Total Crop Management

for Greenhouse Production

with an emphasis on
Integrated Pest Management and
Nutrient Management
Bulletin 363 Revised 2011
EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension.indb 1 2/23/2011 2:08:04 PM
Total Crop Management
for Greenhouse Production
with an emphasis on
Integrated Pest Management and
Nutrient Management
Bulletin 363 Revised 2011
This publication is a joint effort of the University of Maryland, Virginia Tech and
North Carolinia State University and their specialists in various environmental felds
It is the policy of the University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Maryland
Agricultural Experiment Station, and Maryland Extension that all persons have equal opportunity and
access to programs and facilities without regard to race, color, gender, religion, national origin, sexual
orientation, age, marital status or parental status, or disability.
Integrated Pest Management for Commercial Horticulture
University of Maryland Extension
www.ipmnet.umd.edu
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ii
Gerald Brust, IPM Vegetable Specialist
Central Maryland Research and Education Center
301-627-8440, jbrust@umd.edu
Kate Everts, Vegetable Plant Pathologist
Lower Eastern Shore Research and Education Center
410-742-8780, keverts@umd.edu
Stanton A. Gill, Extension Specialist
Central Maryland Research and Education Center
301-596-9413, sgill@umd.edu
Karen Rane, Plant Pathologist
Plant Diagnostic Lab, College Park
301-405-1611, rane@umd.edu
Andrew Ristvey, Extension Specialist
Wye Research and Education Center
410-827-8056, aristvey@umd.edu
Co-Authors:
Chuck Schuster, Extension Educator
University of Maryland Extension
301-590-2807, cfs@umd.edu
Debby Smith-Fiola,
Consultant, Landscape IPM
landscapeipm@hotmail.com
Joyce Latimer, Extension Specialist
Virginia Tech
540-231-7906, jlatime@vt.edu
Brian Whipker, Extension Specialist
North Carolina State University
919-515-5374, brian_whipker@ncsu.edu
Formatting, Editing, and Image Management: Suzanne Klick, Technician, University of Maryland
Extension
Editing: Sarah Kenney, Intern, University of Maryland Extension
Acknowledgements: We wish to thank Julie Iferd, Catoctin Mountain Growers, and Oliver Storm, Homestead
Growers, for reviewing sections of this manual. We would also like to thank Maryland growers and Independent
TPM/IPM scouts for their assistance in supplying information that helped in the development of this publication.
Authors and Publication Coordinators:
Will Healy, Research and Technical Services Manager
Ball Horticultural Company
(630) 231-3500, whealy@ballhort.com
Megan McConnell, Lab Technician
Plant Diagnostic Lab, College Park, MD
David Ross, Professor and Extension Agricultural
Engineer, Retired, University of Maryland
Mark VanGessel, Extension Weed Specialist
University of Delaware
302-856-7303 ext 510, mjv@udel.edu
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iii
Disclaimer
Mention of trade names and products is for information only and does not constitute an
endorsement or recommendation of, or discrimination against, similar products not mentioned.
Printed in 2011 by University of Maryland Extension, College of Agriculture and Natural
Resources, University of Maryland College Park. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording,
manual, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of University of Maryland Extension.
The phone number for University of Maryland Extension is (301) 596-9413.
Although this manual contains research-based information, and the contributors and publisher
have used their best efforts in preparing this manual, the publisher and contributors offer no
warranties, express or implied, with respect to the use of this manual. Manual users maintain
complete responsibility for the accurate use and appropriate application of the information in
this manual for their intended purpose(s). In no event shall the publisher or contributors be held
responsible or liable for any indirect, direct, incidental, or consequential damages or loss of profts
or any other commercial damage whatsoever resulting from or related to the use or misuse of this
manual.
Preface
This manual is designed for use by growers, greenhouse managers, and Extension educators
involved with the foriculture industry. Our goal with this manual is to help greenhouse growers
produce the highest-quality plants with minimal loss. This publication is based on the extensive
experience of Maryland greenhouse growers, independent Total Plant Management and
Integrated Pest Management (TPM/ IPM) scouts, and faculty and specialists of the University
of Maryland Extension. It is our intent that this manual serve as a valuable tool for improved
management of greenhouse crops. We have created charts for easy access to information and
text for more in-depth information on key subjects.
Electronic copies of this manual are available on-line
at www.ipmnet.umd.edu/publications.htm
To purchase paper copies of this manual contact 301-596-9413
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iv
Table of Contents
Part 1: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Greenhouse Operations
Chapter 1 Integrated Pest Management: Scouting Overview 3
Chapter 2 Screening Out Insect Pests 17
Chapter 3 Disinfecting a Greenhouse 21
Chapter 4 Pesticide Application Equipment: Selection and Calibration 23
Part 2: Insect and Mite Management
Chapter 5 Insecticide and Miticide Classes 29
Chapter 6 Biological Control of Greenhouses Pests 33
Chapter 7 Biopesiticides and Reduced-Risk Pesticides 47
Chapter 8 Understanding Insect Growth Regulators 51
Chapter 9 Insecticides Registered for Greenhouse Ornamentals 55
Part 3: Disease, Algae, Weed and Cultural Management
Chapter 10 Managing Plant Diseases 135
Chapter 11 Weed and Algae Control in Commercial Greenhouses 177
Chapter 12 Plant Growth Regulators for Floricultural Crops 183
Chapter 13 Cultural Requirements and Pests of Major Greenhouse Crops:
Bedding Plants, Herbs, Cut Flowers and Vegetable Transplants 209
Chapter 14 Cultural and Pest Management for Greenhouse Vegetables and Herbs 215
Part 4: Greenhouse Structures and Environment
Chapter 15 Greenhouse Selection and Placement 233
Chapter 16 Greenhouse Growing Environment: Temperature and Humidity 237
Chapter 17 Greenhouse Systems Maintenance 249
Chapter 18 Greenhouse Substrates 253
Part 5: Water and Fertility Management
Chapter 19 Water Supply, Irrigation, and Management 267
Chapter 20 Irrigation: Too Wet or Too Dry? 275
Chapter 21 Fertility Management 277
Chapter 22 Fertilizer Injection or Fertigation 291
Chapter 23 Care and Calibration of Injector Pumps 297
Part 6: Appendix
Appendix A Selected Resources 303
Appendix B Conversion Factors 306
Appendix C Images of Insects, Diseases, Abiotic Problems and Weeds 308
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Part 6
Appendix A Selected Resources
Appendix B Conversion Factors
Appendix C Images of Insects, Diseases, Weeds and Abiotic Problems
Appendix
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Resources Available for Greenhouse Production
The following is a selection of resources for commercial horticulture production. Included here are books,
fact sheets, magazines, and websites applicable to greenhouse production and pest management. This list is
by no means complete. Extension websites for each land-grant university have publications sections with a
wealth of information about commercial horticulture. Internet searches can be an effective way to fnd ad-
ditional information.
Greenhouse IPM Publications
Herbaceous Perennials Production: A guide from propagation to marketing (NRAES-93)
http://www.nraes.org/
Integrated Pest Management for Bedding Plants: A Scouting & Pest Management Guide
Cornell University
http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/
New England Greenhouse Floriculture Guide: A Management Guide for Insects, Diseases, Weeds, and
Growth Regulators
http://www.umass.edu/umext/foriculture/pest_management/ne_pest_manage_guide.html
Guide to Insects and Related Pests of Floriculture Crops in New England
New England Vegetable Management Guide
UMass Extension Bookstore
http://umassextensionbookstore.com/catalog/
Rutgers Greenhouse Cost Accounting and Software
http://aesop.rutgers.edu/~farmmgmt/ghcasestudies/RMACostAcct.pdf
Websites
University of Maryland College of Agriculture and Natural Resources
http://www.agnr.umd.edu
IPMnet
Commercial Horticulture, University of Maryland Extension
http://www.IPMNET.umd.edu
Home and Garden Information Center, University of Maryland Extension
http://www.hgic.umd.edu
California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Environmental Monitoring and Pest Management
Appendix A
Selected Resources
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Suppliers of Benefcial Organisms in North America:
http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pestmgt/ipminov/bensuppl.htm
Crop Data Management Systems (CDMS) - Pesticide labels online
http://www.cdms.net (labels are listed under the services link)
Biological ControlA Guide to Natural Enemies in North America (Cornell University)
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/
Maryland Greenhouse Growers Association
www.mdgga.org
Maryland Department of Agriculture Plant Industries and Pest Management
Links to pesticide regulation, plant protection, and weed control
http://www.mda.state.md.us/plants-pests/
Disease Test Kits
Test kits for Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Phytophthora
Neogen Corporation
620 Lesher Place, Lansing, MI 48912
800-234-5333, neogen-info@neogen.com
Website: http://www.neogen.com
INSV Test Kits
Agdia, Inc.
30380 County Road 6, Elkhart, Indiana, 46514
800-622-4342, webmaster@agdia.com
http://www.agdia.com.
Hydros, Inc. Envrionmental Diagostics - Disease test kits:
http://www.hydros.cc/
Substrate Testing Laboratories
University of Delaware Soil Testing Program, 302-831-1392, 152 Townsend Hall, 531 S. College Avenue,
Newark, DE, 19717-1303, http://ag.udel.edu/other_websites/DSTP/
Virginia Tech Soil Testing Laboratory, 540-231-6893, 145 Smyth Hall (0465), Blacksburg, VA 24061,
http://www.soiltest.vt.edu/
A&L Eastern Agricultural Laboratories, Inc., 804-743-9401, 7621 Whitepine Road, Richmond, VA 23237,
http://www.al-labls-eastern.com

Pennsylvania Agricultural Analytic Services State University Laboratory
University Park, PA 16802
http://www.aasl.psu.edu/
JRPeters Laboratory
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6656 Grant Way, Allentown, PA 18106
866-522-5752, http://www.jrpeterslab.com/
North Carolina State University Horticultural Substrates Laboratory
152 Kilgore Hall, Box 7609, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609
919-515-5368, http://www.ncsu.edu/project/hortsublab/
Disease Testing Laboratories:
A sample of any plant suspected to be infected with disease can be sent to a commercial laboratory. Viruses
can be detected via laboratory assays, such as Tomato spotted wilt virus and Impatiens necrotic spot virus,
both transmitted by thrips. These two viruses can cause disease in many plants, with symptoms that can be
mistaken for nutritional disorders, fungal diseases, or other problems. Other viruses that most often occur in
ornamentals are cucumber mosaic virus (transmitted by aphids), and tobacco and tomato ringspot viruses (
transmitted by nematodes), seeds or by propagating infected plants.
Agdia Testing Services: ELISA and PCR disease testing
30380 County Road 6
Elkhart, Indiana 46514
800-622-4342, testing@agdia.com, www.agdia.com
Penn State Plant Disease Clinic
Sara May, Coordinator, and John Peplinski, Diagnostician
220 Buckout Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802
814-865-2204, srm183@psu.edu, http://www.ppath.cas.psu.edu/Plant_Disease_Clinic.htm
University of Delaware Plant Diagnostic Clinic
Nancy Gregory, Diagnostician, and Robert Mulrooney, Plant Pathologist
151 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716
302-831-1390, http://ag.udel.edu/extension/pdc/index.htm
University of Maryland Plant Diagnostic Lab
Karen Rane, Director
4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 21742
301-405-1611, www.plantclinic.umd.edu
VPI Plant Disease Clinic
Mary Ann Hanson and Elizabeth Bush, Co-Directors
Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science
106 Price Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0331
540-231-6758, clinic@vt.edu, http://www.ppws.vt.edu/~clinic
Sources for Pesticide Information, Biologicals
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Press, Inc.s Greenbook Pesticide labels (www.greenbook.net)
Crop Data Management Systems, Inc. Pesticide labels (www.cdms.net)
EXTOXNET The EXtension TOXicology NETwork Pesticides: Toxicology, Technical Information
from UC Davis, Oregon State Univ., Michigan State, Cornell Univ., Univ. of Idaho
Environmental Protection Agencys Offce of Pesticide Programs
Benefcial Insects: http://www.library.illinois.edu/envi/benefcialinsects.html
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/
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Multiply By To Obtain Multiply By To Obtain
Acres 0.4047 Hectares Kilograms 1,000 Grams
Acres 43,560 Square feet Kilograms 2.2046 Pounds
Acres 4,840 Square yards Kilograms per meter
2
.2048 Pounds per foot
2

Acres 0.001562 Square miles Kilograms per meter
2
.001422 Pounds per inches
2

Acres 4,047 Square meters Kilograms per meter
3
.001 Grams per centimeter3
Acres 0.4047 Hectares Kilograms per meter
3
.06243 Pounds per foot
3

Atmospheres 14.7 Pounds per inch2 Kilograms per meter
3
.0003613 Pounds per inches
3

Atmospheres 10,333 Kilograms per meter2 Kiloliters 1,000 Liters
Centimeters .03281 Feet Kilometers 100,000 Centimeters
Centimeters .3937 Inches Kilometers 3,281 Feet
Centimeters .01 Meters Kilometers 1,000 Meters
Centimeters 10 Millimeters Kilometers .6214 Miles
Centimeters 393.7 Mils Kilometers 1,093.6 Yards
Cubic centimeters .0000353 Cubic feet Kilowatt hours 3,415 BTUs
Cubic centimeters .016102 Cubic inches Kilowatt hours 1.341 Horsepower hours
Cubic centimeters .0001 Cubic meters Kilowatts 56.92 BTUs per minute
Cubic centimeters .000001308 Cubic yards Kilowatts 1.341 Horsepower
Cubic feet 28,316.84 Cubic centimeters Kilowatts 1,000 Watts
Cubic feet 1,728 Cubic inches Liters 1,000 Cubic centimeters
Cubic feet .02832 Cubic yards Liters .03531 Cubic feet
Cubic inches 16.387 Cubic centimeters Liters 62.02 Cubic inches
Cubic inches .00001639 Cubic meters Liters .001 Cubic meters
Cubic inches .00002143 Cubic yards Liters .001308 Cubic yards
Cubic yards 764,600 Cubic centimeters Liters .2642 Gallons
Cubic yards 27 Cubic feet Liters 1.057 Quarts (fuid)
Cubic yards .7646 Cubic meters Lux .0929 Foot-candles
Feet 30.48 Centimeters Meters 100 Centimeters
Feet 12 Inches Meters 3.2808 Feet
Feet .3048 Meters Meters 39.37 Inches
Feet .333 Yards Meters .001 Kilometers
Foot-candles 10.76 Lux Meters 1,000 Millimeters
Gallons 3.785 Liters Meters 1.0936 Yards
Gallons 128 Ounces (fuid) Milligrams .001 Grams
Gallons 8 Pints (fuid) Milligrams .000001 Kilograms
Gallons 4 Quarts (fuid) Milligrams per liter 1 Parts per million
Gallons per minute .134 Cubic feet per minute Milliliters 1 Cubic centimeters
Gallons per minute .002228 Cubic feet per second Milliliters .001 Liters
Gallons per minute .06308 Liters per second Millimeters .1 Centimeters
Grams .001 Kilograms Millimeters .03937 Inches
Grams 1,000 Milligrams Millimeters .001 Meters
Grams .002205 Pounds Ounces (fuid) 1.805 Cubic inches
Grams per liter .1336 Ounces per gallon Ounces (fuid) .0078125 Gallons
Grams per liter .0334 Ounces per quart Ounces (fuid) .02957 Liters
Appendix B
Conversion Factors
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Multiply By To Obtain Multiply By To Obtain
Grams per liter 1,000 Parts per million Ounces (fuid) 29.57 Milliliters
Hectares 2.471 Acres Ounces (fuid) 2 Tablespoons (fuid)
Hectares 107,000 Square feet Ounces (fuid) 6 Teaspoons (fuid)
Inches 2.540 Centimeters Parts per million .001 Grams per liter
Inches .08333 Feet Parts per million 1 Milligrams per kilogram
Inches .0254 Meters Parts per million 1 Milligrams per liter
Inches .02778 Yards Parts per million .013 Ounces per 100 gallons
Parts per million .0083 Pounds per 1,000 gallons Quarts (fuid) .9463 Liters
Pints (fuid) 473.167 Cubic centimeters Quarts (fuid) 946.3 Milliliters
Pints (fuid) .0167 Cubic feet Quarts (fuid) 32 Ounces (fuid)
Pints (fuid) 28.875 Cubic inches Quarts (fuid) 2 Pints (fuid)
Pints (fuid) .125 Gallons Square centimeters .00107 Square feet
Pints (fuid) .4732 Liters Square centimeters .1550 Square inches
Pints (fuid) 16 Ounces (fuid) Square centimeters .0001 Square meters
Pints (fuid) .5 Quarts (fuid) Square centimeters 100 Square millimeters
Pounds 453.594 Grams Square feet .00002296 Acres
Pounds .453594 Kilograms Square feet 929 Square centimeters
Pounds 16 Ounces Square feet 144 Square inches
Pounds per cubic foot .01602 Grams per centimeter
3
Square feet .0929 Square meters
Pounds per cubic foot 16.02 Kilograms per meter
3
Square feet .111 Square yards
Pounds per cubic foot .0005787 Pounds per inch
3
Square inches 6.452 Square centimeters
Pounds per cubic inch 27,680 Kilograms per meter
3
Square inches .006944 Square feet
Pounds per cubic inch 27.68 Pounds per centimeter
3
Square inches 645.163 Square millimeters
Pounds per cubic inch 1,728 Pounds per foot
3
Square meters .000247 Acres
Pounds per foot 1.488 Kilograms per meter Square meters 10.764 Square feet
Pounds per inch 178.6 Grams per centimeter Square meters 1.196 Square yards
Pounds per square foot 4.882 Kilograms per meter
2
Square millimeters .01 Square centimeters
Pounds per square foot .006994 Pounds per inch
2
Square millimeters .00155 Square inches
Pounds per square inch .070307 Kilograms per centimeter
2
Square millimeters .000001 Square meters
Pounds per square inch 703.1 Kilograms per meter
2
Square yards .0002066 Acres
Pounds per square inch 144 Pounds per foot
2
Square yards 9 Square feet
Quarts (fuid) .0334 Cubic feet Square yards 1,296 Square inches
Quarts (fuid) 57.75 Cubic inches Square yards .8361 Square meters
Quarts (fuid) .25 Gallons
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Appendix C
Images of Insects, Diseases, Abiotic Problems and Weeds
Insects:
Benefcial Insects and Organisms
Aphids
Caterpillars
Fungus Gnats
Shorefies
Leafminers
Mites
Mealybug
Scale
Thrips
Whitefy
Diseases:

Foliar Diseases
Root Rots
Weeds:
Abiotic Problems:
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Aphidius wasp with cabbage aphids
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Aphidius wasp mummies (parasitized aphids)
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Lady bird beetle larva on cabbage
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Adult lady bird beetle, Hippodamia convergens
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Lacewing, Chrysoperla sp., larva
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Lacewing, Chrysoperla sp., adult
Photo: Suzanne Klick
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Syrphid fy larva
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Sryphid fy adult
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Aphidoletes (fy midges) feeding on aphids
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Minute pirate bug nymph
Photo: Stanton Gill
Sachet containing predators of thrips
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Whitefy infected with Beauveria bassiana
Photo: Stanton Gill
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Distorted foliage from aphid feeding on zinnia
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Honeydew and aphid cast skins on snapdragon
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Sooty mold from aphids on celosia
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Cabbage aphid with characteristic waxy coating
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Close-up of green peach aphid
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Root aphids on aster roots
Photo: Shannon Wadkins
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Imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae, larvae
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae, adult
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Variegated fritillary, Euptoieta claudia, larva
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Variegated fritillary, Euptoieta claudia, butterfy
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, larva
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Cross-striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis
Photo: Suzanne Klick
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Heavy infestation of fungus gnats on yellow cards
Photo: Stanton Gill
Fungus gnat larva feeding on pansy at base of stem
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Fungus gnat damage on poinsettia cutting
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Shorefy adult
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Leafminer damage on gerbera
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Leafminer damage on cabbage
Photo: Shannon Wadkins
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Heavy webbing on mum from spider mites
Photo: Shannon Wadkins
Stippling damage on calla lily from spider mites
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Broad mite damage on sweet potato vine
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Twospotted spider mites and eggs
Photo: Shannon Wadkins
Mealybug on heliconia
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Longtailed mealybug on palm
Photo: Suzanne Klick
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Mealybugs in cryptic areas of New Guinea impatiens
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Hemispherical scale on palm
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Brown soft scale
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Fern scale on staghorn fern
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Slug damage on dahlia
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Slug on bottom of pot
Photo: Suzanne Klick
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Streaking from thrips feeding on gerbera daisy
Photo: Shannon Wadkins
Western fower thrips in gloxinia fower
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Female western fower thrips
Photo: Stanton Gill
Echinothrips damage on New Guinea impatiens
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Echinothrips
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Cuban laurel thrips
Photo: Shannon Wadkins
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Whitefy infestation on sunfower
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Greenhouse whitefy, Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Photo: Shannon Wadkins
Greenhouse whitefy, Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Greenhouse whitefy, Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Pupal stage of Bemesia tabaci whitefy
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Bemesia tabaci whitefy on poinsettia leaf
Photo: Suzanne Klick
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Botrytis on geranium fower
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Botrytis on geranium foliage
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Botrytis elliptica leaf spot on lily
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Bacterial leaf spot on zinnia
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Black root rot, Thielaviopsis sp., on petunia
Photo: Stanton Gill
Host Virus X on hosta
Photo: Suzanne Klick
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Downy mildew on upperside of coleus foliage
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Downy mildew on underside of coleus foliage
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) on orchid
Photo: Suzanne Klick
INSV on New Guinea impatiens
Photo: Karen Rane
Powdery mildew on zinnia foliage
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Pythium root rot on salvia plugs
Photo: Suzanne Klick
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Oedema on primrose foliage
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Oedema on kalanchoe foliage
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Iron chlorosis on pansy
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Spray damage on poinsettia foliage
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Groundsel along edge of greenhouse
Photo: Suzanne Klick
Weeds, with insect damage, under bench
Photo: Suzanne Klick
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