APTA SS-M-015-06

Edited 1-16-07

15. APTA SS-M-015-06 Standard for Wheel Flange Angle for Passenger Equipment
Approved <<date>>

APTA PRESS Task Force

Authorized <<date>>

APTA Commuter Rail Executive Committee

Abstract: This standard defines the minimum flange angle and the minimum length of surface on the flange, over which the angle must be maintained. These wheel flange parameters are important in reducing the risk of low speed wheel climb derailments. The standard also provides drawings of wheel profiles that are compliant with the requirements of this standard. Key Words: railroad wheel, flange angle, low speed wheel climb derailment, wheel profile, rail profile, Nadal.

Copyright 2006 by The American Public Transportation Association 1666 K Street, N. W. Washington, DC 20006-1215 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of The American Public Transportation Association.

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Introduction
(This introduction is not part of APTA SS-M-015-06, Standard for Wheel Flange Angle for Passenger Equipment.) In November 1998, APTA issued Technical Bulletin 1998-1, on Commuter Car Safety Regarding: Wheel Running Surface Manufacture and Reprofiling Contour. The bulletin recommended a minimum flange angle of 72 (suggested tolerance +3 and -2) be achieved at the gage point, 3/8 inch above the standard base line. The 1998-1 Technical Bulletin is superseded by this standard which requires that on all new and reprofiled wheels, a flange angle of no less than 72 shall exist over a continuous length of at least 0.1 inches along the surface of the flange where it will contact the rail. The standard also provides drawings of narrow flange wheel profiles that are compliant with the requirements of this standard. Some wheel profiles currently in use such as the AAR S-621-79 can produce flange angles less than that required in this standard due to variation in tolerances. Railroads choosing to continue the use of the AAR S-621-79 wheel profile, should observe strict adherence to the railroads quality assurance plan to confirm that tolerance stack-ups do not cause non-compliance with the flange angle requirements of this standard.

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Participants
The American Public Transportation Association (APTA) greatly appreciates the contributions of the following individual(s), who provided the primary effort in the drafting of the Standard for Wheel Flange Angle for Passenger Equipment :
Steve Dedmon, Chair Susan Kristoff Cameron Lonsdale Brian Marquis David Schanoes Mark Stewart Brian Whitten

At the time this standard was completed, the Passenger Rail Equipment Safety Standards (PRESS) Mechanical Committee included the following members: Dave Carter, Chair
Steven Abramopaulos M. Andriani Gordon Bachinsky Jack Barnas Ken Barnish Al Bieber George Binns Brad Black Rick Brilz Chris Brockhoff Dick Bruss Dave Brooks Mark Campbell Gary Carr John Casale Al Cheren George A. Chipko Steve Chrismer Roger Collen Richard Conway Steve Costanzo Jack Coughlin Tim Cumbie Erik Curtis Graham Curtis Richard Curtis Steve Dedmon John M. Dermody Greg Dvorchak Ed Deitt Magdy El-Sibaie John Elkins Dave Elliott Owen Evans Gary Fairbanks Ronald L. Farrell Andrew F. Farilla Benoit Filion Chuck Florian Greg Gagarin John Goliber Jeff Gordon Thomas Grant Harry Haber Kevin Heidrich Francois Henri Ken Hesser Christopher Holliday Paul E. Jamieson James Jewell Richard Johnson Joe Kalousek Joe Kahr Bob Kells Larry Kelterborn Kevin Kesler Paul Kezmarsky Peter Klauser Sunil Kondapalli John P. Konrad Susan Kristoff Rick Laue Nicolas Lessard Jason Lipscomb Cameron Lonsdale Ben Lue William Lydon Susan Madigan Dan Magnus Eric Magel Frank Maldari George Manessis Jean Major John Mardente James Martin Brian Marquis Keith McCarrick Don Minini Heiner Moehren Donald Morrissey Dak Murthy Larry Niemond Thomas OBrien Frank Orioles George Payne Fernando Pascual Tom Peacock John Pearson, Jr. Jim Pilch Ian Pirie Richard Polley John Posterino Anand Prabhakaran Chuck Prehm John Punwani Russ Quimby James G. Rees Al Roman Carol Rose Tom Rowbottom Daniel Ruppert John Rutkowski Tom Rusin Michele Salvatore Radovan Sarunac Fred Schaerr Hans-Dieter Schaller David Schanoes Peter Schumacher Bill Sears Rebecca Sidelinger Kevin Simms Tom Simpson Albert C. Song Carlos Sosa Rex Springston Mark Stewart Monique Stewart Philip M. Strong Chris Studcart Dick Swaney Bob Swearingen Ali Tajaddini KI. Takeshita Joe Talafous Clive Thornes Richard Trail Mike Trosino Tom Tsai Bob Tuzik Richard Vadnal Arun Virginkar John Wagner David Warner Douglas Warner Charles Whalen Brian Whitten Gary Widell James Wilson Bruce Wigod Werner H. Wodtke Clifford Woodbury Bob Wright P. Yablonsky H. Yamamori Greg Yovich Allan Zarembski John Zolock Steve Zuiderveen

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Table of Contents
1. Overview ........................................................................................................................15.5 1.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................15.5 1.2 Purpose ....................................................................................................................15.5 2. References ......................................................................................................................15.5 3. Definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms............................................................................15.6 3.1 Definitions.................................................................................................................15.6 3.2 Abbreviations and acronyms........................................................................................15.6 4. Flange Angle Criteria ........................................................................................................15.7 5. Inspection and Maintenance..............................................................................................15.7 5.1 Inspection .................................................................................................................15.7 5.2 Maintenance..............................................................................................................15.7 Annex A (informative) Wheel Flange Angle............................................................................15.8 Annex B (normative) Wheel Profiles ................................................................................... 15.10 B.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................. 15.10 B.2 APTA 120 Wheel Profile........................................................................................... 15.11 B.3 APTA 140 Wheel Profile........................................................................................... 15.12 B.4 APTA 140M Wheel Profile........................................................................................ 15.13 B.5 APTA 220 Wheel Profile........................................................................................... 15.14 B.6 APTA 240 Wheel Profile........................................................................................... 15.15 B.7 APTA 320 Wheel Profile........................................................................................... 15.16 B.8 APTA 340 Wheel Profile........................................................................................... 15.17 Annex C (informative) Bibliography .................................................................................... 15.18

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APTA SS-M-015-06 Standard for Wheel Flange Angle for Passenger Equipment
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This wheel flange angle standard applies to all new and reprofiled wheels u sed on railroad passenger equipment of all types, including non-passenger carrying cars and locomotives that are intended for use in passenger service on the general railway system of the United States. Other wheel parameters including tread taper are outside the scope of this standard. The passenger rail industry will phase this standard into practice over the 36 month period from June 30, 2007 to July 1, 2010.

1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this document is to provide minimum requirements for the wheel flange angle to reduce the risk of wheel climb derailments. See Annex A. This standard supersedes APTA Technical Bulletin 1998-1, on Commuter Car Safety Regarding: Wheel Running Surface Manufacture and Reprofiling Contour. The bulletin recommended a minimum flange angle of 72 (suggested tolerance +3 and -2) be achieved at the gage point, 3/8 inch above the standard base line.

2. References
This standard, where applicable, shall be used in conjunction with the following publications. If the following publications are superseded by an approved revision, the approved revision shall apply. AAR Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices, Section G-II, Figure 4.37 (Concluded), Narrow Flange Tapered Tread Contour Locomotive and Amtrak (former Standard S-621-79) AAR Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices, Section G, Figure B.12, AAR-1B Narrow Flange Contour for Freight Car Wheels (Standard S-669)

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3. Definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms

3.1 Definitions
3.1.1 flange angle: The flange angle ( ) is the maximum angle found on the surface of the wheel flange, measured with respect to the axis of the wheel set as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 - Flange Angle Definition

3.2 Abbreviations and acronyms

AAR APTA CSTT FRA NRCC PRESS Association of American Railroads American Public Transportation Association Centre for Surface Transportation Technology (division of National Research Council Canada) Federal Railroad Administration National Research Council Canada Passenger Rail Equipment Safety Standards

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4. Flange Angle Criteria

On all new and reprofiled wheels, a flange angle of no less than 72 shall exist over a continuous length of at least 0.1 inches along the surface of the flange, as shown in Figure 2, where it would contact the rail should the wheel climb. Annex B provides examples of wheel profiles which meet this requirement with new rail profiles1. The minimum flange angle of 72 includes manufacturing tolerances. In deciding on a flange angle to meet the minimum specified, inspectability and manufacturing tolerances shall be considered. Figure 2 - Flange Angle Standard Criteria
0.1 inch (min)

72 (min)

5. Inspection and Maintenance

5.1 Inspection
New and reprofiled wheels shall be inspected in accordance with the railroads quality assurance plan to confirm the acceptability of the flange angle. Acceptable inspection methods include, but are not limited to, go/no-go gauges, templates, or automated measuring tools. The quality assurance plan shall require verification of the accuracy and ability of the inspection tool to discriminate between compliant and non-compliant flange angles and to establish a test frequency that provides adequate control of wheel profiling.

5.2 Maintenance
This standard is not intended to establish guidelines for the inspection or rejection of wheel flange angles while in service. Typically, flange wear results in a steeper flange angle, so the need for verification applies more to new and reprofiled flange and tread contours. However, if a railroad has experience with flange angles that decrease with wear, APTA recommends that periodic maintenance inspections of the flange angle be established. Flange angles that decrease with wear can occur when introducing a new higher flange angle wheel on rail that has worn to the original, lower flange angle wheel.
1

New rail profiles used 100, 112, 115, 119, 132, 136 and 140 RE.

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Annex A (informative) Wheel Flange Angle

In discussing wheel/rail interaction, an understanding of the wheel/rail interface is important. The wheel flange angle is an important part of a system that includes many variables, each of which contributes in its own way to the overall behavior of the wheel as it moves along the rail. The potential for a low speed flange climb derailment can be decreased when all of these variables, including flange angle are addressed in a comprehensive rail management program. Nadal [C9] described some of these variables in the early 1900s that include friction control in addition to the flange angle. Rail gage spreading, superelevation, rail camber, angle of attack, duration/distance traveled of excess L/V ratio and the variables that affect these parameters also play an important role in wheel climb derailments. The main factors in wheel/rail interaction and their relationship are stated clearly in Nadals formula:

L tan ( ) Nadal = V 1 + tan ( )

where: = coefficient of friction between wheel and rail.

(1)

The variables in (1) are illustrated in Figure A1. The variable delta is that angle which is formed when the wheel flange surface and rail gage face surface are in contact. A worn wheel and/or rail profile can greatly affect the wheel/rail interface contact angle. Managing the contact angle as outlined in this standard is an integral part of any wheel/rail interface management strategy. The flange angle is used as an approximation of the maximum contact angle. Figure A1 - Wheel/Rail Interaction Variables.

L N N

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Nadals formula provides an insight into the potential for wheel climb between a specific wheel and a specific rail under specific conditions. Nadals formula is an industry accepted approach and is utilized because it is simple and straightforward, appropriate for maintaining safety and the variables can be measured. Based on this formula, railroads have sought to optimize the wheel/rail interface by controlling the coefficient of friction through lubrication schemes, the rail gage face angle through grinding processes, and the wheel flange angle through periodic reprofiling. Some commuter railroads have adopted the AAR-1B profile (developed for freight wheels) as a wheel flange standard, because the profiled flange wears into a relatively optimal contour for maintaining a steep flange angle. The flange angle specification outlined in this standard requires that the maximum angle be maintained over a distance, rather than at a discrete point. This will increase the probability that a high interface or contact angle between the wheel and rail is maintained despite variations in wheel and rail profiles.

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Annex B (normative) Wheel Profiles

B.1 Purpose
This annex provides drawings of APTA Standard wheel profiles. The narrow flange wheel profiles listed in the table below are examples that meet the requirements of this standard.
2

APTA Wheel Profiles

Annex
B.2 100

Series

Designation
120

Description
Based on (former) AAR S-621-79, 1:20 taper

B.3

140

Based on (former) AAR S-621-79 with 1:40 taper Based on (former) AAR S-621-79 with 1:40 taper modified by NJT to provide flange angle of 72-75 Based on AAR-1B (AAR S-669), 1:20 taper, modified for 5.5 inch wheel width Based on AAR-1B (AAR S-669) modified for 1:40 taper and 5.5 inch wheel width NRCC-COM20 developed by CSTT [C8] and funded by FRA

B.4

140M

B.5 200 B.6

220

240

B.7 300 B.8

320

340

NRCC-COM40 developed by CSTT [C8] and funded by FRA

Compliance with requirements based on analysis of wheel-to-rail contact geometry using 1:40 tie plate, 56.5 inch track gage and 53-3/16 inch wheel back-to-back dimension.

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B.2

APTA 120 Wheel Profile

Based on (former) AAR S-621-79, 1:20 taper.
51 2 1/8 5 +1/16 132 -0 5 8 R5 8 11 4 R5 8 R11 16 1/16 5 8 Taper 1:20 11 116 31 32

1 +1/16 -0 29 R32 R17 8 3 64 1 16

Base Line Tape Line 31 R232

Gage Point

R5 8

E D C B A
Gage Point

+Y F G +X H I

J
Node Coordinates Point A B C D E F
Gage Point

X -1.1563 -1.1562 -1.1013 -1.0438 -0.5313 -0.0270 0.0000 0.0751 0.7188 3.7500 4.3438

Y -0.6250 -0.4583 -0.1476 -0.0019 0.3750 0.0465 0.0000 -0.1790 -0.6250 -0.7766 -1.4008

Segment A-B B-C C-D D-E E-F F-G G-H H-I I-J Beyond J

Segment Details X Radius Line - Center Line 90 0.9063 -0.2500 2.9688 1.6875 0.6250 -0.4688 0.6250 -0.5781 1.8750 -1.6805 0.6875 Line 1:20 0.6250 Line 90 0.7188 3.7188

Y - Center -0.4583 -1.1654 -0.2469 -0.2482 -0.8376 0.0625 -1.4008

G H I J

Note: All coordinates relative to 'Gage Point', and all dimensions are inches. Flange angle must be no less than 72 over a continuous length of at least 0.1 inch.

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B.3

APTA 140 Wheel Profile

Based on (former) AAR S-621-79 with 1:40 taper.
1 1/8 52 5 +1/16 132 -0 5 8 R5 8 11 4 R5 8 11 1/16 R16 5 8 Taper 1:40 111 16 31 32

1 +1/16 -0 29 R32 R17 8 Gage Point 3 64 1 16

Base Line Tape Line 31 R232 R5 8

E D C B A
Gage Point

+Y F G +X H I

J
Node Coordinates Point A B C D E F
Gage Point

X -1.1563 -1.1562 -1.1013 -1.0438 -0.5313 -0.0270 0.0000 0.0751 0.7188 3.7344 4.3438

Y -0.6250 -0.4583 -0.1476 -0.0019 0.3750 0.0465 0.0000 -0.1790 -0.6250 -0.7004 -1.3252

Segment A-B B-C C-D D-E E-F F-G G-H H-I I-J Beyond J

Segment Details Radius X Line - Center Line 90 0.9063 -0.2500 2.9688 1.6875 0.6250 -0.4688 0.6250 -0.5781 1.8750 -1.6805 0.6875 Line 1:40 0.6250 Line 90 0.7188 3.7188

Y - Center -0.4583 -1.1654 -0.2469 -0.2482 -0.8376 0.0625 -1.3252

G H I J

Note: All coordinates relative to 'Gage Point', and all dimensions are inches. Flange angle must be no less than 72 over a continuous length of at least 0.1 inch.

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B.4

APTA 140M Wheel Profile

Based on (former) AAR S-621-79 with 1:40 taper modified by NJT to provide flange angle of 72-75.
51 2 1/8 1.8980

3 +3/32 116 -1/32 R5 8 72 +3 -0 *Flange Angle R5 8 3 1/64 164 R29 32 R17 8 Gage Point 0.0280 1 16 227 32 Tape Line R231 32 Base Line R0.7030 +0.048 -0.078 5 8 Taper 1:40

5 8

R5 8

E D C B A
Gage Point

+Y F G +X H I

J
Node Coordinates Point A B C D E F
Gage Point

X -1.1875 -1.1875 -1.1326 -1.0750 -0.5625 0.0054 0.0000 0.0307 0.6929 3.7031 4.3125

Y -0.6250 -0.4114 -0.1007 0.0450 0.4219 -0.0141 0.0000 -0.1014 -0.6250 -0.7003 -1.3251

Segment A-B B-C C-D D-E E-F F-G G-H H-I I-J J-K

Segment Details Radius X Line - Center Line 90 0.9063 -0.2813 2.9688 1.6563 0.625 -0.5000 0.625 -0.5905 1.875 -1.7824 0.703 Line 1:40 0.625 Line 90 0.7105 3.6875

Y - Center -0.4114 -1.1186 0.2000 -0.2025 -0.5793 0.0778 -1.3251

G H I J

Note: All coordinates relative to 'Gage Point', and all dimensions are inches. *Flange angle must be no less than 72 over a continuous length of at least 0.1 inch.

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B.5

APTA 220 Wheel Profile

Based on AAR-1B (AAR S-669), 1:20 taper, modified for 5.5 inch wheel width.
5.5 0.125 1.1563 +0.0625 -0.0000

*Flange Angle

0.0084 0.0370 75.0 R0.6875 R0.375 R1.5 0.0625 R0.5625 0.0625 0.375

R0.375

1.0 +0.0625 -0.0000

Taper 1:20 (1:17 - 1:23)

Base Line Gage Point R1.375 2.8438 Tape Line R0.6250 4.875

1.7921

D C

+Y E F G +X H I

B A
Gage Point

L
Node Coordinates Point A B C D E F
Gage Point

X -1.1563 -1.1563 -0.8501 -0.5625 -0.1403 -0.0084 0.0000 0.0286 0.2840 0.7485 0.9771 3.7499 4.3437

Y -0.6250 -0.4434 0.2407 0.3750 0.2301 0.0312 0.0000 -0.1069 -0.4445 -0.6250 -0.6542 -0.7927 -1.4169

Segment A-B B-C C-D D-E E-F F-G G-H H-I I-J J-K K-L Beyond L

Segment Details Radius X Line - Center Line 90 1.375 0.2044 0.375 -0.5625 0.6875 -0.5625 0.375 -0.3706 Line 75 0.5625 1.5 1.5 Line 1:20 0.625 Line 90 0.5720 1.0520 1.0520 3.7187

Y - Center -0.6418 0.0000 -0.3125 -0.0659

G H I J K L

0.0387 0.8440 0.8440 -1.4169

Note: All coordinates relative to 'Gage Point', and all dimensions are inches. *Flange angle must be no less than 72 over a continuous length of at least 0.1 inch.

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B.6

APTA 240 Wheel Profile

Based on AAR-1B (AAR S-669) modified for 1:40 taper and 5.5 inch wheel width.
5.5 0.125 1.1563 +0.0625 -0.0000

*Flange Angle

0.0084 0.0370 75.0 R0.6875 R0.375 R1.5 0.0625 R0.5625 0.0625 0.375

R0.375

1.0 +0.0625 -0.0000

Taper 1:40 (1:37 - 1:43)

Base Line Gage Point R1.375 2.8438 Tape Line R0.625 4.875

1.7234

D C

+Y E F G +X H I

B A
Gage Point

L
Node Coordinates Point A B C D E F
Gage Point

X -1.1563 -1.1563 -0.8501 -0.5625 -0.1403 -0.0084 0.0000 0.0286 0.2840 0.7485 1.0148 3.7344 4.3437

Y -0.6250 -0.4434 0.2407 0.3750 0.2301 0.0312 0.0000 -0.1069 -0.4445 -0.6250 -0.6556 -0.7236 -1.3483

Segment A-B B-C C-D D-E E-F F-G G-H H-I I-J J-K K-L Beyond L

Segment Details Radius X Line - Center Line 90 1.375 0.2044 0.375 -0.5625 0.6875 -0.5625 0.375 -0.3706 Line 75 0.5625 1.5 1.5 Line 1:40 0.625 Line 90 0.5720 1.0520 1.0520 3.7187

Y - Center -0.6418 0.0000 -0.3125 -0.0659

G H I J K L

0.0387 0.8440 0.8440 -1.3484

Note: All coordinates relative to 'Gage Point', and all dimensions are inches. *Flange angle must be no less than 72 over a continuous length of at least 0.1 inch.

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B.7

APTA 320 Wheel Profile

NRCC-COM20 developed by CSTT and funded by FRA.
139.7 3 29.2334 +1.5 -0.0 0.2894

*Flange Angle 75 R9.525

1.0786 R17.463 R9.525

R45 1.5 R110 1.5

25.4 +1.5 -0.0

15.875 Taper 1:20

Base Line R9 1.5 R22 1.5 70 R34.925 Tape Line R15.875

Gage Point

+Y D C E F G B A
Gage Point

45

+X I J K L M

Node Coordinates Point A B C D E F X Y -15.8750 -11.2780 6.2040 9.5250 5.8440 1.0800 0.0000 -4.0250 -7.8752 -12.6340 -15.3010 -17.0500 -20.0600 -24.6900 -28.6710 Segment A-B B-C C-D D-E E-F F-G G-H H-I I-J J-K K-L L-M M-N Beyond N

-29.2334 -29.2334 -21.3784 -14.1504 -3.4274 -0.2894 Gage Point 0.0000 G 1.0786 H 3.4066 I 10.4796 J 19.5616 K 36.5386 L 96.0526 M 106.4856 N 110.4666

Segment Details Radius X Y Line - Center - Center Line 90 34.925 9.525 17.463 9.525 Line 75 9 22 45 110 Line 1:20 15.875 Line 45 Line 90

Note: All coordinates relative to 'Gage Point' and all dimensions are millimeters. *Flange angle must be no less than 72 over a continuous length of at least 0.1 inch.

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B.8

APTA 340 Wheel Profile

NRCC-COM40 developed by CSTT and funded by FRA.
139.7 3 29.2334 +1.5 -0.0 0.2894

*Flange Angle 75

1.0786 R17.463

R45 1.5 R110 1.5

R9.525

R9.525 15.875

25.4 +1.5 -0.0

Taper 1:40

Base Line R9 1.5 Gage Point R34.925 R22 1.5 70 Tape Line R15.875 45

+Y D C E F G H B A
Gage Point

+X I J K L M N

Node Coordinates Point A B C D E F X Y -15.8750 -11.2780 6.2040 9.5250 5.8440 1.0800 0.0000 -4.0250 -7.8752 -12.6340 -15.3010 -16.9470 -18.5280 -23.1730 -27.1540 Segment A-B B-C C-D D-E E-F F-G G-H H-I I-J J-K K-L L-M M-N Beyond N

-29.2334 -29.2334 -21.3784 -14.1504 -3.4274 -0.2894 Gage Point 0.0000 G 1.0786 H 3.4066 I 10.4796 J 19.5616 K 33.7946 L 95.6566 M 106.4856 N 110.4666

Segment Details Radius X Y Line - Center - Center Line 90 34.925 9.525 17.463 9.525 Line 75 9 22 45 110 Line 1:40 15.875 Line 45 Line 90

Note: All coordinates relative to 'Gage Point' and all dimensions are millimeters. *Flange angle must be no less than 72 over a continuous length of at least 0.1 inch.

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Annex C (informative) Bibliography

[C1] Ban, T., Kakishima, H., Iida, K., Maebashi, E., Ishida, H., Ishida, M., A Study on the Coefficient of Friction between Rail Gauge Corner and Wheel Flange Focusing on Wheel Machining", 14th International Wheelset Congress, Orlando, Florida, Oct. 17-21, 2004. [C2] Barbosa, R.S., A 3D Contact Force Safety Criterion for Flange Climb Derailment of a Railway Wheel, Vehicle System Dynamics, 42(5) (2004), pp. 289-300. [C3] Elkins, J. and Wu, H. Angle of Attack and Distance Based Criteria for Flange Climb Derailment, Vehicle System Dynamics, 33(Suppl.) (1999), pp. 293-305. [C4] Gilchrist, A.O. and Brickle, B.V. A Re-Examination of the Proneness to Derailment of a Railway Wheel-Set, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, IMechE 18(3) (1976), pp. 131-141. [C5] Leary, J., Gudiness, T., "The Engineering and Economic Aspects of the AAR-1B Wheel Profile," Report No. R -808, Association of A merican Railroads, Transportation Test Center, Pueblo, CO, April 1992. [C6] Lewis, R., Ekberg, A., Bruni, S., Dwyer-Joyce, R.S., "A Design Tool for Railway Wheels Incorporating Damage Models and Dynamic Simulations", IEEE/ASME Joint Railroad Conference, Paper RTD2005-70038, Pueblo, Colorado, March 16-18, 2005. [C7] Magel, Eric, "Optimizing Wheel and Rail Profiles on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor", Interface, The Journal of Wheel/Rail Interaction, Sept. 2004. [C8] Magel, Eric, "Development of a Generic Wheel Profile and Matching Rail Profiles for Commuter Systems, CSTT Report #CSTT-HVC-LR-222, June 2005. [C9] Nadal, M.J., Locomotives a Vapeur, Collection Encyclopedie Scientifique, Bibliotheque de Mecanique Applique et Genie, 186. Paris, France, 1908. [C10] R-Sany, J., "Another Look at the Single Wheel Derailment Criterion", Proceedings IEEE/ASME Joint Rail Conference, Oak Brook, IL, 1996, pp. 17-22. [C11] Railway Industrial Standard TB/T 449 - 2003, "Profiles of Wheel Flange Tread for Locomotives and Cars", Ministry of Railway of the People's Republic of China, 2003. [C12] Shu, X., Wilson, N., Wu, H., Tunna, J., "A Bi-parameter Distance Criterion for Flange Climb Derailment", Proceedings - IEEE/ASME Joint Railroad Conference, Paper RTD200570007, Pueblo, Colorado, March 16-18, 2005. [C13] Shust, W., Elkins, J., Wheel Forces During Flange Climb Part I - Track Loading Vehicle Tests", Proceedings - IEEE/ASME Joint Rail Conference, Boston, MA, 1997. [C14] Shust, W., Elkins, J., "Wheel Forces During Flange Climb Part II - NUCARS Simulations", Proceedings - IEEE/ASME Joint Rail Conference, Boston, MA, 1997. [C15] Weinstock, H., "Wheel Climb Derailment Criteria for Evaluation of Rail Vehicle Safety", ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Paper 84-WA/RT-1, 1984. [C16] Wu, H., "Wheel/Rail Profile Design and Maintenance", 10th Annual AAR Research Review, TTCI, Pueblo, Colorado, March 15, 2005. 15.18 Volume V Mechanical