shapland - Rosemont,IL 60018 (312) 992-401<1 CIRCl'E .A-46 on READER REPL V CA'RO
PRECISION GAGE CO., IINC, 6939 W. 59,TH STREET CHICAGO, IL 60638 312/586-2121 31.2/586-2159 IfAX CIRCLE A-45 on READER 'REPLY CARD
HELP WANTED
DESIGN ENGINEER: $50,000. Helical and Spur PROCESS ENGINEER: $55,000. SR, PRODUCT ASSURANCE/QUALITY ENG IN EER: $52,000. Aircraft Gears MANUFACTURING MANAGER: $75.000. Aircraf] Gear. Or Precision Machining. Ann HllllSucker. Excel Associates
P.O. Box 520, Cmdovil. TN 38018'{)520
I
SERVICE
~ "IIlERIIAIl FJAIJTIIR
llmlled Partnership
(90 I) 751-%00
Inspection Capabilities
-Parallel Axis Gears Worms
Gear
We require gear machinist experience as well as tamll larily wilh all phases ofthegear manufacturing process. Hands on experience with state-ot-the-artequiprrenns prefefted with knowledge ot gear grinding a plus. Our standards for quality are industry renowned .' and in Milwaukee. that applies 10 a hlgherquaJily of life -wnh a low cost of living. Our wage and benefit paokage ,s excellent. For confidential conSIderation" send your reSume with salary history to: Personnel Director. Milwaukee Gear. 5150 'N. Port Washil\glon R_d., Mil, waukee. WI 53217-()615. An equal opporturuly em-
.. Hobs .. Shaping & Shaving Cutters .. Circu.lar Geometry - Straight & Involute Sp'l.ines
Analysis
.. CI:uster Gear Alignment Hobbing Set-up Adjustments. .. SPC, Statistical Analysis of Results
plOyer.
American Pfaufer t.P . 1351 Wiindsor Road, ~oves ,Pa~k. ,fL 61132-2698
1
Rule s : Line Classified - per inch - 5190. Classified Display - per inch (3" min.) 1)(-$150, ,3)(-$140,6)(-$130. Type will be set [0 advertiser's layout or G.arT.c~"nl"RY will set type ~IIno extra charge'. Payment: Full payment must nccompany classtfled ads, Sefid check or Vi.a/MasetH:.rd/Amer'ca" Express number and explrailon date to: Gear Technology, P.Q.Box 1426. Elk Grove Village. JL, 60009. Agency Commission: No "seney ccmml ss ion on clussif'ied s, Materials Deadline: Ads IIlU" be received by the 251h of rhe month, two months prior io publication. ACCf,pta!1C,e; Publisher reserves the right 10accept Or reject clussifled advenisernents at his discretion.
62:
GEAR
TECHNOLOGY
DURABLE
Totally sealed and air purged. the FORMASTER is well suited to production environments ..
EASY TO USE
Straightforward two axis programming can be learned quickly by production personnel. P.c. software is also available for generating involute gear profile programs.
Made in U.S.A. Patent No. 4,559.919
Normae. Incorporated ~ P.O. Box 69 Arden. NC 28704 ~ Phone (04) 684-1002 Fax (704) 684-1384 NORMAC, INC.
Normac.Jncorporated P.O. Box 207 Northville, Ml48167 Phone (313) 3492644 Fax (313) 349-1440
an
The machines, the tooling and the engineering support. All from one source ..All from the world authority on gear manufacturing-Mitsubishi. For more information, call (708) 860-4222.
For single-source, tum-key applications, Mitsubishi also manufactures gear hobs, shaper cutters and sheving cutters, as wen as fixturesand automatic part loaders. Add to this the engineering support you'dexpectfrom an industry leader ,and you have true one source gear manufacturing supply ..
I
..... '1)' DIlly Machlne'TooII
CJ!II"Idflc.J Gti_,.
PrK:.I-Jon
Cu1h!"IQTools
,
.....
IM-tSiulb'l~s'h'11Internatlonall Corpora't:i'onl
1500 Michael Drive, Suite E" Wood IDale, IlL '601911 Phone: (7OB) 860-4222