Formulation
Formulation
Formulation
Edited
by
Anne-Marie Pense-Lheritier
WILEY
Table of Contents
xi 1
3
Chapter
1. Introduction
background impact
of the
3 8
14 structure
15 16
Necessity and concept 2.1.1. Specificities of each industry 2.2. Factors affecting different industries 2.3. Outlining a methodology 2.4. Bibliography
19 20 26 27 30
vi
Formulation
31
33
Chapter 3. Solutions
Anne-Marie Pense-Lheritier 3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. Preamble 3.1.2. Definition
33 33 33
34 35
3.1.3. 3.2.
Approach
water
Solubilizing in pH control
35 35 37 37 38 40 43 43 45 46 48 48 49 53
3.2.1. 3.3.
3.2.2. Salts
Solubilizing
in solvents
3.4.1. Micellar solubilization agents: surfactants 3.4.2. Microemulsion 3.4.3. Formation of complexes 3.4.4. Solid solutions 3.5. Conclusion 3.6.
Bibliography
4.
Chapter
Dispersions
Gerard HOLTZINGER 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Particles and their 4.2.1. Definition 53
specificities
54 54 56 58 60 61 62 62
63
particles
Porosity Specific surface 4.3. Various particle systems and stability issues
4.3.1. Particle systems 4.3.2.
of particles
Stability
of
dispersions theory
4.3.3. Sedimentation
4.3.4. Flocculation and DVLO 4.3.5. Ostwald
65 69 86 89
4.4.
Dispersion
methods and
Table of Contents
vii
Chapter
5. Formulation of Emulsions
119 the
considerations
on
liquid-liquid
interactions
121 121 122 125 126 127 134 134 136 138 139 139 141 141 142 143 143 144 144 147
5.2.1.
Origin
Developing the emulsion Selecting the fatty phase 5.3.2. Selecting the surfactant 5.4. Stabilizing an emulsion 5.4.1. Creaming, sedimentation, and kinetic stabilization 5.4.2. Flocculation and DVLO theory
5.3. 5.3.1. 5.4.3. Coalescence and 5.4.4. Phase inversion
steric stabilization
5.4.5. Basic rules for emulsification 5.5. Formulation of emulsions 5.5.1. Temperature 5.5.2. Time
5.5.3.
Agitation
on
emulsions
Bibliography
6.
Chapter
6.1.
Suspensions
Gerard HOLTZ1NGER
Dispersion theory
148 148
152 152 153
viii
Formulation
155 155 155 157 158 158 159 160 164 164 165 166 166
167
medium
Stability
agents of suspensions
6.3.1.
6.3.2. Structure of
6.4. 6.5.
Specific
Specific
pigments 6.5.2. Organic pigments 6.5.3. Treating pigments 6.6. Using dispersion
6.6.1, Various
6.6.2. 6.7.
6.5.1. Mineral
dispersion steps
167 181
183
185
185
information
198
200 200
....
Rheologic behavior: reminder of the first basic laws Rheologic models linking viscosity and shearing rate Measuring polymer viscosity
202
capacity:
(in Joule
per 213
Kg) conductivity
and transmission tools
generation
mixing
principle
Mixing
on
7.6. Conclusion
the
polymer
formulation rules
227 227
Bibliography
Table of Contents
ix
of
Major Products
231
233
Drugs development
233 233
234 235
drug-product development 8.1.3. Dosage form development 8.2. Case study: development of a dosage form for
8.1.2. Pharmaceutical oral administration
8.2.1. Patients and market 8.2.2. Characteristics of active 8.2.3.
8.1.1. The
246 246
ingredients
246
of formulation
8.3.
Monitoring/checking
methods
diagram
Chapter
laboratory
ingredients
stability
Realizing
Study of the
regards
261 261 263 265 265 266 267
9.3.5.
PAO
9.3.6. Evaluation of the formula 9.4. Industrial fabrication 9.5. Product launch 9.6.
Regulations
9.7. Conclusion
Formulation
Products
269
Specifications
10.2. Constraints
10.2.1.
Regulation
283
284 284
.
11.2.2.
11.2.3.
Styrene butadiene (copolymer of butadiene and styrene) Polybutadiene (butadiene polymer) Synthetic poly isoprene Copolymer of acrylonitrile butadiene Polychloroprene (chloroprene polymer) Polyisobutylene (butyl rubber) Ethylene propylene copolymers, ethylene propylene
285 286
286
copolymers
11.2.9. Silicones
11.2.10.
11.3.
290 291
302
309 311
312
11.4.1.
314 315
317
Bibliography
318 321
323
Conclusion
325