Preferred Citation: Segr, Emilio. A Mind Always in Motion: The Autobiography of Emilio Segre.

Berkeley: University of California Press, c1993 1993. tt!:""ark.cdli#.org"ark:"13$3$"ft%$$$$%r#"

A Mind Always in Motion

The Autobiography of Emilio Segr Emilio Segr
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RESS

Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford

! "##$ T%e Regents o& t%e Uni'ersity o& Cali&ornia

Preferred Citation: Segr, Emilio. A Mind Always in Motion: The Autobiography of Emilio Segre. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1993 1993. tt!:""ark.cdli#.org"ark:"13$3$"ft%$$$$%r#"

A()nowledgments
& en Emilio, ' o instr(cted me on so many t ings, said t at e 'o(ld leave t e !(#lication of is a(to#iogra! y to me as a )consola*ione,) is advice 'as: )+(st deliver t e latest set of diskettes to t e !(#lis ers, and t ey 'ill do t e rest.) &ell, it 'asn,t t at easy, es!ecially for a !erfectionist like me, #(t - m(st say t at t e staff - 'orked 'it at t e University of California Press 'ere m(c more t an .(st efficient and friendly. /one of t em ad kno'n Emilio !ersonally, and t ey only got ac0(ainted 'it im t ro(g is man(scri!t. & en, one after anot er, t e editors told me, )1nce - started reading, co(ldn,t !(t it do'n,) - kne' t e #ook 'as in good ands. 2 (s, to UC Press 3irector +im Clark, to editors Eileen 4c&illiam, Erika B5ky, and Peter 3reyer, and to designer Bar#ara +ello', - convey my most eartfelt t anks for t eir interest and dedication in making Emilio,s last #ook ' at it is no'. 2o Professor 6o#ert &. Seidel for is conscientio(s do(#lec ecking of t e ! ysics, my most !rofo(nd gratit(de. 7ast #(t not least, my dee!est t anks to Professor E(gene Commins and is 'ife Ulla for t eir el! and friends i! 8t e saying )9 friend in need is a friend indeed) comes to mind ' enever t ink of t em:, and to Professor 1'en C am#erlain, ' ose s!ontaneo(s re!ly to my 0(estion, );o' 'o(ld yo( descri#e Emilio<) #ecame t e title of t is #ook. 61S9 4. SE=6> SU44E6 199?

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re&a(e
- ave 'ritten t is a(to#iogra! y #eca(se - t o(g t it mig t interest a !(#lic c(rio(s a#o(t t e scienceB dominated !eriod in ' ic - lived. 4any ot er ! ysicists, my contem!oraries, ave done t e same, among t em 7(is 9lvare*, Creeman 3yson, &alter Elsasser, 6ic ard Ceynman, 1tto Crisc , &erner ;eisen#erg, Sir 6(dolf Peierls, and Br(no 6ossi. Eac of t em 'rites from is o'n !oint of vie' and according to is !ersonality. 2 is emerges clearly, for instance, in descri!tions of t e 7os 9lamos !eriodD in com!aring t em, one recogni*es t e main facts, #(t t e differences of inter!retation and t e im!ortance assigned to t ose facts #y t e a(t ors stand o(t starkly, as do .(dgments on !ersons and events. 2 ese differences are interesting and s o(ld not #e s(!!ressed. 2 (s, for eAam!le, in reading Peierls,s a(to#iogra! y,E1F ' ic occasionally refers to !ersons and circ(mstances - also disc(ss in t is #ook, - fo(nd im to #e a m(c more likea#le and gentle !erson t an - am. - am reminded of a remark made to me in t e 19G$s #y t e t en governor of California, Edm(nd =erald )Pat) Bro'n. ;e ad invited me to a small intimate dinner at is official residence, and d(ring o(r conversation e 0(estioned me on some !oints !ertaining to t e University of California, of ' ic e 'as an eA officio 6egent. - ans'ered as 'ell as - co(ldD e listened, t anked me, and t en, la(g ing, added: )& en yo( s!eak to a !olitician yo( s o(ld say t ose t ings like t is)Hand e re!eated ' at - ad said in t e di!lomatic form - s o(ld ave @ Aii @ (sed. 2 e e!isode st(ck in my mind, #(t - do not t ink - ave !rofited from it. Beca(se t e gro't of science in t is cent(ry is s(c an im!osing ! enomenon, - #elieve t ere is .(stification for t is modest 'ork. -t is not .(st a manifestation of vanity, of gratit(de to some, of disaffection 'it ot ers, or a 'ay of venting my s!leen, as one mig t (nc arita#ly s(rmise. -t is rat er a narrative of t e life of one of t e many scientists ' o ave contri#(ted to t e ! enomenon. -ts a!!eal may #e similar to t at offered, in a different conteAt, #y t e memoirs of one of /a!oleon,s generals or one of 7incoln,s am#assadors. - ave tried to tell t e (nvarnis ed tr(t 8as - see it: and to re!ort events t e 'ay - #elieve t ey occ(rred, as 'ell as ' at - felt and t o(g t at t e time. - do not like to s!eak ill of ot ers, and even less of myself, #(t - ave not so(g t to dis!lay manners and tact - never ad, and - ave tried to treat myself no #etter t an anyone else. - #elieve it 'ill #e clear #y t e end of t e #ook t at scientists are only (man. - t ank my friends 6en*o de Celice, +. 7. ;eil#ron, 9nt ony &als#y, 3r. Edgardo 4acorini, and t e late 9vv. =offredo 6occas, ' o el!ed me greatly in vario(s 'ays. 4y 'ife 6osa 4ines Segr as valiantly and !atiently el!ed me in 'riting t is #ook, t ro(g er interest in it, er enco(ragement, and er criticism. 9#ove all, s e ke!t t e old c(rm(dgeon alive.

C%a*ter One+ C%romosomes, Family and C%ild%ood -"#./0"#"12, Smell o& S)3n)
@1@ . . . mi dimandI: )C i f(r li maggior t(i<) 8. . . e asked me: )& o 'ere yo(r fore#ears<): 3ante, -nferno 1$.J? 8trans. 7a(rence Binyon: 9 visitor to t e Killa d,Este at 2ivoli, near 6ome, in 4ay 191J 'o(ld ave #een a#le to see only its gardens and t e rece!tion alls on t e first floor of t e main #(ilding. 2 e rest of t e !alace 'as closed to t e !(#lic. 9lt o(g it 'as 'ort seeing, t e o'ner 'anted to save on maintenance and did not 'ant to s!end money on c(stodians for t ese rooms. 2 ey contained frescoes #y 2addeo and Cederico L(ccari, of t e same kind as t ose in t e alls on t e first floor. 9lt o(g not master!ieces, t ese !aintings 'ere val(a#le. 2 (s t e second floor co(ld #e (sed only #y someone ' o, for some s!ecial reason, ad !rivileged access to it.E1F 2 e visitor mig t one morning ave fo(nd t ere a #oy of a#o(t nine, 'earing s orts. ;e liked readingD in !artic(lar e loved La scienza per @?@ tutti 8Science for every#ody:, a !o!(lar maga*ine !(#lis ed #y Son*ogno in 4ilan. -ts ill(strations in color and t e many diagrams of mac ines and a!!arat(s ad a s!ecial fascination for t e #oy, ' om t e visitor mig t ave fo(nd intent on reading an acco(nt of t e 'orking of t e a(tomo#ile engine, 'it its fo(r ! ases. 2 e s(#.ect 'as not easy, #(t in a#o(t an o(r of concentrated attention e ad s(cceeded in mastering it and, a!!y to ave done so, inscri#ed it in is memory for life. ;e t en !assed on to anot er article in t e maga*ine, ' ic descri#ed t e li0(efaction of eli(m #y t e 3(tc ! ysicist ;eike Mamerling 1nnes, ' o ad recently received t e /o#el Pri*e and later discovered s(!ercond(ctivity.E?F 9fter a ' ile, tired of reading, t e #oy descended to t e garden to !lay 'it t e gardener,s son, is great !al, 'it ' om e ad secretly esta#lis ed a small vegeta#le garden and a tree o(se idden #y t e #oA edges t at se!arated t e garden !at s descending along t e slo!e of t e ill. 4any fo(ntains and 'ater'orks, as 'ell as !ec(liar !ieces of arc itect(re, em#ellis ed t e cent(riesBold !ark, and t e #oys ad eA!lored every corner of it. -n t is !eacef(l atmos! ere, no#ody kne' t at 'e 'ere on t e #rink of t e first 'orld 'arH!er a!s least of all t e o'ner of t e Killa d,Este, 9rc d(ke Crancis Cerdinand of 9(stria and Este, ' ose days 'ere n(m#ered and ' ose assassination at Sara.evo on +(ne ?N, 191J, 'as to la(nc t e great tragedy t at eng(lfed t e 'orld. -n t e !eace of t at morning, 4ot er called alo(d to t e little #oy from a terrace in t e center of t e

!alace, ' ic faced t e garden: )Pi!!iO -t is time to go ome for l(nc .) 9nd Pi!!i, feeling (ngry, .oined er !rom!tly. -, Pi!!i, 'as #orn in 2ivoli, on +an(ary 3$, 19$P. 4y fat er re!orted my arrival to t e civil a(t orities later t an !rescri#ed #y la', and to avoid com!lications, - 'as registered as aving #een #orn on Ce#r(ary 1, ' ic #ecame my official #irt day. - 'as called Emilio =inoD according to my mot er, t e first name reminded er of er great friends Emilia 2reves and Erailia P(sterla, a#o(t ' om more later. 2 e second name onored my (ncle =ino, my fat er,s yo(nger #rot er. ;o'ever, @3@ as a c ild every#ody called me Pi!!i, a nickname - coined as soon as - started s!eaking. 4y #irt !lace 'as a o(se in a 0(arter t en called Killini 9rnaldi. 4y fat er, =i(se!!e 9#ramo Segr, 'as #orn in Bo**olo, near 4ant(a, in nort ern -taly, on Ce#r(ary ?, 1NP9D my mot er 9melia S(sanna 2reves 'as #orn in Clorence on +(ly ?%, 1NG%. - 'as t e yo(ngest of t ree #rot ers. 2 e eldest, 9ngelo 4arco, 'as #orn in 1N91 8died in 19G9:, and t e second, 4arco Cla(dio, 'as #orn in 1N93 8died in 19N3:D t (s my #rot ers 'ere fo(rteen and t'elve years older t an -. 2 e Segr Camily ad lived in Bo**olo for cent(ries. - #elieve t ey originally came from S!ain, !ossi#ly at t e time of t e eA!(lsion of t e +e's in 1J9?. 9ll my grand!arents died old, #(t #efore my #irt . 2 e information - ave a#o(t t em comes from ' at - eard at ome or fo(nd in doc(ments. 4y !aternal grandfat er, 9ngelo 4iracolo, 'as named 4iracolo #eca(se is mot er 'as fiftyBfo(r at t e time of is #irt . ;e 'as, - #elieve, a s o!kee!er in Bo**olo. - ave eard only of is ! ysical strengt , ealt , and gymnastic !ro'ess. & en e 'as a#o(t eig ty, e retired 'it is 'ife to t e city of 9ncona, ' ere one of is c ildren, Cla(dio, 'orked. 4y grandfat er 9ngelo seems to ave liked to scare is family #y s o'ing off is acro#atics on t e roofs of neig #oring o(ses. ;e also commented to is c ildren, all very s(ccessf(l in life: )-f it 'ere not for t e 'orries yo( give me, - 'o(ld live forever.) ;e, is 'ife, and t eir son Cla(dio are all #(ried in 9ncona. ;is 'ife, Egle Cases, 'as an o(tstanding 'oman, #ot for er #rains and for er c aracter. ;er c ildren, da(g tersBinBla', and grandc ildren al'ays s!oke of er to me 'it dee! affection and ig res!ect. 4y mot er told me re!eatedly o' m(c s e en.oyed aving er mot erBinBla' in er ome at 2ivoli, and o' s e felt closer to er t an to er o'n mot er. - ave fo(nd a s(#tle ec o of t is in letters 'ritten #y my grandmot er Egle to er f(t(re da(g terBinBla', t en engaged to my fat er. 2 e letters, alt o(g s ort, s o' (ncommon (nderstanding and 'armt . Egle ad received an ed(cation 'ell a#ove ' at 'as c(stomary for girls of er time. ;er ome 'as a center of @J@ attraction for t e intellect(al life, !rovincial, #(t not negligi#le, offered t en #y a small -talian to'n. 9ngelo and Egle Segr ad fo(r c ildren. 2 e oldest, and t e only girl, #y name Bice, married a 6iccardo 6imini and ad fo(r sons. 1ne of t em, Enrico, #ecame a !rofessor of organic c emistry at t e University of Pavia and is remem#ered for t e 9ngeliB6imini reaction of alde ydes. ;e 'as t e fat er of 6iccardo and Bindo 6imini, my contem!oraries and close friends, ' o 'ill often a!!ear in t is story. 2 e t ree sons of 9ngelo and Egle 'ere Cla(dio 81NP3Q19?%:, my fat er =i(se!!e 81NP9Q19JJ:, and =ino 81NGJQ19J?:. 2 ey 'ere very close to eac ot er, #(t not to t eir sister Bice. Possi#ly s e 'as a diffic(lt !erson, as is s(ggested #y t e many stories - eard a#o(t er. - ad only a slig t ac0(aintance

'it

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4y (ncles Cla(dio and =ino attended t e University of Pavia t anks to Collegio = islieri fello's i!s. E3F 2 is college ad #een created #y Po!e Pi(s K at t e time of t e Co(nterB6eformation to el! talented yo(ng men ' o co(ld not afford an ed(cation. &it t e (nification of -taly in t e nineteent cent(ry, t e la's of earlier times discriminating on gro(nds of religion ad #een voided, and Uncle Cla(dio may ave #een t e first +e' to #e admitted to t e college. Cla(dio o#tained is ig est degree as an engineer from t e University of 2(rin in 1N%GD s(#se0(ently e 'ent to t e Ecole des mines in Paris, ' ere e st(died geology. ;e remained fond of Crance for t e rest of is life, #(t occasionally 8and very lo(dly: critici*ed Crenc c a(vinism. ;e still resented (nfriendly treatment e ad received in t e 4ont d,1r region d(ring geological field tri!s. 1n is ret(rn to -taly, in 1NN1, e 'ent to 'ork for t e Cerrovie meridionali, a railroad com!any, and devoted imself to t e a!!lication of geology to railroad constr(ction. ;is !ersonal eA!erience led im to introd(ce more scientific !roced(res in t e railroad ind(stry, and in 19$P e s(cceeded in esta#lis ing an )eA!erimental instit(te for t e Cerrovie meridionali) in 9ncona, ' ic !assed to t e -talian government on t e s(#se0(ent nationali*ation of t e railroads. 2 e instit(te,s !(r!ose 'as to el! t e railroads #y !(tting t e o!erations of !lanning, !(rc asing, #(ilding, @P@ and testing on a so(nd tec nical #asis. 2 is sim!le idea is no' common!lace, #(t in my (ncle,s time it 'as ne' and (n(s(al. 1nly is ent (siasm and !ersistence s(cceeded in carrying it t ro(g and in develo!ing an eAcellent tec nological la#oratory for its im!lementation. Uncle Cla(dio 'as of s ort stat(re and in is later years some' at deaf. ;e s!oke very lo(dly and, ' en angry, tended to (se !rofane lang(age, not !ermitted at t e time in !olite com!any. -n 19$P e moved, 'it is instit(te, from 9ncona to 6ome. ;e settled in a rented a!artment in a t enBmodern #(ilding on t e corner #et'een Pia**a della C iesa n(ova and Corso Kittorio. Uncle Cla(dio, for is times, 'as 'idely traveled, often re!resenting t e -talian railroads at international conferences. ;e told me t at at one of t ese e ad met +(lesB;enri PoincarR, ' o, conf(sing im 'it t e mat ematician Corrado Segre 8no accent and no relation:, 'as most cordial, c anging, o'ever, almost to r(deness ' en e #ecame a'are of is mistake.EJF Cla(dio ad visited all of E(ro!e and Egy!t. ;e never 'ent to 9merica. ;e (sed to tell me stories a#o(t t e c*arist 6(ssia of 19$N reminiscent of ' at eA!erienced in t e Soviet Union in 19PG. Cor instance, e visited t e Mremlin and t e g(ide, in ret(rn for a s(ita#le ti!, allo'ed im to sit on t e t rone of t e c*ar, #(t no ti! 'o(ld #(y im an o!!ort(nity to take a ! oto. 4y (ncle also noted t at 6(ssia 'as t en, as s(#se0(ently, t e only co(ntry re0(iring an internal !ass!ort. Since Cla(dio never married, is ne! e'sHt at is, - and my #rot ersH'ere t e #eneficiaries of is !aternal instincts. ;e 'as a sort of second fat er to (s, someone 'it ' om one co(ld s!eak a#o(t anyt ing, ' o told (s is ideas and 'as al'ays ready to el! (s. 4y #rot er 9ngelo often made tro(#le 'it some (nto'ard deed, a !oorly !lanned tri!, an illness in some strange !lace, and Uncle Cla(dio al'ays 'ent to is resc(e. -t is not #y c ance t at t ree of is grandne! e's #ear is name. & en 'e moved to 6ome in 191%, 'e rented an a!artment in t e same #(ilding as Uncle Cla(dio, one floor #elo' im, and - 'as sent to slee! in is a!artment. 4y #edroom,s tem!erat(re, in 'inter, 'as P?S C, #(t 'it a good eiderdo'n it 'as 0(ite comforta#le. -n t e @G@

morning - often ad interesting talks 'it my (ncle ' ile s o'eringD f(rt ermore is li#rary, from t e 7aro(sse encyclo!edia do'n, no(ris ed my c(riosity. 9 comical, longBremem#ered incident occ(rred aro(nd t at time. Uncle Cla(dio,s cat, ' ic ad disa!!eared for a fe' days, !ossi#ly 'andering t e neig #oring roofs, rea!!eared one nig t in a sorry state, me'ing des!erately. 4y (ncle let im in and, seeing t e condition e 'as in, said lo(dly: )3(mmy, ' y do yo( go looking for advent(res< 3on,t yo( kno' t at yo(,ve #een gelded<) /eAt day a neig #or, ig ly em#arrassed, a!!roac ed my (ncle and said: )Commendatore, yo( 'ill eAc(se me, and yo( can co(nt on my discretion, #(t - m(st tell yo( t at last nig t - inadvertently over eard yo( dressing do'n yo(r ne! e'. - regret t at - eard some secrets t at are none of my #(siness.) 4y (ncle 'as st(nned, #(t e soon (nderstood is neig #or,s conf(sion and reass(red im as to t e state of my testicles. Uncle Cla(dio ad a o(sekee!er, 9nnetta, ' o came from Ur#ania, in t e 4arc e, and ad #een #ro(g t (! #y my grandmot er. S e 'as !ractically a mem#er of o(r family, al'ays ready to el! in case of tro(#le. S e died in my (ncle,s ome and 'as re!laced #y er niece. 4y Uncle =ino 'as a !rofessor of 6oman la'. ;e ad follo'ed t e (s(al career of an -talian (niversity !rofessor, !assing from less im!ortant sc ools to more famo(s ones: Camerino, Sassari, Parma, and, (ltimately, 2(rin. -n is !rofession e ad an international re!(tation, as - can confirm from an incident t at occ(rred to me in Berkeley almost t'enty years after is deat . 1ne rainy nig t, 'as in t e Cac(lty Cl(# at t e University of California and c anced to ear a disting(is ed gentleman ' o 'as 6egi(s !rofessor of la' at Cam#ridge University in England tele! oning a Berkeley la' !rofessor ' o 'as a friend of mine to a!ologi*e for #eing late for dinner #eca(se t e 'eat er made it diffic(lt to find trans!ortation. - introd(ced myself and vol(nteered to take im to my friend,s ome. ;e t anked me and said: )9 O So yo( are t e famo(s SegrO) - felt flattered and assented, #(t e looked at me in a strange 'ay, and - (nderstood at once ' at e 'as t inking. Cor im, t e famo(s Segr 'as my (ncle, and t e ages did not .i#e, #eca(se my (ncle 'o(ld ave #een a#o(t 1$$ years old. 2 e 'ort y @%@ gentleman 'as disa!!ointed, as PoincarR ad #een 'it my (ncle Cla(dio. =ino Segr 'as (nass(ming and even timid, a dis!osition #y reason of ' ic e remained a little less famo(s, less 'ell !aid, and less onored t an e deserved and 'is ed to #e. ;e often 'rote im!ortant legal o!inions for famo(s la'yers, ' o !raised im ig ly, #(t !aid im little, ' ile t ey (sed is 'ork in t eir #riefs and collected fat fees t emselves. 4y fat er s(ccessf(lly em!loyed is #rot er in some diffic(lt legal cases and al'ays c ided im a#o(t is lo' fees. 9 ig sc ool in 2(rin is named after =ino Segr. 1ne,s first im!ression of im 'as of a some' at s ort man, lean, 'it an a0(iline nose, l(mino(s, im!ressive #l(e eyes, a ig fore ead, and a small #lond, singed m(stac e, 'it alf a cigarette in is mo(t . - say ) alf) #eca(se e c(t is cigarettes in t'o #efore smoking t em and t (s al'ays #(rned is m(stac e. ;e ad a strong constit(tion and liked gymnastics. -n is familiar conversation yo( co(ld ear t e traces of is native dialect. 1f co(rse, in lect(ring e (sed standard -talian, #(t ' en t ere 'as somet ing e did not like e reverted to dialect to say, )Pias mia) 8- don,t like it:. & en e came to 6ome from 2(rin in t e co(rse of is official d(ties, is arrival 'as a .oyo(s occasion for is t'o #rot ers, is sisterinBla', and is ne! e's. ;e ad a room of is o'n in o(r o(se, 'it a #ookcase containing t e Cor!(s .(ris civilis and ot er !ondero(s 6oman la' teAts in 7atin. ;e co(ld not live 'it o(t t em.

4y (ncle 'as fre0(ently s(mmoned to 6ome, #eca(se #ot is colleag(es and t e government ad very early discovered t at ' en t ere 'as diffic(lt 'ork to do, re0(iring steadfast a!!lication, fairness, and ac(men, and es!ecially if it 'as not !aid, =ino Segr 'as t e !erson to call for. ;is !resence g(aranteed s(ccess. 2 (s, for instance, alt o(g it 'as kno'n t at e 'as cool to t e Cascist regime, t e government entr(sted im 'it eavy #(rdens in reforming t e -talian Civil Code. ;e 'o(ld eA!lain to me, a yo(ng #oy, t e rationale for many sections of t e Civil CodeHfor instance, t e section on in eritanceHand ' y it 'as fair to 'rite t e la' in a certain 'ay rat er t an in anot er. @N@ 9s a #oy, - lacked any s!ecial interest in t e la' or in istory, and most of t e dead classicism 'e learned in ig sc ool seemed a #oring 'aste of time to me. /ot so 'alks in t e 6oman Cor(m 'it my (ncle. ;is detailed eA!lanations of family relations in ancient 6ome, t eir 7atin names and legal im!lications, 'ere sometimes a little !ondero(s, #(t e tr(ly enlivened 6oman r(ins, inscri!tions, and stat(es 'it t e dee! kno'ledge and familiarity of a !erson ' o ad really mastered t eir istory. 2o go 'it im to t e Cor(m 'as like taking a 'alk 'it a learned ancient 6oman #ent on introd(cing me to is great city. )So and so did t is, so and so did t at,) Uncle =ino 'o(ld eA!lain, !ointing o(t t eir mon(ments or inscri!tions. )2 ey 'ere related to eac ot er t (s, and t ese 'ere t eir motives and interests.) - ave since ad t e fort(ne of meeting ot er great minds, #(t t e first o(tstanding scientific !ersonality - enco(ntered 'as my (ncle =ino. Crom im - ad my first im!ressions of ' at it means to 'ork 'it one,s ead, 'it a#sol(te onesty, !atience, stamina, !recision, and devotion to t e s(#.ect matter. 2 ese 0(alities, toget er 'it imagination and analytical a#ility, are among t e re0(irements for any scientific enter!rise. 9lt o(g e kne' =erman 'ell and 'as c(lt(rally close to is =erman colleag(es and =erman science, e al'ays ke!t a 'atc f(l, #alanced detac ment from =erman c(lt(re. ;e disliked narro' -talian nationalism as m(c as e did t e s(#servient admiration for =ermany t at !revailed in -taly #et'een 191$ and 19J$. -n !olitics e 'as a li#eral, and a laicist, essentially in t e traditions of t e 6isorgimentoD e ad a clear !remonition of t e f(t(re of Cascism, and of its conse0(ences for -taly. 4y (ncles Cla(dio and =ino 'ere 'ell kno'n in t e -talian intelligentsia. Bot 'ere mem#ers of t e ig ly selective 9ccademia na*ionale dei 7incei, t e -talian national academy, a fact es!ecially remarka#le in t e case of my (ncle Cla(dio, ' o ad no academic connections. 4y fat er, =i(se!!e, never 'ent to college. 9fter finis ing ig sc ool, e left Bo**olo and moved to t e to'n of Ur#ania, in t e 4arc e region in Central -taly. 2 ere e #ecame an assistant to Co(nt @9@ 4attei, t e administrator of t e !ro!erties of t e istorical family 9l#ani. 4y fat er 'as t en a#o(t eig teen. 9t first e learned !a!ermaking and ceramic tec ni0(es and, a#ove all, ac0(ired #(siness eA!erience. 7ater e 'orked for t e famo(s =inori ceramics 'orks and for ot er man(fact(rers in Civita Castellana, not far from 6ome. -n t e 1NN$s, 2ivoli,s famo(s 'aterfalls, ' ic ad #een !ainted #y artists for cent(ries, 'ere #ecoming im!ortant so(rces of !o'er, on a very different scale from t e small medieval mills of earlier years. 2 e SocietT !er le for*e idra(lic e ad (si ind(striali ed agricoli, a cor!oration devoted to t e (tili*ation of t e 'aters of t e river 9niene for !o'er and irrigation, ired t e yo(ng =i(se!!e Segr as an assistant to its general manager, and ' en t e latter died, my fat er re!laced im. ;e moved to 2ivoli and devoted t e cor!oration !rimarily to !a!ermaking and t e generation of ydroelectric !o'er.

2 e second 'as limited in sco!e, and t at side of t e #(siness 'as (ltimately sold to ot er com!anies, #(t - nonet eless remem#er s!ending many o(rs as a c ild in t e generating !lant, ' ere t e foreman tried to eA!lain t e 'orkings of t e generators and transformers to me. Unfort(nately, - co(ld never (nderstand im. 2 e foreman ad mastered is trade 'ell, #(t e ad ad only t e most r(dimentary formal ed(cation and co(ld not comm(nicate is ideas. -n t is e !er a!s resem#led, al#eit in a modest sense, t ose great nineteent Bcent(ry ! ysicists ' o ignored formal mat ematics. Pa!ermaking #ecame and remained my fat er,s !rinci!al concern for t e rest of is life. Slo'ly e increased is s are in t e mill. ;e first leased it t ro(g a !artners i!, in ' ic e 'as t e general !artner. 7ater e transformed t e !artners i! into a cor!oration, t e SocietT cartiere ti#(rtine 8SC2:, of ' ic e 'as a minority s are older. -n t e co(rse of time, e #o(g t o(t t e ot er s are olders, (ltimately #ecoming t e sole stock older. ;e devoted years to disentangling relations #et'een t e concessionaries of t e 'ater rig ts of t e river 9niene. Some of t ese rig ts 'ent #ack to t e 4iddle 9ges and formed an eAtremely com!licated legal and tec nical com!leA. -n 19$9 my fat er and ot ers, 'it great !atience and skill s(cceeded in !ers(ading all @ 1$ @ t e interested !arties to come to an agreement t at clarified and settled t e sit(ation in modern terms. 4y fat er 'as !ro(d of t is ac ievement, #y ' ic - eA!ect e gained some 'ater rig ts for is com!any. 4y fat er also took (!on imself an (n!aid minor #(rden: t e administration of t e istoric Killa d,Este, ' ose o'ner, 9rc d(ke Crancis Cerdinand, never visited it. 2 e arc d(ke made it a condition t at t e !ro!erty s o(ld not cost im anyt ing. 4y fat er felt a lively res!onsi#ility for t e !reservation of t e #(ildings and fo(ntains, #(t co(ld raise only very little money for t is !(r!ose, mostly from entrance fees. /evert eless e accom!lis ed t e task, 'it t e el! of some 'illing artists, ' o contri#(ted t eir 'ork, and of a small #(t devoted and ardB'orking #and of gardeners and artisans. 4y mot er,s family, t e 2reves, 'ere from Kercelli, in Piedmont, ' ere my grandfat er 4arco 'as #orn in 1N1J. -n searc of #etter treatment of +e's, e migrated to Clorence, ' ere e st(died arc itect(re and married. 9fter losing is 'ife and an infant son, e 'orked for a time in Paris (nder E(gne KiolletBleB3(c, /a!oleon ---,s arc itect. 2 e 'ido'er t en married my grandmot er Elisa 1rvieto, ' o 'as from a Clorentine family, and in 1NP% t e t'o settled in Clorence. 4y grandfat er,s most im!ortant arc itect(ral 'ork 'as t e Clorence synagog(e, #(ilt #y im and t e arc itects 4ariano Calcini and Kincen*o 4ic eli aro(nd 1NN?.EPF 4y mot er 9melia, #orn on +(ly ?%, 1NG%, 'as t e yo(ngest and favorite da(g ter of er a(stere fat er. ;er formal sc ooling 'as limited in its s(#.ect matter #(t not s(!erficial. S e learned Englis 'ell eno(g to read Englis novels and ot er #ooks. -n o(r ome at 2ivoli t ere 'as a good li#rary, mostly literary, in -talian, Crenc , and Englis . 2 e 2reveses of my grandfat er,s generation 'ere !racticing +e's, and even t e neAt generation 'o(ld go to t e synagog(e at least on ma.or olidays. 2 e Segrs on t e ot er and did not o#serve any rites, and my mot er, after er marriage, a#andoned any formal religio(s !ractice. S e told me only a minim(m of #i#lical stories and t e central +e'is !rayer, 'it its monot eistic credo. ;o'ever, if 'as in Clorence d(ring some religio(s festivity, - !artici!ated in it 'it my (ncle @ 11 @ and co(sins. - once 'as t ere for Uom Mi!!(r ' en - 'as a#o(t t'elve. 1n t at solemn oliday, one is

s(!!osed to fast for t'entyBfo(r o(rs. &e all 'ent to t e synagog(e in t e morning. 2o'ard noon left and, feeling (ngry, 'ent to a resta(rant to eat. 7o and #e old, - fo(nd my (ncle =(ido t ereO t o(g t e 'o(ld !ay for my l(nc , #(t e 'as not !leased to see me and did not a!!reciate =od,s .oke. Cor t e !(r!oses of t is acco(nt, my mot er,s most im!ortant si#lings 'ere +aco!o 81NG$Q191?: and =(ido 81NGJQ19GJ:.EGF +aco!o evidently ad eAce!tional mat ematical talentHat least t is is ' at t e famo(s mat ematician Kito Kolterra, ' o ad #een is friend and sc oolmate, told me more t an once. ;o'ever, +aco!o died of sy! ilis e contracted on a tri! aro(nd t e 'orld (ndertaken 'it t e !oet 9ngiolo 1rvieto, is friend and co(sin. ;e left a modest fort(ne to is ne! e's #(t, in dra'ing (! is 'ill, forgot me. 4y (ncle Cla(dio 'as dis!leased #y t is omission and told me t at e 'o(ld leave me a s!ecial legacy as com!ensation, ' ic in d(e co(rse e did. ;e ad not, o'ever, reckoned 'it is eAec(tor, my fat er. Saying t at Uncle =ino,s t ree da(g ters, Egle, Bice, and Ca(sta, needed t is in eritance more t an - did, Cat er gave t em my (ncle,s ' ole estate, incl(ding my s!ecial legacy. 9ll t is 'as done 'it my agreement, alt o(g , kno'ing my fat er, - #elieve t at e 'o(ld ave done t e same even 'it o(t it. 4y mot er,s ot er #rot er, =(ido, st(died la'. 9fter modest #eginnings, e 'as soon involved in im!ortant real estate transactions on #e alf of ric relatives. -n a ma.or #(ilding crisis in 1NNP, e negotiated defa(lt settlements #et'een =erman ca!italists and -talian contractors. ;e t (s started a career as a financial eA!ert t at 'as to take im very far. Event(ally, e #ecame !resident of 7a Condiaria, a ma.or ins(rance com!any. ;e died a fe' days s ort of is (ndredt #irt day, and ' en over ninety 'as still actively !residing over t e #oard of directors of t e Condiaria. =(ido 2reves,s 'ife, Emilia Cin*i, ' o 'as a very close friend of my mot er,s, and greatly infl(enced er, died in 19?? of ence! alitis. =(ido and Emilia ad fo(r c ildren, Silvia 87evi Kidale:, 4arcella, 4arco, and =i(liana 89rtom:D t ese co(sins 'ere very close to me d(ring my early years. @ 1? @ 4y fat er m(st ave met =(ido 2reves on #(siness. Cat er, ' o 'as t en t'entyBnine, 'as looking for a s(ita#le #ride, and =(ido introd(ced im to is sister 9melia. 2 ey m(st ave #een favora#ly im!ressed 'it eac ot er, #eca(se soon t ey 'ere engaged. 4y fat er traveled a great deal on #(sinessD is letters mention Pesaro, Pisa, 4ilan, /a!les, Clorence, and fre0(ent comm(ting #et'een 6ome and 2ivoli. Pro#a#ly t ey dee!ly im!ressed my mot er, ' o ad lived in a !rotected and rat er closed circle. 2 e letters may also ave frig tened er slig tly, #eca(se t ey intimated t at t e im!ending marriage 'o(ld #ring great c anges in er a#its and lifeB style. 4y fat er descri#es t e comforta#le and attractive ome e 'as !re!aring for is #ride 8it even ad r(nning 'ater in t e kitc enO:, t e #ea(ty of t e location, and t e vie' of t e 6oman Cam!agna. 4y !arents 'ere married on +(ly %, 1NN9. -mmediately after t e 'edding, my fat er #ro(g t is #ride to t e Killini 9rnaldi 0(arter of 2ivoli, ' ere e leased a villa called Killino B 4aria, ' ic e event(ally #o(g t in 19?$. 2 e o(se ad t ree floorsD for many years 'e occ(!ied t e first floor and some rooms on t e to! floor. 7ater, 'e took over t e ' ole o(se. -n my c ild ood 'e lived in t e first floor. 4y fat er converted alf of a large terrace into a #at room, neAt to t e master #edroom, 'it a *inc #at t(# and !rimitive #(t ade0(ate 'as ing facilities. -f #at rooms in 2ivoli 'ere not common, t e city 'as among t e first in t e 'orld to ac0(ire electric lig t, 'it car#on filament #(l#s t at gave a reddis (eD at t e time, t ey still (sed acetylene lam!s in my (ncle,s o(se near Clorence.

2 e 2ivoli of my c ild ood 'as very different from t e !resentday city. 9ro(nd 191P, 2ivoli ad a !o!(lation of a#o(t siAteen t o(sand, confined in a to'n t at ad not c anged very m(c since t e 4iddle 9ges. &e lived in a ne' develo!ment, consisting of a#o(t a do*en o(ses on t e slo!e of 4o(nt 6i!oli, o(tside of to'n, at t e start of a co(ntry road t at follo'ed t e ills at mid level among t e olive groves, leading to villages and farms a fe' miles a'ay. Bet'een t e o(ses t ere 'as a r(stic !ark, 'ell laid o(t 'it olives, !lane trees, lilacs, and acacias. 2 e t ree lo'est o(ses, one of ' ic 'as o(rs, @ 13 @ overlooked t e Kiale Carciano, 'it a s(!er# vie' of t e 6oman Cam!agna, at t at time largely 'ild. 2 e dome of St. Peter,s in 6ome 'as a mere #(##le on t e ori*on. -n #et'een, t e !lain 'as crossed #y t e 9niene 6iver, ' ose co(rse 'as flagged #y a !rominent landmark: t e large cylindrical ma(sole(m of t e Pla(tii, dating from t e early 6oman em!ire. 9#o(t a mile to t e left of t e river, one sa' t e dark cy!ress trees and r(ins of t e em!eror ;adrian,s villa. 1n t e rig t side of t e !lain, t ere 'ere t'o large ills, cro'ned #y t e Sa#ine villages of 4ontecelio and St. 9ngelo. Closer #y, t e eye rested on t e silver gray of t e olive trees covering t e ill on ' ic 2ivoli itself 'as #(ilt. -t 'as a st(nning vie', ' ic c anged vastly according to t e o(r, season, and 'eat er conditions. 2 e Kiale #elo' o(r o(se 'as s aded #y #ig elm trees, and in t e fall t e elm leaves formed a golden r(g on t e road'ay. 2 e 'ind made t em s'irl and sometimes ea!ed t em (! #efore #lo'ing t em a'ay. - can still in my imagination smell t e dry leaves and fres rain. 2 e stretc (sed #y t e !eo!le of 2ivoli for t e traditional !romenade 'as still r(stic, 'it o(t side'alks. 9lmost eAactly #elo' o(r o(se t ere 'as a small c a!el 'it a 4adonna, to ' om t e !eo!le of 2ivoli addressed !rayers. remem#er cro'ds of s a'lB'ra!!ed 'omen im!loring t e 4adonna to kee! -taly o(t of &orld &ar -. Soon t ereafter t e aven(e 'as (sed for #asic training of recr(its destined for t at 'ar. 4any of t e soldiers ad ' ite andkerc iefs tied to t eir rig t arms to el! t em disting(is rig t from left. 9t ome t e cooking 'as done on c arcoal stoves. 2 e food 'as very sim!le, #(t very good. Boiled meat, roasts, vegeta#le so(!s, !e!!ers, and all greens in season: tomatoes, endive, egg!lants, c icory, string #eans, *(cc ini, s0(as , !eas, and many ot er vegeta#les. 2 e eAcellent #read, #aked at ome once a 'eek, 'as darkD in addition 'e ate rice and a little omemade !asta. Cor t e olidays, #ot Cat olic and +e'is , t ere 'ere ot er delicio(s dis es, often of +e'is origin, !assed do'n t ro(g Uncle Cla(dio,s o(sekee!er 9nnetta from my !aternal grandmot er. 2 e coffee 'as al'ays very 'eak #eca(se my mot er liked it so: o(r ome 'as notorio(s for it. 9ll told, t e food 'as not very varied, #(t ' olesome and tasty. & en - 'as a#o(t @ 1J @ t'enty and stayed at 2ivoli eit er alone or 'it some friend to !re!are for eAams, t e old caretaker, a maid trained #y my mot er, !re!ared t e same fare for (s: #rot , #oiled #eef, roasted !e!!ers, fr(it. &e loved it. 4any of t e t ings 'e #(y in s o!s no'adays 'ere made to order: s oes #y t e s oemaker, my clot es #y a seamstress, and so on. /eedless to say, t ere 'ere no a(tomo#ilesD ' en 'e needed to, 'e rented a orseBdra'n carriage. 2ivoli 'as linked to 6ome #y t e railroad, ' ic 'as (sed #y Uncle Cla(dio, ' o visited (s almost every 'eekend, and #y a steam tram'ay, ' ic 'as a little more ra!id and convenient. 2 e tram ran from Porta San 7oren*o in 6ome and follo'ed t e Kia 2i#(rtina, reac ing t e termin(s in 2ivoli, a

fiveBmin(te 'alk from o(r o(se, in a#o(t an o(r. 2 e last t'o miles 'ere 0(ite stee!, and t e engine made lo(d noises. 2oday 819N%: t e landsca!e as #een devastated. 2 e destr(ction is a!!alling: carelessness, s!ec(lative greed, and !lain incom!etence ave destroyed most of t e #ea(ty of t e !lace. 9t t e time of my #irt , in 19$P, t e s(ccess of t e !a!er mill 'as esta#lis ed and o(r family 'as, if not ric , more t an comforta#le. 4y !arents ad started traveling a#road and, among ot er tri!s, ad #een to England for t e coronation of Ming Ed'ard K-- as g(ests of a 7ondon c(stomer ' o #o(g t cigarette !a!er from my fat er. 4y first recollections go #ack to 19$N: a red #elt, certain stri!ed socks, t e Modak camera of my #rot er 4arco, a +a!anese cost(me given to me #y my (ncle +aco!o 2reves. 9ro(nd t at time my !arents ired an 9(strian nanny for me. S e ad a #eard and ad ad an (nl(cky love affair 'it er #rot erBinBla', ' o #elonged to an elite 9(strian 9l!ine regiment. 9fter l(nc s e re!aired to er room on t e (!!er floor of o(r o(seD s e smoked strong cigars and sometimes drank cognac in er room. S e loved me dearly, and er affection 'as f(lly reci!rocatedD s e ta(g t me many t ings, taking t em from an ill(strated encyclo!edia, ' ose !ict(res, incl(ding t ose of tort(res, occ(!ied me for many o(rs. 2 is /anny, ' om - called 2ata, took me to t e !(#lic @ 1P @ gardens to !lay, and if anyone tried to kiss me, s e 'o(ld say severely, )/on si !aciano i !am!ini) 81ne does not kiss c ildren: 'it a strong 9(strian accent. Crom er - learned =erman for t e first time, #(t later - forgot it. & en - 'as a#o(t five years old, my mot er ta(g t me to read, and s ortly after'ard, my !arents ired a yo(ng teac er for my !rivate instr(ction. Signorina 4aggini ad .(st grad(ated from a teac ers, training college, and - 'as er first !(!il. S e ta(g t me 'it great ent (siasm and according to t e latest ed(cational t eories s e ad learned at sc ool. Besides reading and 'riting and t e ot er (s(al s(#.ects of t e first grades 8s e 'as not too demanding on t e Pyt agorean ta#le:, s e often took me iking in t e ills #e ind 2ivoli. S e 'o(ld #(y a oneB!enny ta#let of 2o#ler c ocolate, ' ic ad !ict(res - collected, and t en 'e 'alked for a co(!le of o(rs in t e ills. 3(ring t ose 'alks s e ta(g t me istory, nat(ral istory, !oetry, civics, and so on. - ad an eAcellent memory and greatly en.oyed learning t ings s(c as t e ! ysiology of digestion, ill(strated #y t e eA!eriment of c e'ing a !iece of #read (ntil it #ecame s'eet t ro(g t e action of t e en*yme !tyalin on starc . - #elieve - 'as a rat er eAtraordinary !(!il, #(t since s e ad no eA!erience and did not kno' ' at to eA!ect of a c ild of siA, s e attri#(ted everyt ing to )family #ackgro(nd.) 7ater, 'it my o'n c ildren, - often recalled t e teac ings of Signorina 4aggini, 'it ' om - remained friends (ntil er deat in 19%1. 9t t e same time, my !arents sent me to !(#lic sc ool, mainly so t at - 'o(ld ave t e society of ot er c ildren. -t took me five min(tes to 'alk from ome to sc ool, and - 'ent alone from t e very first. 9t t e #eginning of t e to'n, t e road crossed a !ass often s'e!t in 'inter #y a #itterly cold 'ind. - 'o(ld 'ra! myself in my ooded cloak and r(n as fast as - co(ld !ast t e critical s!ot. Camily strolls on t e Carciano road 'ere a firm a#itD d(ring t e 'inter, my !arents and - invaria#ly (sed to take a 'alk t ere from a#o(t ? to J P.4. 1n t ese strolls, ' en it 'as cold, as it (s(ally 'as in 'inter, my mot er 'ore a sk(nk f(r and m(ff t at !reserved a slig t sk(nk scent, ' ic - liked and associated 'it er. 4y nose is t (s im!rinted on t e sk(nk odor, and - still like it. Kery often 'e 'ere @ 1G @

.oined in o(r 'alks #y Co(nt 7(igi P(sterla and is 'ife Emilia, my !arents, closest friends in 2ivoli. ;e 'as a andsome old gentleman 'it a ' ite #eard, a !ainter #y !rofession. Co(nt and Co(ntess P(sterla lived in an eig teent Bcent(ry family !ala**o in t e center of 2ivoli, #(t ad very little moneyD t e co(nt 'orked as an agent of t e -talian State 7ottery. ;e .okingly called imself a )seller of nonsense on #e alf of t e state.) -n is !alace e ad #ea(tif(l old f(rnit(re, a good li#rary, and a great n(m#er of rooms, ' ic e ad covered 'it frescoes ill(strating =ari#aldi,s deeds. 9s 'as c(stomary in t e eig teent cent(ry, all t e rooms of t e !alace 'ere in a ro', allo'ing me to r(n from one end to t e ot er. - reg(larly tri!!ed at eac t res old, and P(sterla took !ity on me and ordered all t e t res olds to #e leveled so t at - 'o(ld not fall. & en years later - sa' t e !alace of t e great !oet 7eo!ardi in 6ecanati, - 'as str(ck #y its resem#lance to t e P(sterla !alace, eAtending even to t e #ooks in t e li#rary. & en - visited t em, Co(nt P(sterla 'o(ld often make !encil dra'ings for me and el! me to color t em, to my great delig t. ;e ad a good classical ed(cation and s!oke so m(c of t e ancient 6omans t at -, seeing is ' ite #eard, asked im if e ad lived in t ose days. P(sterla 'as a li#eral no(ris ed in t e ideas of t e 6isorgimento, t e !olitical movement t at #ro(g t a#o(t t e li#erali*ation and (nification of -taly. ;e 'as against any sec(lar activity #y t e Cat olic C (rc , admired =ari#aldi and is movement, and ad great fait in !rogress, ed(cation, and t e f(t(re. ;e ad introd(ced my !arents to t e idea, if not to t e !ractice, of mo(ntaineering and in general to love of t e o(tdoors and of nat(ral #ea(ty. 4y !arents and t e P(sterlas s ared a dee! and devoted friends i!D t e P(sterlas often came for dinner at o(r o(se, and 'e sa' eac ot er almost daily. 7(igi P(sterla 'as fort(nate in dying s ortly #efore t e #eginning of &orld &ar -D is 'ido' s(rvived im for many years and remained intimate 'it my mot er. 9not er mem#er of t e small 'orld of 2ivoli 'as 3r. /atale 9llegri, an oldBfas ioned ! ysician ' o kne' more 7atin t an medicine, #(t treated is !atients 'it great devotion and goodness of eart. ;e 'as a genero(s so(l and secretly el!ed t e !oor, alt o(g e 'as !oor @ 1% @ imself. ;e, too, 'as often a 'elcome dinner g(est and al'ays ate t'o eggs s(nnyBside (!. ;e died d(ring t e infl(en*a e!idemic of 191% and 'as (niversally mo(rned. 3r. 9llegri c(red o(r minor ailments. -f t ere 'as somet ing serio(s, 'e cons(lted 3r. Parro**ani, t e c ief of staff of t e 2ivoli ;os!ital, and a s(!erior s(rgeon, ' o remained all is life in 2ivoli #eca(se of an (n a!!y family sit(ation. 3r. 9llegri gave me a small tortoise, ' ic - called CrocrI and tamed so t at it 'o(ld )r(n) to eat salad or c erries o(t of my and. CrocrI (sed to i#ernate (ndergro(nd in some flo'er!ot on o(r terrace. 2ivoli also ad a national college and a ginnasio liceo 8classical ig sc ool:. Several of t e !rofessors in t is ig sc ool 'ere disting(is ed in t eir field. 2 e #otanist 7ino Kaccari, an a(t ority on 9l!ine !lants, is still 0(oted in c(rrent literat(re. 2 e teac er of -talian literat(re, C iarini, ad #een a !(!il of t e im!ortant !oet =ios( Card(cci and 'as 'ell kno'n as a critic. 2 e m(sicologist 6adiciotti 8grandfat er of t e disting(is ed ! ysicist 4arcello Conversi, ' o 'as #orn at 2ivoli in 191%: 'as an internationally recogni*ed a(t ority on 6ossini. 2 ese !eo!le 'ere not isolated from t e rest of t e 'orld. 2 ey read and talked a#o(t c(rrent literat(re, and ad relations 'it artists, some famo(s, ' o came to 2ivoli. -f, in t e kitc en of t e P(sterla !alace, t ere 'as an inscri!tion on t e eart )Kivit(r eAig(o meli(s) 81ne lives #etter 'it little:, !er a!s a consolation for t e fr(gality, not totally vol(ntary, of t e meals, in t eir !arlor t ey ad a #ea(tif(l concert !iano, on ' ic 7is*t ad !layed d(ring is vacations, ' en e s!ent t e s(mmer at t e Killa d,Este as a g(est of Cardinal ;o enlo e. 2 e !oet =a#riele d,9nn(n*io, t e !ainter 4ic etti, and t e sc(l!tor Costantino Bar#ella formed a trio of artists originating from t e 9#r(**i region ' o fre0(ented 2ivoli. 2 e !ainters Ettore 6oesler Cran*,

E%F 1norato Carlandi, and ot ers from foreign co(ntries often came to 2ivoli, and my !arents kne' most of t em. 2 e fact t at my fat er 'as in c arge of t e Killa d,Este el!ed (s make contact, #eca(se t e artists often 'orked t ere. 3(ring t e s(mmer, my mot er and some friends s!ent t e mornings se'ing in t e s ade on t e central #alcony of t e villa, ' ic ad a magnificent vie' of its !ark and of t e Cam!agna 6omana. - too !layed @ 1N @ in t e !ark of t e villa, toget er 'it t e son of t e gardener. 1nce my friend and - fo(nd o(t t at a movie com!any ad !re!ared a great scene involving fire'orks for some film t ey 'ere s ooting. 2o signal ' en to let off t e fire'orks, t ey ad idden a Bengal lig t #e ind a tree, ' ic 'e set offH needless to say at t e 'rong time, #(t innocently eno(g , - #elieveH'it conse0(ences t at may easily #e imagined. 2 is 'as not my only advent(re 'it fire'orks. & en - 'as a#o(t ten years old, - st(ffed some s(lf(r, !otassi(m c lorate, and c arcoal into a #am#oo cane and lit it. 7(ckily, - 'as not killed, #(t t e tremendo(s eA!losion ended my !laying 'it fire'orks. 3(ring t e s(mmer, - often 'ent 'it Signorina 4aggini to 9c0(e 9l#(le, a s(lf(r s!a a#o(t eig t miles from 2ivoli, on t e road to 6ome. ;o'ever, - learned to s'im only ' en - 'as a#o(t t'elve years old, at t e seas ore. 9t 9c0(e 9l#(le, - met and made friends 'it a yo(ng 9(stralian !riest, +o n 7eyden, ' o gave me a most interesting #ook in Englis called The Handy oy , ' ic ta(g t me o' to #(ild toys, air!lane models, telegra! ic a!!arat(s, and so on. ;e also gave me a 'onderf(l Crenc #ook, La anni!re bleue , ' ic introd(ced me to t e eAotic and fantastic 'orld of t e 4ongols 8my mot er ad started teac ing me Crenc s ortly after my sevent #irt day:. 9fter t at - read and reread 4arco Polo,s "l milione . - s!ent !leasant o(rs 'it my friend on t e slo!es of 4onte 6i!oliD #elieve my !arents feared t at e 'o(ld try to convert me to C ristianity, #(t, as far as - remem#er, t e eAcellent yo(ng man never mentioned religion to me. 3(ring t e ottest !art of t e year, 'e 'ent to t e seas ore at Kiareggio or Corte dei 4armi, ' ere often fo(nd my Segr or 2reves co(sins 8#(t very seldom #ot toget er:. =i(liano Bonfante, t e son of a 'ellBkno'n !rofessor of 6oman la' ' o 'as a friend and rival of my (ncle =ino,s, 'as my (n!leasant !laymate. &e all lived in a !ension in Kiareggio, t en still r(stic and dominated #y a famo(s and t enBflo(ris ing !ine 'ood. 1nce in a ' ile t e com!oser P(ccini 'o(ld a!!ear 'it is motor#oat, and 'e kne' t at d,9nn(n*io ad a villa near#y 8(ntil e 'as com!elled to flee is creditors:. &e once 'ent to visit 4arconi,s radio station at Coltano, and - still remem#er t e noise of t e s!arks and t e a!!earance of t e com!leA electrical @ 19 @ transmitter. Uncle Cla(dio visited (s once in a ' ile for s ort !eriods. 1t er'ise 'e follo'ed t e ordinary seas ore ro(tine: #at ing, ikes, #(ilding canoes or castles of sand, and #ellyf(ls of gra!es. ;ere my co(sin Ca(sta ta(g t me o' to s'imD 'it er - #(ilt many sand #oats, ' ic 'e (sed for imaginary travel. -n Se!tem#er 'e 'o(ld move to 4arignolle, t e 2reves villa, near Clorence. -t is a large #(ilding of medieval origin, 'it si*ea#le landB oldings, t en c(ltivated #y s arecro!!ers. 1live oil, 'ine, vegeta#les, fr(it, and some ' eat 'ere t e main cro!s. 2 ere 'as also a andsome -talian garden in t e gro(nds of t e villa !ro!er. 2 e families Cin*i and 2reves, eac 'it a large n(m#er of #oys and girls of similar ages and more or less related to eac ot er, occ(!ied t e villa. 1nce in a ' ile, my !arents

'o(ld go for a vacation a#road and !ark me at t e villa. & en - 'as very yo(ng - s(ffered greatly #eing se!arated from my mot er. 4y co(sins Silvia and 4arcella, ' o 'ere a#o(t t'elve years older t an - 'as, tried (ns(ccessf(lly to take care of me. 2 ey 'ere too !rim and Kictorian for a slig tly 'ild c ild. Cort(nately for me, - ad never ad an Englis governess like t e 2reves c ildren. 3es!ite t eir strict (!#ringing, my older co(sins once organi*ed a 'onderf(l game. &e smaller c ildren, ' o 'ere a#o(t t'elve years old, ad created a !ostal system for o(rselves. -t ad its little letters, stam!s, deliveries, and so on, and 'e en.oyed 'riting to eac ot er. 9t a certain !oint, 'e started receiving mysterio(s comm(nications commanding (s to collect vario(s o#.ects and to #ring t em to !reassigned !laces, 'it in.(nctions of strict secrecy. 1ne nig t t e messages, ' ic 'e ad scr(!(lo(sly ke!t secret, called (s to a fis !ond t at 'as in t e territory of t e villa. &e all arrived t ere after overcoming several o#stacles, s(c as masked enemies o!!osing o(r !rogress, and at t e a!!ointed !lace 'e fo(nd a feast, 'it fire'orks, organi*ed #y t e older girls, Silvia and 4arcella. - am (na#le to identify t e earliest origins of my interest in ! ysics. 4y first memories aving some connection 'it ! ysics ave to do 'it tools and a camera #elonging to my #rot ers. - called t e camera a #mappa sciafa# 8t e correct term is m$cchina fotogr$fica :, #eca(se - did not yet s!eak 'ell. 7ater, at ome, - m(st ave eard talk a#o(t @ ?$ @ scientific or tec nical s(#.ects, and as soon as - learned to read - got old of #ooks a#o(t science s(c as 2issandier,s Le ricreazioni scientifiche 8Scientific recreations:ENF and !o!(lar scientific maga*ines. still ave a note#ook dated 4arc ?%, 191?, entitled )P ysics,) in ' ic , in t e and'riting of a sevenB yearBold #oy, and 'it some miss!ellings, - descri#e t e sim!le eA!eriments - !erformed, !ossi#ly aving read of t em in 2issandier. 4y mot er el!ed me in dra'ing t e fig(res 'it ' ic - ill(strated t e note#ook. Colors s(c as t ose !rod(ced #y t e refraction of s(nlig t in a !itc er of 'ater es!ecially fascinated me. 9 little later, my #rot er 4arco, ' o 'as !re!aring for a c emistry eAamination at t e (niversity, #o(g t c emicals at a local dr(gstore and re!eated many of t e eA!eriments mentioned in is teAt#ook at ome. ;e allo'ed me to 'atc im, and - 'as com!letely ent ralled #y t e color c anges t at - sa' a!!ening in is test t(#es. Uncle Cla(dio took me to visit is o'n instit(te, ' ere for t e first time - sa' a real scientific la#oratory, 'it all kinds of a!!arat(s. 4y (ncle also gave me an old ! ysics teAt #y 9. =anot, !rinted in 1NG3, in ' ic , among ot er s(#.ects, - fo(nd mention of )t e recent eA!eriments #y 4r. Caraday.)E9F 2 is #ook #ecame my constant com!anion, toget er 'it t e istory of Crance #y Kictor 3(r(y, ' ic 'as given to me #y my mot er. 9 fe' years later, on /ovem#er ?1, 191G, seeing my interest in ! ysics, Uncle Cla(dio gave me a 1913 Crenc edition of =anot,s #ook.E1$F 1n t e flyleaf e 'rote: )2o my #eloved ne! e', 'it t e 'is t at soon ! ysics 'ill serve t e arts of Peace, Uncle Cla(dio.) 9t t e P(sterla o(se - also fo(nd a #ook #y +. B. 3(mas, from ' ic - learned t e com!osition of, and t e difference #et'een, s(l! ites, s(l! ides, and s(l! ates and similar facts of inorganic c emistry. - also admiringly read Caraday,s %hemical History of a %andle . - ave a #ook, )Cor ' en - s all #e gro'n (!,) in ' ic one 'as s(!!osed to 'rite ans'ers to 0(estions a#o(t oneself. -n it, - 'rote as my 'is for t e f(t(re t at - 'anted to #ecome a ! ysicoB c emist and die at t irty in t e eA!losion of my la#oratory. 9ll told, - ad a a!!y c ild ood and 'as m(c cared for #y my mot er 8less so #y my fat er, ' o did not !ay m(c attention to me:. /eedless to say, - also eA!erienced my s are of c ild ood scares and

@ ?1 @ terrors. 1ne day - read t e vivid descri!tion of t e famo(s !lag(e in 9lessandro 4an*oni,s classic novel " promessi sposi . 9s (s(al, - sle!t alone on t e (!!er floor of o(r 2ivoli o(se and, in t e darkness, - 'as over' elmed #y fear of catc ing t e !lag(e. - 'as rel(ctant to get (! and go to my !arents on t e lo'er floor to tell t em of my fears, #(t finally - did. 2 ey calmed me do'n 'it o(t making f(n of me in any 'ay. Crom 2ivoli - 'as #ro(g t once in a ' ile to 6ome. 1n t ese occasions 'e l(nc ed at Uncle Cla(dio,s, ret(rning ome in t e evening. - remem#er t e 1911 EA!osition commemorating fifty years of -talian (nity and its interesting regional et nogra! ic eA i#its, as 'ell as flying air!lanes. 1n one of t ese tri!s, my !arents took me to a !(!!et s o', ' ic delig ted me, and for days - ke!t imitating Cali#an. &it o(t kno'ing it, - ad seen a Podrecca !rod(ction of S akes!eare,s The Tempest , a classic still famo(s in !(!!et art, ' ic revealed all t e s!lendor of t e original !lay. & en - 'as ten years old, - fell serio(sly ill 'it scarlet fever, com!licated #y ne! ritis. - 'as in mortal danger, and my mot er took care of me day and nig t, 'it t e el! of 9nnetta. 9t t e time t ere 'ere no s!ecific treatments for stre!tococcal infections. - 'as ke!t in #ed for a co(!le of mont s on a milk diet. & ile - 'as ill my mot er read me several #ooks #y +(les Kerne, and Uncle Cla(dio gave me a mineral collection and a Bro'nie camera, ' ic - learned to (se, develo!ing and !rinting my o'n !ict(res. 9n engineer ' o often 'orked for t e !a!er mill gave me a 6( mkorff coil, 'it ' ic - !erformed many eA!eriments as soon as - recovered. - also #(ilt myself a galvanometer, #atteries, and ot er electrical a!!arat(s. 9fter my #o(t 'it scarlet fever - remained s(sce!ti#le to serio(s allergies, in ' ic my skin !eeled off and - ad ot er sym!toms closely resem#ling t ose of scarlet fever, eAce!t t at - did not get ne! ritis 8c ecked #y myself, testing my (rine for al#(min:. 2 is rec(rring )scarlet fever) came #ack almost every year (ntil 19?G, after ' ic it disa!!eared. -t 'as !ec(liar eno(g to ave me re!orted in t e medical literat(re. 2 e last time - got it, - 'as skiing at Clavires and t e doctors 'anted to isolate me as contagio(sD later t e !rofessor at t e @ ?? @ medical sc ool in 2(rin sent me to is former teac er, Cr(goni, in Clorence, and t e latter,s assistant, =iacomo 9ncona, took my istory. 4any years later, 9ncona and - met again in California as ref(gees and #ecame very close friends. -n 19JN - retrieved my medical istory from Cr(goni,s arc ivesD e ad invited me to dinner in 6ome, and ' en - reminded im t at e ad visited me in 19?G, e fo(nd my !a!ers in a co(!le of min(tesO - finis ed elementary sc ool fl(nking -talian com!osition, #(t !assed on a second try and entered t e ginnasio at 2ivoli. 1f t at sc ool - remem#er an odd teac er of mat ematicsD e (sed to 'alk all alone on t e Kiale Carciano dressed in a morning coat, s!eaking to imself. 2 is fello' told me t at - did not (nderstand any mat ematics and gave me a fl(nking grade. - 'orried a#o(t it, #(t my !arents sent me to a !rivate t(tor ' o 'as an eAcellent mat ematics teac er. ;e gave me a fe' lessons and ta(g t me t e f(ndamental r(le t at a fraction does not c ange on m(lti!lying n(merator and denominator #y t e same n(m#er. 2 (s in a co(!le of o(rs e fiAed my mat ematics and told me t at - did not need f(rt er coac ing. 9s a #on(s e ta(g t me a little game in ' ic eac of t'o !layers alternately names a n(m#er #et'een one and tenD t e n(m#ers are added toget er, and ' oever s(cceeds in reac ing 1$$ first 'ins. 2 is teac er enco(raged me and 'as of real el! to me. 9s my !arents, yo(ngest c ild #y several years, - #elieve - 'as treated differently from my #rot ers. 9t t e time of my #irt , my fat er 'as fortyBsiA, my mot er t irtyBseven. 2 is m(st ave infl(enced t eir

attit(de to'ard me. 9s a c ild, of co(rse, - did not see t is, #(t t inking it over no', it seems o#vio(s to me. -n 191%, d(ring t e 'ar, 'e moved from 2ivoli to 6ome, ' ic !rod(ced a great c ange in o(r family,s 'ay of life. B(siness increasingly re0(ired my fat er,s !resence in 6ome, and t e dayBtoBday management of t e !a!er mill co(ld #e entr(sted to a tec nical director. 2raveling #ack and fort #et'een 2ivoli and 6ome 'as tiring, and my fat er s(ffered an angina attack. Scared, e cons(lted a noted doctor in 6ome, ' o told im to set is affairs in order #eca(se e mig t die @ ?3 @ any moment. 84y fat er lived over t irty years longer and, 'it a certain !erverse glee, attended t e f(neral of t e doctor e ad cons(lted.: 2 e ! ysicians in 2ivoli, 3r. 9llegri and ot ers, tried to minimi*e t e im!ortance of t e e!isode, and t ey 'ere clearly rig t. ;o'ever, o#.ectively, t e center of my fat er,s 'ork ad s ifted from 2ivoli to 6ome. +(st t en, a cardinal ' o lived on t e floor #elo' Uncle Cla(dio diedD t e a!artment e left 'as large eno(g #ot for o(r family and for t e #(siness office of t e !a!er mill. &e ad already s!ent a fe' mont s at a !ension in 6ome 'it a vie' to moving t ere !ermanently, and t is finally decided (s. Bot my 4ot er and - dee!ly regretted leaving 2ivoli. Cor my !art, - ated leaving my o!en air games and my old friends, as 'ell as t e s!ace 'e ad at ome in 2ivoli for my eA!eriments. B(t t e move to 6ome, t e end of &orld &ar -, and t e ne' ig sc ool - no' #egan to attend signaled t e end of my c ild ood. - 'as t'elve years old, and many t ings in me ad started to c ange. 4y mot er ad great diffic(lty in getting ad.(sted to life in 6ome. 9ll er friends 'ere in 2ivoli, ' ere s e ad lived for almost t irty years. 7ife t ere s(ited erD s e loved t e freedom of t e co(ntry. 2o c eer er (!, my fat er ke!t t e lease of o(r 2ivoli o(se 8later e #o(g t it o(trig t:, and as a consolation 'e s!ent long !eriods in t e s!ring and fall t ere. Per a!s it is not 'it o(t significance, o'ever, t at t ere is a street in 2ivoli named after 9melia Segr, in !art #eca(se of er tragic end as a martyr of t e /a*is, in !art #eca(se of t e fond memories s e left, #(t not one named after my fat er, =i(se!!e Segr, ' o did so m(c for t e 'elfare of t e city. @ ?J @

C%a*ter Two+ 4is(o'ering t%e 5orld, Rome and 6ig% S(%ool -"#"10"#772, S(ent o& Florentine 5isteria
C e !ensieri soavi, C e s!eran*e, c e cori, o Silvia miaO V(ale allor ci a!!aria 7a vita (mana e il fatoO 8& at tender t o(g ts, & at o!es, ' at earts, 1 Silvia mineO ;o' (man life and fate

Seemed to (s t enO: =iacomo 7eo!ardi, )9 Silvia) 8trans. 9rt(ro Kivante: 2 e move to 6ome signaled t e start of a second !eriod of my life. - 'as no longer a c ild, and t e c ange in residence a!!ened to coincide 'it t e onset of !(#erty. /e' feelings, ne' interests came to t e fore. - started to see a 'ider 'orld, to a!!reciate !oetry, to recogni*e t e #ea(ty of intellect(al constr(ctions. -t 'as a clo(dy, not a a!!y !eriod. - 'as confronted 'it ne', seemingly dreadf(l !ro#lems, and - did not kno' o' to co!e 'it t em or ' om to t(rn to for el!. 9t 6ome - 'as enrolled in t e =innasio 4amiani, located in a !alace neAt door to o(r ome on Corso Kittorio. - ardly remem#er t e teac ers of t e early classes. Soon - started taking some eAtra #ooks in ' ic - 'as interested 'it me to sc ool in order to ave somet ing to read if classes #ecame too #oring. Us(ally t e teac ers let it !ass, !rovided - did not dist(r# any#ody. - got old of a #ook on elementary @ ?P @ geometry and am(sed myself in solving its !ro#lems, more or less as - 'o(ld ave solved cross'ord !(**les. 9s (s(al, 'e s!ent t e s(mmer of 191N in 2ivoliD in t e fall, t e dreadf(l infl(en*a e!idemics of t e !revio(s year rec(rredD -, o'ever, ad already ad t e disease in 191%, 'it o(t kno'ing ' at it 'as. &e lingered in 2ivoli, and in order not to 'aste too m(c time, - started translating 1vid,s Metamorphoses , ' ic 'as re0(ired reading for t e coming sc ool year, on my o'n. -n t at solitary fall at 2ivoli, (nder t e infl(ence of t is strange teAt, - felt !oetic emotions for t e first time. -t 'as a !eriod of dee! (!sets, certainly connected 'it !(#erty, and it left its marks on me. 9ll told, - remem#er my ginnasio years as rat er #oring. - did not learn m(c 7atin or =reek. - 'as ta(g t mat ematics 'it a mis!laced rigor, (nder t e infl(ence of t e great mat ematician =i(se!!e Peano, #(t 'it o(t ade0(ate !ractical eAercises. 9s my st(dies !rogressed, o'ever, t e teac ers #ecame of #etter 0(ality. 9fter five years - !assed from ginnasio to liceo& ' ere - s!ent t ree more years. -n t e liceo& a Professor 6(a tried to teac (s, t ro(g s!arse #(t a!!ro!riate remarks, ' at it meant to 'rite 'ell in -talian 8and !er a!s in any ot er lang(age:. ;e de#(nked t e em!ty r etoric of several of my sc oolmates, derived from misg(ided imitation of 'riters s(c as t e !oet =ios( Card(cci 81N3PQ 19$%: and d,9nn(n*io. ;e told (s t at if 'e s(cceeded in aving one or t'o ideas and in eA!laining t em clearly and concisely, 'e 'o(ld 'rite good essays and get ig marks. 9ttem!ts to s(#stit(te even modest t o(g ts 'it em!ty 'ords 'o(ld #e !oor 'riting and earn lo' grades. 1nce - learned t ese sim!le r(les, - started a small essay factory, not only for myself, #(t also for my co(sins and friends. - !rod(ced t em 'it o(t effort and 'it good s(ccess. Professor 6(a also said t at ad 'e #een good 'riters, o(r styles 'o(ld ave resem#led t ose of t e great a(t ors 'e st(died. 2o me e assigned 7eo!ardi. 2 e 7atin and =reek teac ers s(cceeded only in #oring and disg(sting me 'it t eir s(#.ects. 2 e !rofessor of Crenc , 4. =rimod, a native Crenc man, 'as eAcellent, o'ever, and seeing t at (nlike my sc oolmates, - kne' t e lang(age, e let me get ac0(ainted 'it Crenc @ ?G @

literat(re 'it o(t #ot ering to teac me all t e s(#tleties of Crenc grammar. 9n eAcellent ant ology e ad com!iled el!ed me greatly to a!!reciate Crenc 'riters. 1f istory 'e learned only dates, 'it o(t any sense. Professor 4onti in ! ysics inc(lcated in me ' W ma (ntil - really (nderstood its meaning. ;e t o(g t t at one s o(ld teac fe' notions, #(t t oro(g ly. 2 is 'as a very ealt y attit(de, ' ic did not !revent im from eA!laining even some relativity. Einstein 'as fas iona#le in t ose days. 2 e mat ematics !rofessor drove me cra*y 'it 3edekind c(ts. - learned rigoro(s !roofs of seemingly o#vio(s t ings, (seless at my level, and at a time ' en 'it a little effort, - co(ld ave learned calc(l(s, ' ic 'o(ld ave #een inval(a#le to me. 1n my o'n - read sections of Enri0(es,s %ollectanea& an encyclo!edia of elementary mat ematics seen from a ig er !oint of vie', and some n(m#er t eory. - regret t e effort s!ent in t ose years, so im!ortant for learning, on nonBE(clidean geometry, n(m#er t eory, and ot er s(#.ects, com!letely omitting a!!lied mat ematics. 9t ome t ere 'ere #ooks on analytic geometry, alge#ra, and calc(l(s t at ad #een (sed as teAts #y my #rot ers at engineering sc ool, #(t my #rot er 4arco locked t em (! and for#ade me to (se t em, on t e !reteAt t at t ey 'o(ld )tire my ead.) -n fact, e 'anted to remain t e only one at ome to kno' )"l c$lcolo sublime& ) as e called sim!le infinitesimal calc(l(s. Being so m(c older t an - 'as, my #rot ers 9ngelo and 4arco virt(ally #elonged to a different generation and 'ere already at t e (niversity ' en - 'as #arely learning to read. 9ngelo ad #een a diffic(lt c ild, and Uncle Cla(dio fre0(ently reco(nted is deeds. Cor instance, in a railroad com!artment, e ad insisted on #eing !(t on a #aggage net a#ove t e !assengers and, once t ere, (sed is vantage !oint to !ee on t ose #elo' im. -n 1911 9ngelo vol(nteered for t e army to satisfy is military o#ligations, #(t almost immediately came do'n 'it a serio(s case of !ne(monia, from ' ic e #arely recovered. ;e 'as disc arged from t e army on ealt gro(nds and t ereafter started a life of travels, strange advent(res, and general disorientation t at created serio(s !ro#B @ ?% @ lems for my !arents, ' o did not kno' o' to co!e 'it im. Before .oining t e army, 9ngelo ad started st(dying engineering, and e develo!ed a !assion for mat ematics and ! ysics, alt o(g e 'as not es!ecially !roficient in eit er. 9s a #oy e ad ac0(ired a vast literary c(lt(re in -talian, Crenc , =erman, Englis , and S!anis , ' ic e mastered, as 'ell as in classical 7atin and =reek. 2 e li#rary e left at ome ' en e 'ent a'ay 'as a great so(rce of reading material for me. 9ngelo did not like 2ivoli and, es!ecially in is early years, 'anted to stay a'ay from is !arents and #e inde!endent. ;o'ever, ' en e landed in tro(#le or fell ill, some#ody, (s(ally Uncle Cla(dio, ad to come to is resc(e. Ultimately, my !arents (nloaded im on Uncle =ino, ' o ad a good o!inion of t e (ncommon intelligence of is ne! e' and 'as not as close to im as my !arents. 9!!reciating 9ngelo,s talents, Uncle =ino do'n!layed is eccentricities and trained im 'it infinite !atience in la' and istory. 9fter t is sc ooling #y is (ncle, 9ngelo st(died 'it t e noted ! ilologist =erolamo Kitelli, ' o introd(ced im to !a!yrology, and also 'it t e istorian =aetano de Sanctis. S(#se0(ently e 'ent to =ermany, ' ere e 'orked 'it local istorians and ad an advent(ro(s and some' at nomadic life. -n =ermany e met Mat.a Sc all 81N99Q19N%:, ' om e married in 193G. 9#o(t 193$ e 'on a (niversity c air in economic istory at Catania, in Sicily. ;e t en started !ainting #(t ref(sed to eA i#it is 'ork. 4ore of im later. 9ngelo disliked and des!ised is #rot er 4arco, ' o reci!rocated is feelings. 2 e yo(nger #rot er,

alt o(g less intelligent, and somet ing of a y!ocrite, 'as often eAtolled as an eAam!le #y o(r !arents. 2 ey clearly favored im, #eca(se e gave t em fe'er !ro#lems. 4arco on is side al'ays tried to !oint o(t 9ngelo,s 'eaknesses and to em#arrass im. )2 ere is no !oint in 'orrying a#o(t 9ngeloD e does not ave t e co(rage to get imself into serio(s tro(#leO) e 'o(ld say. 9s a yo(ng #oy, 4arco ad !erformed scientific eA!eriments, #(ilt some gadgets, and st(died diligently, o#taining consistently good grades. Ultimately, e grad(ated in engineering. Com!ared 'it 9ngelo, al'ays a !ro#lem c ild, 4arco 'as a !aragon of normalcy, and @ ?N @ o(r !arents tolerated some of is o#vio(s fa(lts, s(c as !om!o(sly !reac ing common!lace or illB conceived trivialities, often seasoned 'it 7atin 0(otations. 1ne of is favorite s(#.ects 'as )2 e +e's, a doomed race,) referring to s(!!osed +e'is ! ysical and mental traits. 9s a c ild - nat(rally admired and loved my older #rot ers. - still remem#er 9ngelo,s c arm in telling me a story #ased on =oet e,s 'aust . C(rt ermore, e ad collections of old coins and of matc es, ' ic fascinated me. 4arco s o'ed me is tools and is camera, demonstrating t eir (se to me. - ave already mentioned t e c emical eA!eriments e !erformed in my !resence. 9fter &orld &ar -, o'ever, - ad gro'n (!, and my #rot ers a!!eared to me in a different lig t. Bot ad managed, 'it great !r(dence, to esca!e frontBline service. 9ngelo ended (! as an infantryman in a 2(scan garrison, #(t e 'as !roficient as a cry!togra! er and s(cceeded in #reaking a =reek code. ;e treated is military service onestly #(t rat er cynically. 4arco attended an officerBtraining sc ool in 2(rin. 4y mot er and - 'ent to t at city for some time to #e near im. 9fter'ard e .oined a dirigi#le o(tfit, #(t e never 'ent to t e front. ;e gained val(a#le tec nical eA!erience, and after t e 'ar e #ragged a#o(t is eroism. - t en started recogni*ing some traits of is c aracter t at ad esca!ed me ' en - 'as a c ild. 9ngelo 'as convinced t at 4arco ad mig tily contri#(ted to estranging im from o(r !arents, and - started to ave some inklings t at 4arco mig t #e trying somet ing of t e sort also 'it me. 9t ome e managed to dis!lace me from t e room - s ared 'it im, sending me to slee! on t e (!!er floor in Uncle Cla(dio,s ome on t e !reteAt t at - snored and dist(r#ed im. ;e 'as, in fact, trying to !(s me o(t of o(r !arents, ome. 4arco loved to !ontificate on all occasions, even on s(#.ects e 'as ignorant of. 4(c later e #ecame famo(s among my ! ysicist friends #y lect(ring Cermi on t ermodynamics. Cermi, 9maldi or 6asetti, and - 'ere !resent, and 'e all grinned at 4arco,s conceitD e certainly 'as t e one ' o kne' t e least t ermodynamics among (s, and e did not reali*e o' ridic(lo(s t e sit(ation 'as. -n t e s!ring of 19?1, ' en - 'as siAteen, some#ody !ers(aded me @ ?9 @ to .oin t e 9vang(ardisti, a Cascist yo(t organi*ation. 9t ome o!inions 'ere divided: Uncle Cla(dio favored Cascism, ' ic e sa' as restoring order and national !ride. Uncle =ino on t e ot er and, said t at it 'o(ld end #adly, more or less as a!!ened, and added, in dialect, )Pias mia) 8- don,t like it:. 7o(d 0(arrels #et'een t e #rot ers follo'ed, alt o(g t ey loved eac ot er dearly. - #elieve my fat er listened to t em 'it o(t great feelings one 'ay or t e ot erD !er a!s e tended to favor Cascism for reasons similar to Uncle Cla(dio,s. -n retros!ect, - recogni*e t at only =ino ad s(fficient istorical and legal !re!aration to take t e long vie'. ;o'ever, all t ree #rot ers, #y conviction or !ractical

necessity, .oined t e Cascist Party. 2 eir o!inions, like t ose of most -talians, c anged 'it time. started aving serio(s do(#ts a#o(t Cascism in t e s(mmer of 19?J, after t e m(rder of t e Socialist leader =iacomo 4atteotti. -n my first years in 6ome, - also started 'andering a'ay from ome. 1ne day - discovered t e 9!!ian &ay. - ad gone for a 'alk alone and, - do not kno' o', fo(nd myself on an eAtraordinary road, flanked #y cy!ress trees and 6oman tom#s and r(ins, and 'it a 6oman !avement. 2 e s(rro(ndings 'ere so #ea(tif(l and romantic t at t ey reminded me of my #eloved 2ivoli. - did not kno' ' ere ad landed, #(t t e im!ression 'as enormo(s. & en - ret(rned ome and told my !arents, t ey eA!lained to me t at - ad #een on t e 9!!ian &ay. & ile - 'as at ig sc ool, - visited Clorence several times, staying eit er at t e #ea(tif(l 2reves villa or at t eir ome on Kia 4asaccio. 2 e large t reeBstoried #(ilding 'as s(rro(nded #y eAtensive gro(nds containing a s!lendid garden, 'it many small lemon trees in terra cotta !ots, mar#le stat(es, a !ond 'it red fis , tall #am#oo t ickets, ot o(ses, a green for !laying bocce& and an orangery. 2 e ome, 'it m(c Englis f(rnit(re, 'as a dis!lay of my (ncle =(ido,s taste and 'ealt . ;e smoked eAcellent 2ra#(cos cigars, read Englis ne's!a!ers, and drank tea for #reakfast. & en e 'as a#o(t ninety years old, after &orld &ar --, e reali*ed t at it 'as im!ossi#le to kee! is villa ' ile all similar esta#lis ments in its neig #or ood 'ere #eing transformed into (ge a!artment o(ses. ;e t en sold t e estate 'it o(t a 'ord to is c ildren, ' o later discovered t e fait accom!li. @ 3$ @ - (s(ally 'ent to Clorence aro(nd Easter. 9t t e 2reves villa and in its s(rro(ndings - co(ld al'ays smell t e strong scent of 'isteria. Even no' - occasionally find a road or !ass #y a garden t at #y its smell reminds me of t e Clorentine s!ring and vividly evokes its mood. 2 e !oet Ugo Coscolo noted t is olfactory !ec(liarity of Clorence in is famo(s lyric " sepolcri& 'riting: )E le convalli " !o!olate di case e d,oliveti " mille di fiori al ciel mandano incensi . . .) 8)' ile t y a!!y valleys dotted"'it villas and olive groves send fort to eaven " t e fragrance of a t o(sand flo'ers . . .):E1F -n Clorence t e family o#served +e'is Passover rites, #(t ' at - 'as really interested in 'as sneaking a'ay to Costa S. =iorgio to see my flame, +.;., a #ea(tif(l girl 'it ' om - ad fallen in love d(ring t e s(mmer of 1919 at t e seaside. -t 'as a love (nfort(nately m(c too !latonicD even a kiss 'o(ld ave #een considered sinf(l. 2 at did not make it less ardent, #(t #ot of (s 'ere too yo(ng, too innocent, and ad #een #ro(g t (! too strictly. 2 e ' ole !eriod from my fifteent #irt day on 'as dominated #y re!ressed seA(al desires. 9 !(ritanical (!#ringing, my nat(ral #as Bf(lness, lack of !arental g(idance, and some (n a!!y conversations 'it friends ' en - 'as a#o(t fifteen #ro(g t me to a diffic(lt im!asse. 4y #rot er 4arco a(gmented my !ro#lems #y giving me some (nfort(nate #ooks #y a 4r. Sta l, ' o advocated a Kictorian credo of im!ossi#le c astity. 4arco imself, o'ever, ' ile !reac ing to me, 'ent to #rot els. - fo(nd condoms in a dra'er of is desk, #(t did not kno' ' at t ey 'ere. - 'as afraid of and re!elled #y o(ses of !rostit(tion, ' ic 'ere fre0(ented #y most yo(ng -talian men. Unlike some of my friends, - ad not fo(nd a middleBaged matron 'illing to serve as a #na(e scuola# 8training s i!:. ad #een inf(sed 'it a dee! sense of g(ilt a#o(t mast(r#ation, ' ic - ad #een told 'o(ld ave all kinds of dire conse0(ences. - 'as t (s confronted 'it an insol(#le !ro#lem, since - co(ld not marry at fifteen years of age and t e fe' girls - met 'ere more t an c aste, at least in t eory, and ad #een #ro(g t (! similarly to myself. - did not dare to s!eak to my !arents a#o(t t is. 1f ot er ad(lts, Uncle Cla(dio 'as t e most (nderstanding, #(t e 'as too old, #orn

@ 31 @ and #ro(g t (! in a different cent(ry and !ossi#ly 'it 'rong ideas. 9ll e co(ld give me 'as sym!at y. ;o'ever, e s!oke o!enly and frankly and called a s!ade a s!ade. 9fter a fe' years, t e !ro#lem #ecame serio(s, as - s(s!ect it may also ave #een for my #rot er 9ngelo. - 'as too s y to mention it to any of my contem!oraries, even close friends. - am s(re - 'as not t e only one in t is 0(andaryD on t e contrary, - #elieve it 'as common among my friends. Some t(rned to t eir !riests, - do not kno' 'it ' at res(ltsD some 'ere serio(sly (rt for a long time. Some yo(ng intellect(als formed c astity leag(es. 4y mot er !er a!s (nderstood #etter t an s e s o'ed, #(t s e ke!t er co(nsel. ;o'ever, s e enco(raged me in any s!ort - took (!, and !artic(larly in mo(ntaineering and skiing. 4y fat er 'as afraid - mig t (rt myself, and for is o'n !eace of mind 'o(ld ave !referred me not to try skiing. started in 19?1, ' en skiing 'as ardly kno'n in central -taly. Before t en, 'it my mot er,s enco(ragement, - ad already made cycling tri!s, !layed tennis, and fenced. 9ttem!ts to teac me to dance failed misera#ly. - attended classes 'it yo(ng ladies of good family, ' o 'ere mostly (gly and cl(msyD a dancing teac er at a sc ool in Clorence gave lessons skim!ily clad and 'as attractive, #(t 'o(ld ave !referred er to transfer er teac ings to #ed. 9s - ave said, Pa!T did not !ay m(c attention to me, #(t 'it t e !assing of time - lost my fear of im and started to recogni*e is (ncommon 0(alities. Still in 2ivoli, ' en - 'as a#o(t t'elve years old, e ad sent me as an a!!rentice to a ca#inetmaker to im!rove my man(al deAterity. 4y fat er .(stly t o(g t t at t e (se of t e ands is not less im!ortant t an t at of t e #rain. 7ater, ' en - 'as !er a!s fo(rteen years old, e made me 'ork in a small la#oratory in t e !a!er mill, ' ere - #adly #(rned my fingers trying to dissolve some rosin in #oiling alco ol, ' ic ca(g t fire. - 'as l(cky t at not ing 'orse a!!ened. 2o get to t e !a!er mill - ad sec(red a key to t e lo'er gate of t e Killa d,Este, ' ic o!ened onto an old medieval dirt road. Starting from ome, - first !assed t ro(g t e silent and solitary gardens of t e Killa, (ntil - reac ed t e last, 0(iet lane leading to t e lo'er gate, a !at 'ay overgro'n 'it emerald green moss t at looked like a Persian @ 3? @ silk r(g. Beyond t e gate, one fo(nd noise, stenc , and m(d. 2 e contrast co(ld not ave #een greater, and it !ert(r#ed me dee!ly. Pa!T ad also !(t me to 'ork in an office !re!aring electric !o'er #ills for is c(stomersD f(rt ermore, e forced me to st(dy =erman. ;e did all t is 'it yells lo(der t an necessary and ins(fficient !atience, #(t e nonet eless ad a !ositive ed(cational im!act. Pa!T did not s!eak to me fre0(ently or at lengt , #(t - listened very caref(lly to is conversation d(ring meals, from ' ic - learned a great deal. ;e t (s ta(g t me o' #anks 'ork, ' at a cor!oration is, and a#o(t stocks and #onds and ot er #(siness s(#.ects. - en.oyed is eA!lanations t oro(g ly, and my esteem for im gre' f(rt er. &it t e !assing of time, e ta(g t me m(c more on #(siness s(#.ects and - came to reali*e t e !enetration and fairness of is .(dgments. - also recogni*ed is kindness, often idden #y is gr(ff manner, and is generosity to t ose ' o merited it. 7ater, as an ad(lt, - treas(red is advice, ' ic deserved to #e listened to all t e more caref(lly inasm(c as it 'as given so s!aringly. 4y sc oolmates in 6ome 'ere very different from t ose in 2ivoli, #(t - made a fe' friends. -n addition to my classmates, - also #ecame friends 'it t'o #oys ' o later #ecame famo(sD t ey 'ere in t e same

sc ool #(t in different classes. 1ne 'as En*o Sereni, a f(t(re -sraeli leaderD t e ot er 'as is #rot er Emilio, a f(t(re #ig'ig of -talian comm(nism.E?F 2 ey eaded a gro(! t at ardently disc(ssed !olitical s(#.ects, and t ey invited me to some ig #ro' meetings. - disagreed 'it many of t e ideas - eardD indeed, several of t em seemed a#s(rd to me, #(t - did not kno' o' to defend my o!inions 'it ade0(ate r etorical and dialectical skill. Ultimately, - lost !atience 'it t em and 'ent my o'n 'ay, #(t t e eA!erience ta(g t me to disting(is #et'een 'ellBfo(nded concl(sions and t ose t at !revail only t ro(g skilled advocacy. 9t t e time - ac0(ired a distaste for ' at - later called )pappagalli parlanti ) 8talking !arrots:. &it t e move to 6ome, - sa' my second co(sins 6iccardo and Bindo 6imini m(c more often. 2 ey 'ere t e or! ans of my co(sin Enrico and a#o(t my o'n age. Enrico, ' o ad #een very close to my fat er, died in a railroad accident in t e s(mmer of 191%, leaving is @ 33 @ family in diffic(lties. 4y fat er el!ed t em materially in s!ite of t e o#stacles e enco(ntered in t e eAaggerated !ride of t e 'ido', 9da, ' o did not 'ant to acce!t financial el!. 9da and er c ildren #ecame intimate 'it (s. - 'as es!ecially close to 6iccardoD is yo(nger #rot er Bindo 'as an intracta#le yo(ng #oy, and 9da (ltimately enrolled im in a military college to give im some disci!line. 6iccardo 'as like a #rot er to me. ;e ad a very s ar! mind, 'it scientific inclinations, and 'as a ard 'orker, conscientio(s, and o#servant. -n d(e co(rse, all t is made im into a s(!erior ! ysician. -n 193N t e -talian racist la's forced im to emigrate, and e 'ent to 4ontevideo in Ur(g(ay, ' ere e 'rote some good !a!ers on #lood circ(lation, #esides ac ieving great !rofessional s(ccess. & en life se!arated (s, 'e ke!t (! an active confidential corres!ondence, and ' en 'e met again after ten years of se!aration, 'e felt as if 'e ad met only a fe' days earlier. 1(r corres!ondence lasted (ntil is deat in 19%% and contained o(r most intimate t o(g ts. 3(ring my first years at ig sc ool - again st(died =erman, ' ic - ad forgotten since learning it from my 2ata =i(se!!ina. 4y !arents ad ired a yo(ng S'iss governess for me aro(nd 191P, and t anks to er - co(ld (se =erman fl(ently. - also digested a fair amo(nt of =erman !oetry, incl(ding =oet e,s 'aust& several of Sc iller,s !lays, and ;eine. 4y 2reves co(sins 'ere almost #iling(al in Englis t anks to a long s(ccession of 'itc Bgovernesses t eir !arents ad forced on t em, and t ey decided to teac Englis to me d(ring t eir visits to 2ivoli. 4arco 2reves 'as an eAcellent teac er, some' at !edantic, #(t !atient, insistent, and effective. 7ater - also ad some !rivate coac ing. 9t sc ool - follo'ed t e !rescri#ed co(rses reasona#ly 'ell, #(t 'it o(t s ining in t em, so t at (s(ally - 'as t ird 8in grades: in my classes. Besides ' at 'as ta(g t at sc ool, - st(died some ! ysics #ooks, often in =erman or Englis , on my o'n. - still ave =la*e#rook,s Light , Bali,s Elements of Astronomy , 4aA'ell,s Theory of Heat , and a#ove all 6eic e,s )ie *uantentheorie , ' ic greatly im!ressed me.E3F 9ngelo ad #o(g t t ese #ooks and left t em at ome. - cannot claim t at (nderstood all - read. - la#ored over 4aA'ell, #(t co(ld not fat om it. - ad not yet learned t at in order to st(dy ! ysics, one as to (se @ 3J @ !a!er and !encil and 'ork t ro(g t e calc(lations as one goes along. Us(ally - read t ese #ooks at sc ool d(ring #oring classes t at - disdained. 4y eA!erience 'it modern lang(ages s o's t at - 'as not refractory a#o(t learning lang(ages, and t at if in eig t years of ginnasio and liceo , - did not learn 7atin or =reek, not all t e fa(lt 'as mine.

2 e met ods (sed to teac t ese dead lang(ages, and t e teac ers, 'ere at fa(lt. By t e time - 'as nearing t e end of ig sc ool, t e teac er of =reek ad com!letely disg(sted me, and my grades 'ere failing. 9t t at time it 'as !ossi#le to o#tain a ig sc ool di!loma 'it o(t a s!ecial eAamination !rovided one ad grades a#ove a certain minim(m in eac s(#.ect. -n =reek - 'as falling #elo' t e minim(m, and - kne' t at a =reek eAam 'o(ld ave #een disastro(s for me. 7(ck ad it t at one day =iorgio Pas0(ali, a famo(s =reek sc olar and a family friend, came to o(r o(se for l(nc . - ad kno'n Pas0(ali since - 'as a small c ild, and - told im a#o(t my diffic(lties 'it =reek. )& o is yo(r =reek teac er<) e asked. )& at a strange coincidenceO) e remarked ' en - gave im t e man,s name. );e is t e secretary of t e committee - am c airing in t e 4inistry of Ed(cation. - am ere .(st for one of its meetings.) ;e said no more, #(t my grades in =reek mirac(lo(sly started to im!rove and #y t e end of t e year, taking into acco(nt my !rogress, - ad reac ed t e minim(m re0(ired to grad(ate from ig sc ool 'it o(t an eAamination. By 1919 - ad #ecome a yo(ng man, and - nat(rally started to ask some of t e eternal (man 0(estions a#o(t t e !(r!ose of life, good and evil, t e fo(ndation of morals, and t e essence of t e so(l. - read t en some of t ose #ooks - innocently t o(g t to #e t e !illars of o(r c(lt(re. - c ose t em #y earsay or #eca(se t ey 'ere availa#le at ome. 9mong t em 'ere 3escartes,s )iscours de la m+thode , =alileo,s )ialogo . . . sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo and "l saggiatore , 2olstoi,s ,ar and -eace and .esurrection& several novels #y Kictor ;(go, some of Plato,s dialog(es, and ot er classics. ad an iron stomac for any reading, and some of it st(ck, #(t - do not remem#er m(c of ' at - read. - never ad a religio(s crisis. - read 6enan,s Life of %hrist and SaB @ 3P @ #atier,s life of Saint Crancis 'it !leas(re, as 'ell as some s ort #ooks on B(dd ism and +(daism. 4y !arents asked 3ante 7attes, a noted +e'is sc olar, to give me some lessons on +(daism, #(t t ey did not im!ress me, and neit er did - read t e Bi#le 'it veneration or cele#rate a #ar mit*va . & enever tried to read t e 1ld 2estament, - ad t e im!ression of a very (n omogeneo(s teAt. Certain !arts seemed to me great, s(#lime, and ric 'it moral teac ingsD ot er seemed #ar#aro(s and cr(el. -t seems to me t at 9donai is very different in different !arts of t e Bi#le, and in some cases so c (rlis and vindictive as can #e conceived only #y t e mind of a !riest. 2 e only +e'is religio(s rites - attended ' en - 'as yo(ng 'ere in t e Clorence synagog(e. - fo(nd t em interesting and, es!ecially later, after - ad gro'n (!, even moving, #(t not for t eological or religio(s reasons. 2 eir com!elling force came from t e traditions t ey evoked, from family istory and from feelings rooted in t e s(#conscio(s. -n 19NJ, on t e occasion of my grandson,s #ar mit*va in -srael, - sa' an old cantor in t e small ;er*liya synagog(e ecstatically em#racing t e 2ora , as if it 'ere a c ild. - (nderstood im, #(t - did not s are ' at - t o(g t 'ere is feelings. - do ave some religio(s feelings, ' ic - rationally recogni*e as c ildis D nonet eless, t ey comfort me #eca(se t ey remind me of !eo!le - once loved and of old times. 1n a more intellect(al level, - find myself close to Einstein,s !osition as e descri#ed it in res!onse to a letter from a sc oolc ild asking ' et er scientists !rayed, and, if so, ' at t ey !rayed for: Scientific researc is #ased on t e idea t at everyt ing t at takes !lace is determined #y la's of nat(re, and t erefore t is olds for t e actions of !eo!le. Cor t is reason, a researc scientist 'ill ardly #e inclined to #elieve t at events co(ld #e infl(enced #y a !rayer, i.e. #y a 'is addressed to a s(!ernat(ral Being. ;o'ever, it m(st #e admitted t at o(r act(al kno'ledge of t ese la's is only im!erfect and fragmentary, so t at, act(ally t e #elief in t e eAistence of #asic allBem#racing la's in

/at(re also rests on a sort of fait . 9ll t e same t is fait #y t e s(ccess of scientific researc .

as #een largely .(stified t (s far

B(t, on t e ot er and, everyone ' o is serio(sly involved in t e @ 3G @ !(rs(it of science #ecomes convinced t at a s!irit is manifest in t e la's of t e UniverseH a s!irit vastly s(!erior to t at of man, and one in t e face of ' ic 'e 'it o(r modest !o'ers m(st feel (m#le. -n t is 'ay t e !(rs(it of science leads to a religio(s feeling of a s!ecial sort, ' ic is indeed 0(ite different from t e religiosity of someone more naive.EJF - ave seen inn(mera#le tragedies and orrors ca(sed #y religio(s and !olitical fanaticism, eno(g to ins!ire in me a great dislike for )a#sol(te tr(t ,) )f(ndamentalism,) and similar attit(des. 1n t e ot er and - ave met tr(ly religio(s !eo!le, in ' om religion ins!ired t e no#lest cond(ct. 2'o s(c saintly men come to my mind. 1ne 'as a Cat olic !riest, 3on /ello del 6aso, ' o, after &orld &ar --, moved #y t e orrors e sa' among -talian c ildren, #(ilt a ome for t em at 2ivoli and directed it (ntil is deat . - met 3on /ello after t e 'ar, and e instantly #ecame my friend. ;is !ersonal c arm 'as eAtraordinary and felt #y everyone ' o came in contact 'it im, ' et er it 'as a #r(tali*ed c ild, a ric lando'ner, or an agnostic scientist. - remem#er my visits to im as 'arm, enric ing eA!eriences. 2 e ot er 'as Professor B(rton +. 4oyer 8191?Q%3:, ' o 'as for a time my colleag(e. 9s a yo(ng man, e ad 'anted to #e a Protestant missionary and trained for t at calling, #(t t e 'ar made im into a s(!erior ! ysicist. ;e 'orked at t e 6adiation 7a#oratory in Berkeley and in d(e co(rse !layed a ma.or !art in t e discovery of t e ne(tral !ion. ;o'ever, is real desire 'as to el! is fello' men. 4oyer #ecame ead of t e ! ysics de!artment at Berkeley at t e time of t e 'orst st(dent (nrest, and e 'as one of a andf(l of !eo!le ' o managed to gain t e confidence #ot of t e administration and of t e re#ellio(s st(dents. & en t ings 0(ieted do'n, e 'ent to -ndia to el! in t e setting (! of a tec nical instit(te t ere. Some time after is ret(rn to Berkeley, e 'as called to t e University of 1regon to revitali*e its scientific de!artments, ' ic e did 'it o(tstanding s(ccess, alt o(g e died #efore e co(ld finis t e .o#.EPF - felt dee!ly attracted to im in s!ite of o(r greatly different #ackgro(nds. @ 3% @

C%a*ter T%ree+ T%e Ed3(ation o& a %ysi(ist -"#770"#782, S(ent o& Roman 6ay and Al*ine Snow
. . . c non fa scien*a, san*a lo ritenere, aver inteso. 8 . . . for kno'ledge none can va(nt ' o retains not, t o(g e ave (nderstood.: 3ante, Paradiso P.J1QJ? 8trans. 7a(rence Binyon:

2 e end of ig sc ool materially c anged my st(dies, ' ic 'ere still my !rimary occ(!ation. /o longer 'as - forced to st(dy s(#.ects in ' ic - 'as not interested, and neit er 'as - s(#.ect to !edagog(es ' om - often co(ld not admire. 9t t e (niversity - fo(nd several teac ers ' o 'ere (niversally kno'n as eminent in t eir fields, and ' o o#vio(sly dominated t eir s(#.ects. & at learned 'as ne' to meD interesting and c allenging, it stim(lated me to t ink f(rt er a#o(t ' at eard, ' ic ad only rarely a!!ened in ig sc ool. - 'as m(c freer in organi*ing my time and c osing my friends. - did a fair amo(nt of fencing at first, #(t later - #ecame an ent (siastic mo(ntaineer and skier. 7ove, girls, and seA also came to t e forefront. - finis ed ig sc ool in +(ly 19??, matric(lating in engineering #y a !rocess of elimination. 2 e first t'o introd(ctory years of st(dy 'ere common to engineering, ! ysics, and mat ematics. - kne', from a !ractical !oint of vie', t at my fat er 'o(ld give me a .o# in t e !a!er mill or find me 'ork in some ot er ind(stry. 2 e idea of a career as a ! ysicist seemed farfetc ed #eca(se it offered little o!e of finding any em!loyment. @ 3N @ - and my !arents certainly favored a (niversity career, #(t to try for t is 'as very risky #eca(se at t e time t ere 'ere very fe' o!enings in -talyHin total a#o(t t'enty c airs in ! ysics, all of t em occ(!ied. Per a!s one !osition #ecame availa#le eac year #eca(se of retirements and deat s. C(rt ermore, - ad some misgivings a#o(t ' et er ! ysics 'as (! to date in -taly. - do not kno' from ' ere - got t at idea. Possi#ly in reading 6eic e,s #ook - ad noted t at ardly any -talians 'ere mentioned, and even in t e old =anot, t ere 'ere fe' -talians. -n any case t e c oice of t e !re!aratory #iennial co(rse !ost!oned making a final decision, so - registered for it. -n my first year at (niversity, - st(died alge#ra (nder Professor Crancesco Severi, geometry 'it Professor =(ido Casteln(ovo, and c emistry 'it Professor /icola Parravano. - also took a drafting co(rse. Severi gave eAcellent lect(res, and - 'as !leased #y t e c ange of level from ig sc oolD ere t ere 'as real intellect(al stim(l(s and a c allenge to (nderstandD !er a!s even to try to invent somet ing ne'. Casteln(ovo 'as a !aragon of clarity, and in s!ite of is monotono(s voice, ' ic ind(ced slee!, one learned ne' and interesting t ings. - soon came to s(s!ect, o'ever, t at t e c emist, Parravano, did not al'ays kno' ' at e 'as talking a#o(t. 9t ome - ad fo(nd a treatise on ! ysicoBc emistry #y &alt er /ernst,E1F and com!aring ' at - ad learned from it 'it ' at Professor Parravano ta(g t, - concl(ded t at e ad mis(nderstood several t ings, or at least t at e (nderstood t em differently from me. 2 e !rofessors, assistants 'ere more accessi#le t an t e great men, and one of Severi,s eA!lained Co(rier series to (s in a startling and !rofo(nd 'ay, ' ic gave m(c food for t o(g t. -n my second year, Severi ta(g t (s analysisD Senator 1. 4. Cor#ino, t e ead of t e de!artment, ! ysics 8in !ractice only dealing 'it electricity:D Pittarelli, descri!tive geometryD and 2(llio 7eviB Civita, rational mec anics. -n my first t'o years at (niversity, no#ody ta(g t (s any t ermal ! ysics or o!tics, let alone more modern s(#.ects. 7eviBCivita,s co(rse on rational mec anics 'as !oorly attended, alt o(g t e !rofessor 'as famo(s and t e lect(res 'ere good, even if slig tly ver#ose.E?F 7eviBCivita 'as very s ort and also s ortBsig tedD @ 39 @ nevert eless, e strove to reac t e to! of t e #lack#oard, !(tting is nose very close to it, raising is

arm, and 'riting #lind. -n t is !osition, e 'as once str(ck on t e #ack of t e ead #y a missile from t e !eas ooter of some nasty st(dent. 7eviBCivita t(rned aro(nd and, 'it t e most innocent eA!ression, asked: );ave - 'ritten a 'rong sign<) ;is candor and good fait 'ere so o#vio(s t at no#ody la(g ed, and no !eas ooter ever dared dist(r# im again. Cor many mont s 'e eard t e sim!lifications t at occ(r in mec anics if ' X d- is a total differential 'it o(t t e !rofessor ever eA!laining ' at a total differential 'as, and 'it o(t (s ever asking. 7eviBCivita tr(sted o(r analytical com!etence, #(t (nfort(nately Severi ad not mentioned total differentials. /o less im!ortant t an t e co(rses 'ere my ne' fello' st(dents. 9mong t em =iovanni CerroB7(**i 'as t e closest to me. &e came from t e same ig sc ool, #(t from different sections. Soon 'e started st(dying toget er. &e liked to com!ete in solving !ro#lems and 'e 0(i**ed eac ot er on t e t eory. - also discovered t at t ere 'as a very great advantage in st(dying steadily d(ring t e year, avoiding a cramming !eriod #efore t e eAaminations. =ood, !aternal Professor Casteln(ovo ad 'arned (s on t is s(#.ectD - 'as s(r!rised in discovering t e !ertinence of is advice. - fo(nd t at - needed time for digesting many ne' ideas and t at a steady diet no(ris ed infinitely more t an occasional feasts 8and #o(ts of indigestion:. - #elieve t at t e disci!line of steady 'ork el!ed me immensely t en and later in life. Ettore 4a.orana, ' o s(#se0(ently ac0(ired a 'ellBdeserved re!(tation as a mat ematical geni(s, 'as anot er of my fello' st(dents.E3F 1nce, not aving s(fficiently !re!ared a lect(re, Severi started a !roof of a t eorem t e 'rong 'ay. 4a.orana immediately ' is!ered t at e 'o(ld soon #e in tro(#le, so 'e all antici!ated ' at 'as to come. 9fter a min(te or t'o, Severi,s face reddened, and it #ecame o#vio(s t at e did not kno' o' to !roceed. Some voices t en m(rm(red: )4a.orana !redicted it.) Severi did not kno' ' o 4a.orana 'as, #(t said a(g tily, )2 en let 4r. 4a.orana come for'ard.) Ettore 'as !(s ed to t e #lack#oard, ' ere e erased ' at Severi ad 'ritten and gave t e correct !roof. -t is note'ort y t at Severi neit er com!limented im @ J$ @ in any 'ay nor made any effort to #ecome ac0(ainted 'it im. 1n a different occasion, ' ile - 'as 'aiting to #e called to an oral eAamination, 4a.orana gave me a synt etic !roof for t e eAistence of Killarcea(,s circles on a tor(s. - did not f(lly (nderstand it, #(t memori*ed it on t e s!ot. 9s - entered t e eAamination room, Professor Pittarelli asked me, as 'as is 'ont, ' et er - ad !re!ared a s!ecial to!ic. )Ues, on Killarcea(,s circles,) - said, and - !roceeded immediately to re!eat 4a.orana,s 'ords #efore - forgot t em. 2 e !rofessor 'as im!ressed and congrat(lated me on s(c an elegant !roof, ' ic 'as ne' to im. 4y friend =iovanni CerroB7(**i and - !re!ared for eAaminations on a #enc in t e marvelo(s Palatine gardens, near t e o(se of t e s(!erintendent of t e diggings at t e 6oman Cor(m, t e (manist and arc aeologist =iacomo Boni 81NP9Q19?P:. -t 'as an eAtraordinary location, 0(iet and evocative, 'it la(rel t ickets and -talian gardens. 1n t e days of ancient 6oman festivals, some#ody !(t (! ric festoons of flo'ers and fr(its, anging t em in a!!ro!riate !laces. -n t e fall, CerroB7(**i and - re!aired to 2ivoli for concentrated, (ndist(r#ed st(dy, as - 'as later to do 'it Edoardo 9maldi. 4y !arents, o(sekee!er t ere fed (s eAcellentlyD after st(dying 'e 'ent for ikes (nder t e olive trees or on t e Kiale Carciano, as - ad done since my c ild ood. -f #y c ance it rained, t e rain 'as follo'ed #y t e clear, cool, scented air of t e #eginning of a(t(mn. 4o(ntaineering #ecame a serio(s avocation 'it me, and every s(mmer - and some friend 'ent to t e 9l!s for rock or ice clim#ingD d(ring t e 'inter 'e !racticed crossBco(ntry skiing, often in t e 9#r(**i. -n t e 3olomites - clim#ed t e Ka.olet 2o'ers, and, all alone, t e Cin0(e 3ita, and many ot er

mo(ntains in t e vicinity of Cortina d,9m!e**o, in t e Pale di San 4artino gro(!, and else' ere. 1(r clim#s reac ed today,s fo(rt class and 'o(ld no' #e deemed easy, #(t in t e 19?$s t ey 'ere t o(g t fairly diffic(lt. &e al'ays 'ent 'it o(t a g(ide, for s!ort as 'ell as to save money. 4y active mo(ntaineering lasted (ntil a#o(t 193$. 7ater ! ysics a#sor#ed my s(mmers too, and still later, after my marriage, - discovered @ J1 @ t at ' ile - still liked iking, cam!ing, and o(tdoor activities a lot, - ad no more stomac for diffic(lt clim#s. -n my t ird year at (niversity, - transferred to t e Engineering Sc ool, ' ere - fo(nd t e co(rses m(c less interesting t an in t e !re!aratory #ienni(m, eAce!t for one #y Professor U. Bordoni, ' o ta(g t (s t ermodynamics according to Cla(si(s, em! asi*ing all its s(#tleties. 2 e ot er !rofessors ta(g t ordinary engineering !ractice, at a lo' tec nical level and 'it o(t imagination. 2o refres myself, attended a mat ematics co(rse on t e t eory of f(nctions of a com!leA varia#le, given #y Professor Ugo 9maldi, t e fat er of my f(t(re friend Edoardo. 2 e lect(res 'ere at 1 P.4. , not eAactly a !leasant o(r in 6ome, #(t t e teac er !resented t e material in a fascinating 'ay. 2 e eA!osition resem#led a soa! o!era, and at t e end of eac lect(re - asked myself ' at t e neAt 'o(ld #ring: ne' sing(larities< ne' !o'er series develo!ments< 9t a#o(t t is time, my fello' st(dent and mo(ntainBclim#ing com!anion =iovanni Enri0(es told me t at e ad eard from is fat er t at t ere 'as at 6ome a sort of geni(s, a certain Enrico Cermi, ' o ad recently got is ! ysics degree in Pisa. & en - 'ent to ear Cermi s!eak at a mat ematics seminar, EJF - soon reali*ed t at t e r(mor 'as not eAaggeratedD at last ere 'as some#ody f(lly conversant 'it modern ! ysics. ;o'ever, - did not a!!roac Cermi at t at time. 9t ot er meetings of t e same seminar, - eard E. 7anda(, ' ose talk confirmed my conviction t at !(re mat ematics 'as not my c(! of tea. 9not er time a !rofessor from Bologna s!oke for an (nconsciona#ly long time. Cor some reason, t e lig t 'ent o(t for a fe' min(tesD ' en it came #ack on, t e room 'as almost em!ty. -n my t ird or fo(rt year in engineering, ' y - do not remem#er, or !er a!s never gras!ed, - gre' a C arlie C a!lin mo(stac e and started going to sc ool 'earing a #o'ler at and kid gloves, carrying a cane. 2 is lasted for several mont s and !rovoked a certain amo(nt of mockery among my fello' st(dents, to ' ic - res!onded 'it a(g ty disdain. -n 19?% my mot er ad t e a!!y idea of giving me a Ciat P$9 a(B @ J? @ tomo#ile. - s(s!ect s e may ave t o(g t it 'as t e sim!lest 'ay of getting me a girlfriend. -f s e ad any s(c idea, o'ever, s e never even inted at it to me. Cars 'ere t en still relatively (ncommon in 6ome, and t e P$9 made #ig c anges in my life. -t ranked me as affl(ent among my fello' st(dents, and every#ody 'anted to (se my car. -t also greatly facilitated mo(ntain tri!s. 1n t e ot er and, it did not ave great s(ccess in !roc(ring me a girlfriend. 4y friends and - took several girls of a good family #ackgro(nd to t e seas ore or to !laces in t e vicinity of 6ome, #(t al'ays 'it in t e limits of strict decor(m and !revailing -talian r(les. 1ften 'e 'ent in a !arty of fo(r: =iovanni Enri0(es and - 'it t'o girls, ' om 'e may ave liked even more t an 'e let on. 2o give an idea of t e diffic(lties 'e faced, once at t e seas ore at Castel C(sano, a#o(t t'enty miles from 6ome, 'e lost t e ignition key. &e 'ere s(!!osed to ret(rn #efore nig tfall, and

#eing late 'o(ld ave ca(sed a scandal. By com#ining all o(r tec nical ingen(ity, 'e s(cceeded in #y!assing t e ignition s'itc and starting t e car. 2 is s o's o' restricted 'e 'ereD a sim!le accident 'o(ld not ave eAc(sed (s for a fe' o(rs, delay in getting #ack. -n t ose days, t e s(rro(ndings of 6ome 'ere of an (ns(r!assed #ea(ty, no' almost entirely vanis ed. -n s!ringtime, !laces s(c as t e Pratoni di /emi, a !latea( at a#o(t 3,$$$ feet in t e volcanic 9l#an ;ills, overflo'ed 'it 'ild .on0(ils and violetsD Pratica di 4are, almost (nkno'n eAce!t to a fe' cognoscenti, resem#led a Pacific island, 'it !alms, tro!ical vegetation, and 'ild #(ffaloes 'allo'ing in t e m(dD Keio,s Etr(scan r(ins, covered 'it scented oneys(ckle, 'ere inters!ersed 'it green meado's, on ' ic - 'o(ld lie for o(rs talking to my girlfriend. -t 'as ard to tell ' ic 'as more eAciting: er !erf(me or t e scent of t e ay and of t e 'ildflo'ers. Even 1stia and Cregene, still s!arsely !o!(lated, 'ere tr(e gems. -n t e #eginning of t e 19?$s, - ad caref(lly to(red 6ome, often toget er 'it my co(sin Ca(sta, ' o came visiting from 2(rin and stayed 'it (s. S e ad rat er romantic tastes, and 'it t e el! of t e 2o(ring Cl(# -taliano g(ide#ook, kne' ' ere to go and at ' at time of t e day. 7ittle 'onder t at t'o yo(ng !eo!le (nder s(c conB @ J3 @ ditions s o(ld develo! tender feelingsD o'ever as time 'ent on, friends i! !revailed over love, and end(red solidly (ntil Ca(sta,s deat in 19N?. 9t ome, 4arco, after attem!ting some deals on is o'n, in ' ic e lost money to an im!ostor, ad acce!ted a .o# in t e !a!er mill, and e eA!ected, in d(e co(rse, to s(cceed my fat er. Cat er told me o!enly t at t ere co(ld #e only one !erson in command of t e !a!er mill, and t at e 'o(ld el! me start a different #(siness for myself or find a .o# else' ere, according to my !reference. -n t e meantime my distaste for engineering st(dies steadily increased. 7(ck ad it t at in t e s!ring of 19?%, =iovanni Enri0(es introd(ced me to Cor#ino,s ne'ly arrived assistant, Cranco 6asetti.EPF 6asetti, ' o 'as t en a#o(t t'entyBfive, 'as a close friend of Cermi,sD e ad st(died 'it Cermi at Pisa, ad follo'ed im to Clorence, and ad #een ired #y Cor#ino on Cermi,s s(ggestion ' en Cermi 'as a!!ointed !rofessor of t eoretical ! ysics at 6ome. -n addition to #eing an eAcellent ! ysicist, 6asetti 'as a skier, a mo(ntain clim#er, an insect collector, and in general a !erson of t e most diverse interests. 4y car allo'ed (s to go to !laces t at 'ere ot er'ise rat er inaccessi#le, and at t e end of 4ay 19?%, Enri0(es, 6asetti, and - 'ent to Castel del 4onte in t e 9#r(**i. Crom t ere, 'e follo'ed a long ridge to t e =ran Sasso, t e ig est mo(ntain in t e 9!ennines. -t 'as a ike of a co(!le of days, re0(iring (s to slee! in t e o!en. 2 ese conditions el!ed create a fast friends i! #et'een (s, and soon t ereafter 6asetti introd(ced me to Cermi. 2 e t'o of t em 'ere looking for ! ysics st(dents to ed(cate, and - 'as looking for teac ers, so 'e s(ited eac ot er. 9t t e end of +(ly, - 'ent 'it 6asetti to t e Pi**o d,Eta from t e valley of t e river 7iri in central -taly, a lengt y and very #ea(tif(l eAc(rsion. 2 e long, dee! valleys of t is isolated and rarely visited !art of t e co(ntry, 'it t eir 'ellB!reserved as , oak, and ma!le 'oods, !reserved t e as!ect of -taly #efore its deforestation in recent cent(ries. /ear t e to! of t e mo(ntain, 6asetti started looking for some tiny insects of t e gen(s ythinus& ' ic lived (nder t e #ark of trees. ;e s(cked t em into a small glass container e ad #ro(g t 'it im and saved t em for is famo(s @ JJ @

collection of coleo!tera. 9t t e same time, s!eaking very lo(dly, e ta(g t me t e !rinci!les of statistical mec anics and Bolt*mann,s distri#(tion. ;e asserted t at eAce!t for Cermi and imself, t ere 'as no ! ysics !rofessor in t e -talian (niversities conversant 'it s(c t eories. 1n t e Pi**o d,Eta, also learned some calc(l(s of variations and analytical mec anics. - greatly en.oyed t ese strange lect(res and on my ret(rn ome made notes on t em. 9 fe' 'eeks later - 'ent to 1stia 'it Cermi, 6asetti, and ot er yo(ng men and 'omen. Cermi started talking ! ysics and asked me ' at - kne'. ;e c allenged me to calc(late t e vi#rations of a eavy ro!e dangling vertically, ' ic - did to is satisfaction. 2 (s started o(r friends i!. -n t e s(mmer of 19?%, al'ays in my car, 'e 'ent to t e Kal d,;erens, in t e 9l!s. - sto!!ed on t e 6iviera near =enoa, to say ello to 6enata +., a great and (n a!!y love of mine, ' o 'as s!ending er vacations t ere. 1(r com!any consisted of =iovanni Enri0(es, 6asetti, Cerro7(**i, Piero Cranc etti 8Enri0(es,s co(sin: and myself. &e settled in a very !rimitive ref(ge and from t ere started several rat er diffic(lt clim#s: 3ents des Bo(0(etins, 3ent d,;erens, and ot ers. - ad 'it me a g(ide#ook and caref(lly st(died t e itineraries. -t 'as a sensi#le t ing to do, #(t - 'as rat er !edantic, and my friends teased me #eca(se - 'o(ld say t ings like: );ere according to t e #ook 'e s o(ld find t e !la0(e marking t e s!ot ' ere Y lost is life.) ;o'ever, recogni*ing landmarks and critical s!ots on t e clim# el!ed (s ac ieve o(r goal. 1nce 'e 'ere ca(g t in an electrical storm. 2 e sig t of t e s!arks coming o(t of o(r ice aAes and of o(r air standing on end 'as tr(ly s!ectac(lar, and scary. 2 at s(mmer - eA!erienced for t e first time a strange, almost !at ological, !ec(liarity of 6asetti,s. & enever e sa' a c ance of ditc ing is com!anions, ' et er #eca(se of darkness or fog or any ot er reason, e took it. 7ater e re.oiced in aving done so as t o(g it ad #een a f(nny .oke. 9 !syc ologist co(ld ave a field day 'it s(c #e avior. Crom t e Kal d,;erens, 'e !assed to Kal 2o(rnanc e and from t ere on 9(g(st 1J, 19?%, 'e clim#ed t e 4atter orn. 2 e 'eat er foiled a @ JP @ first attem!t, #(t t e neAt day, taking advantage of a clear s!ell, 'e #o(nced #ack from Bre(il, sle!t at t e 7(igi 9medeo di Savoia ;(t and, after a very cold and 'indy clim#, reac ed t e to!. &e descended from t e S'iss side, slee!ing at t e Solvay ;(t. 2 at year t e ice and sno' conditions on t e mo(ntain 'ere diffic(lt, and o(rs ad not #een an easy enter!rise. 3(ring o(r stay at Bre(il, 'e met t e d(ca degli 9#r(**i, a co(sin of t e king of -taly and a noted eA!lorer, as 'ell as t e famo(s 'riter and mo(ntain clim#er =(ido 6ey. 2 e latter invited (s for tea at is villa and gave me some !ict(res. 2 e Bre(il too as #een disfig(red #y m(c ne' constr(ction and a(tomo#ile traffic since &orld &ar --. -n o(r day, t e easiest access 'as #y a m(le trail from Kal 2o(rnanc e. 9fter t e 4atter orn clim#, - met my (ncle Cla(dio in 9osta, ' ere e a!!ened to #e attending a geological meeting. - accom!anied im on a field tri! and e s o'ed me t e landsca!e t ro(g t e eyes of a geologist. -t 'as a revelation and a fascinating lessonD - do not kno' ' y my (ncle ad never taken me on a field tri! #efore. Unfort(nately, it 'as also t e last !ossi#le c ance. 9t 9osta, ' ile 'e 'ere toget er, Uncle Cla(dio s(ffered a small strokeD it did not seem serio(s at first, and e recovered fast, #(t after is ret(rn to 6ome, more strokes, of increasing gravity follo'ed, and on 4arc 1N, 19?N, e died. ;e 'as t e first !erson dear to me t at - sa' dead, and t e sig t affected me dee!ly. Crom ' at - ave 'ritten a#o(t im, it s o(ld #e clear ' at a loss it 'as for me. Crom 9osta - 'ent to Como, ' ere an -nternational P ysics Conference 'as eld t at Se!tem#er to commemorate t e (ndredt anniversary of t e deat of 9lessandro Kolta in 1N?%.EGF /eedless to say, 'as not invited. - 'as not even a ! ysics st(dent, #(t - t o(g t, 'it some im!(dence, t at #y tailing

6asetti, ' o in t(rn 'as tailing Cermi, - mig t #e a#le to attend some of t e lect(res and see ' at 'as going on. -ndeed, t is came to !ass. Besides going to t e lect(res, - collected several free !(#lications t at 'ere given to t ose attending t e conference, and in !artic(lar an eAcellent series of articles on modern ! ysics, 'ritten #y M. M. 3arro' of t e Bell 2ele! one Com!any. - read t em caref(lly d(ring t e conference. @ JG @ 4any great ! ysicists 'ere !resentD among t em 4aA Planck, Ernest 6(t erford, /iels Bo r, 6o#ert 4illikan, &olfgang Pa(li, and &erner ;eisen#erg. Einstein 'as not t ere #eca(se e did not 'ant to enter Cascist -taly. Cor#ino, V(irino 4a.orana 8Ettore,s (ncle:, Cermi, and a fe' ot ers re!resented -taly, and it 'as easy to see t at Cermi 'as t e only -talian ' o co(nted in t e eyes of t e foreign !artici!ants. 2 e organi*ers offered lavis rece!tions and eAc(rsions on a lordly scale. Cor#ino !rivately commented t at -taly s o(ld ave eA i#ited more ! ysics and less os!itality and t at it s o(ld not deceive itself t at s!onsoring a conference 'as a s(#stit(te for scientific ac ievement. Crom Como, t e !artici!ants in t e conference 'ent to 6ome, ' ere 4(ssolini received t em. & at - ad seen at t e conference ti!!ed t e scales in my decision to s'itc from engineering to ! ysics. - ad #een #rooding over t e idea since t e s!ring, ' en my meetings 'it 6asetti and Cermi ad convinced me t at a (ni0(e o!!ort(nity for serio(sly learning and !racticing ! ysics ad arrived. 2 e yo(ng !rofessors, ' o 'ere only slig tly older t an - 'as, treated me not as a mere fres man #(t as a f(t(re colleag(e. 2 ey 'ere !re!ared to let me ave immediate access to t e la#oratory of t e ! ysics de!artment, to s o' me ' at t ey 'ere doing, and to give me an o!!ort(nity of el!ing t em in t eir 'ork. & at more co(ld ave - 'is ed for< 1n my ret(rn to 6ome, - started going reg(larly to t e la# in t e P ysics -nstit(te at Kia Panis!erna N9a, ' ere - fo(nd my mentors dressed in noneBtooBclean gray smocks, so m(c so t at my olfactory memory can still evoke t e c aracteristic slig t smell of t ose garments. 2 ey eA!lained to me t e !(r!ose and t e tec ni0(es of t e eA!eriments t ey 'ere !erforming and t e res(lts t ey eA!ected.E%F 9t t e time, aving read m(c ! ysics !rivately, - 'as ac0(ainted 'it classical ! ysics at an intermediate level. 4y mat ematical !re!aration 'as !retty good and derived mainly from t e eAcellent (niversity co(rses - ad attended. - also kne' some c emistry and ad 'orked in a good analytical la#oratory at t e Engineering Sc ool. 4y !ractical eA!erience derived from amate(ris eA!eriments and a!!aB @ J% @ rat(sD - ad #(ilt a crystal radio receiver and !layed 'it a 6( mkorff coil. 9ll told, - kne' o' to (se my ands and sim!le tools. Cermi started t(toring me !rivately almost from t e o(tset. 9t a#o(t G.3$ P.4. e 'o(ld call me to is office and t ere, mostly 'it 6asetti also in attendance, e 'o(ld eA!lain to me ' atever came to mind, or ' atever - !ro!osed. - listened, ' en - did not (nderstand - asked 0(estions, and t en at ome - 'rote do'n ' at - ad learned, 'it t e el! of s eets of !a!er t at Cermi ad filled 'it form(lae as e !rogressed in t is cross #et'een a lect(re and an informal conversation. - did t is 'ork mostly t e day after t e lect(re, and - incl(ded some !ro#lem !ro!osed #y Cermi or, more fre0(ently, of my o'n invention. ;ere are some sam!les of t e s(#.ects treated, according to my eAtant notes: lig t diffraction from a slitD mean free !at in gasesD fl(ct(ationsD classical t eory of lig t resonanceD molec(lar rotatory !o'erD diff(sion vac((m !(m!sD YBray diffraction according to 4aA yon 7a(e and to &. ;. Bragg.

2 is 'as !ossi#ly t e most infl(ential )class) teac ing - ever ad. 9 little later Edoardo 9maldi .oined t e )class.) 6asetti s o'ed (s o' to !erform s!ectrosco!ic eA!eriments (sing interferometers, s!ectrogra! s, and sim!le tec ni0(es. Cermi t o(g t t at one co(ld teac t eory, #(t t at t e only 'ay of learning eA!erimentation 'as a la#oratory a!!rentices i!. C(rt ermore, it 'as is r(le t at #eginners s o(ld st(dy t eory and eA!eriment e0(allyD s!eciali*ation 'o(ld come only later. ;e (sed t e same teac ing met od again and again, !artic(larly in C icago.ENF 2 e s(#.ects too, even after many years, 'ere often t e same as in 6ome, almost stereoty!ed. -n fact, t ey 'ere t e met ods and res(lts t at seemed im!ortant to Cermi. - 'as a#le to retrace t em to an eAtent even in note#ooks of is o'n st(dies at Pisa or earlier. Some of t ese note#ooks, ' ic are asto(nding for t e (nerring c oice of materials, are de!osited in C icago among Cermi,s !a!ers. - sa' t em only after is deat . Cermi did not give imself airsD e 'as very sim!le in is manner, co(rteo(s, and easily accessi#le. 2 ese o(t'ard a!!earances nonet eless concealed great reserve. 1(tside of ! ysics, e 'as m(c more inclined to listen t an to s!eak and refrained from !rivate confidences. @ JN @ 9lt o(g 'e s!ent many o(rs toget er every day, and ostensi#ly on a footing of e0(ality, - do not #elieve t ere 'as t e same degree of intimacy 'it im as 'it t e ot er mem#ers of o(r gro(!. Per a!s is manifest scientific s(!eriority contri#(ted to t is sit(ation, #(t its main ca(se 'as Cermi,s dis!osition and t e care 'it ' ic e set reason over feelings. &it t e !assing of time and given t e s!ecial circ(mstances t at o#tained later d(ring t e 'ar, Cermi,s reserve increased rat er t an decreased. 2 is 'as contrary to ' at one mig t ave eA!ectedD relative differences in age and scientific standing tended to diminis 'it time. 9lt o(g affa#le, Cermi al'ays ins!ired a certain a'e, and !er a!s more so in t ose ' o kne' im #est t an in t ose ' o ad only a c(rsory ac0(aintance. Under Cermi,s ministrations, 'e ra!idly gained an incredi#le ent (siasm for science. &e loved ! ysics 'it an intensity com!ara#le to t at of ! ysical (man loveD 'e t o(g t and talked only a#o(t ! ysics. 6a!id !rogress follo'ed, ' ic f(rt er en anced o(r !assion. &e s!ent all o(r availa#le time at t e P ysics -nstit(teHt at is, according to t e oly -talian sc ed(le, from N 9.4. to 1 P.4. and from 3 P.4. to N P.4. , 4onday to Criday and on Sat(rday mornings. &e never 'ent to 'ork after dinner and very seldom on S(nday. 2 e instit(te closed on a reg(lar sc ed(le, and none of (s ad a key to t e door. Sat(rday 'as a very interesting day #eca(se 'e fre0(ently devoted Sat(rday mornings to !lanning f(t(re 'ork. 1n S(nday 'e (s(ally 'ent on ikes 'it friends of #ot seAes, incl(ding many non! ysicists, #(t t e ! ysicists often formed a se!arate gro(! after a ' ile and started talking s o!. Under t e infl(ence of o(r common life, 'e develo!ed some strange tics, s(c as t e a#it of s!eaking 'it an intonation or cadence c aracteristic of Cermi. -t 'as not a !ose, only mimicry.E9F Everyt ing 'as going 'ell for me, #(t - 'as still registered at t e Engineering Sc ool and not in t e ! ysics de!artment. 9ny mention of t e fact t at - 'as inclined to s'itc met 'it distinct coldness at ome. Uncle Cla(dio, ' o 'as already ill, 'anted me to get my engineering degree firstD my !arents said t at as an engineer - 'o(ld easily #e a#le to find a .o#, #(t t at as a ! ysicist, if - did not o#tain a (niversity @ J9 @ c air, - 'o(ld ave to make a living as a ig sc ool teac er, a dim !ros!ect.

6asetti and Cermi ad ra!idly convinced me t at t ey 'ere s(!ermen 8not a totally erroneo(s o!inion, merely eAaggerated:, and t at ' oever associated 'it t em 'o(ld #ecome one too. 2 ey 'ere !ositive t ey 'ere t e only (!BtoBdate ! ysicists in -taly 8'it t e !ossi#le eAce!tion of t eir st(dents: and t e only ones t at co(nted scientifically. -n t e #eginning - tried to kee! (! 'it #ot engineering and ! ysics, #(t - soon reali*ed t at t is 'as not !ossi#le. St(dying ! ysics 'it t e intensity and dedication - desired, and t at 'as necessary if 'as to meet Cermi,s eA!ectations, did not leave time or energy for anyt ing else. -n t e meantime - ad #een introd(ced to Cor#ino, ' o in s!ite of is #enevolent cordiality ins!ired me 'it considera#le a'e too.E1$F 2 is feeling !aradoAically manifested itself in my often acting as if - did not see im, or in my #eing c(rt 'it im. - al'ays regretted not aving #een more o!en 'it im, as - desired and as e deserved. Cinally, - decided - ad to #(rn my #ridges and transfer to ! ysics. UneA!ectedly, - met 'it a #(rea(cratic diffic(lty. Beca(se - ad not taken a re0(ired la#oratory co(rse in !ractical ! ysics, stood to lose a year. -t 'as t en t at - really sa' Cor#ino in action for t e first time. ;e tele! oned a relative of is ' o 'as registrar at t e Engineering Sc ool and told im: )Segr 'ants to register in ! ysics, #(t in t e certificate yo( ave given im t ere is no mention of t e eAam in !ractical ! ysics. ;o' come< ;e !assed it in my instit(te last year and got a grade of 3$"3$.) 2 e registrar a!ologi*ed and corrected t e )error,) and - did not 'aste t e year. 2 e follo'ing year, o'ever, Cor#ino assigned me to teac t at co(rse, and no', siAty years later, it da'ns on me t at !er a!s it 'as not .(st #y c ance. - re!eatedly sa' Cor#ino circ(mventing o#noAio(s reg(lations or managing some 'ell!lanned sc eme, #(t never 'it o(t a clear .(stification from a ig er !oint of vie'. ;e 'as a master at overcoming o#stacles standing in t e 'ay of raising t e level of ! ysics in -taly. Ultimately, e s(cceeded #rilliantly. 9 fe' mont s after - transferred to ! ysics, - s!oke to Ettore 4a.orana a#o(t doing so, enco(raging im to follo' my eAam!le. - told @ P$ @ im t at t e Engineering Sc ool 'as not for im, .(st as it 'as not for me, and t at t e !resent sit(ation in t e ! ysics de!artment offered a (ni0(e o!!ort(nity. Ettore listened and t en decided to come to see in !erson. 9t t e instit(te, e fo(nd Cermi calc(lating t e f(nction central to t e 2 omasBCermi statistical met od for calc(lating atomic !ro!erties,E11F cranking a small Br(nsviga adding mac ine #y and. &it its el!, in a#o(t a 'eek of 'ork, e ad o#tained a n(merical ta#le of t e f(nction. 4a.orana informed imself in detail a#o(t t e mat ematical !ro#lem and 'ent ome 'it o(t f(rt er comment. 9t ome, e transformed Cermi,s nonlinear e0(ation into a 6iccati e0(ation and solved it n(merically (sing is #rain as calc(lating mac ine. 9fter a fe' days e ret(rned to t e ! ysics de!artment and asked Cermi to s o' im is n(merical res(lts. ;e com!ared t em 'it is o'n and verified t at t ey agreed. )S(r!risingly, Cermi as made no errors,) e said. 9fter t is eA!erience, e too converted to ! ysics, #(t #eing mat ematically vastly s(!erior to all of (s, and in some res!ects even to Cermi, e did not come reg(larly to o(r instr(ctional sessions, alt o(g e !artici!ated in many of o(r conversations and disc(ssions. ;e never tried eA!erimental 'ork. -n t e early days of o(r informal 6ome gro(!, =iovanni =entile, +r., son of t e ! iloso! er, !o'erf(l senator, minister, and Cascist #ig'ig of t e same name, often came to t e instit(te. ;e ad recently grad(ated from t e Sc(ola normale in Pisa and, !ossi#ly #eca(se of t eir common Sicilian roots, #ecame very close to 4a.orana and 'rote a fe' !a!ers 'it im. =entile remained o(r friend and occasionally visited t e instit(te, #(t never #ecame a reg(lar mem#er of o(r gro(!.

9lready in t e fall of 19?% 'e ad a ne' recr(it, Edoardo 9maldi.E1?F )-n t e !resent state of ra!id c ange no' !revailing in ! ysics all over E(ro!e, and 'it Cermi,s a!!ointment at 6ome, an eAce!tional !eriod as o!ened (! for yo(ng !eo!le ' o ave already s o'n s(fficient a#ility and are 'illing to make an eAce!tional effort in t eoretical and eA!erimental st(dy,) Cor#ino ad anno(nced in one of is lect(res to t e secondByear st(dents. 9maldi 'as t e only one ' o ans'ered t e a!!eal and .oined o(r gro(!. ;e 'as t e yo(ngest, and seemed even @ P1 @ yo(nger t an e 'as #eca(se of is rosy com!leAion, so e 'as often called )t e little #oy) 8il fanciulletto :. +okingly, 'e ass(med nicknames t at originated from a ri#ald !oem !o!(lar at t e Sc(ola normale at Pisa, ' ere it ad #een transmitted orally for a long !eriod. Cermi and 6asetti kne' #y eart long eAcer!ts from t is !oem and occasionally 0(oted it. 9not er origin of t e nicknames 'as a !arody of t e offices of t e Katican C(ria. Cor#ino 'as t e ;eavenly Cat erD Cermi, t e Po!eD 6asetti, t e Cardinal KicarD -, t e Prefect of t e 7i#raries, #eca(se - 'as interested in t e li#rary and kne' t e ! ysics literat(reD o'ever, - 'as also t e Basilisk, #eca(se - 'as s(!!osed to s!it fire ' en madD 4a.orana,s eAtremely critical attit(de earned im t e title of =rand -n0(isitor. 9maldi ad t e most common sense and 'as also #y nat(re and (!#ringing 'armer and more (mane t an t e rest of (s. 4a.orana, 'it is !rofo(nd ske!ticism and !essimism and is ironic #ent, 'as not al'ays easily accessi#le. 6asetti 'as !(re #rains, 'it c ildis forms of selfis ness fostered #y is mot er, #(t in s!ite of is !ec(liarities, e 'as easily a!!roac a#le. 1f Cermi - ave already s!oken. 9ll in all, t ey 'ere eAcellent friends, loyal, genero(s, and onest. 2 ere 'ere, o'ever, differences in t e degree of intimacy !revailing among (s. 9maldi, 6asetti, and - co(ld s!eak of anyt ing 'it one anot er, incl(ding girls, love, !olitics, and careerD 'it Cermi or 4a.orana, t ere 'as more reserve. -n t at !eriod, or s ortly #efore it, - fell des!erately, #(t (nfort(nately !latonically, in love 'it 6enata +. -n t e famo(s P$9, 'e 'ent to t e most romantic s!ots in t e vicinity of 6ome, ' ere s e de!loyed m(c detac ment. 9 ig sc ool friend ' om - still sa' occasionally told me stories aimed at inflaming my .ealo(sy and s(fferings. 4any years later - learned asto(nding t ings a#o(t t at !eriod from 6enataD ad - kno'n t em aro(nd 19?%, t ey mig t ave c anged my life. Bot 6enata and 'ere victims of o(r (!#ringing in a 'orld ' ere t ere 'as no !ill, and ' ere girls married as virgins 8at least most of t em:. - still see myself trying to ad.(st t e fringes of an interferometer ' ile t inking of and sig ing for er. @ P? @ - 'as registered as a ! ysics st(dent only for one year. - registered in t e fall of 19?% and o#tained my doctorate on +(ly 1J, 19?N. Beca(se - ad already st(died engineering for fo(r years, Cor#ino and Cermi s ortened my formal st(dy !eriod in ! ysics as m(c as !ossi#le. 2 e most im!ortant s(#.ect st(died in class t at year 'as t eoretical ! ysics 'it Cermi. ;is co(rse follo'ed is #ook "ntroduzione alla fisica atomica , ' ic e ad recently 'ritten. 2 e #ook 'as not yet !(#lis ed, #(t Cermi gave me a set of !roofs. -t is an elementary #ook, still treating t e atom in terms of t e semiclassical Bo rBSommerfeld a!!roac . 1nly in t e last c a!ter is t ere #rief mention of t e recent novelty )0(ant(m mec anics.) - st(died t e #ook t oro(g ly and soon s(!!lemented it 'it information from Er'in Sc rZdinger,s memoirs, ' ic Cermi ad eA!lained to (s !rivately as t ey a!!eared.

- 'as re0(ired to !ass also an eAamination in );ig er P ysics) as ta(g t #y Professor 9ntonino 7o S(rdo. ;e 'as Cermi,s avo'ed enemy, and is feelings 'ere reci!rocated. ;e ad o!!osed Cermi,s call to t e 6ome c air, stating t at s(c a call 'as a !ersonal slig t to im. Scientifically, t e man 'as #adly o(t of date. ;e kne' 3r(de,s o!tics and +. +. 2 omson,s gas disc arge #ook, #(t e 'as a#o(t t irty years #e ind is time, #ot in is teac ing and in is anemic researc . -n class e s o'ed #ea(tif(l eA!eriments, #(t is lect(res did not convey anyt ing of vital im!ort. Since e co(ld no longer fig t Cermi, e took it o(t on me. 9s t e -talian saying goes, );e #eats t e donkey, #eing (na#le to it t e master.) 9s a t ird re0(ired co(rse, - attended t e lect(res on mat ematical ! ysics given #y Kito Kolterra. s o(ld add t at t e s(#se0(ent year - again attended is co(rse, #eca(se e c anged s(#.ect every year and from im one learned interesting notions of classical mat ematical ! ysics. Kolterra,s lect(res 'ere 'ell organi*ed and t e s(#.ect matter 'as skillf(lly c osen 8as - reali*ed later:, #(t is delivery, in a t in and slig tly ig B!itc ed or nasal voice, tended to !(t me to slee!. 2 ere 'ere no teAt#ooks, and one ad to take notesD - t erefore asked 9maldi to 'rite for #ot of (s, since e 'rote faster t an -, and also to 'ake me (! if - fell aslee!. Kolterra (sed to close is eyes ' ile @ P3 @ lect(ring and some#ody said t at t is 'as #eca(se, #eing kind earted, e did not 'ant to see t e st(dents, s(fferings. EAce!t for t ese s(!erficial s ortcomings, t e lect(res 'ere !rofita#le. 1ne learned t e mysteries of t e 7a!lacian, =reen,s f(nctions, Poisson #rackets, and similar to!ics. -t seemed sometimes t at Kolterra did not 'ant to reveal t e ! ysics (nderlying t e e0(ations and t e analogies #et'een different t eories. 9fter taking a co(rse on elasticity and one on analytical mec anics, - !assed t e eAam 'it t e ig est grades. - remem#er t at to s o' my !roficiency mentioned t e analogy #et'een some elasticity coefficients and t e ca!acity coefficients of electrostatics. - s o(ld not ave done it. Kolterra c(t me s ort, remarking t at e ad not mentioned t is in is lect(res, almost as if e disliked my revealing a secret. Kolterra al'ays treated me very kindly. - visited im in is residence in a !ala**o at t e center of 6ome. ;e received me in is magnificent li#rary and gave me some re!rints of is !a!ers on t e a!!lications of mat ematics to #iological !o!(lation !ro#lemsD later e el!ed me to sec(re a 6ockefeller fello's i!. ;e 'as, o'ever, far removed from c(rrent ! ysics, ' ic did not seem to interest im. Cor#ino, in one of is s ar! remarks, once said t at mat ematical ! ysics as !racticed in -taly 'as t e )t eoretical ! ysics of 1N3$.) University r(les re0(ired !reliminary disc(ssion 'it in t e de!artment of one,s doctoral dissertation !rior to t e final !(#lic eAamination. - !resented a modest !iece of eA!erimental 'ork on anomalo(s dis!ersion in merc(ry and in lit i(m va!or.E13F -t 'as certainly no great s akes, #(t it 'as a#ove t e average t en !revailing at 6ome. & en - 'ent for t e disc(ssion, - fo(nd a committee com!osed of Cermi, 6asetti, and 7o S(rdo. 7o S(rdo immediately s'am!ed me 'it 0(estions on all !ossi#le ty!es of interferometers, ' ic - did not kno', alt o(g , of co(rse, - ad mastered t e ins and o(ts of t e +amin interferometer - ad (sed. ;e t en !assed to o!tical feat(res of crystalline 0(art*, alt o(g my o'n a!!arat(s ad an o!tics of amor! o(s f(sed 0(art*. - correctly told im t at my 'ork 'as not affected #y t e !ro!erties of crystalline 0(art*. 7o S(rdo concl(ded, o'ever, t at @ PJ @ did not kno' ' at - 'as doing, t at - 'as s(!erficial and ignorant. 2 is #e avior 'as !ec(liar and

(n!recedented. - 'as f(rio(s, and after t e eAamination - 'aited (ntil 7o S(rdo ad left t e #(ilding and t en 'ent to is office, ' ere - fo(nd .(st ' at - ad eA!ected. Piled on is desk lay a co(!le of #ig =erman treatises, o!en at t e !ages dealing 'it interferometers. 2 e good man ad !re!ared for t e occasion in order to make a fool of me. 9 fe' 'eeks later, on +(ly 9t , t e formal disc(ssion of my t esis took !lace, 'it eleven !rofessors in attendance, among t em Severi, 7eviBCivita, Kolterra, Cermi, and t e yo(ng Beniamino Segre, s(#se0(ently a 'ellBkno'n mat ematician. Cor#ino 'as a#sent. - disc(ssed as a s(#ordinate s(#.ect, given to me #y Kolterra, some !ro!erties of !artial differential e0(ations of t e second order, ' ic are m(c more !rofo(nd t an - reali*ed at t e time. Cinally, - 'as eAc(sed and left t e room, #(t over eard t e follo'ing eAc ange: SEKE697 K1-CES : SEKE6- 16 7EK-B C-K-29 : 977 21=E2;E6 : 71 SU631 : SEKE6- : 71 SU631 : SEKE6- : );e did 0(ite 'ell. 7et (s give im t e maAim(m.) )Ues, for s(re, #(t - !ro!ose also c(m la(de.)

)Kery 'ell, t en let it #e no c(m la(de.) )/o, - o#.ect.) )B(t 'e are ten to one in favor.) )Ues, #(t t e reg(lations re0(ire (nanimity.) )2 e reg(lations are idioticO 2oo #adO)

- m(st say t at t e eAc ange - eard com!ensated me for t e la(rels - missed. Cifty years later, Beniamino Segre, #y t en a famo(s !resident of t e 9ccademia dei 7incei, still c (ckled ' en reminding me of t e scene. 9fter com!leting my doctorate, - ad to satisfy t e military o#ligations !rescri#ed #y la', ' ic - did at a recently instit(ted army officers, training sc ool in S!oleto, an ancient to'n in Um#ria, no' #est kno'n for its s(mmer festivals. /ot long #efore - 'ent t ere, - met 7o S(rdo in t e street one day. ;e sto!!ed me, in0(ired ' at - 'as doing, and commented: )SoD yo( 'ill go to serve in t e army. @ PP @ &ell, yo( 'ill forget everyt ing. 1rdinarily it is a fatal interr(!tion in one,s scientific career. 9fter yo(r disc arge it 'o(ld #e #etter for yo( to look for anot er !rofession.) - t anked im for t e friendly advice and to(c ed 'ood 8-talian style one to(c es somet ing else:. -n o(r love for t e gentleman, 'e ad given im a re!(tation of casting t e evil eye, and 'e ad am!le corro#oration of t isHfor eAam!le, of an a!!arat(s #lo'ing (! 'it catastro! ical conse0(ences as soon as e looked at it. 7o S(rdo occ(!ied a 'ing of t e ! ysics #(ilding on t e same floor as (sD e also ad an assistant,

(s(ally an insignificant fello'. ;e treated im in a 'ay no scientist, even a #eginner, 'o(ld ave tolerated. 7o S(rdo,s researc is insignificant, 'it t e eAce!tion of a met od for o#serving t e s!litting of s!ectral lines ' en t e so(rce is in an electric field. 2 e ! enomenon is t e electric analog of t e magnetic Leeman effect and is (s(ally called t e Stark effect. -t is likely t at 7o S(rdo ad o#served it #efore Stark, #(t certainly e did not (nderstand ' at e sa', !ossi#ly conf(sing it 'it a 3o!!ler effect. & en, a co(!le of mont s later, Stark anno(nced is discovery, 7o S(rdo 'as dee!ly disa!!ointed at aving missed t e #oat and tried to esta#lis is !riority on s aky gro(nds. Cor#ino ad favored 7o S(rdo,s call to 6ome o!ing e 'o(ld el! to raise t e level of t e !lace. ;is eA!ectations came to not ing, and several years later Cor#ino #et on Cermi 'it t e same aim. ;e 'as disg(sted #y t e .ealo(sy s o'n #y 7o S(rdo and on f(rt er !rovocation gave im a memora#le lesson.E1JF 1n Cor#ino,s deat in 193%, 7o S(rdo 'as a!!ointed director of t e P ysics -nstit(te in !reference to Cermi. - do not kno' o' e 'angled t e a!!ointment. 9fter t e !rom(lgation of t e infamo(s racial la's, e s o'ed (n(s(al and (nnecessary antiBSemitic *eal. Cor instance, e locked t e venera#le Professor Casteln(ovo, is colleag(e for many years, o(t of t e li#rary of t e ! ysics de!artment. ;e earned Edoardo 9maldi,s gratit(de, o'ever, #y el!ing im to ret(rn from military service in 7i#ya d(ring &orld &ar --. 9t t e end of t e 'ar, 7o S(rdo 'as dismissed from t e 9ccademia @ PG @ dei 7incei and eA!erienced some retri#(tion for is fascist *eal. & en - ret(rned to -taly for t e first time in 19J%, e asked to see me. 2 e (ndignified and servile manner in ' ic e greeted me did not im!rove my o!inion of im. - told im coolly t at - kne' o' e ad #e aved d(ring t e 'ar, t at ad a good memory, and t at e did not need to !ay is res!ects to me. ;e died a#o(t a year later. 7et im rest in !eace. ;e ad #een genero(s to me in letting me (se is s!ectrosco!es at t e #eginning of my career. @ P% @

C%a*ter Fo3r+ S(ienti&i( S*ringtime -"#780"#$92, Smell o& Amsterdam:s Canals

Ci lasciaron tal(ne (na fragran*a cos[ tenace c e !er (na intera notre avemmo nel c(or la !rimavera e tanto a(liva la solinga stan*a c e foresta d,a!ril non !i\ dolce era. 8Some of t em left (s a fragrance so lingering t at 'e ad s!ring in o(r earts for a ' ole nig tD and t e lonely room 'as so !erf(med t at no forest in 9!ril 'as s'eeter.:

=a#riele 3,9nn(n*io, )7e mani,) from Poema !aradisiaco 8trans. 7o(ise =eorge Cl(##: 2 e laurea t at entitled me to call myself 3r. Segr com!leted my formal sc olastic career, #(t my st(dy of ! ysics 'as to #e a lifelong occ(!ation. -n fact, most of t e ! ysics t at 'as to form t e s(#.ect of my later 'ork did not eAist ' en - 'as at (niversityD not even in an em#ryonic state. 2 e ne(tron and artificial radioactivity 'ere far in t e f(t(re, not to mention !article ! ysics. ;aving finis ed (niversity, - 'as t inking of t e neAt ste!, ' ic - o!ed 'o(ld #e an assistants i! at 6ome. - did not ave to 'orry a#o(t earning money, #eca(se my fat er co(ld s(!!ort me 'it o(t any sacrifice and 'o(ld do so gladly, #(t - 'anted a salary as an ackno'ledgment of my 'ork, alt o(g not at t e !rice of taking a .o# t at mig t endanger my scientific !ros!ects. Cor t e !resent, f(lfilling my military o#ligations 'o(ld give me @ PN @ time for reflection. 9t t e officers, training sc ool in S!oleto to ' ic - 'as sent, - entered a 'orld (tterly ne' to me. 4y ne' comrades came mostly from t e -talian #o(rgeoisie, from every region of -talyD most of t em 'ere la'yers, literary men, small #(sinessmen or lando'ners, 'it very fe' engineers or tec nicians. 3isci!line 'as strict and (nreasona#le. 1ne of t e main occ(!ations 'as c anging one,s (niform at ig s!eed many times a day. 2 ere 'as eno(g food, #(t it 'as of !oor 0(ality. &e 'ere ta(g t mainly #y noncommissioned officers, ' o 'ere a!!y to dis!lay t eir a(t ority and *eal, (sing met ods reminiscent of t e Cat olic catec ism, occasionally !e!!ered 'it cr(elty. - 'as assigned to t e artillery section, and a ma.or gave (s t eoretical g(nnery co(rses, ' ose content 'ent #ack to a#o(t 1N9$. 1ne of my comrades ' om - vividly remem#er 'as a 4ar0(is 7ignola, ' o #elonged to an aristocratic /ea!olitan family. ;e considered t e Bo(r#ons, o(sted from /a!les in 1NG$, to #e is legitimate r(lers and regarded t e ;o(se of Savoy as (s(r!ers. 7ignola 'as small and some' at cl(msy. 2 e ot er st(dents !rovoked im into eA!ressing is eAtreme o!inions and t en sc(rrilo(sly made f(n of im. 2 e victim t(rned is eyes to eaven and )offered is s(fferings to +es(s,) s o'ing co(rage, eAtreme firmness in is o!inions 8t e !o!e ad erred in dealing 'it t e (s(r!er:, and strengt of c aracter. Soon is tormentors started to res!ect im and left im in !eace. 2 e strictly disci!lined military life and lack of freedom 'ere #oring, #(t restf(l, #eca(se one did not ave to t ink of anyt ing or make any decisionsD t e sergeants !rescri#ed all o(r activities. - ad taken 'it me several #ooks: Co(rant and ;il#ert,s Methoden der mathematischen -hysi/& 1scar &ilde,s The -icture of )orian 0ray& and similar esoteric reading. - (sed to read t em d(ring a com!(lsory siesta !eriod after l(nc , lying on my field #ed. 2 e #ooks, in foreign lang(ages to #oot, allo'ed me to !(t on airs 'it my comrades, #(t also s!irit(ally trans!orted me far from my military s(rro(ndings. 9 fe' 'eeks after t e #eginning of instr(ction, 'e ad a free S(nday, and a comrade and - (sed t e s ort f(rlo(g #y going to =(##io and ot er !laces near S!oleto. - still remem#er t e eA ilarating im!ression of aving regained @ P9 @ o(r freedom, al#eit only for a s ort time. &e manifested it #y carrying o(r eavy army s'ords on o(r

s o(lders like oes. -t 'as a c ildis gest(re, ' ic co(ld ave #ro(g t (n!leasant !(nis ment if detected. 9 little later - 'as called to ead0(arters and given t ree or fo(r days, f(rlo(g for Uom Mi!!(rD - did not kno' - 'as entitled to t is leave and 'as !leasantly s(r!rised. Several of my comrades !ro!osed converting to +(daism if t at !rod(ced leaves of a#sence. - 'ent to 6ome #y train, !(t myself in m(fti, re.oicing in contact 'it t e soft flannel of my elegant tro(sers, and, 'ell groomed, 'ent to co(rt 6enata +. V(ite (neA!ectedly one day, Cermi and is 'ife 7a(ra s o'ed (! in S!oleto in t eir small yello' Pe(geot car. 2 e visit greatly raised my s!irits #eca(se it gave me an o!!ort(nity to res(me contact 'it ! ysics and #eca(se it demonstrated t at my P ysics -nstit(te friends remem#ered me. 9t t e officers, training sc ool - ad my dose of small advent(res, s(c as falling off my orse rig t in front of an ins!ecting general. - immediately got to my feet, (n armed, and gra##ed t e orse #y its #it. 2 e good general kindly commented to me t at any#ody co(ld #e t ro'n #y a orse, and t at e ad a!!reciated t e 'ay in ' ic - ad done t e correct t ing #y !reventing t e animal from r(nning a'ayO - noted t at ' enever t ere 'as an ins!ection #y some visiting #ig'ig, - 'as al'ays called (!on to aim t e g(ns. 4y s(!eriors ad soon discovered t at - 'as to #e tr(sted to make t e re0(ired sim!le calc(lations correctly, 'it o(t sign errors, ' ic occasionally !ointed t e g(ns #ack'ard. - grad(ated from t e officers, training sc ool on +an(ary --, 19?9, and res(med 'ork at t e la#oratory (ntil t e follo'ing +(ly 1, ' en - 'as commissioned a second lie(tenant in t e antiBaircraft artillery and stationed at Corte Brasc i, very near 6ome, as - ad re0(ested. 1n t is assignment, - did not ave m(c to do. - sle!t at ome, going to t e #arracks early in t e morning 'it some #ook on ! ysics to st(dy. ;o'ever, in my military service, - learned many ot er t ings #esides ! ysics. 4y ca!tain ta(g t me a card game called scopone , ' ic - greatly en.oyed, and also revealed to me novel attit(des to life. - ad #een #ro(g t (! 'it t e idea t at - s o(ld 'ork, t at everyt ing ad @ G$ @ to #e taken serio(sly, and t at - 'as eA!ected to eAcel, or at least to do 'ell. Crom my ca!tain - learned t at *eal 'as a grave fa(ltD t at many !ro#lems took care of t emselves !rovided t ey 'ere left aloneD and t at ' en one received an order, contrary to ' at 'e ad #een re!eatedly told, !rom!t eAec(tion 'as im!r(dent, and t at it 'as advisa#le to a'ait its co(ntermanding. C(rt ermore, contact 'it t e soldiers gave me a c ance to get to kno' contem!oraries of very different ed(cation and from diverse social and economic conditions. - co(ld also see first and t e differences #et'een soldiers from t e vario(s -talian regions. 2 e (n omogeneo(sness of -taly,s !o!(lation 'as s(c t at soldiers often did not ave a common lang(age, (sed as t ey 'ere to s!eaking dialect. &e ad orders, moreover, to see to it t at soldiers from t e riceBeating nort and t ose from t e !astaBeating so(t did not t ro' a'ay t eir rations on alternate days, ' en t e food (n(s(al for t em 'as served. 9s a commissioned officer, - #o(g t myself second and a gorgeo(s #l(e ca!e, ' ic , alt o(g not a very efficient !rotection against cold, 'as certainly elegant. & en - finis ed my service - sold it to Edoardo 9maldi, t en also an officer. 3(ring my service in 6ome, - managed to go once in a ' ile to t e la#oratory and kee! in to(c , #(t did not ave time for eA!erimental 'ork. 1ne day - 'as (rgently called from t e #arracks at Corte Brasc i to t e P ysics -nstit(te at Kia Panis!erna. Cor some reason, all t e scientists 'ere a'ay, and t e factot(m of t e instit(te, ' o did not kno' Englis , 'as faced 'it an o#vio(sly im!ortant -ndian visitor 'it ' om e co(ld not comm(nicate. - r(s ed do'n and fo(nd t at t e visitor 'as none less t an Sir C andrasek ara Kenkata 6aman 81NNNQ19%$:, ' o in 193$ received t e /o#el Pri*e in ! ysics for is 'ork on t e diff(sion of lig t and t e discovery of t e 6aman effect, on ' ic 6oman

! ysicists ad done im!ortant 'ork. - did t e onors as 'ell - co(ld, (neA!ectedly el!ed #y #eing in dress (niform, 'it a #l(e sas and cons!ic(o(s gold e!a(lettes. 6aman #elieved t at - ad dressed like t is to onor im and t anked meD - did not disill(sion im #y revealing t at t e tr(e reason 'as ;.4. t e V(een,s #irt dayO 3(ring my military service, - 'as once (n.(stly !laced (nder arrest @ G1 @ for somet ing - ad not done. By c ance, - mentioned t is to a friend of mine, ' o 'it o(t my kno'ledge s!oke a#o(t it to is fat er, a !o'erf(l general. &it s(r!rising s!eed, my !(nis ment 'as comm(ted to a m(c lig ter !enalty, and t e colonel ' o ad condemned me 'it o(t even talking to me m(st ave fo(nd imself in serio(s tro(#le. - 'as disc arged as a second lie(tenant on Ce#r(ary 1P, 193$, and !laced in t e reserve. -n 19?N - ad !(#lis ed my first ! ysics !a!er .ointly 'it Edoardo 9maldi, a s ort note in t e .endiconti of t e 9ccademia dei 7incei, introd(ced #y Cor#ino, s(mmari*ing my doctoral t esis.E1F 2 e follo'ing year, 9maldi and - !(#lis ed a second !a!er, dealing 'it t e 6aman effect.E?F - did m(c early 'ork 'it 9maldi, #(t #eca(se t e r(les t en !revailing in (niversity com!etitions !enali*ed colla#orative efforts, 'e often divided t e 'ork in a friendly fas ion after 'e ad finis ed it toget er. /eAt - 'rote a !a!er on anomalo(s dis!ersion in molec(lar #and s!ectra. 2 e ensem#le of t e a#sor!tion lines near t e ead of a #and gives a !ec(liar variation of t e refractive indeA, ' ic eA!lained 'it Cermi,s el!.E3F -n a#o(t t e same !eriod, 9maldi and - !rod(ced a co(!le of !a!ers in t e 'ake of Cermi,s st(dy on 0(ant(m electrodynamics. 2 ey contained res(lts similar to t ose of a famo(s and often 0(oted !a!er #y E(gene &igner and Kictor &eissko!f. 1(r 'ork 'as done earlier, alt o(g less detailed.EJF Cermi o#served strict r(les concerning t e !(#lication of is 'ork and t at of is st(dents. ;e did not !ermit !(#lication of com!letely insignificant res(lts. 6es(lts of little im!ortance a!!eared only in -talian. ;e allo'ed !(#lication in t e 1eitschrift f2r -hysi/& or as a letter to 3ature& only of !a!ers e considered im!ortant. 2 is 'ise !olicy 'as motivated #y is desire to esta#lis an international re!(tation for o(r 6ome gro(!. ;e did not 'ant any foreign reader ever to #e disa!!ointed in reading one of o(r !a!ersD t ere s o(ld al'ays #e somet ing interesting in t em. ;e a!!lied t is r(le strictly, and is .(dgment on t e 0(ality of an investigation rarely erred. C(rt ermore, ' en Cermi develo!ed a t eory ca!a#le of many a!!lications, s(c as is 0(ant(m t eory of radiation, e eA!lained t e @ G? @ !rinci!les to (s, gave some eAam!les, and t en left to (s t e satisfaction of finding f(rt er a!!lications. /ot a little of t e 'ork of t is !eriod started o(t like t is. )Uo( live off Cermi,s cr(m#s,) my fat er, ' o kne' no ! ysics, #(t 'as a s re'd o#server and kne' men, once told me. 2 is 'as 0(ite tr(e, and - did not forget it. 1nly later 'as - a#le to do somet ing tr(ly my o'n. 4y mot er, ' o 'anted to kno' ' et er my st(dying ! ysics 'o(ld lead any' ere, once asked Cermi ' at e t o(g t of my a#ility. 2 e everBtr(t f(l Cermi ans'ered, correctly and o#.ectively, t at it 'as too early to !ass .(dgment and make !redictions. - 'as not !resent at t is conversation, #(t kno'ing #ot !arties, - am s(re t at my mot er contin(ed 'orrying a#o(t t e

!erfectly onest ans'er s e received. -n t e late 19?$s and early 193$s, 'e 'orked intensely, #(t in a relaAed 'ay. &e (sed to read t e most im!ortant .o(rnals, s(c as t e 1eitschrift f2r -hysi/& 3ature& and t e -roceedings of the .oyal Society& eclectically, (nting for eA!erimental ins!iration. 4y official .o#Ha relic of times !astH'as t at of )Conservator of t e 2(ning Cork,) a sinec(re t at amo(nted to an assistants i!. & en st(dents came looking for researc s(#.ects, even in t eoretical ! ysics, t ey 'ere often referred to me, #eca(se (s(ally ad a good s(!!ly of ideas. - 'o(ld s(ggest a !ro#lem and eA!lain it to t e st(dent in detail. ;o'ever, ' en it came to tec nical details, - often ad to send t e st(dent to Cermi, ' o instantly gave t e key to t e sol(tion. 2 e !ro#lems - set 'ere (s(ally in atomic ! ysics or connected 'it it. - asked Cermi ' y e did not give o(t t e !ro#lems imselfD e ans'ered t at t ose e t o(g t of 'ere (s(ally too diffic(lt for st(dents, and t at t ose at t eir level did not interest im. & en Cermi and - coB a(t ored !a!ers, - 'as often entr(sted 'it t e 'riting. - did not mind 'riting, and - 'as !ro(d of t e assignment. )-t is clear t at since yo( 'ill never get t e /o#el Pri*e for P ysics, yo( are !re!aring yo(rself for t e 7iterat(re Pri*e,) my friends teased. 2 e st(dy of t eoretical ! ysics at 6ome !rogressed (nder f(ll sail. Cermi 'as o#vio(sly not only a firstBclass t eoretician #(t a s(!er# teac erD one co(ld not ask for more. ;e ad contacts t ro(g conferB @ G3 @ ences and visits 'it t e !rinci!al t eoreticians of is o'n age, as 'ell as 'it 9rnold Sommerfeld, Pa(l E renfest, and some ot ers of t e !revio(s generation. Soon !ostdoctoral fello's from a#road started to come to im, to learn and 'ork (nder is ins!iration. 9mong t e first to arrive 'ere ;ans Bet e, 6(dolf Peierls, and =eorge Plac*ek, ' o acclimati*ed imself to 6ome #etter t an t e ot ers, learning -talian and striking (! a solid !ersonal friends i! 'it 9maldi and myself. 1t ers ' o follo'ed incl(ded Ed'ard 2eller, Crit* 7ondon, CeliA Bloc , 3. 6. -nglis, and E(gene Ceen#erg, ' o #ecame 4a.orana,s !artic(lar friend. 2 e sit(ation in eA!erimentation 'as different. 1ne cannot learn t e eA!erimental art from #ooks, and 'e felt t e need to go see ' at a!!ened else' ere and to learn tec ni0(es on t e s!ot ' ere t ey 'ere !racticed. Cranco 6asetti 'as t e first to take off, in 19?9, going to t e California -nstit(te of 2ec nology at Pasadena, t en dominated #y 6. 9. 4illikan. - do not kno' ' at infl(enced is c oice. 2 e 6ockefeller Co(ndation granted im a fello's i!. 2 e 6ockefeller Co(ndation 'as a great #enefactor of ! ysics in t at !eriod, el!ing it t ro(g t e general economic de!ression and, later, ;itler,s !ersec(tions. 9 s re'd and farsig ted c oice of Cello's 'as at t e #ase of t e Co(ndation,s s(ccess. 7ooking today at a roster of Cello's of t at !eriod, one 'onders at t e sagacity of t e selection, and t e 'onder gro's ' en one considers t at Cello's 'ere a!!ointed at an early age, often #efore t e 'ork t at later disting(is ed most of t em. 2 e selection occ(rred on t e #asis of recommendations #y t'o or t ree esta#lis ed !rofessors ' om t e Co(ndation tr(sted, mostly in t e a!!licant,s co(ntry of origin. -n -taly, it seems t at t ese advisors 'ere Kolterra, 7eviBCivita, and Cor#ino, a c oice t at in itself s o's t e Co(ndation,s sagacity. 9ll t ree 'ere onest, eA!erts on t eir s(#.ects, and 'ell informed a#o(t t e local sit(ation. 2 ey 'ere not in t e good graces of t e Cascist government, #(t if t is 'as resented in -talian ig !laces, it did not matter to t e Co(ndation. 6asetti did very 'ell scientifically and !ersonally at Caltec . ;e accom!lis ed im!ortant 'ork on t e 6aman effect in gases and fostered

@ GJ @ t e good re!(tation of t e 6ome gro(!. ;e also visited Berkeley, from ' ere e sent me a !ostcard. 9t t e time e ad t e im!ression t at Caltec 'as 'ay a ead of Berkeley. & en e ret(rned ome, e s!oke only of California,s 'onders: of 4o(nt & itney, ' ic e ad clim#ed in 'inter, of Pasadena,s orange groves, of t e 'ealt of 9merican la#oratories, of t e attractiveness for im of t e 9merican 'ay of life. ;e also !ro(dly s o'ed off a toot #r(s e ad #o(g t in ;a'aii. /eedless to say, e 'o(ld drive only an 9merican car and #o(g t a Cord. Back in 6ome, 6asetti contin(ed to do fr(itf(l 'ork on t e 6aman effect. - too tried somet ing on t e s(#.ect 'it o(t o#taining anyt ing of im!ortance. 9maldi and Plac*ek st(died ammonia 'it #etter res(lts. 9ll t is 'ork on t e 6aman effect lasted into 1931.EPF -n /ovem#er 193$, in t e form of a very s ort letter, - sent 3ature t e first !a!er of any im!ortance t o(g t o(t and eAec(ted entirely #y myself.EGF 9tomic t eory gives t e la's according to ' ic t e electron .(m!s from one atomic energy level to anot er, emitting ! otons. Sometime t ese r(les are violated and t ere are soBcalled for#idden transitions. 4y little discovery concerned certain 8SB3: for#idden transitions in t e s!ectra of t e alkaline metals, and t e !a!er s o's t at t ey are o'ing to electric 0(adr(!ole radiation, neglected in t e (s(al first a!!roAimation calc(lations. 2 e !roof is o#tained #y o#serving t e Leeman effect of t ese lines. - eAamined a#sor!tion lines #eca(se emission lines are too 'eak. 2 e eA!eriment 'as very sim!le, alt o(g at t e limit of t e resolving !o'er of t e instr(ments availa#le to me in 6ome. 2 e #est instr(ment - co(ld (se 'as a large ;ilger !rism s!ectrogra! #o(g t #y Professor 7o S(rdo, and located in is rooms. 7o S(rdo very kindly and genero(sly gave me !ermission to (se t is instr(ment. 9fter a fe' days of 'ork, - s(cceeded in seeing 'it my o'n eyes t e !otassi(m a#sor!tion lines delineated on a violet contin((m !rod(ced #y a ydrogen disc arge. & en - energi*ed t e magnet in ' ic - ad !laced my a#sor!tion t(#e, t e lines #roadened and almost disa!!eared. &it a little more 'ork, - ad.(sted t e instr(ment to o#tain its maAim(m resolving !o'er. - still remem#er my great @ GP @ elation in recogni*ing t at t e Leeman !attern - 'as seeing 'as t e one - eA!ected for 0(adr(!ole radiation. 2 is 'as my first small discovery, and it made a !ermanent im!ression on me. -f my !revio(s 'ork co(ld #e called )Cermi,s cr(m#s,) t is 'as my o'n. C(rt ermore, it ad #een o#tained ra!idly, ' ic en anced its im!act. 4y friends at t e P ysics -nstit(te #esto'ed (!on me t e title of )7ord V(adr(!ole,) and, more im!ortant, Cermi told me to !(#lis t e 'ork in t e 1eitschrift f2r -hysi/ .E%F 2 e selfBconfidence of yo(ng scientists is a delicate !lant. Even Cermi, ' o looked so selfBass(red in later years, and ad !erformed eAtraordinary feats ' en very yo(ng, 'as not s(re of imself (ntil e 'ent to ;olland at a#o(t t e age of t'entyBone. & at - ad seen in my st(dy of t e Leeman effect of t e SB3 com#inations in !otassi(m 'as concl(sive, #(t did not reveal all t e details one 'o(ld ave liked to kno'. Unfort(nately, t e instr(ments at my dis!osal in 6ome co(ld not give moreD - ad s0(ee*ed t em to t eir limit. - 'as t inking a#o(t ' at to do neAt ' en t e great 3(tc ! ysicist and c emist Peter 3e#ye visited 6ome. 2 ere 'as a rece!tion in is onor at Enri0(es,s o(se and - 'as invited. 3e#ye in0(ired in a friendly 'ay a#o(t ' at - 'as doing, and - told im a#o(t my 0(adr(!ole 'ork, adding t at - 'as at a dead end for lack of ade0(ate instr(ments. 2o my s(r!rise, 3e#ye sternly ans'ered t at my com!laints 'ere

mere eAc(sesD only la*y !eo!le 'ere sto!!ed #y soBcalled lack of means. 9t t e time, - 'as (rt, #(t t e lesson sank in and 'as ig ly #eneficial t en and later. 3e#ye imself s(ggested t at - try going to some foreign la#oratory. Co(r la#oratories seemed likely to ave a diffraction grating 8a device consisting of narro'ly s!aced slits (sed for meas(rement of 'avelengt s: ade0(ate to my !ro.ect: E. Back,s in 25#ingen, ;. Co nen,s in Bonn, C. Pasc en,s in Berlin, and Pieter Leeman,s in 9msterdam. 'rote fo(r letters eA!laining ' at - 'anted and asking for os!itality. 84y fat er 'as more t an a!!y to !ay my eA!enses, so - did not need financial el!.: Back did not re!lyD Co nen said t at is grating 'as at t e moment o(t of commission, #eca(se is instit(te 'as #eing re#(iltD Pasc en told me t at e liked my idea, and t at e ad .(st !(t one of is doctoral candidates to 'ork on it. - 'as @ GG @ f(rio(s at t is (neA!ected ans'er, #(t t e !ro.ect m(st ave come to na(g t, #eca(se - never eard any f(rt er ne's of it. Leeman, a /o#el Pri*e 'inner and t e discoverer of t e cele#rated Leeman effect,ENF told me to catc a train and come to ;olland. - did so 'it o(t delay, and arrived in 9msterdam at t e #eginning of t e s(mmer of 1931. 9fter finding lodgings at a !ension, - introd(ced myself to Leeman and told im my !recise 'ork !lan. Personally, Leeman 'as most co(rteo(s, #enevolent, and affa#le. ;e 'as t en siAtyBsiA years old and ad ceased active la#oratory 'ork. - ad t e im!ression t at e 'as not conversant 'it modern t eory, and in !artic(lar 'it 0(ant(m mec anics, ' ic 'as t en still a relatively ne' field. 1n t e ot er and, e 'as a s(!er# eA!erimenter and a master of o!tics. -n any case, talking to im 'as most instr(ctive. ;is 'ay of considering an eA!eriment 'as ne' and (neA!ected to me. ;e ad a refres ing diffidence a#o(t t eory, and ' ile e did not (nderestimate its !o'er, e kne' t at nat(re ad more imagination t an 'e did. ;e t (s !(s ed for t oro(g ness in eA!eriments, saying t at somet ing (neA!ected 'as likely to a!!en. ;e 'as rig t, even in my sim!le case, ' en everyt ing seemed !redicta#le. Leeman immediately told me t at is diffraction grating 'as t e greatest treas(re of is la#oratory, and t at e co(ld not entr(st it to me alone, since - did not ave any eA!erience in its (se. ;e s(ggested t at - colla#orate 'it Corneli(s +. Bakker, a doctoral candidate of is, ' o 'as familiar 'it t e grating and 'it ot er delicate instr(ments in t e la#oratory. - fo(nd t e !ro!osal reasona#le and fair and acce!ted it at once. Cort(nately, it t(rned o(t t at Bakker 'as a very nice !erson and soon 'e str(ck (! a close friends i! t at lasted (ntil is (ntimely deat . - still ave is !ortrait in my st(dy.E9F - immediately started !re!aring an a#sor!tion t(#e containing !otassi(m. Cor t is !(r!ose, - c(t off a !iece of !otassi(m and re!laced t e rest of it in ' at - #elieved 'as t e #ottle from ' ic it ad come. - ad overlooked t e !resence, neAt to it, of an o!en #ottle of acid. &it o(t looking, - !(t t e resid(al !iece of !otassi(m in t e 'rong #ottle. Cor a#o(t alf a min(te not ing a!!enedD t en a tremendo(s eA!losion s ook t e la#oratory. Every#ody ran to see ' at ad a!B @ G% @ !ened, and - can ardly say o' - felt, alt o(g - 'as, fort(nately, #odily (n (rt. - dee!ly admired t e calm 3(tc , ' o gave no sign of commotion and did not ask me to leave. 2 e 'ork, ' ic started so dramatically, contin(ed smoot ly and s(ccessf(lly. &e ra!idly o#tained all t e eA!ected res(lts, as 'ell as several more t at ro(nded off and com!leted t e !ict(re. Leeman took a liking to me, and one day e asked me a#o(t my !lans for t e near f(t(re. - told im t at - ad a!!lied for a 6ockefeller fello's i!, #(t t at not ing seemed to #e a!!ening. Leeman remarked to me t at e kne' some#ody in t e Paris office of t e Co(ndation, #(t said no more. By strange coincidence, a#o(t

a 'eek later - received a letter anno(ncing t e grant of t e fello's i!. 9lt o(g e never told me so, s(s!ect t at Leeman may ave ad a and in it. & en - left 9msterdam to ret(rn to 6ome, Leeman told me t at ' enever - 'anted to come #ack to 'ork in is la#oratory, - 'o(ld #e 'elcome. - s(#se0(ently took advantage of t is cordial invitation, ret(rning to st(dy different ty!es of for#idden lines, al'ays toget er 'it my original coB'orker and friend, Bakker. Leeman also gave me a !ict(re of imself 'it a 'arm inscri!tion. ;e 'as not far from retirement and !ossi#ly t o(g t of me as one of is last disci!les. 3(ring my stay in ;olland, - #ecame ac0(ainted 'it its cigars. Leeman invited me to a co(!le of very formal and elegant dinners at is ome, on t e occasion of ' ic e offered is g(ests eA0(isite cigars, ' ic - liked. - noted t e #rand and ke!t #(ying it, alt o(g - later s'itc ed to 1tto Stern,s favorite #rand, ' ic 'as availa#le in =ermany and 'as e0(ally good. 4any mont s after !(#lication of o(r !a!ers on 0(adr(!ole radiation, - received Back,s res!onse to my a!!lication to 'ork in is la#oratoryD in re!ly - sent im a re!rint of o(r 'ork. -n t e s(mmer vacation of 1931, - 'ent to England for t e first time. Bet'een t e day Leeman,s la# closed for t e s(mmer vacation and a date - ad 'it 9maldi and 6asetti for a iking to(r in /or'ay, t ere 'as time for a s ort visit to 7ondon. - #oarded a s i! and sa' a yo(ng man, a#o(t my age, 'it skis. -t occ(rred to me t at e 'as !ossi#ly a st(dent ' o ad s!ent t e 'inter in =ermany at some (niversity and @ GN @ 'as no' ret(rning ome. ;a*arding a 'ild g(ess, - asked im ' et er e ad #een st(dying 'it Sommerfeld. -ncredi#ly, my s(rmise t(rned o(t to #e rig t, and t e yo(ng man 'as a#sol(tely fla##ergasted. ;e 'as very friendly, fo(nd me a s(ita#le otel in 6(ssell S0(are, and offered to el! me to orient myself in 7ondon. -n eAc ange, e asked t at - .oin im for my first Englis #reakfast, #eca(se e 'anted to see my reactions. Undeterred, - ate !orridge and addock and drank tea, all of ' ic - liked, m(c to my ne' friend,s s(r!rise. 4y first im!ression of England in 1931 'as of a great im!erial !o'er at s(nset. 9s - 'rote ome, one sa' a t o(sand signs t at t e co(ntry ad !assed its *enit . 4y !arents ad 'itnessed t e coronation of Ed'ard K-- in a very different, s!lendid !eriod. & ile in England, - visited Cam#ridge, ' ere - sa' +. +. 2 omson #(t did not talk to im. Soon t ereafter, - met 9maldi and 6asetti in 1slo. &e ad !lanned a long iking tri! on /or'ay,s glaciers. &e left 1slo #y train and alig ted at ? 9.4. at Cinsoe in daylig t. &e started 'alking on t e ;ardanger C.ell (ntil 'e reac ed t e sea. 7ater 'e eA!lored ot er f.ords #y #oat and on foot. 1n my ret(rn to 6ome, - ke!t 'orking on for#idden lines and fo(nd ot er interesting feat(res of t eir Leeman effect, revealing t eir origin, in cases ' ere t ey co(ld not #e t e res(lt of 0(adr(!ole radiation. C(rt ermore, t eory indicated t at t ere s o(ld also #e for#idden 0(adr(!ole lines in YBray s!ectra. - made a systematic searc of t e literat(re to see if #y c ance some#ody ad o#served t em 'it o(t (nderstanding t eir origin. 2o my .oy, - fo(nd t at t at 'as indeed t e case.E1$F 9ll t is 'ork 'as noted, and - ad t e satisfaction of seeing myself 0(oted in a ne' edition of Sommerfeld,s famo(s treatise, Atombau und Spe/trallinien .E11F Sommerfeld 'as al'ays ready to el! yo(ng scientists and ad eAcellent relations 'it t e 6ome gro(!. -n line 'it o(r !rogram of learning ne' eA!erimental tec ni0(es a#road, Cermi s(ggested - s!end my 6ockefeller fello's i! in ;am#(rg, ' ere - 'o(ld #e a#le to st(dy vac((m tec ni0(e 8one of o(r 'eaknesses: and molec(lar #eams (nder 1tto Stern.E1?F ;e made t e necessary arrangements 'it

Stern, and at t e end of 1931, - set o(t. @ G9 @ Cermi and ot er friends ad descri#ed ;am#(rg,s 'retc ed climate and dark, 'et 'inters to me, and fo(nd t at t ey ad not eAaggerated 8t ey did not, o'ever, kno' ' at came afterHt at is, t e long, #ea(tif(l nort ern s!ring, (nkno'n in -taly:. - installed myself satisfactorily in a rented room in a !rivate o(se. 2 e 6ockefeller fello's i! sti!end of ]1P$ !er mont made me ric and, to satisfy t e (s(al !ride of s!oiled c ildren 8figli di pap$ :, - did not 'ant any s(!!lement from ome. Soon after my arrival at ;am#(rg, follo'ing Cermi,s advice, and as an act of co(rtesy, - visited t e -talian cons(l. 2 is gentleman o!ened my eyes to t e =erman !olitics of t e time, and even more so to -talian foreign !olicy, giving me a 'ellBreasoned lect(re on antiBCascism. -t seems t at among -talian officials t ere 'ere some ' o t o(g t inde!endently and ad t e co(rage of t eir o'n convictions. Stern 'as t en in t e !rocess of making im!ortant discoveries and 'as entirely s(#merged in is 'ork. ;e (sed to arrive at t e la#oratory every morning at a#o(t 1$ o,clockD at noon e ad l(nc 'it is assistants and g(est 'orkers, t en ret(rned to t e la#, if necessary (ntil late in t e evening. 2 e sc ed(le de!ended considera#ly on t e #e avior of t e instr(ments and t e vagaries of t e vac((m. Stern s(ggested t at - finis an eA!eriment on t e dynamics of s!ace 0(anti*ation and eA!lained t e motivation and t eory #e ind it to me, as 'ell as t e details of t e eAisting a!!arat(s. 2 is ad #een #(ilt #y my !redecessor, t e 9merican 2. E. P i!!s, ' ose fello's i! ad eA!ired #efore e co(ld o#tain res(lts. - asked Stern to teac me some ! ysicoBc emistry, and in several conversations e gave me interesting ill(minations of t ermodynamics. 9fter a ' ile e left me to myself. - tried to learn tec ni0(es #y 'atc ing Stern, as 'ell as yo(nger !eo!le s(c as C. Mna(er, 1tto Crisc , 6. Sc n(rmann, and B. +ose! y. Stern,s instit(te 'as small in si*e and in n(m#er of scientists, #(t in s!ite of t is t ere 'ere not many eAc anges #et'een its 'orkers. Sc n(rmann 'as t e most o!en, and e introd(ced me a little to =erman life. 1t ers ad t eir girlfriends or ot er concerns, and as soon as t e day,s 'ork 'as done, t ey left on t eir o'n !rivate #(siness. Crisc served as Stern,s !ersonal assistant @ %$ @ at t at time and 'as involved in t'o ma.or eA!eriments, a demonstration of de Broglie,s 'aves 'it eli(m atoms, and t e meas(rement of t e magnetic moment of t e !roton.E13F Stern ta(g t me a 'ay of eA!erimenting t at - ad not seen #efore. ;e calc(lated everyt ing !ossi#le a#o(t is a!!arat(s, s(c as t e s a!e and intensity of t e molec(lar #eams e eA!ected to generate, and did not !roceed (ntil !reliminary eA!eriments 'ere in com!lete 0(antitative agreement 'it is calc(lations. 2 is mod(s o!erandi slo'ed do'n t e !reliminary 'ork, #(t it s ortened t e total time #y making it !ossi#le to avoid errors and 'as a#sol(tely necessary for t e eAtremely diffic(lt eA!eriments Stern 'as cond(cting. 2 e met od allo'ed im to locali*e so(rces of mis#e avior in is a!!arat(s and of fail(res, and to come to a firm decision as to ' et er t ere 'ere ne' and (neA!ected res(lts, ' ic occ(rred re!eatedly. -t 'as a rigoro(s and most (sef(l sc ooling, very different from Leeman,s, #(t .(st as valid. - learned m(c from #ot , more in t e ! iloso! y of eA!erimentation t an in tec nical details. Uears later, - sa' t e totally different, m(c more !ragmatic and em!irical, a!!roac taken #y Ernest 7a'rence. 2(tte le strade !ortano a 6oma. 2 ere 'as also an active t eoretical seminar at ;am#(rg. Pa(li ad #een t ere (ntil recentlyD &illiam E. =ordon and later ;. 3. +ensen follo'ed im. ;ermann 4inko'ski, ' o later #ecame a noted

astronomer, 'as a lively mem#er of t e com!any. &. 7en* 'as older, and e seemed to me less interested in c(rrent !ro#lems. 9s to my o'n 'ork, aving t oro(g ly st(died t e a!!arat(s - ad in erited, - concl(ded t at to make it 'ork, t ere needed to #e a radical c ange in t e met od (sed for !rod(cing certain magnetic fields, alt o(g - ad no idea o' to ac ieve t is. - ad long admired +ames Clerk 4aA'ell,s Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism 81N%3:, o'ever, and one day, ' ile looking at an ill(stration in it of t e magnetic field !rod(ced #y a rectilinear c(rrent in a omogeneo(s magnetic field, - immediately sa' t e sol(tion to my !ro#lem 'it molec(lar #eams. 2 e t eoretical analysis ad to #e c anged, #(t t at seemed to me more feasi#le t an follo'ing Stern and P i!!s,s original eA!erimental !lan. Stern a!!roved my idea as soon as e eard it, got me t e fe' eAtra @ %1 @ !arts - needed, and told me to re#(ild t e a!!arat(s in t e 'ay - !ro!osed. 9s to t eory, - kne' ' om to look to for el!. - 'rote a letter s(#mitting my !ro#lem to Ettore 4a.orana in 6ome, and soon received t e ans'er - needed. By t en it 'as s!ring, and over t e Easter vacation - 'ent to 6ome, ' ere - re!orted all - ad seen and disc(ssed at ;am#(rg. 2 ere 'as eno(g to kee! my t eoretical friends #(sy, and 4a.orana, =ian Carlo &ick, and Ugo Cano 'ere soon str(ggling 'it t ree different !ro#lems strictly connected 'it t e ;am#(rg eA!eriments. - longed to find a girlfriend in =ermany 'it ' om to esca!e from my !riestly -talian life. 4y eA!eriences 'it girls of )good family) in -taly ad on t e ' ole #een negative, and - ad reac ed t e concl(sion t at if - 'anted to lead a normal life, - ad #etter look f(rt er afield. 1nce in ;am#(rg, got #(sy in t at direction, #(t it 'as not easy for a foreigner ' o s!oke t e lang(age im!erfectly, ' o did not kno' local (sage and c(stoms, and ' o 'as not a#le to .(dge !eo!le from s(#tle signs and gest(res, ' ic ad different meanings in =ermany and in -taly, to make t e necessary contacts. re!rod(ce ere some notes - made in 193?: )1?P, 13$O) )Ein 4omentO 7angsamO) Stern,s im!atient voice, emerging 'it effort from t e crevice left in is mo(t #y t e large cigar e is smoking, recalls me to my d(ties. =alvanometers are insensitive to t e im!atience of t eir (sers, and one as to 'ait 1PG seconds #et'een readings, even ' en one is in a (rry. 6eading t e lig t s!ot of t e reflecting galvanometer, Stern t(rns is #ack to me. - sit ig er t an eD in t e semiBdarkened room - can see only t e lig t s!ot of t e instr(ment and is s ining sk(ll. - take advantage of my !osition to look at t e clock: %:J? P.4. - m(st arrive at t e ;otel Es!lanade #y ND - am meeting a girl for a #lind date. 4y (!#ringing and a certain sense of c ivalry (rge me not to #e late, not even one min(te, es!ecially in t is 'intery 'eat erHit is f(ll Ce#r(ary in ;am#(rg. -n eig t min(tes at t e latest - m(st get a'ayD no easy matter, #eca(se ' en ent (sed 'it is meas(rements, t e #ossH)t e C ef,) as t ey say ereH#ecomes intracta#le and does not recogni*e t at t ere may #e o#ligations more !ressing t an molec(lar #eams. )-f t e @ %? @ a!!arat(s s o(ld s(ddenly fail<) - ardly dare to let t e t o(g t emerge to conscio(sness,

m(c less s(rre!titio(sly to t(rn a sto!cock and violently end t e evening,s 'ork. -n t e meantime, - t(rn my !ointer too fast and earn a second scolding. -f Stern t(rned aro(nd, e 'o(ld detect my im!atience. 9 fe' more !oints and t e c(rve is com!leted. . . . &ill it s(ffice for t e evening< - kno' t e scene too 'ell, and - kno' ' at to eA!ect. 2 ere is no !oint in del(ding myself. 9fter one meas(rement, anot er. 2 is co(ld go on (ntil --. 2 is time, o'ever, - 'ill overcome my s yness. 9t %.P$, - ave decided, -,ll 0(it. Stern t(rns aro(nd eAactly at %.JN. )Eno(g for t e eveningO) &it o(t anot er 'ord, e stands and eAits t e la#. 2ele!at y< 9 !atron saint< - s'itc off siA circ(it #reakers and t(rn fo(r or five sto!cocks to sec(re t e a!!arat(s. - !(t on my overcoat, 'as my ands 8Stern,s fine Cologne soa! as an eAcellent fragrance, and - (se it 'it !leas(re, des!ite t e free*ing 'ater:, take a last look at t e vario(s dials, and r(s a'ay. 1(tside, t e free*ing air #lo's on me and - 'ant to r(n. - cross t e s!ace to t e Es!lanade trotting. )& ite gloves, a #lack at, a f(r overcoat, rat er tall.) Crom t is descri!tion - am s(!!osed to recogni*e t e Unkno'n. ;o'ever, in t is cold and at t is o(r, t ere 'ill #e fe' !eo!le. -n fact, as soon as - arrive at t e designated s!ot, - see a girl ste!!ing off a streetcar. S e a!!roac esD it is s e. )=ood evening, Cr^(lein C.<) )+aO) )Segr.) )9 O) 9 fe' !erf(nctory sentences. -t is coldD 'e ave to decide 0(ickly ' ere to go. S e s(ggests t e 9lster Pavilion, and - acce!t 'it alacrity. - ave already noted t at s e s!eaks clearly eno(g for me to (nderstand er =erman easily. 2 ank =od. &e (rry to t e 9lster Pavilion and take s elter in t e coffee o(se. 4y glasses, as (s(al, immediately fog (!D - #arely ave t e time to notice t at t e !lace is nearly em!ty. 9ll t e #etter: 'e 'ant !rivacy and a minim(m of noise, not t e cro'ded freedom of dancing floors. 2 e !lace is elegant, #(t almost deserted, ' ic makes me s(s!ect its !rices. - kno' from eA!erience ' at dangers l(rk in men(s. 2 e t o(g t is (n'ort y, #(t - cannot ide it from myself. 9 'aiter a!!roac es to take o(r orders. S e orders a c(! of tea. - ask for c ocolate, #eca(se tea gives me insomnia. 2 e finance minister smiles. 2ea and c ocolate are @ %3 @ economical, a good omen. =erman girls kno' t e val(e of money in t ese days of de!ression. 4any str(ggle ard to make a livingH' o can forget t e faces in t e streetcars, morning and evening, d(ring t e r(s o(r< 1t er girls ave learned t e re'ards of fr(gality from t e movies. -n movie romances 'it a!!y endings, t e eroine al'ays drinks lemonadeD c am!agne is reserved for t ose t at end #adly. Pleased #y er fr(gality, s(ggest s e try t e cakeD s e ref(ses and - insist, #(t to no avail. -n t e meantime, 'e ave started a conversation and - see er for t e first time, or rat er -

look at er caref(lly, !er a!s 'it snake,s eyes, as 'e .okingly say of 6asetti. S e is 'earing a #l(e s(it, of no !artic(lar distinction, as most middleBclass girls ere do. - st(dy er face. S e is definitely !retty, - decide, #(t a fe' seconds later - c ange my mind. 2 is reversal occ(rs several times more, and - feel t e need to find t e reason for it. -t is t e eAtreme mo#ility of er face, its most o(tstanding c aracteristic. 9 smile, a movement of er mo(t , a #link of er eyes, c anges er eA!ression !rofo(ndly. 1t er'ise s e as indifferent teet 8o , memories of t e B(dden#rooks:, a some' at large nose, vivid, s ortBsig ted eyes, s ort #lack air, !arted in t e center, com#ed 'it a certain co0(etry. S e looks almost -talian, - tell er. - s(s!ect s e mig t #e +e'is , #(t - do not ask. - ave learned to ask as little as !ossi#le and to 'ait for information to emerge #y itself. -ndiscretion is t e most direct ro(te to aversion. 2 e conversation #egins 'it easy s(#.ects: travel and #ooks, and - (nderstand immediately t at - ave to do 'it an intelligent !erson. &e come to !oliticsH(s(ally it 'o(ld #e t e inconcl(sive, disorgani*ed, internal =erman !olitics, #(t t is time 'e start 'it foreign !olitics. 4y !acifist remarks meet 'it cold and ske!tical ans'ersD in !art o(t of conviction, in !art o(t of contrariness, - eatedly insist. - receive a declaration of fait in /ational Socialism. -t is not an ardent declaration, #(t - am glad - did not ask ' et er s e 'as +e'is . 87ater - 'as to learn t at - 'o(ld not ave #een t e first to in0(ire.: =lad also #eca(se t e same 0(estion 'o(ld ave #een #o(nced #ack at me. Politics is al'ays dangero(s gro(nd, es!ecially in foreign co(ntries. - t(rn t e conversation to a safer s(#.ect: travel. By no' - kno' alf E(ro!e and it is not diffic(lt to find !laces familiar to #ot of (s. &e talk of /or'ay. -taly is neAt, or rat er t e -taly s e kno's, ' ic is t e 7ago di =arda region. - try to recall my memories of =ardone, 6iva, Sirmione, #(t soon !erceive t at er im!ressions and recollections are more vivid and !recise t an mine. S e visited =argnano t'o years earlier 'it an a(nt and someone else. - #elieve =argnano, #(t t e com!any is @ %J @ not clear to me. Eyes do not s ine at t e recollection of landsca!es only, nor a(nts ins!ire s(c strong emotions. 9 motorcycle seems to ave !layed an im!ortant !art in t is tri!. B(t t e events at =argnano are no concern of mine, and it is getting late. - !ro!ose to accom!any er ome. &e start on foot. &e !retend not to notice t at streetcars are availa#le. -nstead, 'e 'alk t e dark and nearly deserted streets. &e say little to eac ot er as 'e 'alk: - imagine o' t ese streets 'o(ld a!!ear in t e s(mmer, 'it t eir flanking trees in f(ll leaf. &e say goodnig t at er door. - ret(rn #y streetcar on an itinerary destined to #ecome disagreea#le to me from s eer re!etition. S(ddenly - note t at in t e long ride - ave landed in an (nfamiliar !art of ;am#(rg. - am angry at my mistake. - t ink of t e 6ockefeller Co(ndation t at !ays me, of Cermi, of my 'ork, and - discover - am m(rm(ring to myself in a dee! voice 8a so(venir of Cermi:, )& at a life, my son, ' at a life.) /o' 'e meet fre0(entlyD going to t e movies, to t e t eater, to dances, or at ot er !laces ' ere 'e can #e toget er 'it o(t too m(c talking and 'it o(t #oring o(rselves. Slo'ly 'e start s aring eac ot er,s lives. Sometimes - recogni*e names t at rec(r in er talk. - try to remem#er t em and to connect different facts. 1nce in a ' ile, - discover somet ing, and invol(ntarily my face lig ts (!. 2 e !eriod is interesting, t o(g 'it o(t event. -t

resem#les t e o(r #efore s(nrise, ' ic seems to contain t e f(t(re of t e neAt day, alt o(g one is ignorant of ' at 'eat er to eA!ect. - reali*e t at no' 'e are seeding t e s(#conscio(s, for t e f(t(re, and t at - m(st #e delicate, agreea#le, and avoid o!ening (n#ridgea#le c asms. /ot everyt ing is am(sing, #(t occasionally a small accident, a s ort eAc ange, an a!!arently meaningless fact, make (! for t e great sacrifice: t e loss of slee!. - dimly feel t at t e ten(o(s tie #inding (s is #ecoming stronger. . . . 1ne evening 'e ret(rn ome a#o(t midnig tD it is not very cold, #(t 'indy and it is sno'ing eavily, (n(s(al 'eat er for ere. /o living so(l is on t e streetD only 'e !ersist in 'alking. 2 e sno' sli!s off er !onyskin, #(t sticks to my overcoat and c anges me into a sno'man. - feel elated, en.oying t e cold air, t(rning my face to'ard t e sno'. S(ddenly remem#er t e (ge ' ite dogs, gigantic s ee!dog !(!s, t at, many years ago, accom!anied me to t e Se#astiani ;(t in t e 9#r(**i @ %P @ and d(g t eir den in t e sno' to slee! at nig t. - recall also t e 'olf dogs - sa' in /or'ay, and - re.oice almost 'it animal !leas(re. - take er arm and try to eA!lain my t o(g ts and sensations to er. Com!arisons 'it animals do not !lease erD s e m(st ave some meta! ysical idea of t e s(!eriority of man in creation t at - do not s are. ;o'ever, t e c arm of t e .(nct(re does not esca!e er, and - s(s!ect s e m(st s are my mood. -nadvertently, - stroke t e !onyskinD it as s ort air, almost s aved, and - feel t at, in t is 'eat er, it m(st #e comforta#le. 9ny'ay 'e kee! close to eac ot er, so t at 'e feel o(r #odily 'armt . &e contin(e 'alking in silence from t e center of t e city, al'ays t ro(g ne' streets 8in o' many 'ays can one go from t e center to er ome<:. &e arrive, a greeting, a 'arm ands ake, and t en - r(n off. 1nly no' do - #ecome a'are t at sno' consists of 'ater, and t at my overcoat as #ecome (n!leasantly 'aterlogged. 2 e eat of a streetcar finis es melting t e sno' and, almost, t e !oetry attac ed to it. 2 is evening somet ing ne' 'as in t e air, and may#e t e first s!ring flo'ers 'ere #looming (nder t e sno'. 1ne dance more. - ave arrived at t e )Boccaccio) on t e r(n, directly from t e la#, and (ngry. 2 e all is still em!ty, and 'e c oose a good ta#le 'it t e (tmost care. - look for somet ing to eatD s e takes er (s(al tea, #(t it is early, t e orc estra does not !lay, and o(r mood is not .(#ilant. Conversation lang(is es. - tell some of my (s(al stories, and in res!onse - ear some more tales of 7ake =arda. By no' - kno' t at a romantic interl(de and somet ing im!ortant in er life occ(rred t ere. By no' it is also !lain t at t e !artici!ants in t at eA!edition 'ere t'o and not t ree. 2 e a(nt as vanis ed into t in air. . . . /o' 'e s o(ld dance. - regret my !oor dancing and esitate to ask er. Cor t e !resent, 'e are good eno(g friends to sit at a ta#le 'it o(t #oring eac ot er, and dancing 'it a !artner like me mig t not #e !leasant. - tell er all t is frankly, and s e re!lies, e0(ally frankly, t at s e 'ill tell me ' en s e is ready to dance. - am reass(red. 9 #and !lays )=ood nig t, s'eet eart, all my !rayers are 'it yo(.) . . . -ts effect is manifest: s e asks me to dance. -t is already late, and - 'as t inking of going ome, #(t it no' seems t at a mood is 'aking (! in t e all, and - find myself committed to a foABtrot on a s ining, overcro'ded floor, in a ot all. Some o' t e first ro(nds of t e foABtrot 'ake me (!. S(ddenly - reali*e t at - like dancingD - like it more t an - ever liked it #efore.

9 lock of my !artner,s air as @ %G @ #r(s ed my face. /o' some small gasBfilled #alloons are t ro'n into t e room, starting a lively com!etition to catc t em. 4any of t e #alloons are s(cked to t e ceiling and sto! at t e o!enings of t e air d(cts, strange #(##les, la*y and slo'. 2 e narro' !ar0(et floor is f(ll of !eo!le, and every fe' ste!s 'e collide 'it some#ody. - s(ggest 'e move to an em!tier room, and 'e #riefly de#ate t e !ro!osition, #(t t e conversation is soon moot, #eca(se t e dance takes me over entirely. - do not kno' o', #(t no' somet ing strange as entered me, from t e s(rro(ndings, from t e general c eerf(lness, and a#ove all from t e living t ing - am olding in my arms. S e too, - easily see, is in a golden moment, and from no' on 'e do not miss a dance. 2acitly, 'e ave come closer. - am a'are t at o(r relations i! is c anging in nat(re. &e are no longer restrained #y t e cold and correct forms of social r(les, #(t somet ing 'armer, livelier, more !ersonal cree!s over (s as - kee! t(rning on t e s ining floor. -t is a 'alt*, and - am slig tly di**y. S!ontaneo(sly, #(t some' at timidly, - lean my face against ers. 4any ere dance t is 'ayD it is not (n(s(al. 2 e air of t e all is slig tly fogged no', and t e 'alt*,s tones and t e s'eetness of t e moment l(ll me into a a!!y state of semiB intoAication. -t is an enc anted moment. B(t no' t e last dance as ended, and 'e m(st leave. &e ave not noticed t at it as #ecome very late. 9t -- - t o(g t of ending t e evening #eca(se - 'as slee!yD it is no' ? 9.4. , and - t ink only of staying longer. 9s al'ays, 'e 'alk ome. 1n t e 'ay, o'ever, my mood s(ddenly c anges. - re.oice, #(t - do not dare say a 'ord. 2 e silence is eavy, #(t st(!id 'ords do not fit t e moment, and - do not 'ant to s!oil my inner a!!iness 'it some trivial ! rase. - feel a great (rge to kiss er, #(t in s!ite of training - ave not lacked recently, - am even s yer and more indecisive t an (s(al. - t ink one min(te more, and t en - kiss er at lengt on er mo(t . &e contin(e o(r 'ay in silence. - only say to er t at - am very a!!y indeed, #(t t at - do not 'ant to s!eak. S e (nderstands, and 'e contin(e o(r 'ay, arm in arm. &e ave arrivedD - kiss er and and ra!idly go a'ay. 3,9nn(n*io,s lines: )e tanto a(liva la solinga stan*a " c e foresta d,a!ril non !i_ dolce era) ring in my ear. 2oday - discover a ' iff of s!ring in t e ;am#(rg air. &e are a!!roac ing Easter, #(t t e season called 4orfr2hling 8early s!ring: ere @ %% @ is only starting no'. ;alf'ay #et'een 'inter and s!ring, it is an (ncertain !eriod ' en t'o seasons com!ete, eac in t(rn overcoming t e ot er. 2 e trees are still #are, #(t small green s!ots s!ro(t on t e #ro'n #ranc esD t ey are almost invisi#le #(ds, #(t so many t at looking from my 'indo' at t e treeBlined street, - discover a ne' green tone. 9cross t e street, t e !lants in t e #otanical garden too seem to rediscover t e eAistence of c loro! yll. 9 stretc of #l(e and trans!arent sky, t e lengt ening of t e day, an occasional #almy afternoon 'it a softness in t e air !ortend t e e0(inoA. 2 en s(ddenly a sno'fall and everyt ing reverts to 'inter. 2 e 9lster free*es in s!ots, and t e seag(lls on t e ice floes give a !olar as!ect to t e center of ;am#(rg. 2oday - leave for -taly. /ot 'illingly, - ave too many ties to ;am#(rg no', #(t my a#sence 'ill #e s ort, and in my t o(g ts -

antici!ate my ret(rn. - am a!!y, 'it a dee!, serene .oy t at #rings a smile to my face and fits 'ell 'it t e s!ring. 9lt o(g my girlfriend lived at ome 'it er !arents and 'orked in an office and - 'as #(sy at Stern,s instit(te, 'e 'ere occasionally a#le to meet d(ring t e 'eek, and 'e al'ays tried to s!end t e 'eekends toget er. &e did not ave a car, #(t 'e did not miss one. P(#lic trans!ortation 'as efficient and took (s ' erever 'e 'anted to go. 1nce 'e crossed t e 75ne#(rger ;eideH' ose vegetation, c iefly .(ni!er, called ,acholder , greatly resem#led t e !i`ones - 'as to see later in /e' 4eAicoHon foot. -t 'as nat(ral t at 'e s o(ld t ink of marrying, #(t t ere 'ere tremendo(s o#stacles, and as time 'ent on, t ey #ecame an ins(rmo(nta#le 'all. S e 'as a =erman nationalist and 'as #ecoming more and more of a /a*i. - kne' eno(g of /a*i ideas to reali*e t eir 'ickedness, #(t 'e avoided t e s(#.ect. &e !referred to live from day to day, en.oying ' at 'e #ot kne' 'as one of t e ric est !eriods of o(r lives. &e also felt, at least s(#conscio(sly, t at t e o(r of reckoning 'o(ld come. -n an al#(m s e gave me at t e end of 193?, s e co!ied Sc iller,s lines: 3reifac ist der Sc ritt der Leit LZgernd kommt die L(k(nft erge*ogen, Pfeilsc nell ist das +et*t entflogen E'ig still ste t die Kergangen eit. @ %N @ 82 reefold is t e marc of time: & ile t e f(t(re slo' advances, 7ike a dart t e !resent glances, Silent stands t e !ast s(#lime.:E1JF 3(ring t e s(mmer 'e fo(nd some eAc(se for a vacation toget er in England. &aiting for er, - sa' some more of 7ondon, and from t ere 'e 'ent first to t e so(t coast at Brig ton. Soon 'e moved to t e 7ake 3istrict, near &indermere, romantic !laces f(ll of literary reminders. &e serio(sly t o(g t of going on to =retna =reen and taking advantage of t e local !rivileges allo'ing a fast and sim!le 'edding. - did not kno' of t e eAistence of t e !lace and of its traditions, a#o(t ' ic s e informed me. 1t er co(nsel !revailed, o'ever, and 'e did not !roceed 'it t e !lan. - t en ret(rned to ;olland and my for#idden lines, to ' ic - 'as attac ed, alt o(g - ad dro!!ed t em d(ring my stay 'it Stern. 4y mood at t e time is reflected in a diary entry - made in Se!tem#er 193?: /o' - am #ack in old 9msterdam, in t e same room ' ere - read )ie 5atrin wird Soldat . E1PF . . . 9(t(mn is starting in Kondel!ark, and t e first yello' leaves ave fallen to t e gro(nd. 2 e city . . . s!eaks to me of t e !ast: 4oses en 9aron StraatD Sar! atistraatD &ert eim!arkD t is . . . occidental +er(salem as a fascination . . . and S!ino*a as !er a!s im!arted a . . . !iece of is so(l to me. B(t anot er image is m(c more vivid . . .D all t at as a!!ened since 4ay fills . . . my eart. . . . - !ossess an indestr(cti#le and incalc(la#le treas(re, #eca(se - ave no' ad my s are, and a ric one, of t e s'eets of life. - ave lived . . . ' at - desired in vain for years, and no' it is fair t at - s(#mit, #(t it 'ill not #e 'it o(t a str(ggle, to a!!roac ing fate. U!on my ret(rn to 6ome - contin(ed asking myself ' at 'e s o(ld do. 9n intense corres!ondence follo'ed, and as soon as - co(ld, in +an(ary 1933, - ret(rned to ;am#(rg. &e s!ent more delicio(s

days toget er, #(t t e fatal +an(ary 3$ on ' ic ;itler came to !o'er 'as a!!roac ing. E(ro!e no' seemed to me to #e destined for catastro! e. /at(rally - did not ac0(ire t is fore#oding in one dayD it gre' slo'ly. 9lready @ %9 @ in 19?9, d(ring a tri! to =ermany 'it 9ngelo and 6asetti, - 'as dismayed #y t e fanatic ent (siasm 'it ' ic a gro(! of c ildren on a #oat on t e 6 ine 'ere singing )3e(tsc land, 3e(tsc land, 5#er 9lles.) 7ater events, my life in ;am#(rg in t e last years of t e &eimar 6e!(#lic, and conversations 'it colleag(es convinced me of t e deadly serio(sness of t e /a*i menaceD t ey 'ere a #and of fanatics ready for anyt ing. - co(ld not antici!ate ' at )anyt ing) meant, #(t - incl(ded in it a ma.or 'arHt at is, a 'orld 'ar, or at least a E(ro!ean 'ar. -taly,s !osition seemed to me am#ig(o(s, and - did not kno' on ' ic side of t e fence s e 'o(ld come do'n. - reali*ed t at t e 3(ce,s #ig talk 'as mostly em!ty #om#ast. 4y !rofession fostered cosmo!olitan attit(des and relations. Bot Cermi,s and 6asetti,s ori*ons consistently eAtended #eyond -taly, and t ey often considered emigration. -t 'as f(ndamental for me t at my 'ife s are my mo#ility, #eca(se - mig t find emigration from -taly desira#le or, =od for#id, necessary. 9ny f(t(re 'ife m(st agree 'it me on t is in advance. - sometimes to(c ed on t is iss(e 'it my ! ysicist friends, and s!oke freely a#o(t it to 6iccardo 6imini. 9t t at stage, - 'as not t inking of t e dangers of antiB Semitism, #(t rat er of t e sit(ation as a ' ole. 9t ome my !arents reali*ed t e o#vio(sHt at t ere 'as a =erman girl in t e offing, and t at - 'as in love 'it er. 2 ey 'anted to avoid eA!eriences like t ose t ey ad ad 'it 9ngelo, ' ic 'ere a ca(se of contin(ing 'orry to t em. 9s early as 4ay ?%, 193$, my mot er ad 'ritten a #rief note to me a#o(t c oosing a 'ife, a most (n(s(al !reca(tion for er. -t reflected er !references or !re.(dices, #(t in t e end it left t e final say to me. 2 ere are traces of t e !revailing conflict #et'een reason and feelings in many of t e letters eAc anged 'it my girlfriend in 1933. S e nicknamed me )t.d.,) t e do(#ter, #eca(se - 'as addicted to do(#ting. - 'as not t e first in my family to deserve s(c a nickname. 4y (ncle =ino 'as d(##ed )Cacad(##i) #y is #rot ers, #(t is do(#ts 'ere legal s(#tleties, and, - s o(ld add, m(c a!!reciated #y is !eers. -n t e end, 'it 6iccardo,s s(!!ort, - faced (! to t e fact t at my c(rrent relations i! co(ld not #e cond(cive to a!!iness, and t at marriage 'o(ld #e foolis . 9 s(dden, final #reak 'o(ld ave (rt (s too @ N$ @ m(c , and - sa' my =erman girlfriend once more in ;am#(rg in 193% on my ret(rn from a ! ysics conference in Co!en agen. /onet eless, t e end of t e affair 'as dismal and left its marks. Per a!s a little cynically, - decided to ado!t t e !rinci!le )2 e king is deadD long live t e kingO) 2 e sooner - fo(nd someone else, t e #etter. 2 is 'as easier said t an done, o'ever. - did not eA!ect too m(c from -talian girls. -ndeed, !er a!s - eA!ected too little of t em. 4y !arents on t e ot er and 'ere eager to see me married to an -talian +e'is girl and s(ggested - meet some yo(ng 'omen ' o looked s(ita#le to t em. 1ne 'as in Cerrara, ' ere 6iccardo 'as t en 'orking in a os!ital. 1n t e !reteAt of visiting im, - met t e girl, #(t - #arely remem#er er. 9fter t e 'ar, - learned t at s e ad #een m(rdered #y t e /a*is.

7ater it 'as t e t(rn of a /ea!olitan #ea(ty, ' o ad many advantages. &e 'ent for a 'alk toget er and - said somet ing like: )/eit er of (s is a c ild, and 'e #ot kno' !erfectly 'ell ' y 'e are on t is 'alk toget er. - 'ill s!eak o!enlyD #eca(se of my !rofession and ot er circ(mstances, it is !ossi#le, or even !ro#a#le, t at - s all end #y emigrating. & at do yo( t ink of it< Co(ld yo( ada!t to life o(tside of -taly<) 2 e girl 'as some' at taken a#ack and altingly said t at s e co(ld not live far from er mot er and from /a!les. 2 at ended t e conversation. 2 ere 'as anot er -talian girl, ' om - ad loved for over ten years, and a#o(t ' om - ad t o(g t serio(sly many times. 2 e tro(#le 'as t at - did not s(cceed in con0(ering er eart in s!ite of many efforts and great s(fferings on my !art, and s e married some#ody else. - ave remained er constant friend. 2 e first (niversity com!etition - entered 'as s!onsored #y t e University of Cerrara and decided on 1cto#er 31, 193?. 2 ere 'ere many com!etitors older and more ignorant t an -. 9mong my contem!oraries, Br(no 6ossi already ad a re!(tation for is 'ork on cosmic rays. 2 e .(dges 'ere V(irino 4a.orana, 9lfredo Poc ettino, Carlo Somigliana, 7(igi P(ccianti, and Cermi, ' o 'as t e only one ' o (nderstood contem!orary ! ysics. Cermi, !reserving t e secrecy deB @ N1 @ manded of t e !anel, never told me ' at a!!ened, #(t - learned a#o(t it from ot er so(rces. -t seems t at t e ma.ority of t e committee said somet ing like: )&e ave t e votes to do ' atever 'e 'ant, no matter ' at yo( may say, Professor Cermi. &e are, o'ever, considerate, and 'e s all !ermit yo( to c oose one candidate. &e s all c oose t e ot er t'o.) 9nd t ey selected 1. S!ecc ia and C. Kalle. Cermi !ondered t e sit(ation and c ose 6ossi. - 'as t (s not one of t e t ree 'inners. Cermi did not kno' it, #(t #y not selecting me, e ad conferred (!on me an inestima#le #enefit. -t 'as a tr(e #lessing in disg(ise, not t e last of my life. 2 is did not !revent me from s(lking for a ' ile. 6ossi and - 'ere virt(ally t e same age, and o(r !a!ers, alt o(g in very different fields, mig t ave #een seen as of com!ara#le 0(ality. -t 'as noted t at Cermi ad !referred a Clorentine to a 6oman, and to is !(!il. - am s(re t at Cermi,s vote reflected is dee!ly considered eval(ation of merit, and today, so many years later, - t ink e 'as !ro#a#ly rig t. 9t t e time, o'ever, Cermi sa' t at - 'as angry and (n a!!y. &it a rare s o' of solicit(de and affection, e told me t at - s o(ld not #e angry, t at t ere 'o(ld #e ot er com!etitions, t at - 'as yo(ng, and t at ' at co(nted a#ove all 'as to do good ! ysics. ;e !ro!osed t at 'e do some researc toget er, ' ic 0(ickly c(red my s(llenness. &e investigated y!erfine atomic str(ct(res 'it a vie' to s o'ing t at t ey co(ld #e com!letely eA!lained #y t e n(clear magnetic moment, and t at t ere 'ere no ot er n(clear forces at !lay. 2 e !a!er 'e s(#se0(ently coBa(t ored contains t e standard CermiBSegr form(la.E1GF 3(ring t is 'ork 'e la#ored toget er for o(rs on end, and on a co(!le of occasions - fell aslee! o(t of eA a(stion ' ile Cermi 'as talking to me. -n t e s(mmer of 1933 - visited 9merica for t e first time. 9fter is 19?9 eA!eriences, 6asetti ad st(ffed o(r eads 'it fa#(lo(s descri!tions of t e United StatesHt e !romised land, according to im. ;e declared e co(ld not drive -talian cars anymore and im!orted a Cord 4odel 9, in ' ic 'e traveled eAtensively. 6asetti,s tales !ers(aded Cermi to go and see for imself, taking advantage of an invitation in @ N? @

193$ from t e University of 4ic igan at 9nn 9r#or, ' ic eld famo(s s(mmer sc ools on t eoretical ! ysics. -nvitations 'ere eAtended to yo(ng E(ro!ean l(minaries, as 'ell as to a#o(t t irty 9merican st(dents and !ostdoctoral fello's, and Cermi,s old friend =. E. U len#eck, ' o 'as on t e 4ic igan fac(lty, al'ays attended. -n 6ome, Cermi ad reform(lated P. 9.4. 3irac,s 0(ant(m t eory of radiation in a form m(c easier to (nderstand t an t e original !a!ers and ad made many ill(minating a!!lications of t e t eory. -n is co(rse at 9nn 9r#or, e re!orted on t is investigation 'it eAtraordinary s(ccess. ;e 'as reinvited many times later, and ' enever e co(ld, e acce!ted. Cermi loved t e 9merican atmos! ere, and in !artic(lar 9nn 9r#or and its stim(lating sc ool. -n fact, e #ecame one of its mainstays. -n 1933, Cermi s(ggested t at - accom!any im, and - gladly acce!ted. - first sto!!ed at t e 7ong -sland ome of =. 4. =iannini, a contem!orary of mine ' o ad also st(died ! ysics in 6ome. 2 en moved to 9nn 9r#or, ' ere - s ared a room in a filt y fraternity #(ilding t at ad #een vacated for t e s(mmer. Bot Cermi and - 'ere eager to im!rove o(r Englis !ron(nciation, and 'e asked some of t e st(dents to !oint o(t ' ere 'e 'ere 'eakest. -t seems t at o(r !ron(nciation of t e letter r 'as !artic(larly #ad. - accordingly invented t e eAercise )6ear 9dmiral Byrd 'rote a re!ort concerning is travels in t e so(t ern !art of t e Eart ,) ' ic 'e declaimed at least t'elve times a day, if !ossi#le in t e !resence of some#ody ' o co(ld correct (s. Cermi and - #o(g t a second and car from 3. 6. -nglis, ' ic 'e named )2 e Clying 2(rtle) #eca(se of its !erformance, and to(red t e state of 4ic igan in it, eating very 'ell as t e !aying g(ests of local farmers. &e t (s discovered delicio(s r(ral 9merican dis es, ' ic are diffic(lt to o#tain in t e cities #eca(se t ey re0(ire very fres vegeta#les. 2o .(stify my !resence at 9nn 9r#or, - tried doing some eA!erimental 'ork, #(t t e (mid eat of t e !lace !revented me from 'orking efficiently and - did not get any' ere. -n trying to fit a r(##er t(#e onto a glass t(#e, - #adly c(t my left middle finger. - 'ent to t e os!ital, @ N3 @ and as soon as e sa' t e 'o(nd, #efore - co(ld o!en my mo(t , t e doctor said )Uo( ave #een trying to fit a r(##er t(#e to a glass one.) 7ater - sa' ot er victims of t e same accident. 1n my ret(rn to -taly, - felt t at alt o(g - ad s!ent a year learning a#o(t molec(lar #eams, and ad even !erformed a credita#le eA!eriment 'it t em, - 'as more interested in for#idden lines, ' ic ad a s!ecial attraction for me. 9fter t e st(dy of 0(adr(!ole radiation, it 'as clear to me t at t ere 'ere also ot er mec anisms !rod(cing for#idden transitions, among t em t e !resence in a disc arge of ions t at created random electric fields. - devised a sim!le t eory to eA!lain t is effect and verified it 'it Bakker,s el! #y st(dying t e Leeman effect in a s(ita#le case.E1%F Besides (sing t e field !rod(ced #y ions in t e disc arge, one co(ld t ink of (sing an eAternal electric field, (nder more controlla#le conditions. Bakker and a colleag(e named M( n !erformed t is eA!eriment, ' ile =. C. &ick and - develo!ed t e t eory. 2 ere 'ere some reasons for t inking t at t e #e avior of !otassi(m and sodi(m 'o(ld #e different. Bakker ad st(died !otassi(m. 9maldi and eA!erimented on sodi(m. 3(ring t ese eA!eriments 'e o#served ig 0(ant(m states, corres!onding to enormo(s or#its. - called t em )s'ollen atoms)D today more scientifically, #(t less !ictorially, t ey are called )6yd#erg states.) &e noted t en t at t e foreign gases 'e ad introd(ced into o(r a#sor!tion t(#es to !revent distillation did not #roaden t e lines as m(c as 'e ad feared, #(t rat er, to o(r s(r!rise, s ifted t em. &e mentioned t is (neA!ected ! enomenon to Cermi, ' o t o(g t a#o(t it a little and t en said t at it 'as !ro#a#ly #eca(se of t e dielectric constant of t e gas 'e ad added to t e alkali va!or. 2 is effect ad

to #e reckoned 'it , and e calc(lated it at once. ;o'ever, for some gases t e o#served effect ad t e sign o!!osite to t at eA!ected. S(r!rised, 'e 'ent #ack to Cermi 'it t e !(**le. 2 is time it took Cermi several days to come (! 'it an additional ca(se of level s ifts, and e 'rote an im!ortant !a!er on t e s(#.ect, ' ic for t e first time introd(ced t e idea of ' at is no' called a )!se(do!otential.) S(#se0(ently - noted t at s'ollen atoms s o(ld s o' a term in t eir Leeman @ NJ @ effect, 0(adratic in t e a!!lied field. -n t e (s(al t eory, t is term is .(stifia#ly neglected, #(t eA!erimentally s o'ed its im!ortance in s(ita#le cases.E1NF 2 e 0(adratic Leeman effect, t e s ift of t e lines, and t e effect of t e electric field on lines near t e series limit ave #een eAtensively investigated and no' form a s(#division of s!ectrosco!y. 9maldi and - s(mmari*ed o(r investigations in a revie' article t at a!!eared in a festsc rift for Leeman,s retirement.E19F 9t a#o(t t is time my fat er made an im!ortant decision t at 'as to affect t e f(t(re of everyone in o(r family. ;e 'as over seventy years old and 'as increasingly inclined to leave t e management of t e !a!er mill to 4arco, #y no' is (ndis!(ted s(ccessor, #eca(se 9ngelo 'as #(sy 'it com!letely different matters and - 'as committed to ! ysics. -n is #(siness, my fat er caref(lly o#served develo!ments, gave general directions, and as t e sole stock older ad t e final say on everyt ing, #(t e left t e dayBtoBday management to 4arco, ' om e tried to groom as is s(ccessor. 2 e !a!er mill ad !ros!ered s(#stantially, #(t es!ecially in later years, Cat er ad c osen to invest !rofits in real estate rat er t an in enlarging and moderni*ing t e mill. - do not kno' ' yD !ossi#ly t ere 'as a certain amo(nt of tacit mistr(st of Cascism and its economic !olicies. ;e also !lanned t e dis!osition of is estate, ' ic e 'anted to divide into t ree !arts of e0(al monetary val(e. ;e t o(g t t e mill s o(ld go to 4arco, ' o 'orked t ere, and t at 9ngelo and - s o(ld receive assets 'e co(ld easily administer inde!endently of 4arco. -n recent years - ad #een a#road for eAtended !eriods and ad often inted t at - mig t emigrate. C(rt ermore, - ad seen /a*ism 'it my o'n eyes and ad no ill(sions on t e s(#.ect. U! to 1933 - ad not !aid any attention to financial !ro#lems. Pa!T andled t em 'it m(c greater a#ility t an - co(ld o!e to m(ster, and - ad no money of my o'n. - ad occasionally intervened in !ersonnel 0(estions at t e !a!er mill, in !artic(lar defending Bindo 6imini, ' o ad #een attacked #y 4arco. -n t is connection - once made a tri! to Clorence to investigate certain !a!er sales, and !roved t at 4arco @ NP @ ad #lamed Bindo (n.(stly. Bindo remained dee!ly gratef(l to me for my el!. - also introd(ced my friend =iovanni CerroB7(**i at t e !a!er mill, o!ing e mig t kee! an eye on ' at 'as going on. -n years !ast, is foreign #(siness ad !rod(ced some assets o(tside of -taly, and my fat er ad left t em t ere, as 'as legally !ermitted at t e time. 9#o(t 1933, o'ever, t e Cascist government !rom(lgated ne' la's demanding t e re!atriation of foreign money, 'it severe !enalties for transgressors. 2 ese la's 'orried my fat er, and one day in t e fall of t at year e invited a !rominent #anker ' o 'as is friend and advisor to is office, along 'it 4arco and myself, and asked for o(r o!inions on t e s(#.ect. 2 e #anker at once said somet ing along t e lines of: )Uo( did not leave t is nest egg overseas for times in ' ic t e eA!ort of assets 'as !ermitted. Uo( left it t ere for times like t e !resent. 2 e ne' la's are t e #est !roof of t e im!ortance and !r(dence of kee!ing s(c a

reserve.) ;e also !ointed o(t t at t ere 'as c(rrently a fl(rry of ca!ital eA!orts on t e !art of ind(strialists, !rofessionals, and !eo!le of means. & y s o(ld my fat er give (! is o'n safety net< 2 e arg(ment convinced me at once. 1(r friend ad it t e nail on t e ead. Cat er said t at at is age e 'anted a 0(iet life. 4arco signaled is o'n im!ortance, saying ' at eA!ected of im: e 'as in t e limelig t and co(ld easily #e s(#.ected to an investigationD e ad a family to !rotect, and #eing s(c a !rominent ind(strialist, e ad to #e !r(dent. -t 'as my t(rn to s!eak, and - said somet ing like: )- am a ! ysicist ' o often 'orks a#road, and mig t emigrate. - am not a !erson in t e !(#lic eye. Uo( may transfer t e f(nds to my name, and - s all kee! t e money for t e #enefit of t e ' ole family. - insist o'ever in #eing t e only one 'it access to t e acco(nt.) Pa!T agreed on t e s!ot and told me to make t e necessary !rovisions for dis!osal of t e money in t e event of my deat . 9ngelo 'as not cons(ltedD my mot er 'as not !resent, #(t - am s(re t at my fat er ad informed er. 2o make t e necessary arrangements, - needed to go to S'it*erland 'it o(t attracting attention, so over t e C ristmas vacation - 'ent skiing near t e -talian #order 'it some friends, incl(ding t e ! ysicist @ NG @ =i(lio 6aca . &e enco(ntered fo(l 'eat er, and, ' at 'it storms and avalanc es, - ad several close s aves. Esca!ing 'it not ing 'orse t an a #roken ski, o'ever, - 'as a#le to enter S'it*erland 'it o(t seeing any !olice or c(stom official. 2 ere - transferred t e money to my name and de!osited 'it a notary a letter, to #e delivered only (!on !resentation of my deat certificate, giving access to my acco(nt. -n t is 'ay 'e created a secret f(nd t at 'as to #e !rovidential five years later ' en -taly started its racial !ersec(tions. Crom S'it*erland - ret(rned to -taly #y train and t en 'ent to t e Kal =ardena to .oin some ! ysicist friends ' o 'ere t ere for a C ristmas skiing vacation. Several days ad !assed since my advent(ro(s crossing of t e 9l!s, and as a res(lt of my falls on t e fro*en sno', my #(ttocks ad ac0(ired im!ressive green and #lack s!ots, of (es rarely seen. - co(ld not de!rive my friends of t e f(n of s(c a sig t. 7ater, Cermi, sitting on a #ed in t e small otel room, eA!lained to (s is ne' t eory of #eta decay, as yet (n!(#lis ed. P ysics in t e meantime 'as taking an im!ortant ne' t(rn for (s. Cor some time Cermi, and 'e as a conse0(ence, ad #een making longrange scientific !lans. Cermi felt t at t e golden age of atomic ! ysics 'as coming to an end, and t at t e f(t(re lay 'it n(clear ! ysics. -n a letter dated Se!tem#er 9, 193?, e 'rote to me: )- ave no !rogram for neAt year,s 'ork: - do not even kno' ' et er - s all start fooling aro(nd 'it t e &ilson Clo(d C am#er again, or if - s all again #ecome a t eoretician. . . . 2 e !ro#lem of e0(i!!ing t e -nstit(te for n(clear 'ork is certainly #ecoming ever more (rgent if 'e do not 'ant to fall into a state of intellect(al sl(m#er.) 4y !ersonal reaction 'as t at 'e ad .(st learned s!ectrosco!ic tec ni0(es, 'it ' ic 'e 'ere rea!ing good res(lts, and t at 'e mig t !ersist in t at field a little longer. - 'as, o'ever, o!en to Cermi,s arg(ments. 9maldi and 6asetti also ad t eir !oints of vie', and 'e ad long, lively disc(ssions on t e s(#.ect. 9s 'as to #e eA!ected, Cermi,s ideas !revailed, alt o(g every#ody 'as left free to do ' at e liked #est. 2 (s - contin(ed to 'ork eA!erimentally on s!ectrosco!y (ntil 'e started o(r ne(tron 'ork. ;o'ever, 'e all increased o(r reading on n(clear s(#.ects. 9s a #ridge #et'een s!ectrosco!y and @ N% @

n(clear ! ysics, Cermi and - actively investigated y!erfine str(ct(re, as already mentioned. Even my 'ork in ;am#(rg on t e dynamics of s!ace 0(anti*ation ad an (neA!ected n(clear ramification. -n t e last 'eeks of my eA!eriments, 1tto Crisc ad el!ed me, and Stern s(ggested t at e sign t e !a!er 'it me, to ' ic - consented. -n s!ite of all o(r efforts, 'e fo(nd t at t e eA!erimental res(lts did not agree 'it t e t eoretical eA!ectation, #(t t e eA!eriment ad #een diffic(lt, for its time, and 'e 'ere a#le to find eA!erimental eAc(ses for t e discre!ancy. 9 fe' mont s later, o'ever, 'e received a letter from -. -. 6a#i in0(iring a#o(t some eA!erimental details 'e ad not !(#lis ed. - sent t em to 6a#i, and e ans'ered t at t e reason for t e a!!arent disagreement #et'een t e t eory and o(r res(lts 'as t at in t e t eoretical calc(lation, 'e ad neglected t e effect of n(clear s!inO ;ad 'e incl(ded it, attri#(ting to !otassi(m a s!in of 3"?, t eory and eA!eriment 'o(ld ave agreed. -n ot er 'ords, 'e ad 'it o(t kno'ing it meas(red t e n(clear s!in of !otassi(m. 6a#i most genero(sly !(#lis ed all t is in t e -hysical .e(iew .E?$F By 1933 Cermi ad started an intensive investigation of n(clear s(#.ects. 9maldi organi*ed a seminar to st(dy Ernest 6(t erford, +ames C ad'ick, and C. 3. Ellis,s recent #ook .adiations from .adioacti(e Substances .E?1F Soon 6asetti and Cermi started learning eA!erimental n(clear tec ni0(es. 2oget er t ey #(ilt a gammaBray s!ectrogra! (sing a #ism(t crystalD t en, follo'ing a model (sed #y 7ise 4eitner, t ey designed a clo(d c am#er, ' ic 'as #(ilt in a mac ine s o! in 6ome. 9ll of (s toget er #(ilt some =eigerB45ller co(nters t at more or less f(nctioned. 6asetti 'as t e moving s!irit in t is !re!aratory 'orkD e ad also #een 'orking in 4eitner,s la#oratory to learn some radioc emistry. -n !artic(lar, e ad learned o' to !re!are Po a Be ne(tron so(rces and ad ta(g t me t at art. Cort(nately, =. C. 2ra#acc i, director of t e -stit(to fisico della sanitT !(##lica, ' ic 'as located in t e same #(ilding as t e P ysics -nstit(te, ad a gram of radi(m for medical !(r!oses and #enevolently lent (s a fraction of it, making o(r ne(tron 'ork !ossi#le. &e t (s laid a res!ecta#le eA!erimental fo(ndation for n(clear st(dies. @ NN @ 2o f(rt er en ance o(r readiness, Cermi (sed is clo(t as a mem#er of t e 9ccademia d,-talia to !romote a small international n(clear ! ysics conference, ' ic 'as eld in 6ome in 1cto#er 1931 and attended #y a#o(t t irty 'ellBc osen ! ysicists. 9t t e conference - ad t e !rivilege of cleaning t e #lack#oard for 4arie C(rie. 6egretta#ly, - did not do it to er satisfaction, and s e told me so in no (ncertain terms. 2 e timing of t e conference 'as (nfort(nate, #eca(se it 'as a fe' mont s #efore t e discovery of t e ne(tron, ' ic o!ened a ne' era in n(clear ! ysics. By 193? Cermi ad already acce!ted an invitation to re!ort on n(clear ! ysics to a large international conference in Paris, and e also !artici!ated in t e famo(s 1933 Solvay conference devoted to n(clear ! ysics. S ortly t ereafter, on is ret(rn at 6ome, e invented t e #etaBray t eoryHin is o'n o!inion, is t eoretical master!iece. -n it, develo!ing Pa(li,s ne(trino y!ot esis, e form(lated a 0(antitative t eory of #eta decay. 2 is t eory introd(ced t e soBcalled 'eak interaction, ' ic t(rned o(t to #e a ne' )force of /at(re,) as Caraday 'o(ld ave said. 9fter Cermi,s deat , t e 'eak interaction revealed startling !ro!erties, s(c as t e nonconservation of !arity and, (ltimately, dee! relations i!s 'it electromagnetism. =reat events, o'ever, 'ere inc(#ating in a different field. -n Ce#r(ary of 193J 'e 'ere st(nned #y t e anno(ncement of -rne and CrRdRric +oliotBC(rie,s discovery of artificial radioactivity. By #om#arding lig t elements 'it al! a !articles, t ey ad o#tained ne' radioactive isoto!es of common elements t at decayed #y !ositron emission. Cermi t o(g t at once of t e advantage of (sing ne(trons as !ro.ectiles. 9lt o(g t e availa#le ne(tron so(rces emitted many fe'er ne(trons t an t e al! a !article

so(rces emitted al! as, t e m(c s(!erior efficiency of ne(trons overcom!ensates t is andica!. 2 is is #eca(se t e al! as are re!elled #y t e n(clear c arge and do not !enetrate t e n(cle(s. 2 e ne(trons on t e ot er and al'ays end #y !enetrating a n(cle(s. 2 anks to t e !revio(s year,s 'ork, 'e ad all t e tools ready for testing t ese ideas. 6asetti, ' o ad contri#(ted so m(c to it, 'as in 4orocco, ' ere t e king 'as decorating im 'it some order. Cermi @ N9 @ recalled im #y telegram, #(t e ans'ered t at e did not 'ant to #e dist(r#ed. Cermi !roceeded alone and, (sing a 6n a Be so(rce, tried to form ne' radioactive isoto!es in all elements, in order of increasing atomic n(m#er. ;e first s(cceeded 'it fl(orine 8L W 9:. 2 e neAt ste! 'as to try to activate all t e elements, and to st(dy all t e radioactive isoto!es formed. 2 is formida#le task 'as #eyond t e ca!a#ilities of a single !erson, even of a Cermi. ;aving str(ck scientific gold, e most genero(sly invited 6asetti, 9maldi, and me to take !art in its eA!loitation. &e 'ere talking a#o(t t e need for !rofessional c emical el! ' en 1scar 3,9gostino s o'ed (! at t e P ysics -nstit(te. ;e 'as a grad(ate of t e de!artment of c emistry at t e University of 6ome and 'as s!ending a !ostdoctoral fello's i! in 4arie C(rie,s la#oratory in Paris learning radioc emistry. ;e ad ret(rned to 6ome for t e Easter vacation. &e told im o(r !ro#lems, and Cermi invited im to el! (s. ;e !ost!oned is ret(rn to Paris, and t e delay eAtended indefinitely. -n t e ne(tron 'ork, eac of (s ass(med s!ecial d(ties, alt o(g 'e colla#orated on all t e ! ases of t e investigation. Cermi 'as t e nat(ral c ief, not in t e sense t at e told (s ' at to do on a detailed #asis, #(t rat er in t at e set t e general g(idelines. -f t ere 'as any !ro#lem, 'e talked it over toget er, and it is not diffic(lt to g(ess ' ose 'ords carried most 'eig t. 1nce t e !rogram 'as esta#lis ed, eac of (s took res!onsi#ility for some !art of it. Crom t e very #eginning of t e eA!eriments, 'e sa' t at 'e needed a minim(m amo(nt of money #eyond t e P ysics -nstit(te,s reg(lar endo'ment. Cermi ad good relations 'it t e Consiglio na*ionale delle ricerc e. ;e ad #een its secretary for ! ysics, and - is assistant secretary. 9t t e !resent .(nct(re, Cermi asked for el! from t e C/6 and immediately o#tained ?$,$$$ lire 8t en a#o(t U.S. ]1,$$$:. - do(#t ' et er any scientific grant as ever #een more fr(itf(l. - 'as c arged 'it !roc(ring ' at 'e needed for o(r 'ork. 7(ckily, t ere 'as no #(rea(cracy. - co(ld carry o(r money in my !ocketD it 'as not m(c , #(t - co(ld !ay cas on t e #arrel. &it t is freedom, money m(lti!lied its !(rc asing !o'er in an asto(nding 'ay. Cor c emicals, - t(rned to a Signor 2roccoli, an old and eA!erienced merc ant @ 9$ @ ' o took !ride in stocking a most eAtensive s(!!ly of c emicals. -n is yo(t e ad st(died in a seminary, and e liked to s!eak 7atin, once in a ' ile offering me some c emical t at ad #een on is s elves for years )gratis et amore 3ei.) 9fter - eA!lained to im ' at 'e 'ere doing, t e 'ort y gentleman el!ed me in any 'ay e co(ld. ;o'ever, ' en, in my ignorance, - asked im for a sam!le of mas(ri(m, e ans'ered, )/(n0(am vidi) 8- ave never seen it:. 9 fe' years later - reali*ed ' y. 4as(ri(m did not eAist. Cor some a#sor!tion meas(rements, 'e needed a gold ingot. - 'ent to t e firm of Staccioli, ' o 'ere dealers in !recio(s metals, and 'it o(t any diffic(lty, on t e #asis of a sim!le recei!t, t ey loaned me t e ingotD - ret(rned to t e instit(te loaded 'it gold. - !(rc ased necessities t at co(ld not #e fo(nd at

6ome t ro(g my friend Bakker in ;olland. &ork !roceeded ra!idly. 1(r gro(! reminded me of a 'ellre earsed orc estra, and its cond(ctor, Cermi, got s(!er# m(sic from it. &e all o(tdid o(rselves, eac ac ieving more t an any of (s co(ld ave done on is o'n. 2 e ' ole 'as definitely greater t an t e s(m of its !arts, Cermi incl(ded. 1(r comm(nications 'ere !(#lis ed in La ricerca scientifica& t e #(lletin of t e C/6, ' ere 9maldi,s 'ife 'orked, and it is easy to follo' t e daily !rogress of o(r 'ork in it.E??F &e sent re!rints to 'ellc osen, strategically located corres!ondents ' o co(ld read -talian, and o(r re!orts soon attracted t e (niversal attention of n(clear ! ysicists. Cor#ino ke!t in close to(c 'it (s t ro(g fre0(ent visits to o(r la#oratory. &e systematically !roceeded to irradiate all t e elements 'e co(ld find, trying to (se o(r so(rces as efficiently as !ossi#le. &e !re!ared t em once a 'eek, #eca(se t e radon t ey contained ad a alfBlife of 3.N? days. 2 e o!eration 'as delicate, #(t 'e !roceeded ca(tio(sly, and no#ody got (rt. Soon 'e identified t e t'o reactions, ne(tron ca!t(re follo'ed #y !roton or al! aB!article emission, or, in t e (s(al notation, 8n,!: and 8n,a :. &e also fo(nd t at fre0(ently ne(tron #om#ardment !rod(ced a radioactive isoto!e of t e target, #(t 'e did not kno' ' et er t is @ 91 @ 'as o'ing to ne(tron ca!t(re follo'ed #y gammaBray emission or #y emission of t'o ne(trons: 8n,g : or 8n,?n:. 9t t e time 'e #elieved t at t e more energetic t e #om#arding ne(tron, t e more efficient it 'o(ld #e in !rod(cing n(clear reactions. 1nly mont s later did 'e find o(t o' erroneo(s t is ass(m!tion 'as. Contin(ing o(r #om#ardments #y increasing t e atomic n(m#er of t e targets, 'e arrived at t ori(m and (rani(m.E?3F 2 e activities 'e co(ld !rod(ce 'ere 'eak com!ared 'it t e nat(ral activity of t e targetsD ence it 'as necessary #efore #om#ardment to remove from t em t e different radioactive s(#stances t ey contained in radioactive e0(ili#ri(m 'it t e !rimary s(#stance. 2 is 'as a long and delicate o!eration, and t e s(#stances removed gre' again after some time. &e t o(g t t at in ca!t(ring a ne(tron, (rani(m and t ori(m 'o(ld form a #eta emitter t at decayed into trans(ranic elements, for ' ic 'e antici!ated c emical !ro!erties similar to t ose of r eni(m, osmi(m, and iridi(m. 2 e n(clear !rocesses occ(r, #(t t e s(!!osed c emical resem#lance is false. &e erred in t e 'ay 'e eAtra!olated t e !eriodic system of t e elements. ;a n and 4eitner fell into t e same tra!, as did t e +oliotBC(ries. 1nly after several years 'as it reali*ed t at trans(ranic elements form a family similar to t e rare eart s.E?JF -n 193J, at 6ome, 'e !roved t at some of t e activities formed in (rani(m #om#ardment 'ere not isoto!ic 'it elements #et'een lead and (rani(m, #(t 'e dre' t e 'rong concl(sion t at t ey 'ere trans(ranic. 7ike ot er investigators of t is !eriod, 'e noticed t at t e total activity !rod(ced 'as m(c larger t an t at of t e !rod(cts 'e 'ere isolating, and 'e s o(ld ave f(rt er investigated its nat(re. &e did not serio(sly entertain t e !ossi#ility of n(clear fission, alt o(g it ad #een mentioned #y -da /oddack, ' o sent (s a re!rint of er 'ork.E?PF 2 e reason for o(r #lindness, s ared #y ;a n and 4eitner, t e +oliotBC(ries, and every#ody else 'orking on t e s(#.ect, is not clear to me even today. 2rans(ranic elements !resented a diffic(lt eA!erimental !ro#lem, f(ll of !itfalls (nless one ad t e rig t ideas or im!ecca#le tec ni0(es. -n fact, in 3ecem#er 193N, 1tto ;a n and Crit* Strassmann fo(nd t e sol(tion to t e !(**le t ro(g an ironclad eA!eriment !roving t e forB

@ 9? @ mation of radioactive #ari(m in ne(tron #om#ardment of (rani(m.E?GF 2 e o(t!o(ring of 'ork mentioned a#ove occ(!ied t e s!ring of 193J. 3(ring t e s(mmer, t e P ysics -nstit(te 'as closed, and Cermi 'ent to So(t 9merica on a lect(re to(r. 9maldi, is 'ife, and - 'ent to t e Cavendis 7a#oratory in Cam#ridge. 1n t e 'ay, 'e sto!!ed in 7ondon to meet Crit* Panet , from ' om - 'anted to learn some c emical tec ni0(es, as 'ell as 7eo S*ilard, 'it ' om 'e ad ad some corres!ondence and ' o seemed to #e, in more t an one 'ay, an interesting fello'. &e made an a!!ointment for a certain time in t e afternoon, #(t no#ody s o'ed (!. 9ro(nd 1$ P.4. , 'e fo(nd Panet 'it tears in is eyes and S*ilard o#vio(sly s aken. &e did not talk science. ;itler ad attem!ted a co(! in 9(striaD C ancellor Engel#ert 3ollf(ss ad #een m(rdered, and no one kne' ' at 'o(ld a!!en neAt. Panet 'as 9(strian and S*ilard ;(ngarianD t e #lo' str(ck close to ome. -talian mo#ili*ation, ordered #y 4(ssolini, foiled ;itler,s !lan. 2 e attem!ted !(tsc s o(ld ave forced Crenc , Britis , and ot er E(ro!ean !oliticians to o!en t eir eyes. Per a!s ' at t ey did not 'ant to see 'as too (gly to contem!late. 2 ey esitated and missed anot er o!!ort(nity of !(tting an end to ;itler. 9maldi and - #ro(g t 'it (s t e man(scri!t of a !a!er s(mmari*ing t e ne(tron 'ork done in 6ome, ' ic 'e delivered to 7ord 6(t erford at t e Cavendis 7a#oratory, #egging im to comm(nicate it to t e 6oyal Society. ;e s o'ed keen interest in o(r !a!er, took it ome, and ret(rned it t e neAt day 'it some corrections to t e Englis , saying t at e 'as for'arding it immediately to t e -roceedings of the .oyal Society .E?%F im!r(dently recommended !rom!t !(#lication, ' ereB(!on e ans'ered, ' et er in .est or annoyance - co(ld not tell: )& at do yo( t ink - am !resident of t e 6oyal Society for<) 6(t erford s!oke 'it is !i!e in is mo(t , and - ad diffic(lty in (nderstanding im. 1nce in a ' ile e made .okes and la(g ed alo(d at t em, #(t fre0(ently - missed t e !oint. ;e invited (s to tea at is o(se, ' ere 'e met 7ady 6(t erford. &e sa' im every day in t e la#oratory, ' ere e 'ent aro(nd disc(ssing t e c(rrent 'ork, recalc(lating res(lts 'it a !encil st(m! e carried in a 'aistcoat !ocket. ;e 'as o#vio(sly ig ly res!ected and listened to, !ossi#ly 'it some a'e. - ad t e @ 93 @ im!ression t at ' en e addressed some#ody, t e !erson (nconscio(sly stood at attention. 9lt o(g 6(t erford 'as most a!!roac a#le, 'e talked more 'it t e 3ane 2. B.erge and ;. C. &estcott, o(r contem!oraries, ' o 'ere 'orking on ne(tronBind(ced radioactivity. 4a(rice =old a#er s o'ed (s t e eA!eriments e and +ames C ad'ick ad done on t e ! otodisintegration of t e de(teron and invited (s for dinner at Cai(s College, ' ere e lived. &ynn &illiams s o'ed 9maldi, ' o 'as es!ecially interested in t em, several electronic devices, incl(ding is linear am!lifier. &e also met Peter Ma!it*a, 4arc(s 1li! ant, +ames C ad'ick, +o n Cockcroft, and several ot er ! ysicists ' om teenco(ntered later. Crom t e !oint of vie' of o(r immediate 'ork, o'ever, t e most interesting eAc ange 'as 'it B.erge and &estcottD it allo'ed (s to esta#lis a clearc(t case of t e 8n,g : reaction in sodi(m, ' ic 'as to !rove im!ortant a co(!le of mont s later in t e discovery of slo' ne(trons. 9t Cam#ridge 'e lodged as !aying g(ests in a !rivate ome. 2 e food 'as so #ad t at - still remem#er it. =inestra 9maldi 'as eA!ecting er first c ild, Ugo, and er dimensions 'ere gro'ing accordingly. -n order to get to t e la#, 'e ad to !ass #et'een t'o #ollards t at formed a #arrier in t e street. Edoardo decided t at ' en s e co(ld no longer !ass freely #et'een t em, it 'o(ld #e time to go ome. ;e follo'ed t is !rescri!tion, and Ugo 'as #orn a fe' days after t eir ret(rn to 6ome. 9 'eek or t'o later, 9maldi and -, alone in 6ome, res(med t e ne(tron 'ork. 1ne of t e first t ings 'e did 'as to re!eat t e #om#ardment of 9lE?%F in order to verify a 8n,g : reaction similar to t e one

o#served #y B.erge and &estcott in sodi(m. &e fo(nd t at t e !eriod of t e isoto!e formed 'as indeed t at of 9lE?NF formed in ot er reactions, t (s demonstrating anot er case of 8n,g : reaction. &e immediately comm(nicated t is interesting res(lt to Cermi, ' o, on is 'ay #ack from So(t 9merica, ad sto!!ed in 7ondon for an international ! ysics conference, and e mentioned o(r findings at it.E?NF -n t e meantime - ca(g t a cold and co(ld not go to t e la#oratory for a fe' days. 9maldi tried to re!eat t e eA!eriments 'e ad !erformed a fe' days earlier and o#tained a different decay !eriod. & en Cermi got #ack to 6ome, @ 9J @ t e res(lts 'ere conf(sed, and e scolded (s for aving irres!onsi#ly given im erroneo(s data. resented t e acc(sation #eca(se - 'as s(re of o(r !revio(s eA!eriments, #(t - co(ld not fat om ' at 'as going on. -n addition, Edoardo 'as no' finding ineA!lica#le ne' ! enomena. &it in a fe' 'eeks, mysteries m(lti!lied. &e fre0(ently fo(nd irre!rod(ci#le effects, s(c as different activations of sam!les t at ad #een #om#arded (nder ' at 'e t o(g t 'ere t e same conditions. 7ater 'e fo(nd o(t t at t e difference 'as t at on some occasions 'e ad !laced o(r so(rce on a 'ooden ta#le and on ot ers on a mar#le oneO 1n t e morning of 1cto#er ??, 193J, after several eA!eriments in ' ic a silver foil 'as irradiated (nder different conditions, !erformed mainly #y 9maldi and Br(no Pontecorvo, so(rce and silver target 'ere s(rro(nded 'it !araffin. - 'as #(sy 'it eAaminations, #(t aro(nd noon - 'as called to see t e strange ! enomenon occ(rring. Paraffin greatly en anced ne(tron activation. 9t first - t o(g t t at some co(nter ad gone a'ry, as occasionally a!!ened, #(t it did not take m(c to !ers(ade all !resent Ht at is, Cermi, 9maldi, 6asetti, Pontecorvo, and myself, as 'ell as Br(no 6ossi and Enrico Persico, ' o a!!ened to #e visitingHof t e reality of t e effect. &e re!laced t e !araffin 'it a co(!le of ot er s(#stances, #(t it 'as a!!arent t at t ey 'ere not effective. 9t t is !oint, rat er conf(sed #y t e morning,s o#servations, 'e 'ent ome for l(nc , and after t e (s(al siesta, 'e ret(rned to t e la#oratory aro(nd 3 P.4. -n t e meantime, Cermi ad come (! 'it an eA!lanation for t e !araffin,s action. ;e y!ot esi*ed t at t e ydrogen atoms of t e s(rro(nding !araffin slo'ed do'n t e ne(trons from t e so(rce #y elastic collisions, and t at slo' ne(trons co(ld #e more easily ca!t(red t an fast ones. -t is easy to see t at in an elastic collision 'it ydrogen, a ne(tron loses on average alf its energyD t e idea t at a slo'er ne(tron 'o(ld #e more effective t an a faster one in !rod(cing n(clear reactions 'as s(r!rising to (s. &e 'ere (sed to t inking .(st t e o!!osite. 2 e effect, o'ever, s o(ld #e limited to 8n,g : reactions, and not involve 8n,!: or 8n,a : reactions. -f Cermi,s s(rmise 'as correct, 'e ad to ret ink many of o(r o#servations, taking it into acco(nt. @ 9P @ &e r(s ed to re!eat some sim!le eA!eriments and 'e recogni*ed at once t at !(**les s(c as t e #e avior of al(min(m co(ld easily #e eA!lained. -n forming 9lE?NF , 'e ad an 8n,g : reaction, en anced #y slo'ing do'n t e ne(trons. -n o(r eA!eriments, 'e ad (n'ittingly sometimes (sed slo' ne(trons and sometimes fast ones, de!ending on t e o#.ects near to o(r so(rce, o#taining a !revalence of 8n,g : or 8n,?n: reactions. &it t is eA!lanation - gave a sig of relief, #eca(se, after all, Cermi,s statement at t e 7ondon conference, s(ggested #y 9maldi and myself, 'as vindicated, and Cermi recogni*ed t at 'e ad not #een careless. Cermi 'ent to t e limit of s(!!osing t at ne(trons 'o(ld #e slo'ed do'n to t e energy o'ing to

t ermal agitation of t e molec(les of t e medi(m, a#o(t $.$3 eK at room tem!erat(re. 2 is !rocess is no' called moderation. 9t t e time 'e tested t is y!ot esis, ' ic is correct, #y trying to slo' do'n t e ne(trons 'it !araffin at different tem!erat(res, #(t t at day 'e co(ld not see any difference. 2 at same evening, at 9maldi,s ome, 'e !re!ared a s ort letter to La ricerca scientifica . Cermi dictated ' ile - 'rote. 6asetti, 9maldi, and Pontecorvo !aced t e room eAcitedly, all making comments in lo(d voices. 2 e din 'as s(c t at ' en 'e left, 9maldi,s maid discreetly asked ' et er t e evening g(ests ad all #een ti!sy. =inestra 9maldi anded t e !a!er to er #oss at La ricerca scientifica t e follo'ing morning.E?9F 2 e discovery of slo' ne(trons o!ened (! a ost of !ro#lems and made (s reorient o(r entire researc !rogram, incl(ding o(r neglect of t e (rani(m investigation. &e meas(red ' at 'e called t e coefficient of a0(aticityHt at is, o' m(c t e immersion in 'ater, (nder standard conditions, 'o(ld increase t e activityHfor many s(#stances. 2 is meas(rement confirmed t at t e 8n,g : reaction 'as t e only one sensitive to ydrogen. By early /ovem#er 'e 'ere s(re t at t e slo'ingBdo'n y!ot esis 'as correct, and o(r attention t(rned more to t e slo'ingdo'n !rocess t an to t e s(#stances !rod(ced. &e tried re!eatedly, #(t (ns(ccessf(lly, to see ' et er cold or ot moderators #e aved differently. Ultimately, P. B. 4oon and +. 6. 2illman in England demonstrated a t ermal effect, and 'e astened to re!eat t eir eA!eriments. @ 9G @ &e soon fo(nd t at some s(#stancesHfor instance, cadmi(mHgreatly a#sor#ed slo' ne(trons and 'e cr(dely meas(red an a#sor!tion crossBsection for t em. &e detected t e gamma rays emitted on ne(tron ca!t(re, and 'e started cr(de meas(rements of t e density of slo' ne(trons as a f(nction of t e distance from a so(rce immersed in 'ater. Cinally, 'e tried to slo' do'n ne(trons 'it s(#stances ot er t an ydrogen and fo(nd some effect of inelastic collisions. 9ll t is 'ork ad !rod(ced significant res(lts #y 3ecem#er 193J, siA 'eeks after t e first discovery. 1f co(rse, 'e ad immediately informed Cor#ino of o(r findings, and e at once (rged (s to a!!ly for a !atent on slo' ne(trons, ' ic e considered !otentially of great !ractical im!ortance. - s all ret(rn to t is later. 1n my ret(rn from =ermany, - ad disc(ssed my romantic diffic(lties 'it 6iccardo 6imini, my most intimate advisor. ;e t(rned o(t to ave similar !ro#lems, and talking to eac ot er frankly 'as a great relief and #enefit to #ot of (s. &e concl(ded t at as t ings stood, - s o(ld look for anot er =erman girl, !ossi#ly one living in -taly, and certainly not a /a*i. - met Elfriede S!iro early in 193J. 9t t e time, s e did not kno' -talian very 'ell, #(t t is 'as not im!ortantD on t e contrary, it gave me some advantage, since - s!oke =erman fl(ently. - 'anted to #e s(re a#o(t /a*ismD s e 'as !r(dent and avoided talking !olitics, #(t - soon t'igged t at - did not ave anyt ing to fear on t at score. S e ad left =ermany #eca(se s e ad #een fired from er .o#, and it did not take m(c imagination to g(ess ' y. - m(st add t at t e name S!iro so(nded =reek to me, .(st as Segr so(nded Crenc to erD a #it more +e'is c(lt(re 'o(ld instantly ave revealed o(r roots to #ot of (s. )7a S!iro,) as - called er, 'as andsome, of a some' at =ermanic ty!e, f(ll of vigor, and intelligent. S e needed to s(!!ort erself financially, and t is 'as er first !reocc(!ation. S e ad no !re.(dice against any onest 'orkD at first s e c anged .o#s several times, #(t t anks to er good office training, er neat a#its, and er eagerness for 'ork, s e soon fo(nd a satisfactory .o#.

@ 9% @ Elfriede 'as #orn on 1cto#er ?, 19$%, in 1stro'o, t en a small =erman to'n in East Pr(ssia. ;er family, of solid +e'is #o(rgeois stock, ad =erman feelings and s!oke =erman. Elfriede,s fat er, 4aA, 'as a first co(sin of t e famo(s c emist Crit* ;a#er 81NGNQ193J:,E3$F ' ose 'ellBkno'n =erman !atriotism 'as ty!ical of t e S!iro family #efore t e advent of /a*ism. 9fter &orld &ar -, 1stro'o 'as anneAed #y a re#orn, antiB=erman, and antiBSemitic Poland, ' ic virt(ally eA!elled t e S!iros. 2 ey t en moved to Bresla(. -n t e !rocess, Elfriede,s fat er lost a good !art of is fort(ne. Elfriede,s mot er,s maiden name 'as =ertr(de 9sc ert, and =ertr(de,s #rot ers 'ere .(dges and la'yers. Elfriede,s older sister married an ed(cation !rofessor, Peter Sc ir#el, an eAcellent !erson, antiB /a*i alt o(g of )!(re =erman race,) and one of t e fe' =ermans ' o contri#(ted, #y is #e avior, to saving =erman onor in t e orrors to come. Elfriede,s yo(nger sister, 7illi, #ecame a n(rse, first in England and later in Berkeley. -n =ermany, Elfriede ad 'orked as secretary to a socialist !olitician, ;ermann 7(edemann.E31F -n 9(g(st of 1933, forced to emigrate, s e came to -taly, ' ere er fat er ad some connections, ' ic , o'ever, !roved (seless. Elfriede 'as not disco(ragedD s e ad s!irit, 'as determined to make a career, and 'as eager to 'ork. 9fter several !ositions, s e #ecame secretaryBinter!reter for t e )Ycongresso interna*ionale dell,acetilene, della saldat(ra a(togena e delle ind(strie relative) t at took !lace in 6ome in +(ne 193J, a !osition s e eld (ntil after t e !(#lication of t e conference,s !roceedings, ' en t e organi*ation dissolved. -n t e s!ring of 193J, 'e 'ere #ot eAtremely #(sy, - 'it ne(trons and Elfriede 'it t e conference, #(t t is did not !revent (s from visiting some of 6ome,s immediate s(rro(ndings, incl(ding Palestrina, Cogliano, 2erracina, and Kiter#o. 1n my ret(rn from Cam#ridge, 'e fo(nd time for a s ort to(r of t e 3olomites, ' ere 'e #ack!acked from one mo(ntain (t to anot er. 1ne day 'e arrived ot and s'eaty at a little mo(ntain lake, ' ose dee! trans!arent 'ater 'as decorated 'it small ice floes. Elfriede did not t ink t'iceD s e donned er s'ims(it and .(m!ed in. /ot 'anting to #e t o(g t inferior, - follo'ed er, @ 9N @ #(t almost dro!!ed dead from t e cold, ' ile s e s'am merrily a#o(t. 9t Paneveggio - ta(g t Elfriede to !lay bocce& a game s e immediately liked. S e remem#ered t is at 6ecanati ' en 'e !layed t e game t ere on t e last day of er life. 1n o(r ret(rn to 6ome, Elfriede lived on Kia YY Settem#re, not far from t e &ar 4inistry, and - often 'ent to !ick er (!. 1ne day - sa' er at a distance on t e side'alk across t e street. 9n old general 'as follo'ing er 'it a #o(ncing gait and seemed to #e !aying er com!liments, ' ic - tr(st s e did not (nderstand. - looked more closely and recogni*ed no less t an ;is EAcellency Emilio 3e Bono, a 0(adr(mvir of t e 4arc on 6ome and one of t e very ig est officials of Cascism. Elfriede ad no idea of ' o e 'as. - teased er a#o(t t e #ig fis s e ad landed. -n 1cto#er, at t e eig t of t e ne(tron 'ork, 'e again ad a fe' great 'eeks. - 'as alone in 6ome, and t e city 'as in all its a(t(mn s!lendor. &e often ate in small old inns on t e Kia Crattina, no' vanis ed or degraded to to(rist tra!s, ' ere 'e fo(nd eAcellent fr(it, es!ecially marvelo(s treeBri!ened yello' !eac es. &it l(ck, after l(nc 'e 'o(ld even find time for a s'im at t e Piscina dello stadio. Elfriede,s office 'as on Kia S. Cla(dio, in t e same #(ilding as t e office of my fat er,s com!any, t e SocietT cartiere ti#(rtine 8SC2:. 1ne day, s e met my co(sin Bindo 6imini in t e elevator t ere, and t ey recogni*ed eac ot er and introd(ced t emselves on t e #asis of my descri!tions. 3(ring t e last mont s of 193J, - eA!lained t e im!ortance of t e ne(tron 'ork t at ke!t me so #(sy to Elfriede and

introd(ced er to my ! ysicist friends. Unfort(nately, Elfriede,s .o# came to an end, and s e ad to find anot er one. S e and anot er =erman girl, a friend and office colleag(e, fo(nd 'ork in a Landschulheim& a sc ool for +e'is c ildren, mostly ref(gees from =ermany, ' o 'ere !re!aring to go to Palestine. 9mong t e teac ers at t e sc ool 'ere several ' o later #ecame disting(is ed, among t em t e ! iloso! er P.1. Mristeller, a !rotRgR of t e Cascist senator =iovanni =entile and s(#se0(ently a !rofessor at Col(m#ia University in /e' Uork. Elfriede took ot er tem!orary 'ork too, for @ 99 @ instance, as an acco(ntant in a otel at Sestri 7evante, a seaside resort near =enoa t at ad many =erman visitors. 2 e #etter - kne' Elfriede, t e more - fo(nd in er all t e 0(alities - desired in a 'ife. - t en introd(ced er to my !arents. 2 ey ad certainly got 'ind t at somet ing 'as afoot, and t ey ad learned, from !revio(s eA!erience 'it 9ngelo, to #e !r(dent and avoid landing in (n!leasant sit(ations. Elfriede and - also 'ent to see 9da 6imini, t e mot er of 6iccardo and Bindo, ' o 'as most cordial, immediately took a liking to Elfriede, and t ereafter fre0(ently invited (s to l(nc or dinner. Soon my !arents, too, started to a!!reciate Elfriede, and (ltimately t ey came to love er and treated er as a da(g ter. Elfriede f(lly reci!rocated. Elfriede,s !arents also came to -taly for a visitD - met t em and - o!e made a good im!ression on t em. 2 (s 'e started serio(sly to t ink a#o(t marrying. - 'as t irty #y t en, and s e 'as t'entyBsevenD 'e #ot kne' ' at 'e 'anted and fo(nd a solid #asis for marriage in o(r common &eltansc a((ng. Before marrying, o'ever, - 'anted to ave a settled !osition, s(c as a c air at an -talian (niversity. 1n t e ot er and, t e !ast fe' years ad convinced me of t e insta#ility of t e E(ro!ean sit(ation, and t at anyt ing co(ld a!!en. 9lt o(g - loved my co(ntry, 'e ad to look f(rt er afield, ' et er 'e liked it or not. -n 4ay 193P - 'ent to ;olland for Leeman,s retirement ceremonies. & ile t ere, - eld a series of conferences on o(r ne(tron 'ork, visiting t e P ili!s Com!any at Eind oven, ' ere Bakker ad taken a .o#, among ot er !laces. -n my s!eec - told t e P ili!s scientific leaders ' at - t o(g t t e !ractical a!!lications of n(clear ! ysics 'ere likely to #e. 4y s!eec m(st ave #een convincing, #eca(se Bakker 'rote to me a fe' 'eeks later t at P ili!s ad decided to form a ne' n(clear researc gro(! and ad recr(ited im to itD e added t at t is 'as o'ing, in good !art, to my visit. -n ;olland - also came across t e famo(s =erman t eoretical ! ysicist 9rnold Sommerfeld, ' o ad #een 'ell !aid for lect(ring t ere. ;e took me aside and told me o' glad e 'as to ave t e money, saying, )- s all send it to 6(t erford for ,dis!laced sc olars, Ei.e., ;itB @ 1$$ @ ler,s victimsF rig t a'ay. - can,t contri#(te from 4(nic , #(t from ere - can.) - ad some time earlier sent a c eck, large for me, from -taly to t e same organi*ation in 7ondon, taking only t e !reca(tion of re0(esting t at my name not #e mentioned. - 'o(ld not ave dared to do so from =ermany. 3(ring t e same visit - met my former ;am#(rg colleag(e B. +ose! y on a streetcar in 9msterdam. -n 1933, to esca!e t e /a*is, e ad acce!ted a .o# in t e Soviet Union. &e looked at eac ot er 'it s(r!rise, #eca(se - kne' e 'as in 6(ssia and e kne' - 'as in -taly. 9fter a ' ile 'e decided 'e 'ere not !rey to all(cinations and talked to eac ot er. +ose! y told me t at in 6(ssia e ad ad a

contract for t e !re!aration of certain ormones. 9fter a fe' mont s t e a(t orities, ' o ad not given im t e e0(i!ment e needed for is 'ork, acc(sed im of sa#otage for not aving !rod(ced t e ormones and t reatened im 'it dire !enalties for t is crime. ;e ad saved imself #y referring to is 'ritten contract, ' ere, l(ckily for im, is e0(i!ment needs 'ere s!ecified in detail. Since e ad not received t e !romised centrif(ges, eAtractors, and so on, e co(ld not #e eld lia#le. /onet eless, e 'as fort(nate not to ave #een sent to Si#eria, or 'orse. 2 e Soviet a(t orities eA!elled im from t e co(ntry and sent im #ack to =ermany. )-magineO) e said. )& en - sa' t e s'astika, - re.oicedO) ;e crossed =ermany and 'as a#le to eAit on t e ot er sideD no' e 'as 'orking in a ormone factory in ;olland. 2 ese e!isodes el!ed me to get an increasingly clear !ict(re of t e ill 'ind t at 'as #lo'ing. -t seemed likely t at t ere 'o(ld #e a com!etition for an eA!erimental ! ysics c air in 193G. 2 e University of Palermo ad a vacancy, ca(sed #y t e deat of Professor 4ic ele 7a 6osa. - ad met 7a 6osa years #efore: one day Cor#ino ad called me to is st(dy and s o'ed me a ! otogra! of a s!ectr(m, asking ' at - t o(g t it 'as. - eAamined t e !late and ans'ered t at it 'as a merc(ry s!ectr(m, t at t e !late m(st ave #een develo!ed at too ig a tem!erat(re, softening t e gelatine and making t e lines (n(s(ally #road. )Co(ld yo( !re!are a similar !late for me #y t is afternoon<) Cor#ino asked. )Certainly,) - said. @ 1$1 @ 9 gentleman in an elegant #l(e s(it ' om - did not kno' 'as sitting neAt to Cor#ino, ' o no' introd(ced im to me as Professor 4ic ele 7a 6osa. - sensed at once t at - 'as in ot 'ater. Cor#ino added t at 7a 6osa imself ad !re!ared t e !late e ad s o'n me and t at e t o(g t e ad made a discovery. 7a 6osa 'as a #ig s ot, and t e fig(re e 'as c(tting 'as none too #rilliant. -t 'as t (s im!ortant for me to s(#stantiate ' at - ad said. - accordingly made a !late of t e merc(ry s!ectr(m and delivered it to Cor#ino. 9 fe' days later, 7a 6osa 'rote to me a friendly letter, 'it some #itters'eet (ndertones. ;e t anked me for aving ca(g t is mistake and ) o!ed t at e co(ld at t e !ro!er time reci!rocate 'it some similar service.) 2 is so(nded a #it omino(s. &o(ld - 'in t e fort coming Palermo com!etition< Ues, if .(stice !revailed 8in my immodest o!inion:, #(t one co(ld never #e s(re. ;o!ing for t e #est, - !re!ared t e necessary doc(ments and filed my a!!lication. 3(ring t e s(mmer of 193P, - again ad an o!!ort(nity of visiting t e United States 'it CermiD my !lans 'ere to ret(rn to -taly if - 'on t e com!etition for t e Palermo c airD ot er'ise, - 'o(ld try to find a .o# in 9merica and remain t ere. -n eit er case, Elfriede and - 'o(ld marry. &e 'ere #ot dee!ly 'orried #y t e !olitical sit(ation, and t e diffic(lties involved in rene'ing Elfriede,s !ass!ort and o#taining a U.S. immigration visa 'ere steadily increasing. & en - left for t e United States, - gave Elfriede all my li0(id assets, to #e (sed in an emergency. 9t some !oint t e 3(ce did somet ing, - do not remem#er ' at, t at convinced me t at t e #est t ing co(ld do 'as to s!end all my cas immediately, and - told Elfriede to #(y a ty!e'riter, a 7eica, and a gold 7ongines c ronogra! for me, and to take t e rest of t e money and go to t e .e'eler Sette!assi in Clorence and #(y erself a diamond !in, ' ic s e did. -n t e United States, as (s(al, Cermi and - first 'ent to 9nn 9r#or for a ' ile. Cermi ret(rned to -taly at t e end of 9(g(st, and - acce!ted an invitation from 3ean =. B. Pegram, 'it ' om - ad !revio(sly corres!onded, to transfer to Col(m#ia University, ' ere t ere 'as a gro(! in t e ! ysics de!artment

actively engaged in ne(tron 'ork, @ 1$? @ consisting of +. 6. 3(nning, 3. P. 4itc ell, =. 9. Cink, and Pegram imself.E3?F 2 eir ne(tron so(rces 'ere similar to o(rs, #(t as detectors t ey (sed ioni*ation c am#ers connected to linear am!lifiers, ' ic 'ere s(!erior for some !(r!oses to o(r (s(al e0(i!ment. C(rt ermore, t ey ad m(c #etter mac ine s o!s t an 'e ad in 6ome. -. -. 6a#i, ' o 'as also at Col(m#ia, 'as an interested s!ectator of t e ne(tron 'ork, alt o(g e ad strained relations 'it 3(nning. - kne' 6a#i 'ell #eca(se of is molec(lar #eam 'ork, and t ro(g im - met is !(!ils +. Lac arias, S. 4illman, /. C. 6amsey, and ot ers. 1ne day a visitor ' o 'as 'ell kno'n to me arrived at 6a#i,s office. ;e 'as 4oise ;aissinsky, ' o ad st(died c emistry at 6ome and ad later gone to 4arie C(rie,s la#oratory in Paris. 6a#i and ;aissinsky co(ld not find a common lang(age, and t ey asked me to inter!ret for t em, #eca(se ;aissinsky s!oke -talian. - looked at t em for a moment and t en s(ggested: )& y don,t yo( try Uiddis <) 2 ey 'ere off like a s ot and did not need my el!. - took (! residence at Col(m#ia University,s Casa -taliana and s!ent most of my time in t e la#oratory. Soon 6asetti .oined me t ere, and toget er o(r gro(! !erformed several eA!eriments 'it a ne(tron velocity selector #ased on fast rotating ' eels. &e also #(ilt a cadmi(m ' eel trying to verify t at t e a#sor!tion cross section varied as 1"v. &e made an error in !redicting t e o(tcome of t is eA!eriment and got a res(lt different from ' at 'e ad eA!ected. 1n second t o(g ts, - discovered a mistake in o(r reasoning and eA!lained it to 6asetti, en.oying #ot is s(r!rise and t e o!!ort(nity to teac my )Kenerated 4aster,) as - (sed to call im, somet ing.E33F 2 e !olitical sit(ation 'as deteriorating #adly, and if - ad fo(nd 'ork in t e United States, - mig t ave transferred at once, #(t .o#s 'ere as rare as ' ite flies. 2 e effects of t e =reat 3e!ression 'ere still #eing felt and t ere 'as also a certain amo(nt of more or less o!en Aeno! o#ia and antiBSemitism in 9merica. Cor instance, - 'as dismayed ' en 6asetti s o'ed me a letter from a reno'ned c emist at t e University of C icago offering im a .o# !rovided e 'as not +e'is . - decided to a'ait t e o(tcome of t e University of Palermo com!etition in /e' Uork. -n 193P, a re!etition of t e 1933 com!etition 'as @ 1$3 @ ardly !ossi#le. By no' Cermi 'as a !o'er to #e reckoned 'it , and one co(ld also eA!ect to find at least one ot er ! ysicist of t e yo(nger generation among t e .(dges. 2 e decision 'as (neA!ectedly delayed, and only at t e end of 1cto#er did - receive Cermi,s ca#le telling me t at - ad !laced first, follo'ed #y 9ntonio 6ostagni and =. 2odesco. 8-n indsig t - t ink 9maldi and =il#erto Bernardini s o(ld ave #een c osen, #(t t e set#ack for t em 'as, as it ad #een for me, a #lessing in disg(ise, es!ecially for 9maldi.: -n addition to Cermi, t e .(dges 'ere 9. Cam!etti 8c airman:, 7a(reto 2ieri, U. Cr(deli, and 9ntonio Carrelli. 9mong t em, only Cermi and Carrelli, a minority, kne' modern ! ysics. 1n /ovem#er 1G, 193P, - em#arked for -taly. 2 e Et io!ian Cam!aign 'as raging, and t e l(A(ry -talian liner 'as em!ty eAce!t for a fe' do*en -talians ' o ad vol(nteered for t e 9frican 'ar. 2 e s i! ran into a ma.or 9tlantic storm, and many tr(cks sec(red on t e deck 'ere cr(s ed #y t e 'aves like matc #oAes. 1n o(r arrival at /a!les, t e !oor vol(nteers disem#arked, kissed t eir native soil, listened to a #and !laying in t eir onor, eAc anged 6oman sal(tes 'it Cascist #ig'igs, and end(red s(ita#le r etorical s!eec es. - 'atc ed, more and more convinced t at t ey 'ere cra*y.

1n my arrival in 6ome, - contacted Elfriede in Clorence, #(t ad to !roceed immediately to Palermo to take (! my d(ties. @ 1$J @

C%a*ter Fi'e+ On My Own, ro&essor at alermo -"#$90"#$82, S(ent o& Orange ;lossoms
/on sien le genti, ancor, tro!!o sic(re a gi(dicar, s[ come 0(ei c e stima le #iade in cam!o !ria c e sien mat(reD c ,i, o ved(to t(tto ,l verno !rima lo !r(n mostrarsi rigido e feroceD !oscia !ortar la rosa in s( la cimaD e legno vidi giT dritto e veloce, correr lo mar !er t(tto s(o cammino, !erire al fine a l,intrar de la foce. 87et not t e !eo!le #e too selfBass(red -n .(dging early, as ' o s o(ld co(nt t e ro's 1f green #lades in t e field ere t ey mat(red. Cor - ave seen o' first t e 'ildB#rier s o's ;er s!rays, all 'inter t ro(g , t orny and stark, 9nd t en (!on t e to!most #ears t e roseD 9nd - ave seen ere no' a s!eeding #ar0(e 6(n all er seaBco(rse 'it (ns'erving stem 9nd close on ar#o(r go do'n to t e dark.: 3ante, Paradiso 13.13$Q3N 8trans. 7a(rence Binyon: 4arriage and transfer to Palermo signaled significant c anges in my life. Crom #eing a yo(ng man living in is !arents, ome, - no' #ecame t e ead of a ne' familyD from #eing a s(#ordinate in t e P ysics -nstit(te in 6ome, - #ecame c ief of an instit(te of my o'n in Sicily. 9t t e University of Palermo - 'as a yo(ng, #(t im!ortant, ten(red @ 1$P @ !rofessor, and my career seemed esta#lis ed, inasm(c according to t e -talian la' t en !revailing, f(rt er advancement occ(rred mostly #y seniority. - 'anted to give t e #est of myself. - o!ed to set an eAam!le of rene'al and moderni*ation in teac ing and also to initiate some meaningf(l researc in a ne' -talian center. - felt li#erated from t e need to 'rite !a!ers for my advancementD only science co(nted. Similarly, o(r ne' family 'o(ld #e o(rs aloneD - loved my !arents and tradition, #(t t e family Elfriede and - esta#lis ed 'o(ld differ from t eirs in many 'ays. 9t t e #eginning of my stay in Palermo, - lodged in t e Pensione 7incoln, on Kia 9rc irafi, near t e

P ysics -nstit(te. 2 e !ension 'as comforta#le in its sim!licity. 2 e instit(te 'as located in a ne' #(ilding, 'it very large rooms and m(c 'asted s!ace. 2 e eAisting a!!arat(s dated from t e nineteent cent(ry. 2o offset t is, t ere 'as a #ron*e ead of Professor 7a 6osa, my !redecessor. 2 e !ersonnel consisted of a middleBaged assistant, ' o seemed to me (nretrieva#le for (sef(l 'ork, an old mec anic, com!etent 'it in is limitations and f(ll of good 'ill, and some more t an ade0(ate .anitors. 1n t e floor a#ove t e P ysics -nstit(te, occ(!ying territory t at in t eory #elonged to ! ysics, 'as t e 4ineralogy -nstit(te. Since - did not need more s!ace, t ere 'as no conflict. 1n t e contrary, t e !rofessor of mineralogy, Carlo Perrier 81NNGQ19JN: 'as a nice fello', a tr(e Piedmontese gentleman, and an antiBCascist.E1F ;e 'as a #ac elor, a#o(t t'enty years older t an -, and 'ell versed in classical mineralogy and analytical c emistry. Soon 'e #ecame close friends, and t is friends i! later #ro(g t its fr(its. ;e also efficiently g(ided me t ro(g t e s oals of Palermo,s (niversity !olitics. 4y first !riority 'as to organi*e t e im!ortant service co(rses for engineersD my second, to !rovide instr(ction on more advanced ! ysics 8fisica superiore :, ' ic ad also #een entr(sted to meD my t ird, to start some researc . - am(sed myself #y ins!ecting old teac ing a!!arat(s, as - ad done in 6ome once 'it 9maldi ' en 'e 'ere still st(dents. 9t t at time, 'e ad discovered several !ieces of e0(i!ment dating from t e second @ 1$G @ alf of t e nineteent cent(ry, among t em a gadget for demonstrating conical refraction, ' ic re0(ired some t o(g t #efore 'e co(ld fig(re o(t ' at it 'as. 9t Palermo - fo(nd !ieces going #ack to t e times of 9(g(sto 6ig i, 3amiano 4acal(so, 1. 4. Cor#ino, and ot er of my !redecessors. 2 e li#rary 'as devoid of modern #ooks and .o(rnals. 1n t e ot er and, - ad a #ea(tif(l office 'it elegant f(rnit(re, and a letter ead t at !ossi#ly 'ent #ack to Ming Um#erto - 8assassinated in 19$$:, ' ic - en.oyed (sing. Cor t e rest, t e P ysics -nstit(te 'as a desert. 9t t e first fac(lty meeting, 'it a#o(t a do*en !rofessors sitting aro(nd a ta#le, - co(ld see t at t ere 'ere no #ig fig ts afoot. 2 e mat ematicians 4ic ele de Cranc is and 4ic ele Ci!olla 'ere a(t orities in t eir fields. 2 e #otanist 4ontemartini 'as confined to Palermo #eca(se e 'as notorio(sly antiBCascist, and t e *oologist =iardina, alt o(g no' very old, ad once #een #rilliant. 2 e c emists did not seem eAactly at t e level of t eir great !redecessor, Stanislao Canni**aro, and neit er did t e astronomer a!!ear to #e t e e0(al of is great !redecessor, =i(se!!e Pia**i. 9ll 'ere good !rofessors, o'ever, 'it ' om it 'as easy to agree !rovided one maintained !olite #e avior and d(e res!ect for t(rf. - clearly stated t at - ad no intention of #eing a #ird of !assage. - 'o(ld do my #est to im!rove ! ysics and - 'o(ld not s!end day and nig t !lanning o' to contrive a transfer, as many !rofessors from t e mainland (sed to do. & en my Sicilian colleag(es !erceived t at - tr(ly meant ' at - said, t ey el!ed me in ' atever 'ays t ey co(ld and ado!ted me as one of t em. 2 (s my (niversity relations 'ere eAcellent. Palermo 'as not, in fact, one of t e minor !osts (s(ally conferred at t e start of a (niversity career, s(c as Camerino, or Sassari, #(t neit er 'as it one of t e ma.or seats in ' ic one landed at t e end of a meritorio(s career, s(c as 6ome, Bologna, Pisa, or 2(rin. 9t Palermo t ere 'ere a good many Sicilians, for ' om it 'as t e seat of c oiceD some notorio(s antiBCascists, s(c as Perrier and 4ontemartini, ' o 'ere not in t e good graces of t e minister and 'o(ld not #e transferred even if t ey 'anted to #eD and some yo(ng !rofessors at t e #eginning of t eir careers.

@ 1$% @ 9s soon as !ossi#le after my ret(rn from 9merica, - ad .oined Elfriede in Clorence, and 'e started making detailed !lans for o(r imminent 'edding. Elfriede ordered linens for o(r ome from t e o(se of Pini in Clorence. S e #o(g t an elegant dress at Lecca in 6ome and stocked (! on to!B0(ality o(se old items and clot ing, destined to last a long time. 2 is fitted o(r ! iloso! y, as 'ell as t at of my !arents. ;o'ever, ' en t e #ills arrived, some 'ere !retty stiff. -m!r(dently, my fat er or - 8- do not remem#er ' o: made some comments on t is. Elfriede immediately started cryingD er #itter and (n(s(al tears startled me even more #eca(se t ey s o'ed a s(r!rising mis(nderstanding. /o criticism of er ad #een im!liedD on t e contrary, every#ody 'as satisfied t at s e ad done very 'ell. Elfriede and - decided to marry on S(nday, Ce#r(ary ?, 193G. 2o o(r great regret, Elfriede,s !arents co(ld not come to t e 'edding, #(t t ey visited (s later ' en 'e 'ere settled in Palermo. - 'ent to t e 6ome synagog(e to make arrangements for t e 'edding ceremony and told t e ra##i t at - 'anted t e sim!lest and c ea!est 'edding availa#le, t e more so as t e !arents of t e #ride co(ld not attend. 2 e ra##i 'inced, and - added t at - fo(nd it ina!!ro!riate to s!end money on ceremonies ' en t ere 'ere so many tragic sit(ations t at needed el!. 2o dis!el any do(#ts in is mind - added: );o' m(c does a l(A(ry 'edding cost<) ;e told me, and - gave im t e s(m, saying t at e s o(ld arrange t e sim!lest !ossi#le ceremony for (s, as - ad re0(ested, and s!end t e difference for =erman ref(gees. 2 is 'as t e agreement. 1n t e day of t e 'edding, o'ever, t e 2em!le 'as f(ll of flo'ers and ta!estries 'it great !om!. 2 e ra##i gave (s a s ort omily. )SeeO 9donai. . . . Before yo(rs, t ere 'as a l(A(ry 'edding ceremony and t ere 'as no time to c ange t e decorations. 2 (s yo( too 'ill ave a l(A(ry 'edding.) 9 rece!tion at t e old ;otel de 6(ssie follo'ed. -t 'as attended #y friends and relatives, incl(ding Cor#ino, 7eviBCivita, and my ! ysicist friends. Crom 6ome, in terri#le 'eat er, 'e 'ent to t e ;otel Kes(vio in /a!les, and as t e rain !ersisted, 'e 'ent to visit my friend Carrelli, !rofessor of ! ysics at /a!les, ' o s o'ed (s a s!lendid calcite crystal, a !resent of Cresnel to 4elloni, from is m(se(m. Bad l(ck ad it t at @ 1$N @ it sli!!ed from Elfriede,s and and 'as c i!!ed in one corner. 1(r em#arrassment is ard to descri#e. 9t Palermo 'e lodged at t e ;otel EAcelsior in Pia**a della 7i#eftT. Pa!T ad commanded me not to ret(rn to Pensione 7incoln #(t to find t e #est !ossi#le accommodation. 2 e EAcelsior 'as t en an eAcellent otel, 'it a firstBclass c ef and an a#le manager, ' o 'as st(ck in Palermo #eca(se e 'as s(s!ected of antiBCascism. ;e took a liking to (s and treated (s as is !rotRgRs, giving (s t e #est rooms of t e otel and kee!ing t em al'ays at o(r dis!osal. Before o(r de!art(re from 6ome, my fat er, (n#ekno'n to me, ad taken Elfriede aside and given er a small s(m, telling er t at s e s o(ld (se it for !ostage stam!s to 'rite to #ot families. 2 e money 'o(ld ave s(fficed for 'riting #y s!ecial delivery all er life and more. Elfriede dee!ly a!!reciated t e gest(re. 2 is and similar e!isodes m(st #e seen in relation to my 'is to live 'it in my !rofessorial salary of a#o(t t'o t o(sand lire a mont . 4y fat er, ' o 'as more !ractical, decided to add a s(#stantial mont ly s(!!lement to my salary. & en - ref(sed to acce!t t is, e instr(cted Bindo 6imini: )=o to yo(r co(sin and tell im e is not only a fool, #(t also r(de.) 4y fat er 'as 0(ite rig t. 2 e s(m 'as trifling for imD it !leased im to give it to (s, and it el!ed to make o(r life more !leasant. C(rt ermore, neit er Elfriede nor - 'as la*y or s!endt rift. 9fter a ' ile, - reali*ed t at instead of

#eing a(g ty 'it my fat er, - s o(ld #e gratef(l and t ank im. -mmediately after o(r arrival in Palermo, 'e started eA!loring its s(rro(ndings. -t 'as an eAce!tionally cold s!ellD t ere 'as even sno' on some of t e mo(ntains, a most (n(s(al condition. 7ater, o'ever, 'e #ecame f(lly ac0(ainted 'it t e eAtraordinary #ea(ty of t at !art of Sicily. 1n o(r first vacation, 'e decided to go on a tr(e oneymoon tri!, skiing in t e 3olomites. 9t t at time t ere 'ere no ski lifts, and one clim#ed (sing sealskinsD #(t 'e really en.oyed o(r avocation of crossco(ntry skiing. &e 'ent aro(nd t e Sella gro(! carrying o(r r(cksacks and slee!ing in small otels or (ts. -n one of t em, o(r room remained 0(ite cold in s!ite of an electric eater. - eAamined it and c anged t e @ 1$9 @ connections of its resistors from series to !arallel, 0(adr(!ling t e eat o(t!(t. Elfriede admired t e !o'er of ! ysics, #(t t e neAt day t e innkee!er made a scene #eca(se 'e ad (sed too m(c !o'er. Cinally, 'e ret(rned to Palermo to stay for a longer !eriod. &e started #y making an official ro(nd of visits to t e dean and t e rector, ' o 'as most cordial. 2 e dean 'as not at ome, #(t is 'ife 'as, and s e received (s in a friendly 'ay. &e noticed er cons!ic(o(s #ea(tif(l and #rilliant red air and #egan a !olite social conversation. 9fter s(ita#le !latit(des, s e offered (s some /ar/ade& an inf(sion of an Et io!ian !lant t at in t ose times of sanctions #y t e 7eag(e of /ations 'as s(!!osed to re!lace tea. -t 'as dee! red and ad a flavor ne' to (s. Ca(g t #y s(r!rise, 'e fo(nd it ardly drinka#le. 9 look #et'een (s s o'ed (s t at 'e ad ad t e same t o(g t: !er a!s it 'as (sed to dye o(r ostess,s air. /o less t an mine, Elfriede,s life ad c anged radically 'it er marriage and coming to Palermo. S e 'as no more )7a S!iro,) #(t Signora Segr. ;o'ever, 'e ad not c anged o(r f(ndamental a#its of first 'orking ard and t en finding o(r recreation in t e mo(ntains or in to(ring. -n t e #eginning 'e did not o'n a car, #(t 'e soon ac0(ired one and drove it do'n from 6ome to Palermo. - ad t (s re!eated a good !art of t e itinerary - ad covered 'it 6asetti in 19?9, #(t 'e co(ld not enter t e Pala**o Cim#rone at 6avello #eca(se =reta =ar#o and 7eo!old Stoko'ski ad rented it and locked t emselves (! in it. 2 e Palermo of 193G 'as a #ea(tif(l cityD des!ite its location, it 'as not !rovincial. 9t t e #eginning of t e cent(ry, it ad en.oyed a great c(lt(ral and arc itect(ral flo'ering. -t ad s o!s com!ara#le to t ose of t e greatest -talian cities, an eAcellent o!era o(se, and magnificent villas flanking t e Kiale della 7i#ertT, not to mention t e anti0(ities, 9ra#, /orman, and #aro0(e, t at testified to its millennial istory. 9ll told, one co(ld recogni*e a ca!ital, !er a!s slig tly Bo(r#on, of t e Mingdom of t e 2'o Sicilies. S(rro(nded #y 4onte =rifone, 4onreale, 4onte Pellegrino, and 4ondello like !recio(s stones set in a ring aro(nd a central diamond, t e city offered s!lendid o(tings. -n t e s!ring 'e co(ld smell t e scent of orange #lossoms, ' ic #ecame @ 11$ @ more !(ngent at s(nset. &ar and (ncontrolled !o!(lation infl(A ave r(ined Palermo, as t ey ave most -talian cities. & ile very #(sy organi*ing t e P ysics -nstit(te, - started teac ing t e elementary eA!erimental ! ysics co(rse, !erforming many demonstrations 'it a!!arat(s t at ad #een o(t of (se for !er a!s fifty years. - also !re!ared a fe' instr(ments in t e o!e of #eing a#le to #egin some researc . 9s a

start, - #(ilt one of o(r standard ioni*ation c am#ers and ordered a Per(ccaBty!e electrometer and ot er e0(i!ment needed for radioactive 'ork. - o!ed some o' to sec(re longBlived radioactive isoto!es for st(dy. - asked my ! ysicist friends to s(ggest names for a co(!le of vacant assistant !rofessors i!s a(tomatically !lacing former !(!ils of t e Sc(ola normale at Pisa ig on my list. - t (s met B. /. Caccia!(oti and 4anlio 4andI, ' om - 'as s(#se0(ently a#le to ire. Uears later, t e one #ecame a !rofessor at Pisa, and t e ot er, after a long !eriod as a !risoner of 'ar in -ndia, at ClorenceD 4ariano Santangelo, an a#le yo(ng st(dent at Palermo, #ecame !rofessor at 4odena. 9mong t e st(dents 'as a yo(ng lady, =inetta Barresi, related to t e Crocco Camily, famo(s in -talian aviation. S e 'as an (n(s(al !ersonD most intelligent, 'it dee! Sicilian roots, sincerely religio(s and learned in Cat olic doctrine. -n t ose days a 'oman ! ysics st(dent 'as a rarity, and in Palermo s e 'as t e only one. =inetta ad no 0(alms a#o(t t e matterD s e st(died er c osen s(#.ect !roficiently and if !eo!le 'ondered, s e let t em 'onder. ;er (n(s(al c(lt(re eAtended to literary s(#.ects and 'as al'ays very solid and 'ell digested, never s(!erficial. S e #ecame o(r dear friend and el!ed (s admira#ly in t e diffic(lt times t at 'ere to follo'. -n kee!ing 'it tradition, - started 'riting lect(re notes for my co(rse in eA!erimental ! ysics. com!leted and !(#lis ed t e first vol(me,E?F and - started t e second #(t co(ld not finis it #efore my dismissal. Cor fisica superiore& - ta(g t electricity. - introd(ced 'ritten eAaminations, a novelty in -talian (niversities. 2 e attem!t !rod(ced a certain ferment, #(t (ltimately t e st(dents #ecame resigned to t is innovation, alt o(g it 'as d(#io(s ' et er 'ritten eAaminations 'ere legal. 9 ty!ical 0(estion for s(c eAams 'as: Calc(late t e 'eig t of @ 111 @ a merc(ry s! ere of 3 cm radi(s. Unfort(nately, t e ans'ers 'ere not edifying. Since t e ma.ority of ! ysics st(dents #ecame ig sc ool teac ers, - t o(g t it 'o(ld #e (sef(l to 'rite a #ook on )elementary ! ysics, from a ig er !oint of vie',) modeled on t e similar ones for mat ematics, edited #y CeliA Mlein in =erman and #y Cederigo Enri0(es in -talian. - 'orked serio(sly on t e !ro.ect, 'riting a detailed !rogram for t e 'ork. -t 'as to consist of a series of articles, and looked for colla#orators, and for a !(#lis er. 2 is last 'as to #e Sansoni of Clorence, ' o #elonged to t e =entile family. 2 e racial la's !(t an end to my endeavors, #(t =iovanni =entile, +r., contin(ed t e !ro.ect (ntil e died !remat(rely in 19J?. 9fter t e 'ar, =il#erto Bernardini res(med t e initiative, and t e first vol(me a!!eared in 19J%. Bernardini,s !reface s(mmari*es t e istory of t e #ook. - #elieve t at t e idea as still some merit.E3F -n 193G - co(ld not yet assem#le t e minim(m e0(i!ment necessary to start researc at Palermo, #(t took advantage of vacations to do some eA!eriments in 6ome. - fo(nd 9maldi and Cermi dee!ly eng(lfed in t eir f(ndamental investigations on t e slo'ing do'n of ne(trons in ydrogeno(s s(#stances. - ad t e im!ression t at t ey did not 'ant to 'aste time even 'it an old friend like myself. - s!oke to &ick, ' o 'as in 6ome, and did somet ing #y myself 'it t e instr(ments and so(rces availa#le. 9ll told, t e sc ool year 193G !assed 0(ickly and !leasantly. Cor t e s(mmer - t o(g t of going to ave a look at t e United States 'it Elfriede. 9t t e #eginning of t e s(mmer, it t(rned o(t t at s e 'as !regnant, #(t since s e ad no com!laints ' atever, 'e decided to go any'ay. 7ater, 'it a small c ild, it 'o(ld #e m(c more diffic(lt to travel, ence t is 'o(ld #e o(r last c ance, at least for several years, to visit 9merica. 4oreover, 'e 'ere dist(r#ed #y t e steady do'n ill trend of events. 9lt o(g 'e !ersonally ad !ros!ered, 'e 'ere convinced of t e !recario(sness of t e sit(ation, and t is 'as one more reason for kee!ing in contact 'it 9merican ! ysicists and for s o'ing (! in t e United

States. Cor me, t e nat(ral !lace to visit 'as Col(m#ia UniversityD - ad @ 11? @ #een t ere #efore, ad ra!idly done good 'ork t ere, and ad str(ck (! a friends i! 'it t e Col(m#ia ne(tron ! ysicists. - kne' t eir instr(ments, and 'e ad common scientific interests. - t (s 'rote to 3ean Pegram !ro!osing to go t ere, and on +(ly ?, 193G, 'e landed in /e' Uork. 9maldi, too, came to /e' Uork in t e same !eriod. &e ad not, o'ever, reckoned 'it /e' Uork,s ot, (mid 'eat er and 'it t e s(ffering it 'o(ld #ring to a !regnant 'oman. Elfriede co(ld not slee! 'ell for t e eatD s e got (! at nig t to take s o'ers to cool offD it 'as clear t at t e eat 'as not only (n!leasant #(t (n ealt y. 2 (s, as soon as !ossi#le, 'e de!arted for #etter climates. 1tto Stern ad eAtolled t e f(t(re of Ernest 7a'rence,s cyclotron to (s in !revio(s years. -n 193P, ' en 'e 'ere in 9nn 9r#or, Cermi and - ad corres!onded 'it 7a'rence. 9t t at time, - do not remem#er for ' at reason, e offered Cermi a millic(rie of radiosodi(m. 3o(#ting Berkeley,s radioactivity meas(rements, Cermi re!lied s(ggesting t at 7a'rence ad !er a!s made a mistake and act(ally meant a microc(rie, a t o(sand times less. -n ans'er, e received a letter containing a millic(rie of radiosodi(m. &e 'ere d(m#fo(nded. By t en - 'as s(re - 'anted to go to see t e cyclotron. 7ater, ' en - kne' t e 6adiation 7a#oratory from t e inside, - co(ld imagine t e effect t at Cermi,s letter m(st ave !rod(ced and 7a'rence,s reaction. 9t 6ome 'e ad disc(ssed t e !ossi#ility of #(ilding s(c a mac ine, and 'e ad even tried to locate a magnet similar to t e one (sed for t e 3%Binc cyclotron in Berkeley 84arconi ad (sed it in t e radio station at Coltano many years earlierD in fact, - #elieve it 'as t e one - ad seen t ere as a c ild #efore &orld &ar -:. Ultimately, o'ever, t e !lan came to na(g t, and in 193G, cyclotron and climate attracted me to Berkeley. &e left /e' Uork #y train and sto!!ed for a fe' days in 9nn 9r#or, 4ic igan, ' ere Elfriede started feeling #etterD t en 'e crossed t e continent on a famo(s train called )2 e C allenger,) reac ing Berkeley in t ree days. &e ad t'o o#.ectives: learning a#o(t t e cyclotron and visiting California and t e &est. &e rented a Cord car for one mont , @ 113 @ o!ing t at it 'o(ld also serve Elfriede to learn to drive. - t en !l(nged into t e 6adiation 7a#oratory for several days. 7a'rence 'as most cordial.EJF -t 'as my first meeting 'it im and - 'as not (sed to is !ersonality, so different from t at of any ot er ! ysicist - kne'. ;e invited (s to is ome for dinner, ' ere - ate avocado for t e first time. 8- did not like it t en, #(t - do no'.: Besides 7a'rence, - s!oke 'it Ed'in 4c4illan,EPF 3on Cooksey, Cran* M(rie, P ili! 9#elson,EGF and ot ers - do not remem#er. +. 6o#ert 1!!en eimer also invited (s for dinner.E%F - gave a co(!le of lect(res on ne(trons and made a detailed to(r of t e 6ad 7a#, s!eaking eAtensively 'it 9#elson, t en a grad(ate st(dent 'orking on (rani(m. - told im t at t ere 'as (ndo(#tedly a mystery in (rani(m #om#arded #y ne(trons. &it a so(rce as !o'erf(l as t e cyclotron, t e Berkeley researc ers ad t e inestima#le advantage of #eing a#le to generate an activity t at 'as large com!ared 'it t e nat(ral activity of (rani(m. 2 is s o(ld ena#le t em to see t ings idden from every#ody else. 9s a first ste!, -

!ro!osed t ey see ' et er t ere 'as a difference #et'een t e activity !rod(ced #y fast and slo' ne(trons. 1f co(rse, - ad no idea of t e nat(re of t e mystery !resented #y (rani(m, #(t - kne' it 'as t ere. 9#elson 'orked a little on t e s(#.ect and gave me t e decay c(rves e o#tained, #(t at t e time e 'ent no f(rt er. - also rene'ed my ac0(aintance 'it Co(nt 7oren*o Emo Ca!odilista. - ad kno'n im since is st(dent days in Clorence, ' ere e ad 'orked 'it t e local cosmicBray gro(!. ;e ad lost is mot er ' en still very yo(ng and c eris ed is 'ealt y grandmot er, a 4rs. Parris of P iladel! ia, ' o 'as a tr(e lady, remarka#le for er vigor, intelligence, and im!osing a!!earance. 7oren*o ad a eart of gold and 'as a 'ise man and a tr(e gentleman, #(t not a ra#id ! ysicist like most of is colleag(es. Possessing inde!endent means and eAtended interests #eyond ! ysics, e tended to en.oy life. Elfriede liked im at once, too, and e later #ecame one of o(r closest friends. -n visiting t e 6ad 7a#, - noticed t at t ere 'as a lot of radioactive metal scra! lying aro(nd. /o#ody kne' ' at it contained. - asked for some sam!les to take 'it me to Palermo. 2 e radioactivities (nB @ 11J @ do(#tedly ad long !eriods, and - 'o(ld #e a#le to st(dy t em at leis(re (!on my ret(rn. &it l(ck, t ere mig t #e somet ing interesting. - took several !ieces of metal t at ad #elonged to cyclotron !arts. 7a'rence 'as very kind and genero(s in giving me t is materialD e said e 'as a!!y - co(ld (se it and glad to #e a#le to el! so !en(rio(s a !lace as Palermo. & en - ad concl(ded my scientific visits, Elfriede and - drove off to see t e marvels of t e &est. &e 'ere convinced t at t is 'as a (ni0(e o!!ort(nity to do so, and some fifty years in fact ela!sed #efore - ret(rned to some of t e !laces 'e visited. 1t er !laces, on t e contrary, #ecame fre0(ent destinations ' en 'e settled in Berkeley. 6asetti, as (s(al, ad lect(red (s on t e !laces 'e m(st see, and is g(idance from afar 'as very (sef(l to (s. &e 'ent to Uosemite and 3eat Kalley, contin(ing to some tr(ly 'ild deserts in /ava.o co(ntry, #(t missed t e Canyon de C elly, ' ic 6asetti ad rated a m(st. &e visited Bo(lder 3am still alf em!ty, and t e Uta national !arks, #o(g t cact(s seeds for 4ontemartini and Palermo,s #otanical garden, and 'ent to 4o(nt &ilson 1#servatory and to t e movie st(dios in ;olly'ood. ;a!!y 'it o(r tri!, 'e ret(rned to Berkeley, ' ere - collected my radioactive material. 1n 1cto#er 1$t , 193G, 'e landed in /a!les. 1n my ret(rn to Palermo - immediately started 'ork on t e material - ad o#tained in Berkeley. 2 e instr(ments - ad !re!ared t e !revio(s year 'ere !erfectly s(ited to my !rogramD f(rt ermore, - ad #(ilt a c emical ood and ad fo(nd glass'are and c emical instr(ments in t e la#, ' ic !er a!s 'ent #ack to t e time of Canni**aro. - 'as t (s a#le to start c emical se!arations (sing t e (s(al radioc emistry tec ni0(es. - soon discovered t at - ad taken 'it me a tr(e mine of radioactive s(#stances. 2 e cyclotron ad #een (sed for #om#arding a little of everyt ing, alt o(g mainly ! os! or(sD no s!ecial !reca(tions ad #een taken, so - fo(nd many different s(#stances t at ad va!ori*ed from t e target. -n addition to ! os! or(s, a !reliminary s(rvey revealed radioactive co#alt, *inc, !er a!s silver, and ot er activities co(ld not ascri#e to any kno'n element. @ 11P @ - first recogni*ed a large 0(antity of P3? , 'it a alf life of a#o(t t'o 'eeks. - t o(g t immediately

t at t is mig t #e (sef(l for #iological eA!eriments, #(t nat(rally, not #eing a #iologist, - did not kno' s!ecifically ' at to do 'it it. - eA!lained t e tracer tec ni0(e, t en relatively ne', in detail to my colleag(e Camillo 9rtom, !rofessor of ! ysiology, and offered im t e radioactive ! os! or(s and t e necessary tec nical el! 'it radioactive meas(rements. 9rtom at once gras!ed t e tec ni0(e and t e !ossi#ilities it offered, and immediately t o(g t of some interesting a!!lications to ! os! oli!id meta#olism. 2 (s #egan a fr(itf(l colla#oration, ' ic !rod(ced good res(lts. ;aving learned a minim(m of ! ysiology and #ioc emistry, - tried to make a r(dimentary mat ematical model of a mo(se, descri#ing its meta#olism #y s(ita#le coefficients. Some of t e ideas 'ent #ack to Kolterra,s old st(dies, ' ic - ad read as a st(dent.ENF - #elieve t at t is ty!e of investigation, greatly refined and eA!anded, as develo!ed into a fas iona#le endeavor. -n Ce#r(ary 193% - received a letter from 7a'rence containing more radioactive st(ff. -n !artic(lar, it contained a moly#den(m foil t at ad #een !art of t e cyclotron,s deflector. - s(s!ected at once t at it mig t contain element J3.E9F 2 e sim!le reason 'as t at de(teron #om#ardment of moly#den(m 8atomic n(m#er J?: s o(ld give isoto!es of element J3 t ro(g 'ellBesta#lis ed n(clear reactions. 4y sam!le, t e moly#den(m deflector li!, ad certainly #een intensely #om#arded 'it de(terons, and noted t at one of its faces 'as m(c more radioactive t an t e ot er. - t en dissolved only t e material of t e active face, in t is 'ay ac ieving a first im!ortant concentration of t e activity. By no' - 'as more so! isticated t an - ad #een in 6ome in 193J, and - kne' t at t e )mas(ri(m) anno(nced #y -. &. and &. M. /oddack in 19?P 'as !ro#a#ly a mistake. 9mong ot er reasons, n(clear systematics raised strong s(s!icions a#o(t its sta#ility. - t (s ad to !rove t at - really ad in and a ne' element, created artificially and devoid of sta#le isoto!es. 2 e met ods for s(c an investigation ad #een !ioneered long ago #y 3. -. 4endeleyev and 4arie C(rie. 1ne !redicts t e c emical !ro!erties to #e eA!ected for t e ne' s(#stance #y criteria similar to t ose (sed #y 4endeleyev, and t en one tries to @ 11G @ verify t e !redictions #y radioc emical met ods, taking into acco(nt t at t e #e avior of trace amo(nts of a s(#stance can #e different from t at of matter in #(lk. Cor t is investigation - enlisted t e coo!eration of Carlo Perrier, ' o ad more eA!erience in c emistry t an -. Cirst 'e se!arated t e activity 'e 'ere st(dying from all kno'n elements to make s(re t at it 'as not isoto!ic 'it any of t em. /eAt 'e esta#lis ed several of t e c emical !ro!erties of element J3. Se!aration from r eni(m 'as t e most diffic(lt !ro#lem, #(t in t e end 'e s(cceeded in t'o different 'ays: #y !reci!itation as a s(lfide in a very acid sol(tion and #y distillation in a c(rrent of gaseo(s ydroc loric acid. 9ll t is 'ork 'as most am(sing and of o#vio(s im!ortance.E1$F By follo'ing t e radioactive decay of o(r sam!les and #y meas(ring t e a#sor!tion in al(min(m of t e electrons emitted, B. /. Caccia!(oti and - fo(nd t ree decay !eriods: 9$, N$, and P$ days. 7ooking #ack on t e data fifty years later, - see t at in effect 'e ad only t'o radioactive isoto!es: tec neti(m 9P, 'it a !eriod of G1 days, and tec neti(m 9%, 'it a !eriod of 9$ days. 2 ey are #ot n(clear isomeric states 'it com!leA electronic radiations, o#tained #y de(teron #om#ardment of several moly#den(m isoto!es. -n t is 'ork 'e ad discovered t e first c emical element created #y man.E11F Perrier and - decided not to name t e ne' element at t e time, alt o(g 'e received s(ggestions for names cele#rating Cascism or Sicily, s(c as 2rinacri(m 8from 2rinacria, an ancient =reek name for t e island:, ' ic 'e did not like. 4oreover, for (s to avoid controversy 'it &alter /oddack and -da 2ackeB/oddack, t ey first ad to retract t eir claims, or t ese ad to fall of t eir o'n 'eig t, as later a!!ened. &e also kne' t at

many more elements ad #een named or anno(nced t an tr(ly eAisted. ;aste in naming did not seem like good style to (s.E1?F =eorg von ;eresy, ' o kne' t e /oddacks, 'ork at first and, 'rote to me eA!laining its 'eaknesses. ;eresy, a ;(ngarian ed(cated 'it all refinements of t e old 9(strian Em!ire, 'as one of t e greatest living c emists and a close friend of /iels Bo r. ;e and Crit* Panet @ 11% @ ad invented t e radioactive tracer met od, and ;evesy and 3irk Coster ad discovered t e element afni(m, (sing YBrays as an analytical tool.E13F 2 e /oddacks 'ere c emists, ig ly res!ected for t eir discovery of r eni(m, ' ic t ey detected in several ores in 19?P. -n t e same !a!er t ey ad anno(nced t e discovery of t'o elements: element %P, ' ic t ey named r eni(m 8from 6 en(s, t e ancient name for t e 6 ine:, and element J3, ' ic t ey named mas(ri(m 8from 4as(ria, t e easternmost !art of East Pr(ssia, ' ere =erman armies ad re!eatedly defeated t e 6(ssians in &orld &ar -:. 6 eni(m 'as soon confirmed, and t e /oddacks !re!ared it in macrosco!ic amo(nts, #(t t ey did not make any f(rt er mention of mas(ri(m. -n 1933, ' en - #o(g t all t e elements availa#le in 6ome for o(r ne(tron 'ork, - fo(nd a sam!le of r eni(m, #(t not one of mas(ri(m. -n 193%, after receiving t e letter from ;evesy mentioned a#ove, - ad some do(#ts a#o(t t e /oddacks, res(lts and decided to visit t em and to o#tain first and information on t eir 'ork. 9#o(t Se!tem#er ?$, on my ret(rn from Co!en agen 8see !. 1??:, - sto!!ed in Crei#(rg, ' ere t e /oddacks ad t eir la#. Professor &alter /oddack ke!t me 'aiting for a ' ile, #(t (ltimately e received me. did not see is 'ife. - s o'ed /oddack t e !roofs of o(r 7incei !a!er giving t e !ro!erties of element J3 and asked im ' et er is res(lts agreed 'it o(rs. )Ues,) 'as t e ans'er. - asked im ' et er e ad fo(nd somet ing on t e c emistry of J3 #eyond ' at 'e ad, and e said, )/o.) - asked im o' m(c mas(ri(m t ey ad, and e ans'ered a#o(t 1 mg, ' ic to me seemed (nlikely. ;e told me e ad sent it to Crancis 9ston at t e Cavendis 7a#oratory for isoto!ic analysis, ' ic s(r!rised me. - asked to see some of is YBray !lates, 'it t e c aracteristic s!ectr(m of J3. ;e ans'ered t at (nfort(nately t e !lates ad accidentally #een #roken and ence 'ere not availa#le. & en - asked ' y e ad not made more !lates, - co(ld not o#tain a clear ans'er. By t en - 'as t inking t at eit er t ey 'ere del(ding t emselves or t ey ad do(#ts a#o(t t eir res(lts and o!ed t at f(rt er 'ork mig t resolve @ 11N @ t emD in t e meantime t ey did not 'ant to !re.(dice t e iss(e. -n any case it 'as (nlikely t at t ey ad clearBc(t res(lts. ;aving formed t is o!inion, - took my leave. - 'as s(r!rised ' en a co(!le of 'eeks later /oddack, is 'ife 8if - remem#er correctly:, and a co ort of assistants s o'ed (! at my la# in Palermo. - s o'ed t em ' at 'e ad. 2 ese are t e only !ersonal contacts - remem#er aving ad 'it t e /oddacks. 9fter t e 'ar, ' en n(clear reactors !rod(ced macrosco!ic amo(nts of element J3, - ad t e satisfaction of seeing, not only t at 'e ad made no mistakes, #(t also t at 'e ad fo(nd t e main !ro!erties of t e ne' s(#stance. 1nly t en did Perrier and - give it t e name technetium to commemorate t e fact t at it 'as t e first artificial element.E1JF 1ne day Cermi came to visit me at Palermo and told me e t o(g t o(r 'ork on element J3 'as t e

#est !iece of 'ork in ! ysics in t e !receding year. Since Cermi did not make s(c statements merely to !lease, or 'it o(t d(e consideration, - 'as elated. 2 e !rime necessity for f(rt er 'ork 'as t e s(!!ly of radioactive s(#stances. - asked 7oren*o Emo to send me more material from Berkeley, ' ic e did, 'it 7a'rence,s !ermission. & en - received a letter from Berkeley, - meas(red its radioactivity #efore o!ening it. - also sent to Berkeley a collection of test t(#es containing several s(#stances to #e !(t near t e cyclotron target ' ere t ey 'o(ld #e ne(tronirradiated. 9mong t em - incl(ded some !(rified (rani(m and t ori(m, #eca(se - 'as a'are of t e (rani(m mysteries, some ammoni(m nitrate, in t e o!e of finding C1J , and s(ndry ot er materials. 2 e cyclotron !rod(ced so many ne(trons t at if my sam!les 'ere sim!ly ke!t in a #oA near t e target, - co(ld o#tain !recio(s material t at 'o(ld kee! me #(sy for 0(ite a ' ileD or at least - so o!ed. 2 e #eginning of t e year 193% 'as darkened #y an (neA!ected tragedy. Cor#ino ca(g t !ne(monia and died in a fe' days, on +an(ary ?3. ;is deat 'as a severe #lo'. ;e 'as only siAtyBone, and 'e ad all co(nted on is 'ise co(nsel and g(idance in t e diffic(lt times 'e antici!ated. - immediately sa' ' at t e conse0(ences of Cor#ino,s deat 'o(ld #e, and - 'as soon !roved rig t. & en - 'ent to 6ome for t e f(neral, @ 119 @ - fo(nd t at is !ost, ' ic s o(ld logically ave gone to Cermi, ad #ecome t e target of o#sc(re ca#als. 2 e end res(lt 'as 7o S(rdo,s a!!ointment as director of t e P ysics -nstit(te. - co(ld not ave imagined a 'orse c oice. 9mong ot er t ings it ens(red ostility, in !lace of #enevolence, to'ard Cermi,s gro(!, ' ic , in my o!inion, 'as eAerting a most sal(tary infl(ence on -talian ! ysics. 9not er s(r!rise follo'ed s ortly after: 9maldi 'as a!!ointed !rofessor at 6ome. ;e ad com!eted s(ccessf(lly for a c air at Cagliari, in Sardinia, #(t ad reno(nced t e a!!ointment in order not to ave to leave 6ome. -mmediately after'ard, e 'as called to t e University of 6ome. 2 e ' ole deal ad very negative im!lications for me. - came from t e same sta#le as 9maldi, ad #een first assistant to Cor#ino, and ad seniority over 9maldiD nor co(ld it #e said t at is scientific 'ork overs ado'ed mine. 1#vio(sly my c ances of ret(rning to 6ome and re.oining t e gro(! 'ere vanis ing. 9maldi,s a!!ointment at 6ome also meant t at Cermi and 6asetti eit er co(ld not or did not 'ant to !(t (! a fig t for me. Cermi, as a matter of !rinci!le, avoided losing #attles, and t e ' ole develo!ment signaled to me t at my c ances of #eing a!!ointed to a #etter c air t an Palermo 'ere slim indeed. 9lt o(g t e idea of remaining at Palermo for a long time 'as not disagreea#le !er se, - 'as concerned for t e f(t(re of my researc . -t 'as not easy for me to imagine o' - 'o(ld #e a#le to contin(e to do interesting 'ork in Sicily. Ultimately, o'ever, 9maldi,s a!!ointment did me little arm and t(rned o(t to #e a stroke of good l(ck for -talian ! ysics.E1PF ;aving assessed t e sit(ation at 6ome, - !(t o(t some feelers for ot er c airs, 'it disco(raging, even (miliating, res(lts. Cor instance, - still regret aving asked ;is EAcellency Professor /icola Parravano, accademico d6"talia& to comm(nicate o(r note anno(ncing t e discovery of element J3 to t e 9ccademia dei 7incei as a gest(re of a!!easement. 1n t is occasion, - sa' manifest signs of antiB Semitism, and t ey 'ere not t e first. 9ntiBSemitism ad al'ays #een endemic in -taly, #(t it ad not !revented talented !eo!le from making t eir 'ay. /o' one felt, o'ever, t at t e disease 'as getting 'orse. 4y fat er #o(g t (s a #randBne' modern a!artment on t e Pia**a Crancesco Cris!i in Palermo, ' ic ad 'indo's overlooking t e

@ 1?$ @ #ea(tif(l =iardino -nglese. -t 'as f(rnis ed for (s #y t e Clorentine firm of =ori and 'it some !ieces designed #y an arc itect friend of mine, ' ic - ad #ro(g t from 6ome. 9fter fifty years of service, can still admire t eir 0(ality in my California o(se. &e 'ere eA!ecting a c ild in 4arc , and 6asetti,s mot er and t e 9maldis el!ed (s to find eAactly t e el! 'e needed: 7ella, a 'oman from 9#r(**o, ' o ad never #een to sc ool, #(t ad (ncommon intelligence and !ersonality, and a s'eet n(rsemaid from Poggio, ' ere t e 9maldi family ad an estate. Bot 'omen eAcelled in t eir 'ork, 'ere of sterling onesty, and affectionateD t ey remained Elfriede,s lifelong friends. 1n 4arc ?, 193%, =ori came from Clorence to assem#le o(r f(rnit(reD e 'anted to do it !ersonally. 9t a#o(t 3 P.4. , ' en e ad .(st finis ed is 'ork, Elfriede told me t at s e t o(g t it mig t #e #etter to go to t e os!ital, and a#o(t t'o o(rs later o(r son Cla(dio 'as #orn. 4y colleag(e t e !rofessor of o#stetrics at t e University of Palermo 'as in attendance, alt o(g once in a ' ile e fell aslee!. 9 fe' days later Cla(dio develo!ed a si*ea#le l(m! on is neck, m(c to o(r orror. 2 e !ediatrician, a =erman doctor c osen #y Elfriede, ' o ad formerly #een er colleag(e at t e Landschulheim in Clorence, made an alarming diagnosis, #(t s(ggested 'e s o' t e c ild to t e (niversity,s !ediatrics !rofessor. 2 e latter, a very elegant Sicilian gentleman, ' ose looks reminded me of Cre(d, #riefly eAamined t e infant and t en said: )3o not 'orry. -t is not ing serio(s. ;is neck as #een !(lled at #irt . 9ll e needs is to slee! for a fe' days 'it is ead tilted and e 'ill #e all rig t.) 2 is t(rned o(t to #e t e case. &it t e 193GQ3% sc ool year a!!roac ing its end, 'e !re!ared for o(r s(mmer vacation. Since Cla(dio 'as only a fe' mont s old, 'e co(ld not travel far, and 'e rented a o(se at 9l#a di Cana*ei in t e 3olomites, ' ere 'e occ(!ied one floor and 9maldi anot er. &e also arranged lodgings in t e immediate vicinity for t e families of Bakker from ;olland and of Bernardini from Clorence. Unfort(nately, t is 'as to #e t e last vacation - 'as a#le to en.oy in t e oldBfas ioned style familiar to me from my c ild ood. &e collected large amo(nts of 'ild @ 1?1 @ ras!#erries, from ' ic 'e made .am, and of edi#le m(s rooms 8' ic - learned to identify from a =erman #ooklet:, t (s commencing t'o lifelong c(linary o##ies. -n t e middle of t e s(mmer, - 'as called to t e colors and ad to attend a military training sc ool in t e ancient sea!ort to'n of Civitavecc ia, nort of 6ome, for several 'eeks. & ile t ere, - received a telegram from t e rector of t e University of Palermo (rgently recalling me, #eca(se -l 3(ce, 4(ssolini, 'as a#o(t to visit and all t e !rofessors ad to #e !resent. - took t e telegram to t e colonel commanding t e sc ool and a!!lied for leave. 2 e colonel looked at me intently and asked: )-n t is season is Palermo very ot<) - (nderstood at once t e meaning of t e 0(estion and ans'ered: )-t is terri#ly s(ltry.) 2o t is t e colonel res!onded: )9ns'er t at yo( are serving in t e army and t at leave as #een denied.) - m(st add t at t e colonel gave me leave every 'eekend to .oin my family at 9l#a di Cana*ei, ' ere t e 'eat er 'as good. & ile at Civitavecc ia, in t e dee! of nig t, - received a tele! one call 'it t e ne's t at my fat er, ' o 'as at 2ivoli 'it my mot er, ad #een taken gravely ill. S ortly t ereafter Bindo 6imini arrived #y car and took me to 2ivoli, ' ere - fo(nd my mot er, 6iccardo 6imini, and 4arco. 4y fat er 'as in a coma, and according to 6iccardo, an eAcellent doctor ' om 'e all tr(sted, t ere 'as little o!e of is

s(rviving. 9 fe' o(rs !assed, and t e sit(ation 'as (nc anged. Some o' r(mors of my fat er,s state s!read, and !eo!le from t e !a!er mill and city a(t orities made discreet, concerned in0(iries. Some#ody even started t inking a#o(t f(neral arrangements. /o signs of im!rovement a!!eared. -n t e afternoon, t e !atient, still in a coma, !assed a lot of 'ind, and t en lo(dly and clearly s!oke some famo(s lines from 2or0(ato 2asso,s 0erusalemme liberata 8my translation:: 2 e ra(co(s so(nd of t e 2artarean #(gle Calls t e in a#itants of t e eternal s ado's. 4y mot er, ' o 'as at er (s#and,s #edside, almost fainted. &e all r(s ed in, and to every#ody,s ama*ement, my fat er regained conB @ 1?? @ scio(sness. -n a fe' o(rs e 'as greatly im!roved. Cor a#o(t a 'eek e slig tly dragged one leg in 'alking, #(t soon e totally recovered, 'it o(t visi#le trace of ' at ad a!!ened in eit er #ody or mind. &e ad #een terri#ly scared. 4y fat er,s comment 'as: )/o' - kno' ' at t ere is in t e #eyond: not ing.) Before t e s(mmer vacation, Bo r ad invited me to one of is ann(al conferences in Co!en agen, s o'ing t at o(r 'ork at Palermo ad not esca!ed is attentionD - 'as ig ly !leased and immediately acce!ted. 1n t e train to Co!en agen, - met ;ans von E(ler and several ot er yo(ng ! ysicists !roceeding to t e same conference, ' ic t (s #egan en ro(te. 2 ey eA!lained some of t e mysteries of t e latest cosmicBray o#servations, ar#ingers of ' at 'ere later called m(ons, to me. 9t Co!en agen, t e meetings 'ere eAtremely stren(o(s. -n s(c com!any, one tried to a#sor# as m(c as !ossi#le, and t (s one ad to concentrate 'it o(t interr(!tion for many o(rs at a time. - 'as eA a(sted #y t e end of eac day. Bo r,s residence and lifestyle im!ressed meD t ey 'ere tr(ly !rincely in t e #est sense of t e 'ord. &e also made some of t e (s(al eAc(rsions, #(t contin(ed talking ! ysics all t e time. - s!oke on t e ne' element J3. 1n my 'ay #ack - sto!!ed #riefly in ;am#(rg. Crom t ere, on Se!tem#er 1P, 193%, - 'rote as follo's to 6iccardo 6imini: . . . Uesterday evening t e Congress ended, 'it a (moro(s, #(t rat er moving, feast. &e acted in a sort of variety s o' s(mmari*ing Bo r,s recent travels aro(nd t e 'orld. 2 ro(g t e .okes one co(ld feel t e res!ect and almost veneration t at every#ody feels for Bo r. - co(ld not a!!roac im very m(c , #(t - (nderstood t at e is one of t e most remarka#le !ersonalities !rod(ced #y mankind, and t at e overs in eig ts incom!ara#ly ig er t an t ose reac ed #y common mortals, #e t ey even Cermis. 9lso morally and from a (man !oint of vie' e m(st #e s(!erior to ot ers. -mmediately after t e feast - left 'it E&ernerF ;eisen#erg E'inner of t e /o#el Pri*e in P ysics in 193?F and is 'ife. ;eisen#erg . . . as #een a !(!il of Bo r,s at Co!en agen for t ree @ 1?3 @ years, and e as done is #est 'ork t ere. Bo r said a fe' 'ords of goodB#ye to im and is 'ife t at 'ellBnig made t e com!any s iver, and every#ody 'as clearly s aken. - ad a #ad train tri!, #eca(se 'e 'ere contin(o(sly dist(r#ed #y c(stoms agents, !olice,

and similar c aracters. /eAt morning - arrived ere and lodged ' ere yo( see from t e letter ead Et e ;otel ContinentalF. - sle!t a little and t en ! oned )-.) &e made an a!!ointment, - #elieve #y c ance, on t e s!ot ' ere 'e first met. -t 'as t en a 'inter eveningD it is no' an a(t(mn morning. & ile 'aiting - t o(g t of many t ings of t at time, a#o(t !rogress made and c anges since t en in myself and in t e 'orld. - do not go into detail so as not to annoy yo(. -n any case yo( kno' too many t ings not to #e a#le to more or less g(ess my t o(g ts. )-) is ! ysically not m(c c anged, alt o(g s e is 'it c ild. 4orally s e seems to me to ave #ecome rat er st(!id. S e as entered t e mentality of t e local lo'er middle class, ' ic is rat er (na!!eti*ing. 2 e (s#and is a la'yer and notary and is J$ years old. S e as lost some of t e vivacity and fleAi#ility s e ad in years !ast. S e is simpatica& #(t com!letely, irremedia#ly, foreign to me, and - ave no reason to see er any more in t e f(t(re. 9lt o(g 'e did not say it, t e long !a(ses inters!ersing o(r conversation clearly s!oke for t emselves. -n any case - 'o(ld not even ave gone to #ed 'it er 'it any ent (siasm. 1t er ties and interests are no' at t e forefront and !er a!s no', for t e first time, Cla(dio ad signaled is eAistence. -n any case, as yo( kno', - dearly love Elfriede, and alt o(g - am !erfectly a'are of t e !ossi#ility of se!arating !ersons and affections, a !ossi#ility t at, alt o(g fre0(ently contested, in certain cases eAists, - do not 'ant foolis ly to (rt er. 2 e city of ;am#(rg and =ermany in general after s(c a long a#sence ave a c(rio(s effect on me. 9lt o(g t e eAterior as!ect as some' at c anged, - co(ld not say t at t e co(ntry looks different, in s!ite of t e a#(ndance of soldiers, eac stiff as a ramrod. 2 e s o!s, 'it t e eAce!tion of t e #ooksellers, are t e same, and so are t e !(#lic !laces, #(t t e ' ole looks to me like a s ell 'it o(t t e animal. Cor me, ' o kne' =ermany as t e freest co(ntry, as a fo(ntain ead of c(lt(re for a ! ysicist, as an (n!re.(diced co(ntry for girls, f(ll of ne' ideas and 'it a lively intellect(al life, it gives t e im!ression of a total void. Koid, void, and not ing else. . . . -n any case t e res(lt of t is ' ole tri! and of t is eA!erience is @ 1?J @ rat er to t(rn me to t e f(t(re, and no' Bo r and is disco(rses are more alive, or, #etter, more im!ortant to me t an memories of 1933. 9s already descri#ed, - also sto!!ed on my 'ay ome at Crei#(rg to see t e /oddacks. S ortly after t e Co!en agen conference - attended a congress eld at Bologna to cele#rate t e ?$$t anniversary of =alvani,s #irt , #(t all - remem#er of it are visits to 6avenna, !revio(sly (nkno'n to Elfriede and myself, and t e general dismay at t e anno(ncement d(ring t e conference of 6(t erford,s deat . 9ll told, 193% ad #een a good year for (s #ot !ersonally and scientifically, alt o(g clo(ded #y Cor#ino,s deat . Elfriede and - got along toget er #etter and #etter. S e !roved to #e an eAcellent 'ife, ever e0(al to t e often diffic(lt demands !laced (!on er. S e took care of Cla(dio 'it good sense, el!ed meas(re radioactive ! os! or(s in t e la#, ran t e o(se old, acted as a secretary, read on er o'n acco(nt, and gre' intellect(allyD in s ort, s e 'as an eAcellent com!anion in every res!ect. S e ad also #ecome attac ed to my !arents, ' o a#(ndantly reci!rocated er feelings. 1(r 'eekend tri!s ad s o'n (s a good !art of Sicily. 9grigento and Selin(nte 8t e ancient Selin(s: on

t e so(t 'est coast of t e island in !artic(lar a!!ealed to my imagination, alt o(g ' en 'e drove to Selin(nte, t e local #oys scratc ed t e !aint of o(r car and s!at on o(r r(cksacks o(t of !(re s!ite, ' ile alternately #egging or vainly trying to sell to (s some fake old coins. ;iking in t e Bosco della Cic(**a, 'e sa' 'ild !eonies for t e first time. - did not kno' ' at t ey 'ere, #(t g(essed, remem#ering t em from C inese !orcelain. 9t t e foot of 4onte Pellegrino, 'e fo(nd fo(rteen different kinds of 'ild orc ids in an area of a#o(t five acres. 1nce in a ' ile, 'e 'ent to 4ondello to #(y live lo#sters or s'im. -n s!ite of everyt ing, - 'as 'orried. - kne' t at t e discovery of element J3 ad #een a stroke of l(ck, not likely to #e re!eated at Palermo, and do(#ted - co(ld develo! a s(stained researc !rogram 'it o(t radioactive so(rces and #etter instr(ments t an t e sim!le ones - ad #(ilt. 2 e (niversity ad assigned me t'o (ndred t o(sand lire, a s(#stantial s(m, #(t a good !art of it 'as needed for a mac ine s o! @ 1?P @ and for ot er indis!ensa#le !lantD t e f(t(re 'as not all rosy. By nat(re - 'as inclined to ' at - (sed to call )! ysics 'it o(t a!!arat(s,) in ' ic ne' ideas make (! for t e sim!licity of t e tec ni0(es. 2 is attit(de derived #ot from my indifferent a#ility as an instr(ment #(ilder and from my ed(cation in 6ome, ' ere t eory !revailed over tec ni0(e. ;o'ever, t ere 'ere limits to ' at co(ld #e done t is 'ay. - tried in vain to o#tain some money from t e 6ockefeller Co(ndation and from t e -talian Consiglio delle ricerc e. 2o invigorate ! ysics in Palermo, - 'anted to esta#lis a c air of t eoretical ! ysics. 2 ere 'as no scarcity of yo(ng candidates ' o co(ld #rilliantly fill itD first among t em =ian Carlo &ick and =i(lio 6aca . - did not consider Ettore 4a.orana #eca(se #y t en e ad #ecome a recl(se and never left ome. - co(ld co(nt on a good c oice #eca(se Cermi,s o!inion 'o(ld #e decisive. - disc(ssed t e s(#.ect 'it t e rector of t e University of Palermo, t e .(rist Professor =. Scad(to. ;e 'as most coo!erative and !romised to el! me o'ever e co(ld, #(t 'as 'orried t at t e ne' !rofessor mig t regard Palermo merely as a s!ring#oard and mig t not stay long eno(g to eAert a tr(ly #eneficial infl(ence. Scad(to 'anted a commitment on t is !oint. 2 e s(#se0(ent com!etition ad a !ec(liar istory. -nitially, - ad eA!ected t at t e t ree 'inners 'o(ld #e &ick, 6aca , and =iovanni =entile, +r. - never dreamed 4a.orana 'o(ld enter t e com!etition, #eca(se e ad lived in secl(sion for several years. Com!letely (neA!ectedly, o'ever, e did. 2 e conse0(ence 'as clear: t e t ree 'inners 'o(ld #e 4a.orana, &ick, and 6aca D =entile 'o(ld #e left o(t. -n a t eoretical ! ysics com!etition, t e o!inions of Cermi and Enrico Persico 'o(ld #e decisive, and #ot 'o(ld onestly recogni*e merit. 2 en somet ing (n!recedented a!!ened. 2 e a!!ointment committee 8Cermi, 7a**arino, Persico, Polvani, Carrelli: met on 1cto#er ?P, 193%, and !(t for'ard a most (n(s(al s(ggestion. -t !ro!osed to a!!oint 4a.orana as a !rofessor for )eAce!tional merit) inde!endently of t e Palermo com!etition, and to s(s!end f(rt er deli#erations (ntil t e minister ad acted on t is !ro!osal. - #elieve, on good gro(nds, t at in order to avoid a defeat for is @ 1?G @ son, =entile,s fat er, a former minister of ed(cation and still a !o'er in -talian !olitics, ad conceived t is !lan and s(ggested it to t e committee. &it t e com!etition eld in a#eyance, 4a.orana 'as a!!ointed !rofessor at /a!les #ased on eAce!tional merit. 9 la' allo'ed for t is !roced(re in s!ecial

cases involving ill(strio(s !ersons, and ad #een (sed, for eAam!le, in t e case of 4arconi. 9fter 4a.orana,s a!!ointment, t e com!etition 'as reinstated, o#vio(sly 'it o(t 4a.orana,s candidacy. 2 e t ree c osen 'ere &ick, 6aca , and =entile. 2o my delig t, &ick came to Palermo not long t ereafter. /eedless to say, at t e time - 'as com!letely in t e dark a#o(t t e mane(vers mentioned a#ove. 2 is 'as not, o'ever, t e end of t e story. 9fter a fe' mont s in /a!les, ' ere e ad started is co(rse in t eoretical ! ysics, 4a.orana 'rote a s(icide note to is colleag(e Carrelli and took a #oat for Palermo. Crom t ere e 'ired Carrelli t at e ad c anged is mindD e also mailed im a letter on t e 'riting !a!er of t e ;otel Sole at Palermo, dated 4arc ?G, 193N, saying: 3ear Carrelli, - o!e my telegram and t e letter arrived sim(ltaneo(sly. 2 e sea as re.ected me and s all ret(rn to t e ;otel Bologna Ein /a!lesF tomorro', !er a!s traveling toget er 'it t ese lines. ;o'ever, - 'ant to give (! teac ing. 3o not t ink of me as a girl in an -#sen !lay, #eca(se t e case is different. - am at yo(r dis!osal for f(rt er details. 9ffectionately, E. 4a.orana. -t is easy to imagine Carrelli,s alarm and dismay on receiving t ese comm(nications. 9s 4a.orana did not s o' (! in /a!les, Carrelli contacted 4a.orana,s family in 6ome, as 'ell as Cermi. Ettore,s #rot er, 7(ciano 4a.orana, ' o ad also #een my sc oolmate, r(s ed to Palermo and came to see meD toget er 'e tried to trace Ettore,s moves t ro(g t e !olice. &e fo(nd only t at e ad #een at t e ;otel Sole, as 'as clear, any'ay, from t e 'riting !a!er e ad (sed. Cermi immediately alerted t e government, and 4(ssolini !ersonally ordered t e c ief of !olice at Palermo to (se all is reso(rces to find 4a.orana. 2o no avail. ;e ad reem#arked from Palermo for /a!les, #(t after @ 1?% @ #oarding t e s i!, e vanis ed 'it o(t a trace. -n all !ro#a#ility, e .(m!ed over#oard and 'as lost at sea. ;is #ody 'as never fo(nd.E1GF 1n my ret(rn to Palermo in t e fall of 193%, Perrier and - rene'ed o(r investigation of element J3, #(t t e cream ad already #een skimmed, and res(lts 'ere arder to get. /onet eless, 'e s(cceeded in finding interesting novelties. - ad set my o!es for t e f(t(re on t e !ackage, !revio(sly descri#ed, sent for irradiation at Berkeley. - also started #(ilding a linear am!lifier to detect t e al! a !articles eA!ected from t e trans(ranic elements - o!ed 'o(ld #e !resent in irradiated (rani(m. -n t e meantime - ad #een asked to .oin t e 6otary Cl(# in Palermo. -talian 6otary Cl(#s are very different from t eir 9merican co(nter!arts. 9t Palermo, t e cl(#,s mem#ers i! 'as restricted to im!ortant local civic leaders. C(rt ermore, t e cl(# 'as definitely not Cascist. 4y fat er (rged me to .oin, and kno'ing me 'ell, strengt ened is arg(ments #y offering to !ay t e s(#stantial mont ly fee. 9t t e 6otary Cl(# - met several interesting and im!ortant !ersons, #ot visitors and local residents. remem#er es!ecially t e ins!ired face of t e com!oser 3on 7oren*o Perosi, ' ic co(ld ave served as a model for a sc(l!tor re!resenting )=eni(s.) 4y election to t e cl(# 'as anot er sign t at Sicilians liked and acce!ted me. 1ne of t e mem#ers 'as t e eAcellent rector of t e (niversity, scion of an ill(strio(s family of la'yers. &e 'ere friends, #(t not intimates. 1ne day, o'ever, at t e 6otary Cl(#, ' en - 'ent to greet im 'it a ands ake, e s(r!rised me #y em#racing me 'it o!en arms, ' is!ering in my ear: )&atc o(t. Uo( ave #e ind yo( t e secretary of t e Cascio)Ht e ig est local Cascist a(t ority. 4(ssolini ad .(st for#idden s aking ands as an (nBCascist gest(re. -n 193N Elfriede ret(rned to =ermany for a visit. -t 'as t e last time s e sa' er !arents. & en s e got

#ack to Palermo, - met er s i! at t e !ier 'it a #(nc of roses. 2 ey did not s(ffice, o'ever, to co(nter#alance a scary !iece of !olitical ne's: ;itler,s visit to 4(ssolini, of ' ic t e !oet 2ril(ssa 8Carlo 9l#erto Sal(stri: so a!!ro!riately 'rote: @ 1?N @ 6oma di travertino 6ifatta di cartone Sal(ta l,im#ianc ino S(o !rossimo Padrone. 86ome of mar#le s!lendor Patc ed 'it card#oard and !laster &elcomes t e o(se!ainter, ;er neAt lord and master.: 2 e all(sion is to !atc 'ork ordered #y 4(ssolini along t e ro(te to #e follo'ed #y im and is g(est. - decided to s!end t e s(mmer of 193N in Berkeley in order to st(dy s ortBlived isoto!es of element J3 t at co(ld not s(rvive t e time it took to get from California to Palermo. Cor t ese s(mmer forays, - (sed a scientific strategy - ad s(ccessf(lly tested years earlier in 9msterdam at t e time of my first visit to Leeman,s la#. - !re!ared a detailed !lan of 'ork, re earsed t e tec ni0(es - 'o(ld (se, and kne' eAactly t e instr(ments - needed. &it s(c !re!arations, once on t e s!ot, it 'as easy to o#tain good res(lts ra!idly. -n t is s!ecific case, - kne' o' to isolate element J3 from a moly#den(m target, and - kne' ' at to meas(re in t e ne' isoto!es, and o'. 9t t e time Cla(dio 'as a#o(t one year old, and it 'as not eA!edient to #ring im to t e United States for a fe' mont s. &e t (s decided t at e and Elfriede 'o(ld stay in -taly, first in t e 9l!s to esca!e t e s(mmer eat and t en at 2ivoli. - 'o(ld ret(rn in 1cto#er for t e #eginning of t e sc ool year. -n 193N it 'as very diffic(lt to get U.S. visas. U.S. cons(lates 'o(ld not give one a visa (nless one,s -talian !ass!ort 'as s!ecifically validated for t e United States, and t e -talian government 'o(ld not validate a !ass!ort for t e United States (nless it already contained a visa. -n t eory, t is !recl(ded o#taining even a to(rist visa. -mmigration visas involved additional 0(ota diffic(lties, !ractically eAcl(ding -talians and Poles. 2 e last fact 'as im!ortantD Elfriede fell (nder t e Polis 0(ota, @ 1?9 @ alt o(g s e ad never #een a Polis citi*en. 6asetti ad, o'ever, told me t at t e U.S. immigration la' t en in force contained a Section J8d: t at !ermitted entry, irres!ective of t e 0(ota system, to artists, !riests, and !rofessors of a recogni*ed (niversity. 9t t e time t is did not concern me, #eca(se only 'anted a to(rist visa, #(t it #ecame vital later. Under t ese circ(mstances - 'ent, 'it my !ass!ort, to see an im!ortant official of t e a!!ro!riate de!artment. 9s a lastBmin(te ins!iration, - also st(ck Elfriede,s !ass!ort in my !ocket. 1(r conversation !roceeded a!!roAimately as follo's: )Commendatore, - am !rofessor of ! ysics at t e (niversity and - 'o(ld like to go, for t e s(mmer, to st(dy in California. - ave a ret(rn ticket and - 'o(ld like to o#tain t e validation of my !ass!ort.) )Uo( kno' t at - cannot validate it 'it o(t a !revio(s U.S. visa.)

)Ues, - kno'D o'ever, 'it t is system no#ody can move any more.) )9 O Uo( are t e ne' ! ysics !rofessor<) )Ues.) )2 e nasty oneO - ave a ne! e' ' o is very scared #y yo(r eAam e as to !ass in 1cto#er.) )Commendatore, ' at is yo(r ne! e',s name< 2ell im not to 'orry.) 2 e commendatore gave me t e name, and - added, )- s all remem#er itD tell yo(r ne! e' e as !assed t e eAam.) &it t is, t e commendatore took my !ass!ort, stam!ed, and signed it. - concl(ded: )4any t anks for yo(r kindnessD - sincerely a!!reciate it and s all not forget it. ;o'ever, - leave ere my 'ife and a c ild. 1ne never kno's. Co(ldn,t yo( validate t eir !ass!ort too<) 9nd - !(lled o(t of my !ocket t e ot er !ass!ort, ' ic 'as immediately validated. - still regret aving #een (na#le to re!ay t e good commendatore,s kindnessD e may 'ell ave saved Elfriede,s and Cla(dio,s lives. Unfort(nately, o'ever, - o#tained a U.S. visa only for myself, and not for Elfriede and Cla(dio. Before de!arting for 9merica, - 'ent to 2ivoli to take leave of my @ 13$ @ !arents. -t 'as t e last time - sa' t em. Pa!T took me aside and said to me: )Uo( are rig t in going. -f 'ere alf a cent(ry yo(nger, - 'o(ld do t e same.) 2 ese are t e last 'ords - eard im s!eak. Elfriede and - sto!!ed in 6ome and 'ent to see A7da at t e 2erme of Caracalla, #(t 'e 'ere not in a c eery mood. - em#arked for t e United States at /a!les on +(ne ?P, 193N.

1. Emilio Segr 8Pi!!i: at age 3, 19$N.

?. )9ll t e colors are: 2 e colors are of t e rain#o'. 2 ese colors can #e o#tained #y !assing s(nlig t t ro(g a !itc er filled 'it 'ater or #y !assing s(nlig t t ro(g a !rism. ;o'ever, #y !assing t e s(n t ro(g t e !itc er one does not o#tain t e colors in col(mns #(t in arcs, one 'it in Et e ot erF.) Emilio, age seven.

3. Segr family on vacation in Castiglioncello, 191%. Back ro' from left: Egle Segr 8=ino,s da(g ter:, =ino and Cla(dio Segr 8(ncles:, 9ngelo 4arco and 4arco Cla(dio Segr 8#rot ers:, and =i(se!!e Segr 8fat er:. Cront ro' from left: Emilio #et'een Bice and Ca(sta Segr 8=ino,s da(g ters:, Cina Segr 8=ino,s 'ife:, and 9melia Segr 8mot er:.

J. and P. =i(se!!e Segr and 9melia 2reves Segr, 193%.

G. Emilio in artillery lie(tenant,s (niform at t e P ysics -nstit(te at Kia Panis!erna, on t e day of Sir C andrasek ara Kenkata 6aman,s visit, circa 193$.

%. -nternational P ysics Conference at Como, 19?%. Emilio is at t e far left. 87a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory:

N. Enrico Cermi, a#o(t 19?N. P oto #y =. C. 2ra#acc i.

9. Cranco 6asetti 8nicknamed )Cardinal Kicar):, Enrico Cermi 8)Po!e):, and Emilio Segr 8)Basilisk): in academic dress, 1931.

1$. Edoardo 9maldi, Cranco 6asetti, and Emilio Segr on a ike, 1931. 87a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory:

11. )2 e =ro(! of 6ome,) 193J. Crom left: 1scar 3,9gostino, Emilio Segr, Edoardo 9maldi, Cranco 6asetti, and Enrico Cermi.

1?. Elfriede Segr, circa 193%.

13. Co!en agen P ysics Conference, 193%. Cront ro', from left: /. Bo r, &. ;eisen#erg, &. Pa(li, 1. Stern, 7. 4eitner, 6. 7aden#(rg, +. C. +aco#sen. Second ro', seated, from left: K. &eissko!f, C. 4oller, ;. E(ler, 6. Peierls, C. ;(nd, 4. =old a#er, &. ;eitler, E. Segr . . . 2 ird ro', seated, from left: =. Plac*ek, C. yon &eis*acker, ;. Mo!ferman . . . Standing: ;. 3. +ensen, 7. 6osenfeld, =. C. &ick.

1J. 4. Stanley 7ivingston and Ernest 1. 7a'rence 'it t e ?%Binc cyclotron, 193?. 87a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory:

1P. 3inner at -nternational ;o(se in Berkeley, circa 1939. Seated from left to rig t: Emilio Segr, +. 6o#ert 1!!en eimer, and C ienBS i(ng &(. 87a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory:

1G. Segr cond(cted is first eA!eriments 'it s!ontaneo(s fission in t is a#andoned forester,s ca#in in Pa.arito Canyon, 7os 9lamos, in +(ne 19J3. 8=eorge Car'ell:

1%. =ro(! leaders at 7os 9lamos, late 19J3. Crom left: ;er#ert 9nderson, 3. Croman, Enrico Cermi, ;enry ;erman Barsc all, 6. 6. &ilson, +oe Co'ler E<F, +o n 4anley, Set /eddermeyer, 7. 3. P. Ming, Egon Bretsc er, Emilio Segr, and ;ans Sta(#.

1N. Segr gro(! at 7os 9lamos, late 19J3. Crom left: Clyde &iegand, =. 9. 7inen#erger, 4. Ma n, 1'en C am#erlain, =eorge Car'ell, +. 4iskel, 9nn Ma n, Bill /o#les, +. +(ngerman, Emilio Segr, and 4artin 3e(tsc .

19. /iels Bo r skiing at 7os 9lamos, +an(ary 19JP.

?$.

Cirst atomic #om# eA!losion at +ornada del 4(erto near 9lamogordo on +(ly 1G, 19JP. 87os 9lamos Scientific 7a#oratory:

?1. Cermi and Segr at 7os 9lamos on KBE 3ay, 4ay N, 19JP.

??. 2 e Segr family in Berkeley, 19JG. Crom left: Elfriede, Ca(sta, Cla(dio, 9melia, and Emilio.

?3. Emilio Segr, s!ring of 19P?. 2 e e0(ations on t e #oard indicate t e reactions t at !rod(ced elements or isoto!es discovered #y SegrD tec neti(m, astatine, and !l(toni(mB?39.

?J. -n front of t e anti!roton e0(i!ment, 19PP. Crom left: Emilio Segr, Clyde &iegand, Ed'ard 7ofgren, 1'en C am#erlain, and 2 omas U!silantis.

?P. 2 e !eriodic ta#le, s o'ing Segr,s discoveries: tec neti(m 8no. J3, 2c:, astatine 8no. NP, 9t:, and t e lig t isoto!e of !l(toni(m 8no. 9J, P(:, P(B?39. 87a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory:

?G. 2 e 6ad 7a#,s notice#oard for G 1cto#er 19PP 'it !rogress of t e anti!roton eA!eriment. By t en 3N )events) ad #een )o#served,) or 1 for every JN,$$$ (n'anted mesons.

?%. 9nti!roton Em(lsion Star, 19PP.

?N.

Black#oard at t e 7a'rence 7a#, 1cto#er ?J, 19P9, anno(ncing t e ne's of t e day. 9t left is t e sc ed(le for ro(tine #lood tests, 'it some (moro(s annotations. 87a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory:

?9. Emilio Segr receiving t e /o#el Pri*e in ! ysics from Ming =(stav of S'eden, 19P9.

3$. Emilio Segr,s /o#el medal.

31. Cover of 2ime maga*ine, +an(ary ?, 19G1. b 19G$ 2ime &arner, -nc. 6e!rinted #y !ermission.

3?. =lenn Sea#org and Emilio Segr !resent t e first sam!le of !l(toni(mB?39 8t eir colla#orative discovery:, in t e cigar #oA in ' ic it ad #een stored for a 0(arter of a cent(ry, to t e Smit sonian -nstit(tion in &as ington, 3.C., 4arc ?N, 19GG.

33. Segr family, 19N?. Back ro' from left: 9melia,s (s#and +ose! 2erkel, 6osa and Emilio Segr, 9melia, Cla(dio, and La*a Segr olding son +oel. Cront ro' from left: 9mir 2erkel, =ino and Crancesca Segr, and Kivian 2erkel.

3J. 6osa and Emilio near 7ocarno, S'it*erland, 19N%. P oto #y 6o#ert Sc ira.

3P. Emilio Segr, 19N$. P oto #y 4. Bali#rera. 87os 9lamos Scientific 7a#oratory:

3G. Emilio at ome, doing is daily c inning eAercise, 19N1. 8Co(rtesy of t e San Crancisco EAaminer:

@ 131 @

C%a*ter Si<+ In t%e New 5orld, Re&3gee at ;er)eley -"#$80"#=$2, Smell o& Cy(lotron Oil
2( lascerai ogni cosa diletta !i_ caramenteD e 0(esto 0(ello strale c e l,arco dello essilio !ria saetta. ................ !er l(i fia trasm(tata molta gente, cam#iando condi*ion ricc i e mendici 82 o( s alt leave all t at t o( ast loved most dearD 2 is is t e arro', s ooting from t e #o' 1f #anis ment, ' ic t o( ast first to fear. ....................... 2 ro(g im s all many taste an altered lot, 2 e #eggar and t e ric eAc anging !lace.: 3ante, Paradiso 1%.PPQP%, N9Q9$ 8trans. 7a(rence Binyon: - landed in /e' Uork on +(ly 13, 193N, eA!ecting to ret(rn to -taly in t e a(t(mn for t e #eginning of t e sc ool year. -nstead, nine years 'ere to ela!se #efore - revisited -taly. By t at time, aving lost my -talian .o#, - ad #(ilt a second career, !artici!ated in great istoric events, 'on a s(!erior (niversity !osition, and #ecome a U.S. citi*en and a Californian. Cate ad #een kind to me, alt o(g - ad ad my s are of )#lood, s'eat and tears.) - am gratef(l t at - 'as s!ared #ot mor#id omesickness and t e terri#le disasters t at #efell o(r !arents and many of my friends. -n my early 9merican years - 'as l(cky to @ 13? @ ave in science an a#sor#ing occ(!ation t at #ot gave me !leas(re and el!ed me re#(ild my life. 1n my arrival at /e' Uork, - visited my Col(m#ia University friends and t en, after a fe' days, left for Berkeley. - 'anted to eAec(te my 'ork !rogram as fast as !ossi#le. 7eo S*ilard, t e ;(ngarian ! ysicist - ad met a fe' years earlier in England, came to see me off at =rand Central Station on my de!art(re for San Crancisco. ;e in0(ired a#o(t my !lans, ' ic - detailed to im. & en - told im eA!ected to ret(rn to Palermo in 1cto#er, e said t at 'o(ld #e im!ossi#le #eca(se of ' at 4(ssolini mig t #e eA!ected to doD -taly mig t ado!t ;itler,s racist !olitics, and in any case, ;itler mig t start a 'orld 'ar soon. &it t ese c eerf(l t o(g ts, - started on t e first leg of my tri!, from /e' Uork to C icago. 9t C icago - #o(g t a ne's!a!er and read a s ort #(t c illing ne's item on t e ne' c arter of antiB Semitism in -taly, t e Manifesto della razza 8race manifesto:, ' ic o#vio(sly 4(ssolini ad enco(raged, even if it #ore only t e signat(res of is minions.E1F - r(minated for t e rest of t e tri! on

its contents and im!lications. - decided not to mention t e s(#.ect to strangers in Berkeley, o'ever, (ntil - kne' more. - 'as t (s cata!(lted from my a!!arently sec(re .o# in Palermo into a !recario(s ne' sit(ation. -t is tr(e t at - 'as not (nkno'n as a scientist, #(t my !restige 'as not s(fficient to !lace me in t e category of t ose for ' om it 'as easy to find a .o#. C(rt ermore, - ad arrived a fe' years later t an contem!oraries like Bet e, Bloc , and 2eller, and t e .o# market 'as more sat(rated. Strangely, t e first s ock did not affect me very m(c emotionally. 2 e #lo' 'as not (neA!ected, and all in all - 'as too #(sy trying to re#(ild my life to #rood aimlessly. 2 e res(lt 'as t at - did not feel t e s(dden rending from my !revio(s life as an irre!ara#le 'o(nd, as a!!ened to many RmigrRs. 1n my arrival in Berkeley, - immediately tried to look (! my friend 7oren*o Emo, #(t e 'as a'ay for a fe' days. 2 e o'ner of t e o(se ' ere e lived ad anot er room for rent and - took it. -n t at o(se @ 133 @ - fo(nd a little #ook of 9dmiral /elson,s letters to Emma, 7ady ;amilton, is lover. -n t em /elson often com!lained a#o(t seasickness and signed 'it is /ea!olitan d(cal title, BrontR. 2 (s, in o(r friendly interco(rse, - nicknamed 7oren*o )BrontR) or )Bront(**o.) 7oren*o 'as of t e greatest el! to me in my early days at Berkeley. Cirst, e eA!lained to me t e (niversity min(et t at one danced at Berkeley, as one does in all (niversitiesD t en e g(ided me a little among t e vario(s !ersonalities - met. 9#ove all, e 'as a tr(sted friend 'it ' om - co(ld s are my 'orries a#o(t ' at 'as a!!ening in E(ro!e. Bet'een (s 'e co(ld talk 'it o!en earts, s(re of m(t(al (nderstanding. -n t ose 'eeks o(r ac0(aintance gre' into a solid, intimate friends i! t at lasted for life. 7oren*o, a andsome man, a man of t e 'orld, a co(nt, and of inde!endent means, 'as most !o!(lar among ! ysicists and t eir 'ives, #ot at t e (niversity and at t e 6adiation 7a#oratory. 9lt o(g e looked to #e a farfallone amoroso 8amoro(s #(tterfly:, e 'as an ast(te o#server of !eo!le and s re'dly a!!raised t em. 2 e first !eo!le - met t ro(g im 'ere 3on Cooksey 87a'rence,s alter ego:, Crancis +enkins and is 'ife ;enriette, and 6o#ert Brode and is 'ife Bernice.E?F -n addition, 7oren*o introd(ced me to 3r. =iacomo 9ncona, a ! ysician from Clorence living in San Crancisco, ' o 'e discovered ad eAamined me in 19?G ' en e 'as a yo(ng assistant to t e !rofessor of medicine at t e University of Clorence, Cr(goni. - also str(ck (! a close, lifelong friends i! 'it 9ncona. - looked aro(nd t e la# and sa' at once t at, ' ile t e cyclotron 'as a 'onder, t e met ods (sed to meas(re radioactivity left m(c to #e desired. - t en tried to sec(re an ioni*ation c am#er of t e ty!e ad (sed in 6ome and Palermo, and finding t at Cranco 6asetti, on a s ort visit in 193P, ad left !arts of s(c an instr(ment in Berkeley, - com!leted it. - 'as (sed to co(!ling t e ioni*ation c am#er to an electrostatic electrometer, #(t ' en - asked 7a'rence to #(y s(c an instr(ment, e denied my re0(est. ;e said t at it 'as oldBfas ioned st(ff, and t at - s o(ld #(ild a 3C am!lifier 'it an CP PJ t(#e. - ad no c oice and started 'orking. Cort(nately, 7ee 3(Bridge, t e f(t(re !resident of Caltec , t en a !rofessor at 6oc ester University, 'as @ 13J @ vacationing in Berkeley. ;e 'as an eA!ert on 3C am!lifiers and kindly offered is el!, ra!idly assem#ling t e rest of t e instr(ment. 2 e res(ltant sim!le a!!arat(s 'as (sed later for many

investigations. -t is no' a m(se(m !iece at t e Smit sonian -nstit(tion in &as ington, 3.C. 2 e more familiar - #ecame 'it t e 6ad 7a#, t e more s(r!rised - 'asD it o!erated very differently from any ot er la#oratory - ad #een in. 2 ere 'ere many st(dents, #(t t ey seemed to me to #e left to t emselves, 'it o(t scientific g(idance. - 'as sim!leBminded or im!r(dent eno(g to mention t is to 7a'rence, and - even offered to el! in g(iding st(dents. ;e ans'ered me rat er coolly t at t e 6ad 7a# and 9merica 'ere not a =erman (niversity 'it a #ig #oss dominating t e st(dentsD t at ere st(dents 'ere free and learned #y t emselves, and similar tales. 2 e tr(t 'as t at 7a'rence,s interest centered on t e cyclotron and on #(ilding t e 6ad 7a#,s diverse activitiesD is kno'ledge of and interest in n(clear ! ysics 'ere limited. St(dents, in !ractice, served as c ea! la#or for t e #(ilding and tending of t e cyclotron and any move t at mig t divert t em from t is task 'as fro'ned (!on. -t 'as diffic(lt for me to (nderstand t e scientific !olicy of t e 6ad 7a#. 2 e cyclotron 'as a (ni0(e device, 'it seemingly infinite !otential, #(t t e main concern of t ose ' o controlled it 'as a!!arently to make t e mac ine #igger and !(t it to 'ork in areas o(tside of ! ysicsD t ere 'as little t o(g t given to making !ro!er (se of ' at 'as on and for n(clear st(dies.E3F -n indsig t - no' #elieve 7a'rence,s attit(de 'as more farBsig ted t an - t en deemed. 2 e concentration of effort 'as necessary in order to develo! t e mac ine, and 7a'rence tried to do ' at e kne' #est. ;is early efforts in t e n(clear field ad not #een a s(ccess and may ave left im 'it (n!leasant memories. 2 e cyclotron in 193N 'as still a relatively sim!le mac ine and co(ld #e develo!ed !rimarily #y em!irical !roced(res, 'it o(t a dee! (nderstanding and an ela#orate t eory of its f(nctioning. 2o some eAtent, t e met ods (sed initially at t e 6ad 7a# resem#led t e a!!roac to tec nical develo!ment of an Edison or a 4arconiD 7a'rence fitted t e same slot: #ra'n !revailed @ 13P @ over #rain. Cinancial s(!!ort 'as ' at limited t e develo!ment of t e mac ine, and 7a'rence s!ent most of is time raising money from fo(ndations, from t e (niversity, and from any' ere else e co(ld get it. -n t e 6ad 7a# t ere 'ere men of greatly differing a#ility, #(t all 'ere yo(ng. 7. &. 9lvare* and Ed 4c4illan 'ere o#vio(sly firstBclass scientists.EJF Emo ad descri#ed t e first to me as a little fascist leader, fa'ning to t e 3(ce, #(t mean to is e0(als or inferiors. 4c4illan, according to Emo, 'as very clever, #(t la*y. 2 ey 'ere t e only ones ' o also ad University of California a!!ointments. 1f t e ot ers, 6. 7. 2 ornton, 4.3. Mamen, and 6. 6. &ilson 'ere more t an a#le. 2 ornton, in addition, 'as a tr(e gentleman, #ro(g t (! Englis Bstyle, ' o com#ined tec nical !ro'ess 'it s(!erior (man 0(alities. Mamen 'orked as a ! ysicist and a c emist to earn a living #(t is eart 'as in m(sic, and if e co(ld ave afforded to do so, e 'o(ld ave #ecome a !rofessional m(sician.EPF &ilson ad is roots in t e &ild &est, #(t made a serio(s effort to civili*e imself. 9t Berkeley, e and 4c4illan 'ere t e first to make a serio(s eA!erimental st(dy of t e fine !oints of t e 'orkings of t e cyclotron and to try to (nderstand t em t eoretically. 1(tside of Berkeley, ;ans Bet e, 4orris 6ose, and 7. ;. 2 omas ad a!!lied so! isticated t eory to accelerators, #(t ad less contact 'it t e realities of t e !ro#lems. 9t a some' at lo'er level, t ere 'ere Pa(l 9e#ersold, 3avid Mal#fell, 6o#ert Cornog, P ili! 9#elson, and many ot er grad(ate st(dents or yo(ng !ostdoctoral fello's. 2 ey ad s(fficient a#ility, #(t, #elieve, 'o(ld ave !rofited from more g(idance. -n addition, t ere 'as a ' ole gro(! of medical doctors (sing radiation as a clinical and researc tool. 2 ey 'ere !rivileged #eca(se money came to a large eAtent from fo(ndations no(ris ing o!timistic o!es of medical a!!lications, es!ecially cancer c(res.

3on Cooksey ad a (ni0(e !osition. ;e came from a ric , c(ltivated family and ad met t e yo(ng 7a'rence at Uale, ' ere Cooksey and is #rot er Carleton 'ere #ot mem#ers of t e ! ysics staff. Cooksey ad limited scientific am#itions, #(t an immense love for and confidence in 7a'rence. ;e devoted is considera#le tec nical a#ility, is refined @ 13G @ manners, is generosity and (man (nderstanding, to el!ing 7a'rence in every 'ay. 7a'rence reci!rocated #y making Cooksey is most intimate confidant and advisor. Soon after my arrival in Berkeley, - met =lenn Sea#org at t e Cac(lty Cl(#. ;e ad o#tained is doctorate t e !revio(s year and 'as a researc assistant to =. /. 7e'is, a famo(s c emist and one of t e most im!ortant mem#ers of t e Berkeley Cac(lty. Sea#org 'as keenly interested in anyt ing a!!ening aro(nd im and ke!t is ears and eyes o!en. 9lmost immediately e offered me is coo!eration, ' ic - gladly acce!ted. - fo(nd t at e kne' analytical c emistry according to t e system !ro!o(nded #y 9. 9. /oyes and &. C. Bray,EGF rat er t an t e more classical sc emes - 'as familiar 'it . -t seemed to me e kne' every#ody in t e C emistry 3e!artment and co(ld find anyt ing 'e needed. 9t t e time Sea#org ad a eavy load el!ing 7e'is in is organic c emistry researc , as 'ell as in anyt ing else t at 7e'is,s fertile mind came (! 'it . 1n t e side e 'orked on n(clear !ro#lems for several o(rs every day and com!iled data for an im!ortant revie' article e 'as !re!aring, as 'ell as for a ta#le of isoto!es.E%F Sea#org co(ld do all t is #eca(se e ad iron disci!line, a lively and ig ly systematic mind, immense !ersistence, eAce!tional end(rance for 'ork, and a sincere, o!enBminded interest in science. ;e 'as a s(!er# organi*er, #(t 'as not too strong in ! ysics or instr(mentation. 9t t e #eginning of o(r colla#oration, - !ro#a#ly remem#ered my m(c earlier eA!erience 'it Bakker at Leeman,s la#oratory in ;olland, ' en -, a ne'comer, and e, t e local #oy, greatly el!ed eac ot er and #ecame steadfast friends. 7ittle did - recogni*e Sea#org,s (n#ridled am#ition and is (ns aka#le determination to s(cceed and to #e !reeminent. 9s a general g(ideline for myself, - decided to f(lfill my o#ligations as a citi*en of t e Cyclotron 6e!(#lic #(t, at t e same time, to try to !reserve my individ(ality and to avoid #eing a#sor#ed com!letely #y t e 6ad 7a#. - also 'anted to (se t e immense o!!ort(nities offered #y t e cyclotron as m(c as !ossi#le, ' ic - considered a contri#(tion to t e 7a#. - soon fo(nd st(dents 'illing to 'ork 'it me. 2 e first 'as C ienBS i(ng &(, ' o .oined me ' en s e reali*ed t at, in so @ 13% @ doing, s e 'o(ld #e a#le to learn somet ing. S e 'as very andsome, and very elegant in er C inese dresses. & en s e 'alked on cam!(s, s e 'as often follo'ed #y a s'arm of admirers, like a 0(een. S e 'as a fiend for 'ork, almost o#sessed #y ! ysics, ig ly talented, and very s re'd, as 'ell as 'itty. 4any years later s e #ecame 'orldBfamo(s for t e eA!erimental demonstration of t e nonB conservation of !arity. - admired er and liked er, and 'e remained friends for life. 9leA 7angsdorf, +r., a !ostdoctoral fello', also started 'orking 'it me. 3isa!!ointed 'it 7a'rence, e ad #eg(n #(ilding a contin(o(sly o!erating clo(d c am#er, #(t t is !ro.ect ran into diffic(lties, and 9leA .oined me. ;e 'as t e son of a 'ellBkno'n !rofessor of electrical engineering at &as ington University in St. 7o(isD ' ile 'e 'orked, e diligently instr(cted me in t ings 9merican, and 'e #ecame steady friends. 9 fe' days after my arrival, - started my first investigation, 'it Sea#org, a searc for s ortBlived

tec neti(m isoto!es. 2 is 'as t e nat(ral contin(ation of my 'ork at Palermo, t e reason for ' ic ad come to Berkeley in t e first !lace. 1ne of t e ne' radioactivities, o#tained #y de(teron #om#ardment of moly#den(m, immediately !resented an (neA!ected and interesting n(clear ! enomenonD it 'as a case of n(clear isomerismHt at is, of a n(cle(s !ossessing longBlived eAcited states. &e did not dream t en t at t is isomer 'o(ld in time #ecome a mainstay of n(clear medicine as a !o'erf(l diagnostic tool. 2oday it is (sed #y t o(sands of !ractitioners, and its a!!lications are t e #asis of a m(ltimillion dollar ind(stry. ;o'ever, ' at interested (s at t e time 'as t e ! enomenon of n(clear isomerism. -n 193G C. C. von &ei*s^cker ad !ro!osed a t eoretical eA!lanation of isomeric states, attri#(ting to t em a ig ang(lar moment(m t at for#ids transitions to lo'er, small ang(lar moment(m states. -t follo'ed from t is, according to t eory, t at t ere s o(ld #e !lenty of internal conversion electrons. Sea#org and - looked for t em and fo(nd t em, re!orting o(r res(lts in a letter to t e -hysical .e(iew on Se!tem#er 1J, 193N. 9 fe' days later, o'ever, on t e advice of +. 6o#ert 1!!en eimer, ' o for reasons (nkno'n ad told im 8#(t not (s: t at 'e 'ere mistaken, 7a'rence demanded t at 'e 'ire t e @ 13N @ editor of t e .o(rnal to sto! !(#lication of o(r letter. - !rotested 'it in t e limits !ermitted #y my !osition, and t e letter 'as res(#mitted to t e -hysical .e(iew on 1cto#er 1J, 193N, after Br(no Pontecorvo ad re!orted getting res(lts on r odi(m similar to o(rs.ENF 2 is 'as one of my first contacts 'it 1!!en eimer, t en !rofessor of t eoretical ! ysics at Berkeley, later famo(s for is !art in #(ilding t e atomic #om#, for is !olitical activity, and for is (n.(st victimi*ation.E9F 9t t e time, e 'as considered a demigod #y imself and ot ers at Berkeley, and as s(c e s!ake in learned and o#sc(re fas ions. Besides, e kne' 0(ant(m mec anics 'ell, and in t is e 'as (ni0(e at Berkeley. ;e ta(g t it in none too easy a fas ion, ' ic s o'ed off is !ro'ess and attracted a n(m#er of gifted st(dents. ;is co(rse later formed t e #asis of 7eonard Sc iff,s 'ellBkno'n treatise on 0(ant(m mec anics.E1$F 1!!en eimer,s loyal disci!les (ng on is 'ords and !(t on corres!onding airs. +(st as 'e in 6ome ad ac0(ired Cermi,s intonation, in Berkeley 1!!en eimer,s st(dents 'alked as if t ey ad flat feet, an infirmity of t eir master,s. 1!!en eimer and most of is acolytes follo'ed t e !olitical line of t e Comm(nist Party of t e United States, ' ic 'as ig ly (ncritical and sim!leBminded. 9lt o(g most of t ese yo(ng !eo!le 'ere not mem#ers of t e Party, some 'ere mem#ers of a(Ailiary organi*ations and later fell victim to cr(el !ersec(tions. 1!!en eimer and is co(rt did esoteric t ingsD t ey read very ig #ro' #ooks, cooked and ate (n(s(al food, and d(ring t e s(mmer 'ent to a mo(ntain ranc in /e' 4eAico leased #y 1!!en eimer, #ea(tif(lly located near Santa Ce. 2 eir ! ysics 'as valid, #(t often t ey attacked !ro#lems !remat(rely, or !ro#lems #eyond t eir ca!a#ilities, res(lting in indifferent s(ccess. 2 e #est of 1!!en eimer is !er a!s is astro! ysical 'ork on ne(tron stars, ' ic many years after is deat !roved tr(ly !ro! etic. ;is researc on cosmic rays and atomic and n(clear !ro#lems em#odied many good and even !rescient ideas, #(t 'as often inconcl(sive. 1!!en eimer,s #eneficial infl(ence on t e develo!ment of t eoretical ! ysics in t e United States 'as considera#le, and several of is !(!ils ave ac ieved ma.or res(lts, as 'ell as deserved fame. 1!!en eimer and is gro(! did not ins!ire in me t e a'e t at t ey @ 139 @ !er a!s eA!ected. - ad t e im!ression t at t eir cele#rated general c(lt(re 'as not s(!erior to t at

eA!ected in a #oy ' o ad attended a good E(ro!ean ig sc ool. - 'as already ac0(ainted 'it most of t eir c(lt(ral discoveries, and - fo(nd 1!!en eimer,s ostentation slig tly ridic(lo(s. -n ! ysics - 'as (sed to Cermi, ' o ad a 0(ite different solidity, co(!led 'it a sim!licity t at contrasted 'it 1!!en eimer,s er(dite com!leAities. Pro#a#ly - did not s(fficiently conceal my lack of s(!ine admiration for 1!!en eimer, and - fo(nd im (nfriendly, even if covertly, for a good !art of my career, eAce!t ' en e 'anted me to .oin is team at 7os 9lamos. 9t Berkeley, in 193N, - ad t e im!ression t at 1!!en eimer regarded me as a great Cascist. - 'as a Cascist Party mem#er, as every -talian state em!loyee 'as re0(ired to #e #y la', #(t it did not take m(c ac(men to fig(re o(t t at - co(ld not #e a Cascist at eart. - co(ld not, o'ever, conceal my ske!ticism ' en - eard im re!eat, 'it t e fait of t e tr(e #eliever, t e nonsense originating from Stalin,s Cominform. 2alking !olitics 'it 9merican colleag(es, - fo(nd an incom!re ension of t ings E(ro!ean t at 'as a!!alling to me. 4y !artners in conversation ad many different o!inions, #(t most seemed convinced t at ' at a!!ened in E(ro!e did not concern t e United States, and t at if t e 9mericans minded t eir o'n #(siness, t ey co(ld avoid entanglements in E(ro!ean 0(arrels. -t 'as, f(ndamentally, t e isolationist t esisD t ey did not gras! ;itler,s nat(re and is !lans of 'orld domination. 2 ese !lans 'ere t e !rod(cts of a deranged mind, #(t t e disease ad s!read to a ' ole nation as !o'erf(l as =ermany, and it 'as not somet ing to trifle 'it . 2 ere 'as also a good meas(re of o!timistic ske!ticism a#o(t ;itler,s tr(e intentions, ' ic in effect !roved m(c 'orse t an t e most !essimistic forecasts. 1t ers, alt o(g not many, follo'ed t e Comm(nist Party line, like 1!!en eimer, and deemed t at t e E(ro!ean 0(arrels 'ere ca(sed #y ca!italist im!erialists, and t at ;oly Comm(nism 'o(ld avoid t em. & ic side of t e #ad ca!italists 'on 'as irrelevant. -f t ey 'eakened t emselves s(fficiently in t eir internecine strife, 4ot er 6(ssia 'o(ld later esta#lis t e millenni(m. 2 is senseless vie' s(ddenly c anged @ 1J$ @ ' en ;itler and Stalin signed t eir nonaggression !act. ;itler s(ddenly #ecame !alata#leO 4y g(ts re#elled ' en - eard s(c talk. - strove to !ers(ade isolationists t at t ings 'ere not as t ey o!ed and #elieved. Cor t e Comm(nist tr(e #elievers, t ere 'as not ing to #e done, #eca(se t eir )ideas) 'ere more religio(s feelings t an !olitical reasoning. Cort(nately, President 6oosevelt sa' fart er and more clearly t an t e ma.ority of 9mericans. 9nyone ' o 'as in t e United States in t e years immediately !receding &orld &ar -- kno's t e diffic(lties 6oosevelt faced in o!ening t e eyes of t e Congress and of t e 9merican !eo!le on t e s(#.ect of ;itler. - follo'ed t e ne's from -taly 'it increasing alarm, #(t - co(ld relieve my feelings and (n#(rden myself only 'it Emo. 2 e Cascist Manifesto della razza ad #een follo'ed #y legal meas(res t at left no do(#t a#o(t t e final !(r!ose of t e cam!aign. - recogni*ed more and more t e foresig tedness and 'isdom of aving !reserved a certain amo(nt of money a#road. By t e end of +(ly, - ad decided to forget Palermo and to s(mmon my 'ife and son to California. -n t e meantime, to esca!e t e s(mmer eat, Elfriede ad taken Cla(dio to Crassen, a resort in t e 9l!s, ' ere s e 'as s ortly .oined #y er !arents from =ermany. 2 e !(#lication of t e Manifesto della razza follo'ed a fe' days later. Elfriede 'as less alarmed t an -, #eca(se -talian ne's!a!ers !(#lis ed a version of t e facts t at !layed do'n t e !ro#a#le conse0(ences. & en - 'rote asking er to !ack (! and come to 9merica, o'ever, s e agreed immediately.

-n t e follo'ing mont s, Elfriede ad to face a eavy #(rden, first alone in -taly, and t en in 9merica. 2o start 'it , in -taly, s e 'as confronted 'it sticky #(rea(cratic !ro#lems t at re0(ired infinite !atience, ' ile t e s(ltry s(mmer 'eat er and t e effort of taking care of a oneByearBold c ild f(rt er sa!!ed er strengt . S e ad good el!, #(t t e !roceedings 'ere morally de#ilitating and ! ysically eA a(sting. 9ll t is emerges from er letters of t e time. -n t e meantime, t e C*ec oslovakian crisis 'as !rogressing and seemed likely to !reci!itate a 'orld 'ar. - t (s (rged Elfriede to s!eed @ 1J1 @ (! er de!art(re, ca#ling er: )Kieni immediatamente con t(o comodo) 8Come immediately, at yo(r leis(re:, co(nting on er reali*ing t at t e first t'o 'ords 'ere t e key ones. Cinally, Elfriede ad to ret(rn to Sicily, lock (! o(r a!artment, and #oard a s i!. S e arrived in Palermo dead tired and sick 'it digestive tro(#les. 2 ere s e 'as met at t e dock #y my st(dent =inetta Barresi, ' om s e ad told s e 'as coming. =inetta 'as accom!anied #y er fat er, a colonel in t e army, and #y t'o ot er gentlemen. 2 ey asked 'it o(t f(rt er ado ' at Elfriede needed. S e eA!lained t e state of er !ass!ortHt at it ad t e necessary -talian validation, #(t no U.S. visaHand said s e 'anted to close (! o(r a!artment and de!art as soon as !ossi#le. 2 e ans'er 'as immediate and to t e !oint. )2 e neAt s i! leaves on . . .) and t ey gave t e date. )Uo( get some rest no', and 'e,ll take care of EKE6U2;-/= .) - do not kno' ' et er Elfriede 'ent to o(r a!artment or to t e Barresis, villa at 4ondelloD in any case, t ey #ro(g t er food and, t ree or fo(r days later, in time for em#arkation, er visa, t e ticket, and everyt ing s e needed. 9s far as closing t e a!artment and for'arding its contents 'ere concerned, =inetta asked for instr(ctions and in d(e co(rse took care of everyt ing to !erfection. 4oreover, =inetta visited my !arents ' enever s e 'as in 6ome and sent (s ne's of t em. )- am !leased my com!atriots are s o'ing t emselves to #e decent !eo!le. ;aving gotten to kno' =inetta and er like #etter, o'ever, - s all #ecome a Sicilian #y c oice,) - 'rote to my !arents on 9(g(st 3, 1939, res!onding to a letter of t eirs in ' ic t ey took comfort in t e signs of friends i! and esteem t ey 'ere receiving in 2ivoli. Crom =inetta 'e ad !roofs of friends i! in ) eroic degree,) as t e C (rc says of virt(e. -n 193N and 1939 my !arents contin(ed to live more or less as t ey (s(ally did, at least on t e material side. 2 ey traveled a good deal, vacationing at Corte dei 4armi or some ot er familiar resort ' en 6ome 'as too ot, and s!ending long !eriods at 2ivoli. -n almost all t eir letters, t ey mention old friends, a#ove all Signora 6asetti and 9maldi, Bernardini, and ot er ! ysicists ' o 'ent to visit t em and tried to c eer t em (!. -n t ese letters, my fat er,s great moral strengt , @ 1J? @ clarity of mind, and farsig tedness are also a!!arent. ;e never loses sig t of t e essential !oint. -n rereading my !arents, letters alf a cent(ry later, - am im!ressed. -t 'as an anAio(s time. - 'as afraid t at ostilities mig t #reak o(t ' ile Elfriede and Cla(dio 'ere on an -talian s i!, and t at t ey mig t #e detained at =i#raltar for t e d(ration of t e 'ar. C(rt ermore, in vie' of t e circ(mstances, - ad ca#led certain instr(ctions concerning my f(nds, and - received an ans'er in a commercial code t at 'as incom!re ensi#le 'it o(t t e key. - confided t is to Emo, ' o, alf .okingly, alf #eca(se e did not kno' ' at to say, ind(lged in t e #lackest y!ot eses on t e mysterio(s meaning of t e 'ords of t e ca#le - ad received. );omgo ;omil,) it #egan, and Emo said t at t is o#vio(sly meant )9ll is lostO)D for many years t ese 'ords remained o(r !rivate .oke. Cinally, -

fo(nd a E(ro!ean a!!rentice at a #ank in Berkeley ' o recogni*ed t e code and translated it for me. -t 'as not ing im!ortant, #(t at t e time, Emo and - 'ere so (!set #y t e events t at 'e lived on milk s akes onlyD 'e co(ld not eat #eca(se any solid food disagreed 'it (s. 9t t e 'orst of t e C*ec oslovakian crisis, Elfriede, in #lissf(l ignorance of everyt ing, 'as at =i#raltar on an -talian liner, #(t t e sit(ation cleared (!, at least tem!orarily, and s e 'as a#le to !roceed to /e' Uork. 2 ere s e ca(g t a train, and since it 'as er #irt day, 1cto#er ?, - sent er a telegram, (sing one of t ose long and !om!o(s standard teAts delivered on a s!ecial #irt day form, all for t'entyBfive cents. )2 e darkest clo(ds ave a silver lining,) it declared among ot er t ings. 1n receiving t e telegram en ro(te in a style so (nnat(ral for me, and (na'are of &estern Union,s #argain services, Elfriede t o(g t - ad lost my mind. Cinally, in early 1cto#er, 'e 'ere re(nited, to o(r great m(t(al .oy. 3(ring t e s(mmer - ad also started to #ecome ac0(ainted 'it some of t e attractive feat(res of life in t e United States (nder t e g(idance of Brode, +enkins, and t eir 'ives. 9s one of t e first lessons, t e (s#ands and t eir friend S. M. 9llison, a ! ysicist from t e University of C icago,E11F took me for a long ike in Uosemite /ational Park. &e visited t e ig mo(ntains near Kogelsang Pass, from ' ere, @ 1J3 @ in a co(!le of days, 'e descended into t e Kalley, 'alking along t e 4erced 6iver. +enkins ad #ro(g t along an eAtra rod and e s o'ed me o' to fis for tro(t. &it in an o(r - 'as ooked on t e s!ort, ' ic delig ted me for many years. 4y t ree ! ysicist com!anions sometimes marveled at my ignorance of t ings 9merican, and - still remem#er +enkins,s la(g ' en - told im t at to inform myself a#o(t 9merica, - ad read 3efoe,s Moll 'landers . Crom it, o'ever, - ad learned t at V(akers like imself 'ere good, kind !eo!le. ;e and is 'ife liked to tease (s ' en 'e co(ld not (nderstand 3ew 8or/er cartoons t ey s o'ed (s. 1n t e ot er and, e 'as very s(r!rised ' en - !ointed o(t to im t at if t ere 'ere co(nties, one eA!ected to find also co(nts. ;e ad never t o(g t of t e connection #et'een t e t'o. +enkins, Brode, and 9llison, all t ree of t em c ildren of !rofessors, 'ere m(c more c(ltivated t an 7a'rence and some of o(r ot er colleag(es, and t ey 'ere also #etterBnat(red and more easygoing. 2 e +enkinses remained o(r #est and closest 9merican friends (ntil t eir sad, early deat s. &e often visited t em informally in t e evening, and t eir tales, eAam!le, and el! 'it t e !ro#lems of daily life contri#(ted s(#stantially #ot to o(r morale and to o(r ada!tation to 9merican c(stoms. 3on Cooksey 'as anot er dear friend ' o valiantly el!ed (s to ada!t to 9merica. ;e o'ned a ranc in 2rinity Co(nty in nort ern California, not far from Corest =len. 1ne reac ed it after a 'alk of a#o(t fortyBfive min(tes in a !ine 'ood along t e So(t Cork of t e 2rinity 6iver. 2 e ranc ,s log ca#ins 'ere in a clearing near a small !lacerBmining o!eration. 2 e ca#ins ad #een #(ilt aro(nd 19$G #y a co(!le ' o ad cared for 3on, ' o 'as or! aned at an early age. 2 ese !eo!le ad 'illed t e ca#in to t eir c arge. 2 e goldBmining claim ad never #een im!ortant in itself #(t el!ed in sec(ring a deed from t e Corest Service. 9 man ' o lived !ermanently at t e cam! 'it a co(!le of orses el!ed 3on 'it t e (!kee! of t e !lace. 9t t e cam!, one lived very sim!ly, s!ending a good !art of t e time on or near t e river. 2 ere 'as com!lete freedom: one co(ld do not ing, read one of t e interesting #ooks stored in t e ca#in, s'im, fis , float on an inner t(#e, 'alk aro(nd, or even, if one really 'anted to, !an @ 1JJ @

for gold. 2 e tro(t fis ing 'as good, and in t e 'ater one co(ld see (ge salmon t at came to s!a'n in t e river. 2 e com!any 'as congenial: it consisted of t e o'ners, and, in t(rn, 2 ornton, Mamen, 4c4illan, and several ot ers connected 'it t e 6ad 7a#. & enever Cooksey,s o#servant eye sa' some#ody in need of a restorative vacation, e invited im to is cam!. 2 ere 'e 'ere treated 'it eA0(isite co(rtesy, ' ic 'e tried to reci!rocate #y el!ing 'it t e necessary c ores. P otogra! s s o' t e kind of life 'e en.oyed. S(c vacations made dee! im!ressions and left all t ose ' o ad t e good fort(ne to s are t em 'it !leasant memories. Before Elfriede,s arrival, ;enriette +enkins and - 'ent looking for a f(rnis ed o(se to rent. &e fo(nd one at ?P3?a Piedmont 9ve. in Berkeley for fortyBfive dollars a mont , and as soon as s e sa' it, ;enriette (rged me to take it. - signed t e rental agreement at once. 2 e o(se 'as a 'ooden cottage in a yard #e ind some larger omes. -t ad a kitc en, living room, a co(!le of #edrooms, and a small !orc . 2 e ' ole 'as in indifferent s a!e and old, #(t in a convenient location and s(fficient for (s, at least tem!orarily. 2 ere 'as eno(g f(rnit(re so t at 'e co(ld manage (ntil o(r o'n arrived from Palermo. & en it arrived, 'it some effort 'e fitted it in. 2 e landlady 'as a 'ido' ' o tried to #e el!f(l and accommodating. &it a little good 'ill, 'e co(ld even take in a g(estD and in fact CeliA Bloc came to stay 'it (s ' en e 'as 'orking at t e cyclotron 'it 9lvare*. ;e sle!t on t e !orc in is slee!ing #ag, and Cla(dio (sed to 'ake im (! in t e morning, calling in -talian: )Bloc O 7avoraO) 8Bloc O &orkO:. 9maldi too s!ent some time 'it (s and a!!ened to #e 'it (s ' en &orld &ar -- started. &it an eig teenBmont Bold #a#y to take care of, Elfriede also ad to learn ' at food to #(y, and ' ereD ' ere to find clot esD o' to get medical el! if necessaryD and o' to co!e 'it a t o(sand details of daily life t at 'ere different in t e United States. 9#ove all, in -taly 'e ad ad a maid and a nannyD ere everyt ing fell on Elfriede,s s o(lders. S e soon learned o' to cook eAcellently, somet ing s e ad never done #efore. /o 'onder s e ac0(ired t e nickname )2(ec tigona) 8an italiani*ed a(gmentative of t e =erman t2chtig& a#le and @ 1JP @ ardB'orking:, ' ic s e f(lly deserved on all co(nts. ;o' stren(o(s and demanding all t is 'as emerges from o(r corres!ondence 'it my !arents, ' ere one often finds ints of tiredness. -n t e #eginning 'e did not ave a car, #(t (niversity, 6ad 7a#, and s o!!ing centers 'ere all 'it in a fifteenBmin(te 'alk from ome, so 'e did not need one. - did t e s o!!ing and - kne' t at my carrying strengt s(fficed (! to five dollars 'ort of groceries. -n 4ay 1939, 'e #o(g t o(r first 9merican car, and a fe' days later Elfriede got er driving license, increasing o(r mo#ility. Crom t e moment of o(r arrival, 'e ad ad an immediate and im!ortant !ro#lem: o#taining an immigration visa. 4y to(rist visa 'as for siA mont s, so it la!sed in +an(ary 1939. -n order to c ange one,s visa, it 'as necessary to go to a U.S. cons(l o(tside t e United States, and t e most convenient !lace seemed to #e 4eAicali in 4eAico. -mmigration restrictions 'ere steadily increasing as ;itler eAacer#ated is !ersec(tions and more !eo!le tried to flee E(ro!eD t ere 'as no time to 'aste. remem#ered 6asetti,s instr(ction in t e s(#tle and marvelo(s !oints of Section J8d: of t e immigration la' t en in force, #(t ' en - tried to o#tain some el! from a service in San Crancisco t at 'as s(!!osed to el! immigrants, - concl(ded t at it 'as #etter to do everyt ing myself 8one of Cermi,s f(ndamental r(les:. - asked t e good 3ean Pegram of Col(m#ia University for a letter of recommendation to t e cons(l, and e 'rote a master!iece. - asked for el! in Berkeley too, #(t 'it little s(ccess. 2 e (niversity officials - contacted 'ere !olite #(t seemed eAceedingly scared #y t e idea of inc(rring 8noneAistent:

res!onsi#ilities and limited t emselves to t e minim(m t ey co(ld not deny. ;o'ever, armed 'it Pegram,s recommendation and 'it my kno'ledge of t e la' t at fitted my case !erfectly, - took a #(s and in t'o days arrived at 4eAicali. Elfriede and Cla(dio 'ere already in Berkeley 'it a to(rist visa, #(t t ey co(ld not !ossi#ly come 'it me at t e time, and - t o(g t it #etter to make t'o tri!s to 4eAicali rat er t an 'ait (ntil 'e co(ld all go toget er. 1n /ovem#er 1G, 193N, - o#tained t e visa t at solved my immigration !ro#lems, and in Ce#r(ary 1939, 'e ret(rned to 4eAicali to eAc ange Elfriede and Cla(dio,s to(rist visa for an immigration one too. &e @ 1JG @ o!ed 'e 'o(ld not ave to !rod(ce Cla(dio, #(t t e cons(l insisted on is !resence. 9s soon as Cla(dio entered is office, o'ever, e started crying and yelling lo(dly, and t e cons(l, at a loss for ' at to do, said, )2ake im a'ay immediately,) ' ic 'e did. 2 (s, 'it t'o tri!s to 4eAicali, 'e settled o(r immigrant stat(s. 7ater - read in a ne's!a!er t at t e cons(l at 4eAicali ad #een convicted of selling visasO 1n /ovem#er ?9, 193N, 'e cele#rated o(r first 9merican 2 anksgiving, 'it Emo and Bloc as o(r g(ests. - t o(g t t at 'e ad every reason for cele#rating, and t at 'e !retty 'ell resem#led t e early colonists ' o ad originated t e c(stom. Cermi (sed to say, ' enever some#ody #ragged a#o(t is Pilgrim ancestry, or ' en e eard a#o(t t e 3a(g ters of t e 9merican 6evol(tion, t at e and ot er ne'ly arrived ref(gees 'ere t e tr(e, ne' !ilgrims, ' o (nderstood and a!!reciated some 9merican ideals #etter t an t e 9mericanB#orn. 9#o(t t e same time, - received t e ne's of t e de!art(re of my 6imini co(sins from -taly for 4ontevideo, in Ur(g(ay. 1n Ce#r(ary ?, 1939, 'e cele#rated my fat er,s eig tiet #irt day. &e ad 'ritten to im in time. 1n 4ay 1$, 1939, my #rot er 9ngelo arrived in /e' Uork 'it is 'ife and t'o c ildren. 9t first e tried to 'ork at Col(m#ia University in is field, economic istory, and initially e ad some s(ccess at t is. S(#se0(ently, o'ever, e 0(arreled 'it every#ody and gave (! teac ing, devoting imself entirely to !ainting. ;e eA i#ited in /e' Uork and ad a certain critical s(ccess, #(t no financial re'ard, and did not !ersist in trying to sell is 'ork. 9lt o(g - invited im re!eatedly to visit (s in California, e never #(dged from t e East Coast. 9ngelo lived on family money, administered #y me, according to my fat er,s !olicies. - 'as ca(tio(s in t e (se of t is money. - t o(g t it s o(ld first #e at my !arents, dis!osal if t ey 'anted to emigrate, and t is took !recedence over everyt ing else. Second, one ad to consider emergencies t at mig t occ(r at any moment. - t o(g t my family and - s o(ld live on my earnings alone as long as 'e co(ld do so 'it o(t great sacrifices and 'it o(t endangering o(r f(t(re. 9s soon as 9ngelo arrived at /e' Uork, e started !estering me @ 1J% @ 'it demands t at ran co(nter to my instr(ctions and !olicy. - gave im a mont ly allo'ance of ]1P$D it 'as not m(c , #(t it s o(ld ave s(fficed (nder t e circ(mstancesD in emergencies, e co(ld ask for more. 9ngelo greatly (!set me #y t reatening to com!lain to o(r fat er. Cort(nately, a tr(sted friend of t e family 'as o(t of -taly for a #(siness tri!, and t ro(g im - 'as a#le to comm(nicate 'it Pa!T, ' o let me kno' t at e a!!roved of my cond(ct. 7ater, ' en - started earning a little more at 7os 9lamos, - sent some money of my o'n to 9ngelo, ' ose son needed an o!eration. -n t anks - received

a letter from 9ngelo saying t at e considered my gift restit(tion of f(nds - ad 'rongly a!!ro!riated. -n 193N after - ad 'orked at t e 6ad 7a# for a fe' 'eeks, 7a'rence asked me if - co(ld eAtend my stay #eyond t e mont of 1cto#er, t e date - ad given im for my ret(rn to Palermo. 2 e offer 'as a godsend, #(t - sensed t at !reci!ito(s acce!tance 'as not to my advantage. - t anked 7a'rence !rof(sely and asked for some time to ans'er. 7a'rence t en 'ent to 9laska on vacation, and - #egan to fear t at e mig t c ange is mind, and t at #y trying to #e too smart, - ad destroyed my c ance. Cort(nately, on is ret(rn 7a'rence rene'ed t e offer of a salary of ]3$$ a mont for siA mont s. 4y title 'as to #e )researc associate,) a nondescri!t 0(alification t at co(ld a!!ly to !ersons at very different levels. -t ad, o'ever, one definite connotation: it im!lied a tem!orary .o# and did not commit t e (niversity or t e 6ad 7a# #eyond t e term of t e contract. 9t C ristmas 'e 'ere invited to 7a'rence,s ome for dinnerD oddly eno(g , e took t e o!!ort(nity of telling me on t is occasion t at t e la# 'as s ort of money, and t at if necessary e 'o(ld ask me to ret(rn !art of my salary. -n 1939, ]3$$ a mont 'as a good salary, and it got me o(t of t e 'oods for some time, #(t after siA mont s, in +(ly 1939, 7a'rence, ' o #y t en m(st ave reali*ed my sit(ation, asked me if - co(ld ret(rn to Palermo. - ans'ered #y telling im t e tr(t , and e immediately inter.ected: )B(t t en ' y s o(ld - !ay yo( ]3$$ !er mont < Crom no' on - 'ill give yo( ]11G.) - 'as st(nned, and even no', so many @ 1JN @ years after'ard, - marvel at 7a'rence,s im!(lsivenessD e did not t ink for a second of t e im!ression e conveyed. &it a minim(m of reflection and di!lomacy, e co(ld ave saved is ]1NJ a mont 'it o(t c(tting a orri#le fig(re in my eyes. ;o'ever, alt o(g - ave not forgotten is cond(ct, - no' see it in a different lig t t an - did t en. - did not kno' ' at t e salaries of ot er mem#ers of t e 6ad 7a# 'ere at t e time. -t 'as - ' o, 'it ]3$$ a mont , 'as t e eAce!tion, and salaries aro(nd ]11G 'ere not rare. -f - ad kno'n t is and o' 7a'rence #e aved 'it 9mericans ' o 'ere (nem!loyed #eca(se of t e de!ression, - mig t ave vie'ed t e e!isode some' at differently. - 'as some' at older and #etter esta#lis ed as a scientist t an some eAcellent 9mericans 'ere, #(t t ey too got meager salaries, alt o(g t ey ad academic !ositions and g(aranteed careers. -n any case, 'it a 'ife and a c ild, a salary of ]11G 'as scant, #(t it 'as not totally im!ossi#le to live on it. &it ]?$$ a mont - co(ld make ends meet, s!aringly, #(t 'it o(t de!rivation, and - co(ld #ring my salary to t at level #y (sing my !rivate f(nds, t e eAistence of ' ic 'as kno'n only to Elfriede and to my friend Emo, ' ose discretion 'as a#sol(te. Elfriede and - constantly t o(g t of o(r fara'ay !arents. &e 'rote at lengt and reg(larly, at least once a 'eek. /eit er transatlantic airmail nor (sa#le tele! one connections 'it -taly eAisted, #(t t e mails 'ere #etter organi*ed t en, and a letter did not take m(c longer to reac -taly t an it does today. 4y mot er and Elfriede 'rote at greater lengt t an my fat er and - did, #(t e added at least a fe' lines, sometimes insignificant, sometimes im!ortant, to every letter. Eac side tried to reass(re t e ot er, so t e letters so(nded a little more o!timistic t an t ey s o(ld ave, and definitely more o!timistic t an t ose - eAc anged 'it my co(sins in Ur(g(ay. & en - com!lained, as - sometimes did, a#o(t t e !recario(sness of my !osition, my fat er insisted t at t ere 'as only one 'ay of im!roving it: do good ! ysics. -f - s(cceeded in t is, recognition 'o(ld not fail to come, and career !ro#lems 'o(ld take care of t emselves. 2 e times demanded !r(dence in 'ritingD my !arents inters!ersed !raises of t e 3(ce and ot er ! rases intended

@ 1J9 @ for t e eyes of a !ossi#le Cascist censor in t eir letters, alt o(g - do(#t t ey 'o(ld ave fooled im. 2 e letters mirror -talian +e'is life in t ose tragic years, as one #y one t e yo(ng !eo!le emigrated and t e older generation 'ere left increasingly alone. 9t t e same time, to t eir credit, many good old friends a!!eared, seeking to comfort my !arents 'it fre0(ent visits: 6asetti and is mot erD 9maldiD =inetta BarresiD t e Salvati family and ot ers in 2ivoli, among t em #ot im!ortant citi*ens and (m#le !eo!leD 9da 6imini and ot er relativesD my co(sin 6en*o 6avenna, t e mayor of Cerrara, ' o came to visit is a(nt and (ncle and is close friend -talo Bal#o, in 6ome for a meeting of t e Cascist =ran Consiglio. 2 e letters re!ort a great variety of ot er ne's: marriages, #irt s, deat s, t e reci!e for some cakes - liked, (rgings to Elfriede not to overdo t ings and to get t e rest s e needed, enco(ragement to (se family money, indirect ne's of Elfriede,s !arents, as 'ell as of Bindo and 6iccardo, and so on. 2 ere is even a re!ort on an eAc ange of letters 'it E. 1. 7a'rence in ' ic t ey congrat(lated im on is /o#el Pri*e and received a friendly ans'er. 1n +(ly G, 19J$, my fat er 'rites: )- am eager to kno' yo(r arrangements 'it 7a'rence, #(t in any case - am a!!y if scientific conce!ts a#sol(tely !revail, an o!inion s ared #y 4) 8t is sentence means t at - s o(ld, if necessary, (se family f(nds to s(!!ort myself:. 1n 9!ril 9, 19J1, e comments on t e friendliness of a Cara#inieri officer ' o ad come to 'it dra' my Cascist Party card. 1t er ne's: t e U.S. cons(l, ' o ad rented o(r Palermo a!artment, is leaving. 1n 4ay %, 19J1, my mot er )is memori*ing o(r letters) and fat er )is 'orking to !revent idleness from 'earing o(t is s!irit.) Corres!ondence 'it =ermany and 'it Elfriede,s !arents 'as m(c more diffic(lt and dangero(s, and t (s is m(c less informative. 9ll reg(lar comm(nications sto!!ed in 3ecem#er 19J1, 'it t e entry of t e United States into t e 'ar. 9t Berkeley - ad reali*ed t at t ere 'as only one salvation: to do good ! ysics. &it t at 'ea!on mig t !er a!s save myselfD 'it o(t @ 1P$ @ it, - 'o(ld #e t ro'n o(t 'it o(t mercy. 2 is sim!le estimate of t e sit(ation 'as s(!!orted #y my fat er,s advice and ins!iration and #y !r(dent, #(t 'ell informed and eAtremely 'elcome, enco(ragement from Cermi. Cort(nately, - did not lack ideas, and t e 6ad 7a#, for all its defects, offered (ni0(e o!!ort(nities for eA!erimentation. ;alf a cent(ry later, - see t at my !ersonality did not allo' me any ot er 'ay of s(rvivalD someone else mig t ave made an easier life for imself t an - did #y #eing less to(c y, less !ro(d, more a#le to dissim(late, #etter at !(#lic relations, and sim(ltaneo(sly less timid and and less critical. - ave #y no' attained some slig t kno'ledge of myself, and - kno' o' (n!leasant - can #e. ;o'ever, if - am a c(rm(dgeon, - ave !aid for it. 2 e G$Binc cyclotron 'as (nder constr(ctionD t e magnet 'as t ere, #(t not m(c else yet. 2 e sig t of s(c a #ig, !o'erf(l magnet s(ggested to me t e !ossi#ility of im!roving on my !revio(s st(dies of t e 0(adratic Leeman effect. +enkins 'as a s!ectrosco!ist, and 'e colla#orated in t is 'ork.E1?F S(c researc contin(es today #eca(se 'it #igger magnetic fields and m(c #etter s!ectrosco!ic reso(rces, ! ysicists kee! finding ne' interesting details. 2 e s(#.ect is no' !art of t e st(dy of ' at today are called 6yd#erg atoms. -n +an(ary 1939, aving clearly (nderstood t e relation #et'een n(clear isomerism and conversion electrons, it occ(rred to me t at it mig t #e !ossi#le to se!arate n(clear isomers 'it a met od similar

to t at devised #y S*ilard and 2. 9. C almers for isolating !rod(cts of t e 8n,g : reaction. comm(nicated my idea to Sea#org and told im t at - needed a c emist ' o co(ld synt esi*e a s(ita#le organic molec(le containing BrN$ . Sea#org fo(nd me 6al! ;alford, ' o kne' o' to !re!are a s(ita#le organic #romine com!o(nd. &e im!r(dently s!oke of o(r !ro.ect at t e Cac(lty Cl(# in t e !resence of &illard 7i##y, later famo(s for is car#on dating 8- ave #een told t at t e s(ggestion came from Cermi in a C icago seminar:. 9t t e time 7i##y 'as Sea#org,s great rival and an assistant !rofessor, ' ile Sea#org 'as slig tly is .(nior. &it o(t telling any#ody, 7i##y 'ent to is la# and a!!lied my met od to tell(ri(m isomers. ;e t en 'rote a letter descri#ing t e res(lt to t e -hysical .e(iew and 'as a#o(t to send it, ' en Sea#org @ 1P1 @ got 'ind of t e fact. 9 ro' develo!ed, and - asked 7i##y to 'ait t'entyBfo(r o(rs #efore sending is letter, so as to allo' (s to finis o(r 'ork, ' ic 'as alf done. Under strong !ress(re, 7i##y ac0(iesced, and t e t'o letters to t e -hysical .e(iew t (s a!!eared side #y side.E13F -t 'as an (n(s(al eA!erience for me. - do not t ink t at 7i##y 'o(ld ave gotten a'ay 'it s(c #e avior in E(ro!e at t e time, certainly not in 6ome. Criteria of intellect(al !ro!erty 'ere more elastic in 9mericaD on t e ot er and, at least at t e 6ad 7a#, t ere 'as great generosity in t e eAc ange of instr(ments. -t is diffic(lt to !ass .(dgment. S(#se0(ently several Berkeley radioc emists, incl(ding +ose! Mennedy and Sea#org, eagerly !(rs(ed t is met od for se!arating radioactive isomers. 9t t e end of 193N, t ere 'ere great o!es in Berkeley t at 7a'rence 'o(ld 'in t e /o#el Pri*e. t o(g t t at if it did not go to 1tto Stern or some#ody older, it 'o(ld go to Cermi. 82 e year #efore in Palermo, to my great s(r!rise, - ad received a nomination form, and - ad nominated im.: - did not, of co(rse, kno' t at Bo r ad confidentially told Cermi t at e 'o(ld #e c osen t at year if e 'anted to #e, or t at Cermi 'as !re!aring to emigrate. & en t e official ne's t at t e ! ysics !ri*e for 193N ad #een a'arded to Cermi arrived, - 'as delig ted and 'rote to congrat(late im, adding: )2 e only sadness is t e t o(g t of t e vario(s !eo!le of t e old g(ard ' o 'o(ld ave re.oiced to #e near yo( no' t at t e re'ard of so m(c 'ork, so many o(rs of la#or, as 'ell as c.i.f. 8con intuito formidabile , ,'it formida#le int(ition,, a .oking acronym 'e (sed for statements #y Cermi t at 'ere tr(e, #(t t at e co(ld not !rove:, is ere, and t ey are !revented #y an inscr(ta#le destiny.) 7a'rence acted 'it good grace, #(t e 'as clearly disa!!ointed. ;e asked me ' et er - t o(g t e 'o(ld get t e !ri*e neAt year. - said - did, and t is indeed came to !ass. By c ance, on /ovem#er 1J, 1939, t e day of t e anno(ncement of 7a'rence,s !ri*e, e 'as aving dinner at o(r o(se, and 'e o!ened a #ottle of c am!agne, as re!orted in a letter ome. 9t t e #eginning of 1939, t e ne's of t e discovery of fission #y 1tto ;a n and Crit* Strassmann reac ed Berkeley. 2 e eA!eriments 'ere immediately re!eated, #(t not #y me. - did not like to r(s into @ 1P? @ a com!etition, and alt o(g - ad #een among t e first to 'ork on (rani(m, - contin(ed my investigations on ot er s(#.ects. 1n my arrival in 193N - ad rene'ed my conversations of 193G 'it P ili! 9#elson, ' o clearly indicated t at e considered (rani(m is !ro!erty, not tro(#ling to ide is feelings a#o(t foreign interlo!ers. - t erefore left (rani(m to im (ntil t e discovery of fission. 9#elson t en recogni*ed t at e ad seen YBray lines #elonging to t e tell(ri(m MBseries, #(t ad misinter!reted

t em, a rat er cr(de error, #y ' ic e missed making a great discovery. ;o'ever, (rani(m also fooled Cermi, t e +oliotBC(ries, ;a n and 4eitner, and ot er eminent scientists, all of ' om made gross errors, and my o'n mistakes on t e s(#.ect stand o(t. -f 9#elson ad reason to #e angry 'it imself, some time later - did too. 9fter t e discovery of fission, +oliotBC(rie and 4c4illan inde!endently devised a clever ! ysical met od for se!arating t e fission !rod(cts from t e !rod(ct of t e 8n,b : reaction occ(rring in (rani(m. 9s a res(lt of #om#ardment of a t in (rani(m layer, t e fission fragments emerge from t e layer and can #e collected on a s(ita#le ad.acent foil, ' ile t e !rod(cts of t e 8n,b : reaction stay in t e (rani(m foil. -t 'as t (s !ossi#le to confirm ;a n and 4eitner,s finding of a ?3Bmin(te activity d(e to U?39 . -n addition t e (rani(m layer s o'ed an activity, 'it a#o(t a ?Bday !eriod, and - started st(dying it c emically. - s(s!ected it 'as a #etaBdecay !rod(ct of t e ?3Bmin(te activity and ence an isoto!e of element 93 8ne!t(ni(m: of mass ?39, #(t - did not eA!ect t at element 93 mig t #e c emically similar to a rare eart . Every#ody (! to t en #elieved t at element 93 'o(ld #e similar to r eni(m, and t is 'as one of t e errors t at ad !rod(ced great conf(sion in t e inter!retation of all t e res(lts of (rani(m #om#ardment. - esta#lis ed c emically t at t e activity - 'as st(dying #e aved similarly to a rare eart and t en convinced myself t at a fission fragment constit(ted #y a eavy rare eart mig t stay in t e (rani(m layer. - disc(ssed t is 'it CeliA Bloc , ' o conc(rred, #(t t e res!onsi#ility for t e error is totally mine. 1n second t o(g ts, - s o(ld ave reali*ed t at my inter!retation 'as, to say t e least, s(s!ect. - tried to make a stronger sam!le and to see ' et er t e ?Bday activity @ 1P3 @ co(ld #e inter!reted as t e radioactive da(g ter of t e ?3Bmin(te activity. -n t is - ad #ad l(ck. 2 e ioni*ation c am#er - (sed ad a 'indo' too t ick for t e #eta rays of /!?39 , ' ic are (n(s(ally 'eak. C(rt ermore, - 'ent to t e movies at a critical time ' en - s o(ld ave #een in t e la# meas(ring t e activity, alt o(g t is fact 'as not of !aramo(nt im!ortance. -n concl(sion, - erred and did not recogni*e t e genetic relation #et'een t e t'o activities. 2 e res(lting !a!er is f(ndamentally 'rong, #(t it contains an im!ortant tr(t : t e similarity #et'een element 93 and t e rare eart s.E1JF 2 is similarity ad even #een considered in t e literat(re, #(t t e relevant !a!ers ad esca!ed me, and not only me. S ortly after'ard, t e !ro#lem of t e ?Bday activity 'as cracked #y 4c4illan and 9#elson, ' o discovered ne!t(ni(m. 9fter t eir discovery, in a letter ome, dated +(ne J, 19J$, - o#served: - do not kno' ' et er - ave ever 'ritten to yo( of my misadvent(re 'it element 93. 9fter so m(c 'ork, discoveries and (ndiscoveries, last s!ring - ad it in my ands for several 'eeks and did not recogni*e it. 1n t e contrary - ave even !(#lis ed a s ort note affirming t at t e s(#stance t ey ave no' !roved to #e element 93 'as a rare eart . 9ltoget er it is an (gly #l(nder, com#ined 'it my aving lost, in a most st(!id 'ay, t e o!!ort(nity for a rat er interesting discovery. /o' t ere is not ing else - can do a#o(t it. 7et (s o!e t at t e t ing 'ill not #e !roclaimed to all comers #y my friends. -n ot er st(dies on fission !rod(cts 'it 9leA 7angsdorf and C ienBS i(ng &(, 'e inter alia fo(nd Ye13P , ' ic is a tremendo(s ne(tron a#sor#er. 2 is last fact 'as discovered only later, ' en Aenon !oisoned t e first n(clear reactors.E1PF -n s!ite of my scientific activity, 7a'rence m(st ave come to t e concl(sion t at - 'as too eA!ensive. - contri#(ted to t e eA!loitation of is mac ine, #(t not s(fficiently to its develo!ment or o!eration.

;ence - co(ld not as!ire to a !ermanent !osition at Berkeley. 7a'rence told me all t is very fort rig tly in 3ecem#er 1939 and demanded t at - (se at least alf of my time in t e service of t e 6ad 7a#, !ro#a#ly intending t e cyclotron. - may ave #elieved t at - 'as already (sing all my time for t e #enefit of t e la#. ;e also (rged me to find a .o# @ 1PJ @ else' ere and s(ggested - try an oilB!ros!ecting com!any in 2(lsa, 1kla oma. )-n ind(stry t ey are no great s akes and yo( 'ill !ass for a good ! ysicist,) e added. So saying, e 'rote me an eAcellent recommendation. 7a'rence,s intentions may ave #een good, #(t is di!lomacy 'as not. 6emem#ering also t e salary c(t - ad s(ffered, - rel(ctantly started t inking of leaving Berkeley. - remem#ered, o'ever, o' my dear friend =eorge Plac*ek consoled imself for aving !assed from t e state of a 'ealt y gentleman to is !resent !en(ry: )SeeO - am at Cornell University. - ave an eAcellent salary: ]1,$$$ a mont , #(t eA!enses kill meO) ;e t en listed imaginary eA!enses: ]1P$ a mont for aving esca!ed t e /a*isD ]1P$ for living in a good climateD ]1$$ for t e (se of t e li#rary and for aving access to seminars and to 'ort y colleag(es, and so fort . )- am left 'it only ]1?$ !er mont , #(t it co(ld #e 'orse,) Plac*ek concl(ded.E1GF By attending meetings, 'riting letters, !assing t e 'ord aro(nd, and so on, - strove to find a more sta#le !lace t an t e one - eld at Berkeley. Some of t e ans'ers 'ere friendly, #(t some 'ere c illing, like t at of S. M. 9llison, ' o !ointed o(t to me t at not even is st(dent Skaggs 8a com!letely (nkno'n c aracter: ad fo(nd a .o#. 2 e idea t at - came after Skaggs in t e mind of so kno'ledgea#le a friend and gentleman as 9llison scared me. 9mong t e enco(raging and friendly letters - received, - remem#er one from +ames Cranck, t e great eA!erimental ! ysicist of =Zttingen, ' o ad #een dismissed #y t e /a*is and 'as t en 'orking at C icago. Since Cranck 'as a ma.or fig(re in ! ysics and 'as also kno'n for is good eart 8#esides is co(rage:, - eA!ect e received many a!!eals for el!. - 'rote im and e ans'ered 'it a solicito(s and enco(raging letter dated Se!tem#er 1, 1939. Cinding ins(fficient ' at e ad dictated to is secretary in Englis , e added #y and in =erman, )-n yo(r case - am tr(ly o!timistic, #eca(se !eo!le do not let sli! a man of yo(r a#ility.) 2 e enco(ragement of s(c a !erson el!ed me. 7ater Cranck visited (s in Berkeley and - met im many times in s(#se0(ent years, t e last time at a meeting of /o#el la(reates in 7inda(, =ermany, in 19G?. - also tried to mo#ili*e Cermi,s el!, #(t - ad t e im!ression e @ 1PP @ 'as (n'illing to #estir imself on my #e alf. - no' #elieve is (nconcern 'as more a!!arent t an real, #eca(se e !referred to a!!ear indifferent rat er t an to say t at e co(ld not do m(c . 4ore im!ortant, - #elieve t at seeing me doing good 'ork at Berkeley, e reasoned, like my fat er, t at my !osition in Berkeley 'as (ndo(#tedly scientifically most advantageo(s, and t at it 'o(ld #e an error to eAc ange it for a !ermanent .o# in a minor (niversity. Ce' mac ines 'ere to #e as !rod(ctive of im!ortant discoveries in n(clear ! ysics as t e G$Binc cyclotron, ' ic started 'orking at t e #eginning of 19J$. - immediately s(ggested t at since it co(ld accelerate al! a !articles eno(g for t em to !enetrate !otential #arriers of eavy elements, one co(ld form isoto!es of t e missing element NP #y #om#arding #ism(t 'it al! a !articles. 6o#ert Cornog as descri#ed ' at follo'ed: 1ne 4onday nig t at a meeting of t e 6adiation 7a#oratory gro(!, Emilio Segr descri#ed

is !lans to make element NP #y #om#arding #ism(t 'it al! aB!articles accelerated in t e G$Binc cyclotron. 9fter t e meeting, as 3ale Corson and - 'alked toget er across cam!(s, 'e talked of Segr,s !ro!osed eA!eriment. Una'are t at Corson 'as already !re!aring to do some al! aB!article #om#ardments 'it t e G$Binc cyclotron, - said: )Uo( kno', 3ale, - ave a l(m! of #ism(t .) )9nd - ave a linear am!lifier,) 3ale co(ntered. 2 e neAt morning, #rig t and early, Corson and - #om#arded #ism(t 'it al! aB!articles from t e G$Binc cyclotron. &e sa' go#s of giant !(lses ' en 'e !laced t e #ism(t in front of o(r linear am!lifier. - 'as elated #(t felt g(ilty as sin to ave !oac ed ' at - felt 'as Segr,s eA!eriment, so - 'ent directly to see Segr. )Emilio, 'o(ld yo( mind m(c if ad a try at t at #ism(t eA!eriment yo( descri#ed last nig t<) - asked. 9fter a s ort !a(se Segr re!lied: )/o. 2 ere are ot er eA!eriments t at - can do.) /o' came t e sticky !art. )-t,s 'orse t an t at, Emilio. 3ale Corson and - ave already #om#arded #ism(t . &e got giant !(lses on is linear am!lifier.) Segr !a(sed some' at longer. )- ave only one re0(est. 7et me do t e c emistry.) -t 'as a day or t'o after t ese events t at 7(ie E9lvare*F 'as es!ecially artic(late and direct. ;e s(ggested t at - 'ork eit er on discovering element NP or on discovering t e sta#ility of ydrogenB3 and eli(mB3, #(t not on #ot O So Corson, 4acMen*ie and Segr discovered element NP and 9lvare* and Cornog discovered ydrogen and eli(m of @ 1PG @ mass 3. 9ll t ese events not'it standing, Segr contin(ed to let me (se is electrometer, an instr(ment ' ic no' resides in t e Smit sonian collection.E1%F 2oday, as 'e !ro!osed, element NP, t e last of t e alogens, is called astatine. 9s in t e case of t e ot er alogens, t e name refers to one of its o(tstanding !ro!erties: its insta#ility. 9statine c emistry is com!licated, and as all its isoto!es are s ortBlived, it can #e st(died only on t e tracer scale. C ienB S i(ng &( and - also tried to form t e last cis(ranic missing element, of atomic n(m#er G1, #y s(ita#le #om#ardment of rare eart s, #(t at t e time t e c emical se!aration of rare eart s !resented diffic(lt !ro#lems, s(#se0(ently overcome #y el(tion on resins. &e certainly !rod(ced isoto!es of element G1, #(t 'e co(ld not !rove it to o(r satisfaction, and t e element 'as later discovered #y =lendenin and 4arinsky. Crom +an(ary 3$ to Ce#r(ary ?$, 19J$, Cermi came to Berkeley as ;itc cock 7ect(rer. - 'as delig ted to see im 8it 'as t e first time 'e ad met since leaving -taly:, and 'e res(med o(r a#it of taking long 'alks toget er, talking mostly ! ysics. Cermi eA!lained to me is latest st(dies on t e sto!!ing !o'er for ioni*ing !articles and on its relativistic rise. &e tried to verify some of is !redictions eA!erimentally (sing t e electrons of P3? , #(t t e res(lts 'ere inconcl(sive. 1n t e ot er and, 'it t e ne' G$Binc cyclotron 'e fissioned (rani(m 'it al! a !articles, re!orting o(r findings in t e last !a!er 'e coa(t ored 8alt o(g certainly not t e last 'e disc(ssed in t e !lanning stage or to inter!ret res(lts:.E1NF 9t t at time Cermi did not mention is st(dies of t e c ain reaction to me. 9s - ave em! asi*ed, e 'as al'ays reserved, and in t is case e ad 'eig ty reasons for #eing more t an merely ca(tio(s. 9s 'as to #e eA!ected, Cermi often s!oke to 7a'rence, #(t ' en e started talking ! ysics, 7a'rence (s(ally c anged t e s(#.ect, !ossi#ly #eca(se it 'as (ncomforta#le for im. Cermi do(#ted 7a'rence kne' or (nderstood m(c ! ysics, and t o(g t e 'as rat er f(ll of imself. )-t,s a real !ro#lem ' en !eo!le m(st !lay t e great man #(t are not (! to it,) e said. Cermi also attended 1!!en eimer,s seminarsD coming o(t of one of t em once, e said: )Emilio, - m(st #e getting

@ 1P% @ senile. - 'ent to a learned t eoretical seminar and co(ld not (nderstand anyt ing eAce!t t e last 'ords, ' ic 'ere ,9nd t is is Cermi,s t eory of #eta decay.,) Some of t e conversations - ad 'it Cermi concerned #eta decay and its ramifications, and it occ(rred to me t at it mig t #e !ossi#le to alter t e decay constant of a MBelectron ca!t(rer #y c emical means. Since t e decay constant is !ro!ortional to t e electronic density at t e n(cle(s, #y s(#tracting electrons from an atom, it s o(ld #e !ossi#le to alter t at density. - estimated t e effect and fo(nd o(t t at it 'o(ld #e small #(t !ro#a#ly o#serva#le. 2 e #est s(#stance to try 'as Be%, #eca(se of its atomic and n(clear c aracteristics. 1n second t o(g ts, - also concl(ded t at t e same mec anism s o(ld alter t e internal conversion and, as a conse0(ence, t e decay !eriods of my old friends t e n(clear isomers. =enerally t e tec ni0(e o!ened (! a small c a!ter of n(clear ! ysics, on altering n(clear !rocesses #y c emical means. 2 is ad #een tried #y sim!leBminded met ods #y t e fo(nders of n(clear ! ysics, #(t since t ey lacked t e necessary insig t, t eir res(lts ad al'ays #een negative. -n !(rs(it of t is idea, C ienBS i(ng &( and - tried !re!aring radioactive Be1 and asked t e Br(s Berylli(m Co. to convert some of it to metal. ;o'ever, after a ' ile more (rgent 'ork forced (s to dro! t e !ro.ect for t e d(ration of t e 'ar. - did not !(#lis anyt ing on t e s(#.ect t en, #eca(se disliked !(#lis ing ideas of eA!eriments 'it o(t aving !erformed t em. -t 'as most fort(nate t at 'e s(s!ended t e 'ork, #eca(se 'e did not kno' of t e toAicity of #erylli(m and 'o(ld (n'ittingly ave inc(rred deadly dangers. 9fter t e 'ar - com!leted t e investigation 'it C. E. &iegand, ' o 'as t en my st(dent.E19F -n 19J$ 7a'rence 'as !lanning a 1NJBinc cyclotron to reac t e t enBenormo(s energy of 1$$ 4eK. 7a'rence eA!ected to overcome relativistic diffic(lties #y !(tting a million volts on t e dees and reac ing t e final energy in only fifty revol(tions. -t 'as a ty!ical #r(te force met od, ' ic mig t ave !leased 9dmiral Carrag(t of )3amn t e tor!edoesHf(ll s!eed a eadO) fame, #(t - do not kno' if it 'o(ld ave s(cceeded. 7a'rence 'as convinced t at 'it ent (siasm, ard 'ork, @ 1PN @ and !ersistence one co(ld overcome every o#stacle, or t at some#ody 'o(ld find a 'ay o(t #y a ne' invention, as indeed occasionally a!!ened, !artic(larly in t is case. ;o'ever, ingen(ity may circ(mvent nat(re,s la's, #(t not violate t em. - reali*ed t at if - 'ere to s(rvive at t e 6ad 7a#, - ad #etter contri#(te to t e great 1NJBinc cyclotron !ro.ect, so ' en asked, - eagerly started el!ing &illiam Bro#eck, t e eAce!tionally a#le engineer ' o eaded t e !ro.ect. Bro#eck 'as a ric yo(ng man, t e son of a !rominent San Crancisco la'yer, and in love 'it is !rofession. ;e ad a !rofo(ndly sal(tary infl(ence on t e 6ad 7a# #eca(se e introd(ced so(nd engineering !ractice in !lace of t e ! ysicists, ro(g andBready 'ay of doing t ings. 4ac ines 'ere !lanned 'it reasona#le safety margins, and good engineering tec ni0(es re!laced im!rovisation. 3(e attention 'as !aid to gaskets, 'elding, stress distri#(tion, and c oice of materials. Bro#eck introd(ced all sorts of im!ortant !reventive maintenance ro(tines. -n s ort, e in.ected t e art of engineering into accelerator develo!ment. 9s a conse0(ence t e f(nctioning of t e mac ines greatly im!roved, t e 'asting of time o'ing to #reakdo'ns markedly diminis ed, and overall efficiency increased s(#stantially. Bro#eck 'as ig ly res!ected #y t e a#lest ! ysicists, ' o (nderstood t at is demands 'ere 'ellBfo(nded and a#(ndantly re!aid t e 'ork and eA!ense of com!lying 'it t em. Crom 193% (ntil 19PG, ' en e left t e 6ad 7a#, Bro#eck 'as involved in all its !ro.ects.

-n 19J$ Bro#eck 'as !lanning t e 1NJBinc cyclotron magnet, and - el!ed im in t e #(ilding and testing of a model of it. -n t e #eginning, it seems, Bro#eck ad a certain diffidence a#o(t 'orking 'it a foreign ! ysicist, (nfamiliar 'it 9merican engineering (nits and met ods. ;o'ever, 'e very ra!idly fo(nd o(rselves to #e congenial and greatly en.oying t e colla#oration. Eac learned from t e ot er. - 'as !leasantly s(r!rised in finding t at Bro#eck ad advertised my 'ork to 7a'rence, ' o 'as im!ressed, since t e !raise came from an (neA!ected so(rce. 9 letter ome of 4ay ??, 19J$, says - 'as 'orking f(llBtime on t e magnet. 9t t is time - ran into anot er serio(s !oisoning risk, #esides t at of #erylli(m. - (sed to fill my ioni*ation c am#er 'it met yl #romide @ 1P9 @ to en ance its sensitivity to gamma rays. 2 e commercial gas came in a small canister, ' ic - (sed every so often to refill t e ioni*ation c am#er. Cort(nately, for no conscio(s reason, - al'ays !erformed t e o!eration in t e o!en air, on a #alcony. & en t e cylinder 'as em!ty, - called t e salesman to get a ne' one. );o' did it go<) e asked. );ave yo( killed all t e rats<) - 'as s(r!rised #y t e 0(estion, and e told me t at e kne' of only one (se for t e gas: as a f(migant for rats. - s (ddered. 2 ere 'as no indication of toAicity on t e cylinders, and - ad not kno'n t at t e gas 'as !oisono(s. Possi#ly my aving andled it in o!en air saved my life. 9s mentioned, soon after Cermi,s visit, 7a'rence recommended - a!!ly for a .o# 'it an oilB eA!loration firm in 2(lsa. - 'ent, to eA!lore t e !ossi#ilities. By t en it 'as s!ring, and - decided to go, not only to 2(lsa, #(t also to &as ington, 3.C., for t e ann(al meeting of t e 9merican P ysical Society, and to some ot er !lace to advertise my eAistence. -n &as ington, - sa' 6asetti, 6a#i, 7ee 3(Bridge, and ot ersD in /e' Uork - visited my #rot er 9ngelo. -n 4ay 19J$, - s!ent a 'eek in 2(lsa, ' ere - met t'o yo(ng men a#o(t my age: Serge Sc er#atskoy, a 6(ssian aristocrat ' ose fat er ad #een a c*arist general, and is !artner, a +e' from 6(ssian Poland named /e(feld 8' o - fancied mig t ave esca!ed some !ogrom commanded #y Sc er#atskoy,s fat er:. 2 ey 'ere trying to !ros!ect for oil #y radioactive met odsD first t ey ad (sed gammaBray diff(sion on rocks s(rro(nding a drilling ole. /o' t ey 'anted to eAtend t eir met od to incl(de t e (se of ne(trons, ' ic t ey o!ed mig t el! identify ydrogeno(s material. 2 ey offered me a good salary to .oin t em as t eir ! ysicist. - looked aro(nd caref(lly and concl(ded t at t e only relia#le met od for inter!reting t e logs t ey 'o(ld get 'as to #(ild an artificial 'ell in t e la# and to o#serve t e #e avior of ne(trons (nder conditions similar to ' at t ey mig t find in nat(re. 9 calc(lation 'it o(t eA!erimental verification 'as !ossi#le, #(t (nrelia#le. &e disc(ssed t ese tec nical !ro#lems and ot er details, #(t after a fe' days, - decided it 'as not a .o# for me. 4y stay in 2(lsa coincided 'it t e end of t e ! ony 'ar !eriod, @ 1G$ @ and ' ile - 'as t ere - eard t at =ermany ad invaded Belgi(m and ;olland, starting an active offensive 'ar in t e 'est. - remem#er - 'as aving #reakfast ' en t e radio gave t e ne's. - almost c oked. Crom 193$ to 19JG, for over siAteen long years, my yo(t 'as dominated #y t e s!ecter eit er of 'ar or of !olitical disaster. So m(c 'orrying m(st !erforce ave infl(enced my c aracter and made me somet ing of a !essimist. - ave never #een a#le to live sim!ly from day to day, and t e antici!ation of

events, ' ic (nfort(nately often came to !ass, and from ' ic - did not kno' o' to, or co(ld not, defend myself, as ca(sed me m(c s(ffering. Conflicts #orn o(t of s(c fr(strations ave em#ittered me greatly and for a long time. & en - t(rned do'n t e 2(lsa .o#, Sc er#atskoy asked me a#o(t Br(no Pontecorvo, ' o t en 'as in Paris 'it +oliotBC(rie, and - 'armly recommended im. 2 e oilBeA!loration firm, &ells S(rveys, t en decided to offer im a .o# and ca#led im. 2 (s Pontecorvo, esca!ing on a #icycle from Paris, a#o(t to fall to t e /a*is, and in imminent !eril of is life, s(ddenly fo(nd imself 'it an ass(red .o# in 9merica. 9 tr(e miracleO 4y tri! on t e ' ole ad not #een s(ccessf(l. - ret(rned to Berkeley #eca(se t ere - co(ld do good ! ysics and - ad not fo(nd anyt ing #etter else' ere. 4y sit(ation, o'ever, #ecame increasingly !recario(s (ntil it took an (neA!ected t(rn for t e #etter. -n t e s(mmer of 19J$, 'e 'ere visited at Berkeley #y t e ead of t e ! ysics de!artment at P(rd(e University, Marl 7arkB;orovit*.E?$F ;e 'as of 9(strian origin, of a to(c y and s(llen c aracter t at made im many enemies, #(t at eart a very decent man and a good ! ysicist. 9t P(rd(e e ad created an eAcellent ! ysics de!artment and r(led it a(tocratically, #(t 'it good res(lts. ;e recogni*ed 0(ality in science and el!ed ' oever e t o(g t merited it. & en - #ecame ac0(ainted 'it im, - felt - co(ld o!enly tell im my !ersonal !ro#lems. ;e invited me to go to P(rd(e for a limited !eriod. ;e co(ld not sec(re a !ermanent .o# for me, #(t t o(g t t at even a tem!orary a!!ointment 'o(ld greatly im!rove my !osition at Berkeley. 2 (s in t e fall of 19J$, Elfriede, Cla(dio, and - took t e train for &est 7afayette, -ndiana. 9t P(rd(e, 'e settled in at Union ;all, ' ic 'as strongly eated and @ 1G1 @ eAtremely dry, so m(c t at in 'alking on its ins(lating car!ets, one got ig ly electrified, and - co(ld am(se Cla(dio #y !(lling s!arks from is nose. - ad also !re!ared some eA!eriments - co(ld easily and ra!idly carry o(t, and - did my #est to elicit a!!reciation for my lect(res. 7ark;orovit*,s !lan 'orked to a fa(lt. 2 ings 'ent 'ell, and - 'as !leased. 9t Berkeley, ' en t ey !erceived t at - 'as really leaving, 7a'rence and t e ead of t e ! ysics de!artment, 6aymond 2. Birge,E?1F fo(nd t e money to !ay me and 'ired me 'it t e offer of a lect(rers i!. -t 'as not a ten(red !osition, #(t it 'as great !rogress. - ad, more or less, ret(rned to t e !osition 'it ' ic - ad started in 193N, #efore t ey kne' - co(ld not ret(rn to -taly. - asked for a contract 'it t e University of California, not 'it t e 6ad 7a#, of ' ic - ad ad eno(g . - kne' t at Birge ke!t is 'ord, ' ereas 7a'rence,s intentions and ca!a#ilities co(ld c ange at any time. -n any case - 'o(ld ave access to t e cyclotron, and - o!ed t at relations 'it 7a'rence 'o(ld im!rove, #eca(se aving good 'ork done #y me in t e 6ad 7a# at no eA!ense to imself, e 'o(ld #e a!!y and s'eet, as indeed a!!ened. 2 anks to 7arkB;orovit*, - ad ]3$$ a mont and a m(c im!roved !osition. 4y ne' #oss, 6. 2. Birge, 'as a very f(ssy man, a tr(e airBs!litter, and t is ad served im 'ell, allo'ing im to ferret o(t many scientific errors of long standing and greatly to im!rove o(r kno'ledge of (niversal constants. 2o #etter (nderstand is !ec(liarities, one as to read is istory of t e ! ysics de!artment at Berkeley.E??F -t reveals is many good 0(alities, ' ic , all in all, more t an made (! for is 'eaknesses. 2 ese fla's, on t e ot er and, are easily recogni*ed reading #et'een t e lines. -n some res!ects, e 'as a narro'Bminded man, 'it !re.(dices against foreigners, es!ecially C inese, 'omen, and anyone ' o s!oke 'it an accent. ;is !erfectionism sometimes ca(sed im to lose sig t of ' at 'as im!ortant and r(n after min(te details. 1nce - 'as invited for dinner at is ome, 'it Cermi, ;arold Urey, and ot er im!ortant !eo!le, all in #lack tie and t e 'ives in long dresses. 9

magnificent roast t(rkey arrived at t e ta#le, and Birge, at t e ead of t e ta#le, carved it 'it !erfect art, #(t it took im almost an o(r, and 'e all felt 'e ad to 'ait (ntil t e end of t e carving o!eration @ 1G? @ #efore 'e started to eat, so t at t e t(rkey on o(r !lates 'as #y t en almost cold. Birge ad a lively sense of (mor, ' ic - a!!reciated, and did not mince 'ords, saying fort rig tly ' at e t o(g t, or, rat er, often t inking alo(d. ;is comment to a teac er at a s(mmer sc ool 'as ty!ical. 2 is !rofessor arrived and fo(nd t at e ad #een assigned a small classroom t at 'as !ossi#ly ins(fficient. ;e com!lained to Birge, ' o ans'ered, )7et me seeD last year Cermi ta(g t t is same co(rse, and 'e ad to c ange classrooms t'ice, #eca(se t ey 'ere al'ays too small, #(t for yo( t is one 'ill #e s(fficient.) 9s a de!artment ead, Birge ad some good, clear ideasD for instance, e early reali*ed t e great f(t(re in store for t e 6ad 7a#, fostered it, and al'ays ke!t in mind t at it 'as to t e reci!rocal advantage of t e de!artment and of t e 6ad 7a# to coo!erate and to avoid fig ts. C(rt ermore, in t e early years of is career as ead of t e de!artment, e made eAcellent a!!ointments, ' ic greatly contri#(ted to Berkeley,s later s(ccess. ;e remained ead of t e de!artment for over t'enty years 81933QPP:, alt o(g at t e end e lost contact 'it active researc . /evert eless, for a !eriod after t e 'ar, e still managed to eAert a #eneficial infl(ence 'it t e advice of yo(nger fac(lty mem#ers. -n any case, in 19J$, - fo(nd myself m(c #etter off dealing 'it Birge t an 'it 7a'rence. Cor t is reason - strove to #e em!loyed #y t e (niversity rat er t an #y t e 6ad 7a#. C(rt ermore, - liked teac ing and - m(c !referred t e c(lt(ral as!ects of ! ysics to t e engineering ones, alt o(g o!erated in #ot and recogni*ed t eir interde!endence. 9ll told, - 'as a #orn !rofessor and felt more at ome at t e (niversity t an in t e 6ad 7a#, and - esta#lis ed good relations 'it Birge, ' o, - #elieve, ad a good o!inion of me, des!ite my im!erfect Englis !ron(nciation. So m(c for BirgeD - ret(rn to my story. Crom P(rd(e University, #efore reverting to Berkeley, - 'ent to visit Cermi at is ome in 7eonia, /e' +ersey. 9t Berkeley in +an(ary 19J$, e ad ardly mentioned n(clear energy release. 9t 7eonia t ings 'ere different, and 'e 'ent into it in de!t . -n very cold 'eat er, 'e iked along t e @ 1G3 @ ;(dson 6iver, ' ic 'as dotted 'it small ice#ergs. 1n t e #are trees, to my s(r!rise, - sa' anging many (sed !ro! ylacticsD t e 'inter a#sence of leaves made t is strange vegetation cons!ic(o(s. 1(r t o(g ts, o'ever, 'ere else' ere. -t 'as eA!ected t at U?3N #y ne(tron ca!t(re and #eta decay 'o(ld form 9J?39 , of ' ic no one kne' anyt ing. 1ne co(ld, o'ever, s!ec(late #y analogy to U?3P , t at t is evenBodd n(cle(s mig t (ndergo slo' ne(tron fission. -f t is 'as t e case, 9J?39 co(ld !er a!s re!lace U?3P as a n(clear f(el or eA!losive. -t all de!ended on (n!redicta#le cross sections, decay !eriods, and t e n(m#er of ne(trons emitted !er fission. 2 e !ros!ect 'as o#vio(sly of great im!ortance, #(t one needed information on t is y!ot etical isoto!e. -n a favora#le case one mig t eA!ect an entirely ne' so(rce of a material fissiona#le #y slo' ne(trons, inde!endent of t e se!aration of (rani(m isoto!es. C(rt er vistas 'ere immense, incl(ding reactors !rod(cing t e ne' isoto!e and its (se as a n(clear eA!losive. 1n t e ot er and if t e n(clear !ro!erties of t e ne' isoto!e s o(ld t(rn o(t to #e (nfavora#le, t at ' ole a!!roac 'o(ld come to not ing. 2 e only 'ay of ans'ering t ese momento(s 0(estions 'as #y direct eA!eriment. 1ne ad to

make eno(g of t e ne' s(#stance to meas(re t e desired (nkno'ns. 2 is 'as !ossi#le 'it t e el! of t e cyclotron. &e made several calc(lations and estimates and fo(nd t at, 'it some l(ck, t e !lan 'as feasi#le. -t 'as im!erative to try. Similar ideas also occ(rred to ot ers, among t em 9lvare*, 7. 9. 2(rner, and Egon Bretsc er, #(t - 'as (na'are of t is, and - #elieve Cermi 'as too.E?3F 2o acc(m(late s(fficient material, one needed a s(#stantial cyclotron #om#ardment, and since t is 'o(ld commit t e mac ine for some time, 'e re0(ired 7a'rence,s a!!roval. By c ance e 'as t en in /e' Uork, and on 3ecem#er 1Jt , 19J$, Cermi, 7a'rence, Pegram, and - disc(ssed t e matter in Pegram,s office at Col(m#ia University. 7a'rence immediately gave is assent, and a fe' days later, ret(rned to Berkeley and started t e 'ork. Crom t e very #eginning of 19J1, - reali*ed t at - co(ld not carry o(t t e 'ork as fast as needed alone, and - asked Sea#org to el!. 1n +an(ary 1$, 19J1, - 'rote to Cermi: );ere - fo(nd 7a'rence ' o @ 1GJ @ ad received from &as ington 8over 9#elson,s signat(reO: a letter concerning o(r eA!eriment and t e s(ggestion to entr(st it to Sea#org. &e all agreed t at it is not a oneBman .o#, and t (s Sea#org and 'ill carry it on, eAce!t t at 8'it 7a'rence,s conc(rrence: 'e 'ill #ring in some#ody else to el! if necessary.) 2 ose #ro(g t in 'ere +. &. Mennedy, a recent P .3., 'it ' om 'e ad !revio(sly 'orked on isomerism, and 9. C. &a l, a grad(ate st(dent. Mennedy 'as a 2eAan of -ris ancestry, lively, intelligent, very s re'd, and (tterly onest. ;e 'as a year or t'o .(nior to Sea#org, ' o ad introd(ced im to radioc emistry and colla#orated 'it im on several investigations of radioactive isoto!es. Slo'ly - fo(nd o(t t at it 'as easier to deal 'it im t an 'it Sea#org. Mennedy,s o!enness ins!ired confidence, ' ereas - came to feel t at Sea#org ad secret !ersonal !lans. Mennedy and - noted t e (n!aralleled doc(mentation e 'as acc(m(lating, 'ay #eyond ' at 'as needed for c(rrent 'ork, 'it a miAt(re of admiration and !(**lement.E?JF Sea#org also made every effort to ac0(ire and maintain strict control over o(r gro(!,s comm(nications 'it t e o(tside 'orld. -n t is e 'as el!ed #y t e diffic(lties - ad as an alien, #y my (ncertain !osition, and a#ove all #y my meager a#ility in !(#lic relations, as 'ell as #y Mennedy,s .(nior stat(s. 9s time 'ent #y, Mennedy and -, alarmed #y ' at 'e sa', ended #y associating very closely in selfB defense. 9t t e time, 9rt (r &a l 'as a rat er innocent st(dent, o(t of r(ral -o'a, and ignorant of t e 'orld. 9t least at t e #eginning, e 'as strongly infl(enced #y Sea#org. ;e 'as a t oro(g ly good and onora#le fello', #(t too ineA!ert and ingen(o(s to (nderstand t e game e 'as #eing dra'n into. 7ater e o!ened is eyes, associated strictly 'it Mennedy, and came to 7os 9lamos 'it im. 9fter t e 'ar, &a l, toget er 'it ot er Berkeley c emists ' o ad originally #een st(dents or colla#orators of Sea#org,s #(t 'ere averse to f(rt er ties 'it im, 'ent to &as ington University in St. 7o(is, 4isso(ri, ' ic ad a!!ointed Mennedy as ead of a revitali*ed c emistry de!artment. 2 e istory given #y several of t e !(#lis ed doc(ments !ertinent to t at !eriod is not al'ays com!lete, and t ere are occasional disagreements.E?PF 2 e a(t ors 'rote (nder t e demands of secrecy reg(B @ 1GP @ lations, !atent re0(irements, and t e 'is to !rotect t eir o'n !ersonal scientific claims to t e (tmost. 2 (s t ere are occasional disagreements. 2 e !ossi#ility of /o#el Pri*es #eing a'arded did not

sim!lify matters. - give ere some c ronological !oints: in +(ne 19J$ 4c4illan #om#arded (rani(m 'it de(terons and #y c emical met ods e and 9#elson ad !revio(sly devised, se!arated from it a #eta activity d(e to ne!t(ni(m and let it decay. 9fter t e #eta activity ad decayed, e fo(nd t at t e resid(e emitted al! a !articles, !ossi#ly d(e to element 9J. -n 3ecem#er of 19J$, after 4c4illan ad left Berkeley to go to radar 'ork, Sea#org, Mennedy, and &a l, 'it 4c4illan,s agreement, started 'ork on de(teronB#om#arded (rani(m. -n t eir #om#ardment, t ey o#tained a miAt(re of several isoto!es of 93, and t is m(lti!licity of isoto!es com!licated f(rt er 'ork. 2 e #eta activities of element 93 decayed, leaving al! a active resid(es, most likely d(e to element 9J. Some !reliminary c emical trials s o'ed t at t e al! a activity co(ld #e c emically se!arated from most elements. - #elieve t at t is 'as all t at 'as kno'n at t e #eginning of o(r common 'ork. 2 e !rimary !(r!ose of t e investigation #y Mennedy, Sea#org, and myself 'as to meas(re t e fission cross section of P(?39 . -n order to o#tain an isoto!ically !(re sam!le of t is s(#stance, it 'as #est to #om#ard (rani(m 'it slo' ne(trons. 2 ose gave res(lts t at 'ere easier to inter!ret and also gave larger amo(nts of P(?39 t an t ose o#taina#le #y de(teron #om#ardments.E?GF 9t t e #eginning of o(r 'ork, 'e sim!ly c emically se!arated ne!t(ni(m from #om#arded (rani(m, (sing a rare eart carrier, and let it decay. 2 e sam!les t (s o#tained, o'ever, 'ere too t ick for acc(rate investigations of al! a and fission !rocesses. -n t e meantime, Mennedy, Sea#org, and &a l contin(ed develo!ing t e c emistry of !l(toni(m and its se!aration from ne!t(ni(m, #(t t ey did not tell me t eir reagents, aving received orders to #e !r(dent 'it an alien. -t took (ntil t e end of Ce#r(ary 19J1 #efore &a l fo(nd a clean 'ay of oAidi*ing 9J to vario(s valence states. By t en Mennedy, Sea#org, and - already ad sam!les of P(?39 , coB!reci!itated 'it ceri(m fl(oride, in relatively t ick layers. @ 1GG @ 9ro(nd 4arc 1, 19J1, 'e !erformed a #ig ne(tron #om#ardment of (rani(m to !re!are a s(#stantial sam!le of !(?39 . -t 'as a dangero(s o!eration considering t e large amo(nt and t e eA!losiveness of t e et er 'e (sed, as 'ell as t e radioactivity of t e #om#arded (rani(m and its fission !rod(cts. Everyt ing 'ent 'ell, o'ever, and 'e s(rvived to tell t e tale. 9 first t ick sam!le 'as ready #y 9!ril for first ro(g meas(rements. -n 4ay t e sam!le 'as t inned #y &a l, (sing t e se!aration met ods e ad develo!ed, to a total 'eig t of a#o(t ?$$ micrograms 8almost totally rare eart carrier:, and 'e got acc(rate res(lts. &e all 'orked on all ! ases of t e investigations, #(t &a l !erformed t e #(lk of t e microc emical o!erations 8- !erformed some c emical se!arations 'it o(t kno'ing t e reagents - 'as givenO:. Mennedy, Sea#org, and - !erformed t e #(lk of t e ! ysical meas(rements. -n t e follo'ing mont s, &a l f(rt er develo!ed t e c emistry of ne!t(ni(m and !l(toni(m and laid t e fo(ndation for m(c of t e later 'ork, &e inferred t e mass of 9J 'e ad in o(r sam!le from t e meas(red #eta activity and t e alfBlife of its mot er s(#stance, 93. Crom t e mass of 9J and its al! a activity, 'e calc(lated its decay !eriod. Cor t e slo' ne(tron fission cross section, direct com!arison 'it a kno'n (rani(m sam!le in t e same ne(tron fl(A gave t e #est res(lts. Crom all t is s(#stantial 'ork, 'e gat ered, #y 4ay 19J1, t at t e slo' ne(tron fission cross section of 9J?39 'as a#o(t e0(al to t at of U?3P , and its decay !eriod a#o(t

t'entyBfive t o(sand years. 7ater meas(rements confirmed all t ese data. 9#o(t 4ay ?P, 19J1, Sea#org, Mennedy, 7a'rence, and - signed a letter to 3r. 7yman +. Briggs, c airman of t e government,s 9dvisory Committee on Urani(m, re!orting t ese res(lts. &e ad t (s gat ered information of ca!ital !ractical im!ortance, demonstrating t e feasi#ility of (sing 9J?39 as a n(clear f(el or eA!losive, and 'e ad o!ened (! a ne' 'ay of ta!!ing n(clear energy, avoiding t e need for isoto!e se!aration. &e f(lly reali*ed t e im!ortance of o(r res(lts, and Mennedy, Sea#org, &a l, and - 'rote a letter to t e -hysical .e(iew re!orting t em. -n com!liance 'it t e !olicy of volB @ 1G% @ (ntary secrecy t en !revailing for res(lts of !ossi#le military im!ortance, o'ever, 'e re0(ested t at !(#lication #e 'it eld (ntil #etter times, and t e re!ort event(ally a!!eared only in 19JG.E?%F -n s!ite of 7a'rence,s conc(rrence, at t e #eginning of o(r eA!eriments it ad #een diffic(lt even to o#tain t e necessary (rani(m. - ad to 'rite to Cermi at Col(m#ia University asking for it. -n a letter of +an(ary 11, 19J1, - 'rote im. )Cor t e (rani(m 'ork, Cooksey, ' o olds t e !(rse strings, is not very lavis . -t 'o(ld #e most (sef(l if yo( co(ld send (s P kg of !(re (ranyl nitrate. Please let me kno' if t ere is any 'ay of getting some money to #(y t e et er and several vessels for t e first eAtraction after t e #om#ardment. S(c diffic(lties may slo' (s do'n.) 2 e government ad no !art in t is ! ase of o(r 'ork. -t 'oke (! after t e facts, in +(ne 19J1, and asked (s to file a secret !atent a!!lication. &e com!lied, to o(r advantage, as 'e s all see in d(e co(rse. - do not kno' to ' at eAtent 7a'rence initially reali*ed t e im!ortance of o(r findings, alt o(g e ad el!ed, indirectly, in o#taining t em. - tried to disc(ss t em 'it im, #(t - do(#t e a!!reciated t e 'eig t of t eir im!lications. ;e told me to talk to is friend 9lfred 7oomis, a m(ltimillionaire #anker and amate(r ! ysicist of great intelligence ' o 'as visiting t e 6ad 7a#.E?NF - esitated #eca(se of sec(rity, #(t 7a'rence reass(red me #y saying t at 7oomis 'as cleared for every tec nical secret concerning defense, and t at f(rt ermore e 'as a co(sin and close friend of Secretary of &ar ;enry Stimson,s. 7oomis (nderstood everyt ing - told im !rom!tly and com!letely. - #elieve e el!ed to o!en 7a'rence,s eyes, alt o(g it is !ossi#le t at 7a'rence ad f(lly gras!ed ' at - told im, and sim!ly 'anted 7oomis to ear t e ne's directly from t e orse,s mo(t . -t 'as in t is !eriod t at Mennedy and -, s(r!rised and conf(sed #y some of t e occ(rrences d(ring o(r 'ork, o!ened (! to eac ot er. &e talked at lengt ' ile 'alking aro(nd t e ! ysics #(ilding inn(mera#le times. 7a'rence 'anted a clean and correct sit(ation and did not care m(c a#o(t !ersonalities. ;is !osition is s o'n in a letter dated 4ay 31, 19JG, to ;arold Urey, in ' ic e 'rote: )Sometime O s o(ld like to talk @ 1GN @ to yo( a#o(t t is ' ole #(siness Eof trans(ranicsF, as - t ink t at t e 'ork of 9#elson, 4c4illan, Sea#org, Segr, &a l and Mennedy s o(ld #e recogni*ed some day in /o#el a'ardsD !er a!s t e /o#el Pri*e in P ysics to 4c4illan and 9#elson and anot er one in C emistry to Sea#org and associates. 9t any rate sometime - s o(ld like to get yo(r ideas and o!inions along t is line.) 2 ere 'ere also ot er forces at !lay, incl(ding =. /. 7e'is, t e famo(s Berkeley c emicoB! ysicist, a commanding a(t ority in t e c emistry de!artment, and a#ove all Professor &. 4. 7atimer, ' o 'as

'ell kno'n for is Aeno! o#ia and antiBSemitism. 2 ey comm(nicated 'it Sea#org only, and nat(rally t ey 'ere inclined to acce!t ' atever t ey eard from im. Sea#org (sed is (ncommon organi*ing talents to foster t e !l(toni(m st(dy. ;e enlisted in is o!eration all t e c emistry grad(ate st(dents e co(ld contact, iring yo(ng c emists left and rig t and !lanning largeBscale investigations. -n s ort, e 'as #(sy #(ilding an em!ire. -f - com!are t is o!eration to t at of ot er em!erors - ave kno'n: 7a'rence and Cermi 8a#sit ini(ria ver#o:, immediately !erceive a great difference. 7a'rence 'as t e c ief of a great enter!rise e ad created from scratc , and e identified imself 'it t e 6ad 7a# and its s(ccesses. ;e 'as devoid of .ealo(sy and genero(s in attri#(ting credit. 9lt o(g no more t an a mediocre scientist imself, e !er a!s mildly looked do'n on is fello' scientists and t eir s0(a##les, ' ic e disliked. ;e .(stly felt t at t eir s(ccesses, if o#tained in t e 6ad 7a#, 'o(ld al'ays eAtend to im too. Cermi, a very great scientist, 'as !rimarily interested in ! ysics and did not es!ecially like administrative 'ork. ;e 'as !erfectly onest, o!en, and scientifically genero(s, as #efits one ' o ad so m(c to give. ;e 'as em!eror #eca(se s(#.ects and e0(als in rank recogni*ed im as s(c , and as s(c tr(sted and liked im. Sea#org, a great organi*er, and a man of eAce!tional stamina and ca!acity for 'ork, #(t not an eAce!tional scientist, ad (n#ridled !ersonal am#itions and 'as determined to get a ead #y any means. 2 e sim!lest 'as to ire a great n(m#er of yo(ng colla#orators ' o co(ld not overs ado' im, and to take a small !art of t e credit for t eir 'ork. 4any of t ese st(dents later ad disting(is ed careers of t eir o'n 8a very incom!lete list of @ 1G9 @ t em mig t incl(de +ack =ofman, Cred 7eit*, 6ay Sto(g ton, 4orris and -sidor Perlman, =er art Criedl^nder, 6enR +. Prest'ood, S.=. Englis , and Stanley =. 2 om!son:. 2aking 1$ !ercent of t e 'ork and re!(tation from eac of fifty yo(ng men, e co(ld #ecome deservedly famo(s. 2 e met od ad #een !revio(sly (sed on a large scale #y ill(strio(s organic c emists, and similar met ods no' !revail in large ! ysics colla#orations. & at 'as (n(s(al in Sea#org 'as t e longBterm !lanning e diligently a!!lied to everyt ing. -n 19J1 e 'o(ld say: in 19JG - s all #e a deanD in 19JN, c ancellor of t e University of CaliforniaD in 19PP, senator for California, and so on, and e never lost sig t of is aims. -n 193N e al'ays dressed in a #l(e s(it, 'it a tie, differently from is colleag(es, #eca(se e t o(g t t at t ese clot es 'o(ld el! im #ecome a f(ll !rofessor, a small first ste! in t e grand design. Ultimately, e devoted m(c effort to !(#lic service as c airman of t e 9tomic Energy Commission and many ot er organi*ations, receiving more t an fifty onorary degrees and collecting !ict(res of imself 'it a n(m#er of !residents of t e United States and ot er s(c fig(res. Sea#org,s designs 'ere fostered #y is marriage to ;elen =riggs, 7a'rence,s secretary, an attractive yo(ng 'oman, s(!erior in er !rofession. S e may ave el!ed im #y giving im access to doc(ments s e controlled. Some disa!!eared from 7a'rence,s files ' en Sea#org and is 'ife transferred to C icago in 19J?. Some 'ere !artic(larly im!ortant to Mennedy and me #eca(se t ey contained data on t e !l(toni(m 'ork. Mennedy, alarmed, g(essed ' ere t ey mig t #e and asked 7a'rence to en0(ire from is former secretary ' et er s e ad taken t em to C icago in error. 2 e doc(ments 'ere !rom!tly ret(rned, 'it a!ologies for t e mistake. -n t e !rocess, o'ever, t e original doc(ments ad s(ffered some alterations. -n t e letter on t e discovery of 9J?39 , some of t e names (nder t e doc(ment ad #een c(t o(t. & en - com!lained to =regory Breit, t e secretary of t e 9dvisory Committee on Urani(m, e ans'ered in a letter dated 1cto#er ?G, 19J?: - ave yo(r letter of 1cto#er 1%t . -t is indeed tr(e t at yo(r letter to 3r. Briggs 'ritten

.ointly 'it Sea#org, Mennedy and 7a'rence is in t e @ 1%$ @ official files of t e 6eference Committee on /(clear P ysics and -soto!es and t at it as #een circ(lated as 6e!ort 9B33. 2 e re!ort is registered for !(#lication in t e -hysical .e(iew . -n circ(lating t e contents as a re!ort, it as #een t o(g t advisa#le to omit yo(r and Mennedy,s names. 2 is 'as !(rely a formality concerning t e re!ort and not t e a(t ors i! of t e !a!er in t e -hysical .e(iew . 9t t e time t e matter of clearance 'as a diffic(lty and t e letter 'as transmitted to t e /36C in f(lfillment of financial o#ligations as a re!ort from t e official investigators at Berkeley. - s o(ld like to ass(re yo(, o'ever, t at so far as t e -hysical .e(iew is concerned t e a(t ors i! of t e comm(nication as not #een c anged. -t is in fact largely for t is reason t at t e original letter as #een transferred to t e files of t e 6eference Committee. 2 e a(t ors i! of t is comm(nication is ke!t secret for t e d(ration of t e emergency so as not to disseminate information regarding ' o is concerned 'it im!ortant 'ork in t e section. 2 is c(rio(s letter ardly eA!lains t e matter. 9t t e #eginning of 19J1, - fo(nd it advantageo(s to #(y a o(se rat er t an to contin(e renting. - 'as a#le to (se family money for t e !(r!ose, and for a#o(t ]N,$$$ - #o(g t a o(se at 1G1% S!r(ce Street in Berkeley, a#o(t fifteen min(tes, 'alk from t e cam!(s. -t 'as a great im!rovement on o(r !revio(s o(se and ad a garden 'it a!ricot and a!!le trees, in ' ic 'e 'ere a#le to gro' eAcellent vegeta#les and flo'ers 8alt o(g my eart 'as not in gardening:. 1(r immediate neig #ors &ere 3ean 4(lford of t e Sc ool of Corestry and is 'ife, ' o 'ere a good deal older t an 'e 'ere. 4rs. 4(lford once told (s t at t e CB- ad gone to t em asking a#o(t (sD s e resented t e intr(sion, #(t ad given t em a glo'ing re!ort. 1n S(nday, 3ecem#er %, 19J1, - 'as 'orking in t e garden ' en - eard over t e radio of t e #om#ing of Pearl ;ar#or. &e 'ere s(r!rised #y t e fact in itself and #y t e (n!re!aredness of t e United States. &e reali*ed at once t at t e losses 'ere serio(s, #(t a fe' days later 'e eard President 6oosevelt detailing t e constr(ction !rograms #y ' ic e intended to re!air t e #lo'. - remem#er t o(g t t ey 'ere like 4(ssolini,s (m#(g, and t at it 'o(ld never #e !ossi#le to #(ild so many s i!s, air!lanes, tanks, and so on, in t e time allotted #y t e @ 1%1 @ !resident. - 'as 'rong, and act(ally t e goals 'ere s(r!assed. Even after living t ree years in t e United States, - (nderestimated its ind(strial !otential and ' at it co(ld accom!lis once mo#ili*ed. 2 e reaction to t e attack 'as strong and even ysterical, as in t e de!ortation of 9Ais citi*ens. 2 e -talian declaration of 'ar on t e United States, ' ic follo'ed at once, interr(!ted direct comm(nications 'it my !arents. 1(r letter c1?9 'as ret(rned to sender 'it a stam! indicating t e s(s!ension of service. -t 'as a great sorro' to (s, #(t little com!ared 'it t e tragedies t at 'ere eng(lfing t e 'orld. 2 e Pearl ;ar#or attack immediately (nified a co(ntry t at seemed still divided, f(ll of isolationists and of friends of !eace at any cost. 2 e effect on t e 6ad 7a# 'as e0(ally radical. 7a'rence 'oke (!

to t e !ossi#ility of n(clear 'ea!ons and devoted imself and t e 7a# to t e se!aration of (rani(m isoto!es, ' ic e decided to do #y means of colossal mass s!ectrogra! s. 2y!ically, e c ose t e most direct and )#r(te force) met od and !(rs(ed it 'it indomita#le energy. ;e (sed t e magnet of t e 3%B inc cyclotron for a model mass s!ectrogra! and started st(dying it. 2 e G$Binc cyclotron 'as left intact #eca(se it 'as needed for ot er !rograms, es!ecially st(dies on trans(ranics, #(t t e magnet of t e 1NJBinc cyclotron, ' ic 'as (nder constr(ction, 'as converted to mass s!ectrogra! y too. -n all t is fren*ied activity, one o#tained c(rrents de!ositing (rani(m ions into s(ita#le rece!tacles. 2 e o!e 'as t at isoto!es 'o(ld #e se!arated according to !lan, #(t initially t ere 'as no isoto!ic analysis of t e !rod(ct. - #elieved it 'as im!erative to set (! an ade0(ate analytical met od to kno' ' at 'as a!!ening. - fo(nd a sol(tion to t is !ro#lem #y 'eig ing a sam!le, meas(ring its al! a activity, and meas(ring its fission cross section for slo' ne(trons. Cr(dely s!eaking, t e mass gives t e amo(nt of U?3N , t e al! a activity t at of U?3J , and t e fission cross section t at of U?3P . - t (s organi*ed an analytical la#, 'it 7a'rence,s ent (siastic enco(ragement and s(!!ort. Mennedy and several grad(ate st(dents, ' o 'ere immediately ired #y t e 6ad 7a#, .oined in t is enter!rise.E?9F Unem!loyment among ! ysicists 'as #y no' on t e 'ane. 1ne day - 'as trying to #(ild a !o'er s(!!ly for an electronic @ 1%? @ a!!arat(s on my o'n. 9 st(dent started looking at me, and after a ' ile, 'it a alfBdisg(sted eA!ression, asked ' et er e co(ld el! me. - 'as a!!y to acce!t, and 'it in alf an o(r e !rovided me 'it a m(c #etter !o'er s(!!ly t an - co(ld ever ave made. 2 e st(dent 'as Clyde &iegand, and t is started a colla#oration and friends i! t at lasted for t e rest of o(r careers. &it t e entry of t e United States into t e 'ar, t e migration of ! ysicists to 'ar 'ork, ' ic ad started long #efore Pearl ;ar#or, greatly increased. 9lvare*, 4c4illan, +enkins, Brode, and ot ers .oined 'ar !ro.ects (nder 'ay else' ere and left Berkeley. 9t t e same time t e (niversity 'as s'am!ed #y st(dents (ndergoing military training ' o needed accelerated ! ysics instr(ction. -n t is emergency, Birge asked me to teac some )!eace) ! ysics co(rses to t e fe' reg(lar st(dents ' o 'ere left. - eagerly acce!ted t e assignment #eca(se - liked teac ing and #eca(se - t o(g t it mig t el! me to 'in a !ermanent !osition. 2 e salary too 'as slig tly ig er t an ' at - ad #een receiving (! to t en. 2 (s - fo(nd myself teac ing vario(s #ranc es of ! ysics at an (!!er division or grad(ate level: ! ysical o!tics, 0(ant(m mec anics, s!ectrosco!y, t ermodynamics, atomic ! ysics. - kne' t e s(#.ects ade0(ately from eA!erience, and - did reasona#ly 'ell, ac0(iring m(c credit. -n one of t e o!tics co(rses t ere 'as a st(dent ' o am(sed imself in finding fla's in t e lect(res. ;is o#.ections, al'ays !olite, 'ere often 'ell taken and s o'ed a critical and alert mind. - a!!reciated t e yo(ng man, ' o o#vio(sly 'as interested in t e co(rse and (sed is ead, and - made friends 'it im. ;e 'as 1'en C am#erlain, t e son of an eminent radiologist. - m(st like'ise ave im!ressed im favora#ly, #eca(se e #ecame my grad(ate st(dent and remained my associate for many years. 2 e o(t#reak of 'ar #et'een t e United States and -taly made me an )enemy alien,) and soon t e government decreed t at enemy aliens m(st leave t e Pacific CoastHfirst t e +a!anese, t en t e =ermans, and lastly t e -talians. -f t ey did not go vol(ntarily, t ey 'ere to #e ro(nded (! in relocation cam!s. -n t e meantime, t ey m(st register, o#ey a c(rfe', and s(rrender t eir radios and arms. 2 e government started @ 1%3 @

eAec(ting t ese orders #y de!orting t e +a!anese. 2 e action !roved (nnecessary, cr(el, and of d(#io(s motive, since it t(rned o(t t at t ere 'ere interests t at !rofited #y #(ying (! t e !ro!erty of t e internees at r(ino(s !rices. Cort(nately, after t e eA!erience 'it t e +a!anese, t e government regained its senses and left t e =ermans and t e -talians alone. - 'as, o'ever, .(stly alarmed. - fo(nd myself in t e ridic(lo(s sit(ation of #eing !rivy to information so secret and im!ortant t at t e government ke!t it even from its o'n ig military a(t orities and from t e Congress, #(t - co(ld not take a 'alk after s(ndo'n or go to t e movies in t e evening. 1f co(rse, (nder different regimes s(c contradictions mig t ave #een c(red #y fatal met ods. . . . - s!oke to 7a'rence a#o(t t is sit(ation and asked for is el!. ;e ans'ered me t at e co(ld do not ingD t at la's 'ere la's and m(st #e o#eyed, and dro!!ed t e s(#.ectD o'ever many years later sa' corres!ondence s o'ing t at e ad tried ard to !rotect me. - do not kno' ' y e did not tell me t en. -n t e meantime, - cons(lted 'it Elfriede on ' at to do. - took an atlas, 7o S(rdo,s 'edding !resent, st(died it a little, and t en said: )-f t e government is serio(s a#o(t de!orting (s, 'e s all go ere to a'ait t e end of t e 'ar)Hand - !(t my finger on Santa Ce, /e' 4eAico. )-t is an isolated !lace, far from t e coast, it as a good climate, and life s o(ld #e c ea! t ere.) &it in t'o years 'e 'ere indeed t ere, #(t t e reasonHt e creation of t e 7os 9lamos 7a#oratoryH'as t en totally (nforeseea#le. & ile t e co(ntry 'as mo#ili*ing, strange e!isodes occ(rred at t e (niversity. 1ne day a gentleman arrived at t e Cac(lty Cl(# and asked to #e introd(ced to several ! ysicists and c emists. -t seemed e 'anted to kno' ' at 'as going on in some la#oratories, and e str(ck (! a conversation 'it me. ;e t en follo'ed me to my la#, al'ays talking. &it (tmost !oliteness, - offered im a c air, oriented in s(c a 'ay t at e co(ld not see anyt ing of interest. ;e t en asked me many 0(estions a#o(t (rani(m, and - #ecame even more s(s!icio(s. - ans'ered im, al'ays co(rteo(sly, #(t #eing caref(l not to give any information not availa#le in common #ooks, and (s(ally telling im t e #ook ' ere e co(ld find greater details. - t en came to s!eak a#o(t t e de!ortation orders t en in force, and since e ad @ 1%J @ told me e 'as a government la'yer 'orking for t e -mmigration 3e!artment, - advocated my case, of co(rse 'it o(t inting at t e nat(re of my c(rrent 'ork. 9fter e left, - reflected on t e ' ole !erformance. 2 e more - considered it, t e more s(s!icio(s it looked to me. - concl(ded t at t e man 'as eit er a s!y or an agent of co(nterintelligence. - t erefore 'ent to Cooksey and told im of t e strange visit, (rging im to re!ort it to t e CB-. -n my o!inion, if t e man 'as a s!y, t ey 'o(ld catc imD if e 'as in co(nterintelligence, 'e 'o(ld come o(t looking alert and diligent. -n any case, t ere 'as not ing to lose. Unfort(nately, Cooksey did not follo' my s(ggestion. 9#o(t t'o 'eeks later, t e same gentleman rea!!eared, t is time in t e (niform of a lie(tenant colonel, and s(mmoned t e 6ad 7a#,s scientific !ersonnel. ;e told (s t at e ad come earlier on an ins!ection to(r in disg(ise to see o' 'e ke!t sec(rity. 1n t e ' ole e ad #een !leased, #(t e ad a criticism: some#ody s o(ld ave re!orted im, #eca(se is #e avior s o(ld ave looked s(s!icio(s. 9t t is, Cooksey, like t e tr(e gentleman e 'as, rose and said: )-t is my fa(lt, #eca(se Segr s(ggested it to me.) 2 e colonel,s name 'as +o n 7ansdale, +r.D e ad later im!ortant assignments and testified in t e 1!!en eimer case. 4y enco(nter 'it Colonel 7ansdale ad a se0(el years later, ' en - 'as at 7os 9lamos. 6iccardo 6imini 'as t en in Ur(g(ay, ' ere e 'as !racticing medicine, and - sent im a re!rint of an article ad 'ritten on ne' c emical elements.E3$F & en 'e moved to 7os 9lamos, 'e 'ere allo'ed to give o(r ne' addressHPost 1ffice BoA 1GG3, Santa Ce, /4Hto all o(r corres!ondents, and - ad sent it to

im. 1ne day, at 7os 9lamos, - received a letter from 6iccardo, saying, a!!roAimately: )- ave received yo(r re!rint, ' ic - fo(nd most interesting. - am !leased t at yo( 'ill #e contin(ing yo(r old ty!e of 'ork. 3o not fail to kee! me informed of any !rogress.) 9 fe' days later Colonel 7ansdale a!!eared in my office and asked: );ave yo( received a letter from Ur(g(ay, saying s(c and s(c <) ;e o#vio(sly ad a translation of t e letter t at ad #een interce!ted #y a censor. )Ues,) - ans'ered. )3oesn,t it look strange to yo(<) e said. )Ues, #(t - can eA!lain it to yo(D ere is a co!y of t e re!rint.) - also told im t e identity of t e @ 1%P @ sender of t e letter, told im t at 6iccardo 'as an -talian ref(gee and a kno'n antiBCascist, ' ic it 'o(ld #e easy for im to c eck t ro(g t e U.S. cons(late in 4ontevideo. - learned later t at 7ansdale ad first s!oken to 1!!en eimer, ' o told im t at e co(ld not enlig ten im, and t at e ad #etter ask me imself. 2 e matter ended t ere as far as - kno'. -n Ce#r(ary 19J?, - received a letter from Cermi inting at t e !ossi#ility of my going to C icago to direct t e !l(toni(m 'ork t ere. - t ink t ere may ave #een diffic(lties #eca(se of my )enemy alien) stat(s, #(t Cermi 'as in t e same condition and t e diffic(lties ad #een overcome. ;o'ever, t e t'o cases 'ere some' at different: Cermi 'as indis!ensa#le in t e f(ll sense of t e 'ord, and - 'as not. -t seems, o'ever, t at Sea#org ad is o'n am#itions. 9. ;. Com!ton, c ief of all t e C icago o!erations, ad sent /orman ;il#erry, is tr(sted agent, to Berkeley to recr(it me. ;e arrived at % 9.4. on 4arc ??, 19J?, and to is s(r!rise fo(nd Sea#org 'aiting for im at t e station. ;il#erry talked 'it Sea#org, Mennedy, &a l, and ot er c emists, #(t did not see me, and - did not even kno' e 'as in to'n. ;il#erry ended #y recr(iting Sea#org, after aving talked to Mennedy and &a l, ' o told im t at t ey 'o(ld not go to C icago if Sea#org 'as to #e in c arge t ere. &it some s(r!rise, - learned all t is from ;il#erry in 19G% on t e t'entyBfift anniversary of t e C icago c ain reaction. Sea#org,s de!art(re cleared t e air at BerkeleyD 'it Mennedy t e 'ork !roceeded 'it o(t tension. 1n t e ot er and 'e fo(nd o(rselves s ifted to !ro#lems of less scientific interest, #eca(se many of t ose scientifically interesting and !ractically im!ortant for t e making of t e atomic #om# ad migrated to C icago, ' ere Sea#org formed a !o'erf(l organi*ation t at tended to mono!oli*e trans(ranic elements. -t lasted several years and !rod(ced valid scientific res(lts as 'ell as strong feelings among is colleag(es. 9t Berkeley 'e started systematic st(dies on s!ontaneo(s fission of eavy n(clei, ' ic 'as also of !ractical im!ortance. -t 'as eA!ected, #(t it 'as diffic(lt to see #eca(se it 'as very rare in t e n(clei t en kno'n. 2o o#serve s(c rare events, 'e ad to take !reca(tions against s!(rio(s signals, considering even fairly (nlikely ca(ses. ;ence 'e @ 1%G @ needed a !artic(larly isolated and 0(iet la#oratory. &e first set (! s o! in a semiBa#andoned s ack #elonging to t e (niversityD later in a #(ilding on a small alley in Berkeley. 2 e 'ork did not give im!ortant res(lts (ntil many mont s later, ' en 'e ad moved to 7os 9lamos. Mennedy, and some c emists, 4orris Perlman, =er art Criedl^nder, and 4ilton Ma n among t em, !artici!ated in t is 'ork. &iegand strived to !erfect t e electronics. 1n t e occasion 'e radically im!roved t e ioni*ation c am#ers #y learning o' to collect electrons and not !ositive ions. 2 is trick s(#stantially increased t e resolving !o'er of t e c am#ers. 9t a#o(t t at time, +o n 4anley, a ! ysicist - kne' from my visits at Col(m#ia University, #ecame t e

secretary of a gro(! st(dying t e #(ilding of an atomic #om#. =regory Breit ad !revio(sly #een t e ead of t e gro(!, #(t alt o(g a firstBclass t eoretical ! ysicist, 'it many accom!lis ments to is credit, e ad 'eaknesses, s(c as an o#session 'it sec(rity, t at serio(sly interfered 'it is !erformance, and e 'as re!laced 'it 1!!en eimer. 3(ring t e s(mmer of 19J?, a t eoretical gro(! (nder 1!!en eimer,s direction met in Berkeley to try to design a n(clear #om#. ;ans Bet e, 6o#ert Ser#er, Ed'ard 2eller, E. +. Mono!inski, and t'o yo(nger ! ysicists, Stanley Craenkel and Eldred /elson, 'orked on t is !ro.ect. 9s t ey !roceeded in t eir calc(lations, t ey needed more and more eA!erimental data t at ad not #een meas(red, and 'e tried to el! t em o(t as m(c as !ossi#le. 2o !roceed 'it a concrete !lan for a #om#, it 'as necessary to kno', among ot er t ings, t e fission cross section of (rani(m, as 'ell as many ot er cross sections, as a f(nction of ne(tron energy. 9t t e time s(c data 'ere fe' and (nrelia#le. -t 'as ard to o#tain monoenergetic ne(trons of kno'n energy #et'een a fraction of an eK and a co(!le of 4eK. Some s!ecific energies co(ld #e reac ed (sing ! otone(trons. C am#erlain, &iegand, some ot er st(dents, and - (sed ! otone(trons generated #y gamma rays of /a?J on #erylli(m or de(teri(m. 3(ring t ese eA!eriments 'e ad a nasty accident ' en C am#erlain dro!!ed a strongly radioactive sol(tion of radiosodi(m. ;e 'as serio(sly irradiated and is #lood s o'ed s(fficient alterations to re0(ire a vacation. @ 1%% @ -n t e meantime, as as #een descri#ed in several #ooks,E31F t e government ad ass(med control of t e atomic #om# !ro.ect t ro(g a series of often c anged s(!ervisory committees. 2 e military took a leading role in Se!tem#er 19J?, 'it t e creation of t e 4an attan 3istrict, eaded #y Brigadier =eneral 7. 6. =roves. -n /ovem#er 19J? t e need for a s!ecial la# devoted to #om# constr(ction #ecame irresisti#le. 1!!en eimer 'as designated as its director, and e and ot ers c ose t e 7os 9lamos site. 1!!en eimer asked me to .oin t e ne' la#, to #e created s ortly. ;e #ecame (n(s(ally friendly and invited me and Elfriede to dinner at is ome ig in t e Berkeley ;ills, a o(se #(ilt in an a(stere S!anis style, named Eagle /est. - fo(nd im reading Petrarc ,s sonnets in -talian, and e fed (s c icken livers and 'ild rice, ' ic 'ere eAcellentD 'e ad never #efore savored 'ild rice. Concerning Petrarc ,s sonnets, - am afraid - did not ide my s(s!icion t at e did not (nderstand t em. remem#ered t e story of a Co(nt C. in 2ivoli, ' o 'as illiterate, #(t al'ays 'ent to 4ass 'it is #reviary. )Sir, ' y do yo( read (!side do'n<) e 'as asked #y a la'yer. 2o ' ic t e co(nt ans'ered: )& en one kno's o' to read, it does not make m(c difference ' ic 'ay one olds t e #ook.) #elieve t at d(ring t e co(rse of t e evening - told t is story to 1!!en eimer. S(#se0(ent to t is invitation, - received a small lemon tree from 1!!en eimer as a gift. - !lanted it in o(r garden, and it 'as al'ays called 1!!en eimer,s lemon, #(t (nfort(nately, after t e 'ar, it died. - ad no c oice a#o(t going to 7os 9lamos. &ar 'ork 'as a d(ty to t e United States t at - felt strongly a#o(t, and once one 'as asked, it 'as im!ossi#le to ref(se.E3?F -n fact, ' enever some#ody em!loyed in ind(stry or at a (niversity 'as asked to come to 7os 9lamos, a tele! one call 'it a fe' a!!ro!riate 'ords and ints s(fficed to enlist t e candidate, and e arrived on t e s!ot 'it in days. -n my s!ecific case - felt do(#ly o#ligated to el! a co(ntry t at ad received me in !artic(larly trying circ(mstances. -n addition to t is, t e o!e of #eing a#le to contri#(te to ;itler,s (ndoing and to a victorio(s concl(sion of t e 'ar a!!ealed to me greatly. ;aving agreed to go to 7os 9lamos, - ad to t ink a#o(t !ersonnel

@ 1%N @ and instr(ments. Cor t e latter, 'e 'o(ld take 'it (s some e0(i!ment from Berkeley, #(t 'e 'o(ld #(ild on t e s!ot most of ' at 'e needed, according to t e !ro#lems enco(ntered. Cor t e !ersonnel, t o(g t of creating a gro(! of ! ysicists strictly connected to t e c emists. Mennedy ad #een asked to ead t e c emistry division of t e la#, and - 'as s(re t at 'e 'o(ld ave a smoot colla#oration. -t 'as not kno'n ' o 'o(ld #e t e leader of t e ! ysics division. 4anley 'as a !la(si#le candidate, most agreea#le to me. Cor my o'n gro(! - ad my old st(dents and (nder !revailing conditions, it 'as easy to enlist t em. C am#erlain, &iegand, =eorge Car'ell, and =. 9. 7inen#erger formed t e #asic n(cle(s. 2 e c emists 4ilton Ma n and +o n 4iskel .oined (s at once. Ma n,s 'ife #ecame t e secretary of o(r gro(!. 1n /ovem#er 9, 19J?, o(r first da(g ter 'as #orn. &e called er 9melia =ertr(de 9llegraD t e first t'o names onored er t'o grandmot ers, t e last 'as a 'is for er life. - do not remem#er o' 'e comm(nicated t e ne's to my !arents, #(t 'e managed some o', and my mot er registered t e name in a small genealogical tree s e ad com!iled. @ 1%9 @

C%a*ter Se'en+ Los Alamos, T%e Fate&3l Mesa -"#=$0"#=92, Smell o& i>ones
3as 9lte st5r*t, es ^ndert sic die Leit Und ne(es 7e#en #l5 t a(s den 6(inen. 2 e old is cr(m#ling do'nH 2 e times are c angingH 9nd from t e r(ins Blooms a fairer life. Sc iller, &il elm 2ell J.?E1F 4y 'ork ad !(t me at t e very center of t e atomic #om# !ro.ect. 9lt o(g - 'as tec nically an enemy alien, so 'ere many ot ers ' o 'ere vital to t e enter!rise, and - fo(nd myself in a relatively im!ortant !osition in t e eAtraordinary advent(re t at 'as t e 7os 9lamos la#oratory. - ave already mentioned t e creation of t e 4an attan 3istrict and t e c oice of its c ief in t e !erson of 7eslie 6. =roves. Son of a Protestant clergyman and military c a!lain from /e' England, =roves ad st(died at &est Point and later ad disting(is ed imself in t e #(ilding of t e Pentagon, reac ing t e !eacetime rank of colonel. & en e 'as assigned to t e direction of t e ne'ly created 4an attan 3istrict, e kne' not ing of t ings atomic. ;e t o(g t at first t at t is assignment 'o(ld #e t e end of is career, #(t d(tif(lly acce!ted it. 2o increase is !restige, e o#tained t e tem!orary rank of #rigadier and !l(nged into is ne' d(ties 'it immense vigor, co(rage, decision, and even intelligence. & at im!ressed me most 'as t e s!eed 'it

@ 1N$ @ ' ic t e general oriented imself in a ne' 'orld totally foreign to im. ;e 'as a#le to deal s(ccessf(lly 'it s(c diverse gro(!s as atomic scientists, (nions, ind(strial managers, t e Britis 4ission, and assorted !rima donnas. -t is s(r!rising to me o' ra!idly e managed to a!!reciate s(c !ersons as 1!!en eimer, Cermi, or &igner, so different from im in c(lt(re, o(tlook, lang(age, and almost everyt ing. 1nly S*ilard remained #eyond is gras!. =roves as 'ritten an a(to#iogra! y, from ' ic emerge not only is remarka#le !ositive 0(alities #(t also is occasional narro'Bmindedness, vanity, and !re.(dices.E?F -n late 19J?, t e eads of t e 4an attan 3istrict decided to #(ild a la#oratory devoted to t e develo!ment of an atomic #om#. =eneral =roves c ose +. 6o#ert 1!!en eimer to #e its director, and 1!!en eimer, =roves, and a fe' ot ers looked for a site for t e la#oratory in t e ig !latea(s of /e' 4eAico. Some mem#ers of t e !arty ins!ected several localities on orse#ack, 'it negative res(lts. 2 e general later .oined t em, and toget er t ey !roceeded #y car to 7os 9lamos, ' ere t ere 'as a !rivate sc ool for #oys. 2 e original #(ildings 'ere t'o large 'ooden c alets, called C(ller 7odge and t e Big ;o(se, ' ic contained t e mess all, t e #oys, dormitory, and t e classrooms. -n addition, t ere 'ere several 'ooden or stone #(ildings o(sing t e staff and vario(s activities, as 'ell as a corral. 2 is andf(l of #(ildings did not intr(de on t e landsca!eD rat er, t ey armonio(sly #lended into it.E3F 2 e mess all in C(ller 7odge ad a !orc o!ening onto a la'n, and from it 'e ad a s!ectac(lar vie' on t e Sangre de Cristo 4o(ntains, dominated #y t e 2r(c as Peak, across t e 6io =rande valley. 1n t e o!!osite side, #e ind t e fe' ot er #(ildings of t e sc ool, t ere 'ere eAtensive !ine 'oods and smaller mo(ntains t at s(rro(nded t e invisi#le Kalle =rande, ' ere - 'as to s!end many o(rs meditating and fis ing. 2 e vie' from C(ller 7odge co(ld not fail to im!ress ' oever sa' it for t e first time. - admired it 'it -. -. 6a#i, and e says t at my comment 'as t at after ten years of looking at it, 'e 'o(ld ave ad eno(g of t e vie'. - do not kno' ' et er t e story is tr(e, #(t - re!ort it #eca(se it s o's ' at 'e t en t o(g t a#o(t t e !ossi#le d(ration of o(r enter!rise and of t e 'ar. 4y assessment of t e 'ar @ 1N1 @ sit(ation 'as greatly mistaken, and later - 'as s(r!rised in reading C (rc ill,s memoirs to find t at #y t en e 'as already s(re t e 'ar 'as 'on.EJF -t certainly did not look t at 'ay to (s sim!le mortals. 2 e vie' from C(ller 7odge #ecame even more dramatic in late s!ring and s(mmer at J P.4. , ' en every day a #ig t (nderstorm started ill(minating t e ori*on to'ard t e Sangre de Cristo 4o(ntains, 'it #rilliant lig tning crissBcrossing t e sky. 2 e storm lasted a fe' o(rs and #y N o,clock it 'as over, giving 'ay to a serene nig t. 2 e ! enomenon 'as !erfectly reg(lar: at noon #ig c(m(l(s clo(ds started forming in a sky t at early in t e morning ad #een !erfectly clearD t e clo(ds gre' and rose in t e sky, (ntil t ey climaAed in t e afternoon,s t (nderstorm. 2 ese s(mmer storms cooled t e days, ' ic ot er'ise 'o(ld ave #een ot, in s!ite of t e altit(de. 2 (s t e climate 'as most !leasant, 'it moderately cold 'inters t at !ermitted skiing. -n t e s!ring t ere 'as a !rof(sion of 'ild flo'ers, and in t e fall golden as!en t ickets marked t e fire scars in t e !ine forests, inviting iking on solitary trails. 2 ese often 'ent t ro(g small canyons 'it 'alls of volcanic rock on ' ic -ndians of #ygone times ad left mysterio(s !ictogra! s. &ater 'as scarce and occasionally slig tly m(ddy, and t e in a#itants of 7os 9lamos made a #ig f(ss a#o(t it. 7ater 'e ad some !eriods of gen(ine 'ater s ortage, #(t t ey lasted only #riefly and 'ere significant mostly as to!ics of conversation. C ecking statistics, - fo(nd t at t e amo(nt of 'ater daily

availa#le !er !erson 'as large com!ared 'it t at in many E(ro!ean cities. 9t 7os 9lamos,s altit(de, %,%$$ feet a#ove sea level, t e atmos! eric !ress(re is only ??.J inc es of merc(ry, and 'ater #oils at 19NS C, s(#stantially lengt ening cooking times. Several families #o(g t !ress(re cookers as a remedyD 'e eAercised !atience. 2y!ical com!laints among t e residents resem#led a conversation - over eard #et'een t'o 'omen at t e military PY, ' ere 'e did most of o(r s o!!ing, ' o gr(m#led a#o(t t e sacrifices im!osed #y 'arD for instance, t ey co(ld not find t e eAact c(ts of meat t ey 'anted. - first 'ent to 7os 9lamos in 4arc 19J3, and !rom!tly fo(nd myself attending a conference devoted to informing t e scientific !ersonnel @ 1N? @ of t e f(t(re la#oratory of t e !ro#lems facing (s and to making concrete !lans for t eir sol(tion. & ile 'aiting for t e military to #(ild t e green 'ooden a!artment o(ses t at 'ere to #ecome o(r omes for t e d(ration of t e 'ar, t ose attending t e conference sle!t in t e Big ;o(se in a sort of all. 2 ere my gold 7ongines C ronogra! , #o(g t at t e time of t e 7eag(e of /ations sanctions against -taly, 'as stolen from me d(ring t e nig t. 2 e !eo!le slee!ing in t e dormitory 'ere not of t e kind likely to steal 'atc es, and t e 4ilitary Police maintained strict s(rveillance of t e dormitory, ' ere t ere 'ere ig ly secret doc(ments, sc ed(les, and !lans related to t e atomic #om#. /evert eless, my 'atc 'as stolen, and t e 4Ps, ' om - immediately informed, did not dis!lay m(c *eal in trying to track do'n t e t ief. 2 e 'atc 'as never fo(nd, and t e t eft is still a mystery to me. 1!!en eimer ad invited some t irty scientists to t e gat ering - 'as attending, incl(ding t e f(t(re leaders of t e !ro.ect and cons(ltants like Cermi and 6a#i. -n t e conference,s five sessions, 6o#ert Ser#er systematically descri#ed all t at 'as kno'n concerning a !ossi#le #om#. E. U. Condon took notes on is lect(res, ' ic s(#se0(ently formed a re!ort 8no' declassified: called )2 e 7os 9lamos Primer.)EPF Ser#er,s lect(res 'ere follo'ed #y disc(ssion of ' at to do, as 'ell as #y animated de#ates on t e la#oratory,s organi*ation. 2 e military 'o(ld ave liked to !(t every#ody in (niform, #(t t is (n a!!y idea fo(nd a stren(o(s o!!osition eaded #y 6. C. Bac er, 6a#i, and ot ers ' o ad eA!erience 'it t e 4-2 radar la#oratories, and t e military gave in. Cermi, 6ossi, -, and !er a!s some ot er -talianBs!eaking ! ysicist, 'ere l(nc ing one day d(ring t is !eriod at C(ller 7odge, and as (s(al, 'e sli!!ed into 3ante,s lang(ageD as (s(al, talking lo(dly. =eneral =roves 'as near#y, and e let (s kno' t at e did not like (s s!eaking ;(ngarian 8O: in !(#licD e delicately inted t at if 'e 'anted to s!eak foreign lang(ages, 'e ad #etter go into t e 'oods. Sec(rity originated disagreements #et'een civilians and t e military from t e very #eginning of t e !ro.ect. 4ilitary !ersonnel 'ere (sed @ 1N3 @ to o#eying orders from a#ove 'it o(t 0(estion and 'it o(t kno'ing t e reasons. Cor civilians, and es!ecially for scientists, t is 'as very a'k'ard. &e (nderstood t e necessity of secrecy, #(t 'e also kne' t at one co(ld not develo! ne' ideas and a ne' tec nology ' ile enforcing strict com!artmentali*ation of t e data. 2 e im!ortance of information on s(#.ects seemingly remote from t e main o#.ect 'as o#vio(s to t e scientists #(t incom!re ensi#le to t e military. C(rt ermore, t e latter 'ere concerned 'it legal re0(irements, ' ile t e scientists 'ere committed to t e tec nical

s(ccess of t e enter!rise. -n s ort t e military 'anted com!artmentali*ation of information, ' ic 'as deemed catastro! ic #y t e scientists. =eneral =roves 'iggled o(t of t is im!asse 'it good sense. ;e ad soon reali*ed t at if e 'anted to make t e #om# as ra!idly as !ossi#le, 8and in so doing make is rank !ermanent, or even add a star to it:, e needed firstBclass !ersonnel, even if t ey ad to #e aliens, even if e ad to rely on 9Ais citi*ens. & o co(ld re!lace a Cermi< 2 (s ' en =roves sa' t at t e (s(al sec(rity r(les 'o(ld !recl(de recr(iting t ose e 'anted, e invented ne' r(les. Eac of (s 'as to g(arantee some colleag(e e kne' 'ell. )=(arantee) so(nded good, #(t o'< Some#ody !ro!osed an oat on t e Bi#le, #(t =roves o#.ected: )4ost of t em are (n#elievers.) 9n -ntelligence officer t en !ro!osed an oat on !ersonal onor, #(t =roves re!lied: )2 ey do not ave any sense of onor.) )6at er,) e concl(ded, )let t em s'ear on t eir scientific re!(tation. -t seems to me it is t e only t ing t ey care for.) - t (s s'ore on my scientific re!(tation g(aranteeing Cermi,s and some#ody else,s loyalty, ' ile Bet e and Bac er, #elieve, g(aranteed mine. 2 e !rocess contin(ed in a circle. 1t er !ro#lematic as!ects of sec(rity involved t e andling of !ersonal mail. &e 'ere !ermitted to give o(r address to all o(r corres!ondents, even foreign ones, and t e military a(t orities !romised t at t ey 'o(ld not censor mail. 2 e scientists remained .(stifia#ly ske!tical, and sim!le tests demonstrated t at t e military 'ere not kee!ing t eir !romise. 2 is gave rise to almost comical scenes and to serio(s resentment and !rotests, not so m(c #eca(se of t e censors i! as #eca(se its eAistence 'as falsely denied. @ 1NJ @ 2 e 7os 9lamos site 'as s(rro(nded #y a tall 'ire fence, 'it gates, g(arded #y soldiers, at ' ic one co(ld enter and eAit at 'ill #y signing a form and s o'ing t e !ro!er identification !a!ers. /evert eless, t e military never s(ceeded in correctly kee!ing track of t e cars entering and eAiting t e site. 2 is s o'ed (! ' en some cars stolen from t e site 'ere fo(nd o(tside of t e fence, 'it o(t t ere #eing any signat(re confirming t at t ey ad eAited t ro(g a gate. P ysicists .oked a#o(t t e divergence t eorem for a(tomo#iles. 1nce o(tside 7os 9lamos,s fence, 'e ad to remain 'it in a certain large !erimeter, ' ic contained t e city of Santa Ce and several to(rist attractions. EAiting from t is !erimeter re0(ired s!ecial !ermission. 2 ese restrictions did not seem too inconvenient to Elfriede and me. 9fter t e !rogramming meeting, many of t e attendees ret(rned to t eir (s(al locations to !re!are a!!arat(s and to recr(it t e !ersonnel re0(ired for t e ne' la#. 4ost ret(rned to 7os 9lamos after a fe' 'eeks 'it t eir el!ers, to remain t ere (ntil t e end of t e 'ar or later. -n t e meantime, constr(ction on t e site !roceeded at f(ll s!eed, and #y mids(mmer of 19J3 t e la# ad started o!erating. 9 cyclotron #ro(g t in from ;arvard University and accelerators from t e (niversities of &isconsin, -llinois, and 4innesota 'ere t e first s(#stantial #its of a!!arat(s availa#le. P ysicists, c emists, and metall(rgists, as 'ell as a(Ailiary !ersonnel, arrived daily. 9s soon as !ossi#le, t ey activated t e ne' la#oratories and s o!s. 9t t e same time, 'ater s(!!ly and se'ers, side'alks, electricity, and everyt ing needed for t e ne' city gre' #y lea!s and #o(nds. 2 e residential o(sing consisted of several fo(rBfamily a!artment o(ses, #(ilt of 'ood and !ainted green. Bac elors lived in dormitories. 2 e os!ital t at 'as #(ilt 'as staffed a#ove all 'it o#stetricians and !ediatricians, as re0(ired #y t e nat(re of t e !o!(lation and t e remoteness of t e site. Soon t e la# ad a collection of n(clear ! ysicists t at 'as !ossi#ly more #rilliant and active t an any ot er in t e 'orld. 1n average, t e mem#ers of t is gro(! 'ere yo(ng, a#o(t t irtyBt'o years oldD

some ' o 'ere a little older ad #arely !assed forty and 'ere already 0(ite famo(s. Several ' o 'o(ld #ecome famo(s later 'ere a#o(t t'enty @ 1NP @ years old at t e time. 2 ere 'ere eig t f(t(re /o#el !ri*e 'inners 89lvare*, Bet e, Bloc , C am#erlain, Ceynman, 4c4illan, 6a#i, Segr:. 1!!en eimer 'as t irtyBnine. -n t ese strange circ(mstances - again met many old friends, ' ose !resence el!ed to ins!ire confidence in t e (ltimate s(ccess of t e !ro.ect. 3(ring o(r first days at 7os 9lamos, Cermi and - investigated t e living conditions 'e co(ld eA!ect. Cor instance, 'e 'as ed o(r !ants in a !(#lic la(nderette to see o' good it 'as. 9t t e C(ller 7odge cafeteria, Cermi so(g t to demonstrate t e digestive !o'ers of is -talian stomac #y eating a clearly #ad egg t at ad #een served at #reakfast. - tried to disco(rage im, #(t e insisted e co(ld digest it 'it o(t tro(#le. 2 e res(lt 'as t at e #ecame 0(ite sick. - ret(rned to Berkeley to !re!are t e transfer of my gro(! and collect t e instr(ments needed for o(r assignments: meas(rements on s!ontaneo(s fission and on s(ndry n(clear data, incl(ding cross sections. &e ad already started most of t ese investigations at Berkeley. Cor t e !ro!er 'orking of a #om#, it 'as essential t at t e fissiona#le material #e assem#led in s(fficient mass, and t at ne(trons #e in.ected to initiate t e c ain reaction only after assem#ly. /e(trons introd(ced #efore t e assem#ly 'as com!leted 'o(ld red(ce t e efficiency of a #om# and make its 'orking (n!redicta#le. 2 is (ntimely eA!losion 'as called !redetonation. /o', es!ecially in t e case of !l(toni(m, t e ig al! a activity co(ld !rod(ce lig tBelement im!(rities t at even in very small amo(nts co(ld !redetonate t e mass 'it (n'anted ne(trons. EAtreme !(rification of t e !l(toni(m 'as t e remedy. -t 'as eA!ected t at 'it effort one mig t s(cceed. Un'anted ne(trons co(ld also come from s!ontaneo(s fission of t e material. /ot ing co(ld #e done a#o(t t ese ne(trons. ;ence t e im!ortance of assessing t e !resence of s!ontaneo(s fission. 2 is (rgent .o# re0(ired es!ecially clean and relia#le tec ni0(es. 2 e sam!les 'e eA!ected 'ere necessarily small in 0(antity, #(t at least t ose of !l(toni(m 'o(ld ave s(#stantial al! a activity. &e o#served t e large ioni*ation !(lses !rod(ced #y fission, and it 'as necessary t at t ere s o(ld ne(er #e dist(r#ances sim(lating s(c an eventD no fl(ct(ation in al! a emissions co(ld #e !ermitted to fool (s. 2o @ 1NG @ avoid eAternal electrical dist(r#ances from t e mains, 'e fo(nd it 'as necessary to !o'er everyt ing 'it #atteries in a !lace far a'ay from ot er la#oratories. Cor t is reason, in +(ne 19J3, 'e got t e (se of t e a#andoned o(se of a forester in a canyon at 7os 9lamos called Pa.arito 87ittle Bird:. Seldom ave - seen s(c a romantic and !ict(res0(e !lace. -t 'as reac ed #y .ee! t ro(g trails flanked in season #y great #(s es of !(r!le or yello' asters, ' ere in f(ll s(mmer one co(ld meet nice rattlesnakes. 2 e tracks follo'ed an o!en arroyo 'it stee!, lo' 'alls, ' ic ere and t ere contained !re istoric -ndian d'ellings and gly! s 'it mysterio(s sym#ols. 9t t e end of t e canyon, 'e installed o(r a!!arat(s. -n one corner of o(r r(stic la#oratory, t ere 'as also a folding #ed, in ' ic one co(ld slee! if need #e. - ad comm(ted from Berkeley (ntil 'e co(ld o#tain an a!artment in 7os 9lamos. -n +(ne 19J3, o'ever, t e ' ole family made t e move to 7os 9lamos #y car. 1(r da(g ter 9melia 'as t en seven

mont s old, and 'e !laced er in a #asket. Elfriede and - took t(rns driving, and Cla(dio, a very good #oy, sat #et'een (s or in t e #ack seat. 1nce in a ' ile, t e #asket containing 9melia 'o(ld fall to t e floor from t e #ack seat, #(t s e did not seem very dist(r#ed #y t is. &e took t e famo(s 6o(te GG. 9t day#reak, ' en 'e started, t e 'orld seemed #randBne', and it 'as !ossi#le to #elieve 'e 'ere its first in a#itants, #(t !rogressively t e eat 8'it o(t air conditioning in t e car: !revailed and 'e slo'ly 'ilted. 2roo!s 'ere training for desert com#at along t e road, and nails from t eir #oots gave (s several flat tires. Crom Santa Ce 'e reac ed 7os 9lamos #y a d(sty, 'inding road. Cirst 'e crossed t e 6io =rande #y an old #ridge near t e !(e#lo of San -ldefonso, ' ic 'as in a#ited #y -ndians. Crom t ere, t e road clim#ed to t e mesa along a daring ro(te !(nct(ated #y s!ectac(lar vie's. 9s t e road clim#ed, t e vie' on t e 6io =rande Kalley o!ened (! (ntil it c(lminated in a vast !anorama, 'it t e Sangre de Cristo 4o(ntains as a #ackdro!. 9t 7os 9lamos 'e 'ere assigned an a!artment on t e (!!er floor of one of t e ne'ly #(ilt a!artment o(ses. 2 e ot er tenants incl(ded a man ' o (sed to !lay is trom#one at nig t (! to t ree o,clock. @ 1N% @ 9lt o(g 'e 'ere rel(ctant to com!lain, t is 'as too m(c , and 'e lodged a !rotest. -t seems t at trom#one !laying and drinking 'ere consolations for marital !ro#lems. 1(r neAtBdoor neig #ors, ' o 'ere strict 4ormons, ad a son t e same age as Cla(dio, and 'e started taking im 'it (s on o(r S(nday .a(nts, m(c to #ot #oys, delig t. Unfort(nately, o'ever, t e 4ormon !arents discreetly asked (s not to invite t eir son any more, #eca(se t eir religion fro'ned on S(nday o(tings. -ndian 'omen from t e !(e#los of t e 6io =rande valley 'ere ired to el! 'it t e o(se'ork, and 'e visited t e -ldefonso, /am#e, and ot er !(e#los o(rselves once in a ' ile. 3(ring t e great 'inter cele#rations at San -ldefonso, 'e 'ere invited to see t e -ndian rit(al dances. 2 ere 'ere no ot er s!ectators #esides t ose from 7os 9lamos and some !riests and n(ns kee!ing an eye on t eir nominally Cat olic flock. 1ne of t e leaders of t e rit(al dances 'as Po!ovi, an eAcellent electrician 'orking in t e la#oratory on o(r accelerators. & en t ere 'ere -ndian religio(s ceremonies, e !ainted is face alf yello' and alf green and led t e dance 'it (tmost serio(sness. ;e 'as t e son of 4aria 4artine*, a cele#rated ceramic artist. -n 19J3 one co(ld #(y 4aria,s #lack ceramics for a fe' tens of dollarsD no' t ey are 'ort at least a (ndred times as m(c and many are in ma.or 9merican m(se(ms. 9 San -ldefonso vase even a!!ears on a 19%% U.S. !ostage stam! cele#rating -ndian art. 9fter t e 'ar, Po!ovi too #ecame a famo(s artist, #(t lamenta#ly, e died yo(ng, a victim of alco olism. Crom t e very #eginning, 'e fo(nd at 7os 9lamos old friends from California, s(c as 6. B. Brode, ;. ;. Sta(#, CeliA Bloc , 6o#ert Ser#er, and Ed'in 4c4illanD from ot er 9merican states, s(c as +o n 4anley, 3. P. 4itc ell, 3onald Merst, S. M. 9llison, and Percival MingD and from E(ro!e, s(c as Br(no 6ossi, Ed'ard 2eller, Kictor &eissko!f, ;ans Bet e, and ot ers. Cermi came visiting fre0(ently, as did +o n von /e(mann, 'it ' om - #ecame friends. +ose! Mennedy, my close friend from Berkeley, ad a leading !osition in c emistry. 1!!en eimer, in order #etter to direct t e la#, needed t e s(!!ort and co(nsel of a certain n(m#er of tr(sted intimate colla#orators. 2o @ 1NN @

t em e gave t e most im!ortant administrative .o#s. ;e organi*ed t e la# into divisions and t en s(#divided eac division into gro(!s. - 'as a gro(! leader in t e ! ysics division. -nitially, t e division ead 'as 6. C. Bac er, ' o 'as soon !romoted to associate director. S(#se0(ent division leaders in ! ysics incl(ded +. ;. &illiams from t e University of 4innesota, not a great ! ysicist, #(t a !erson 'it good common sense and (n(s(al a#ility in dealing 'it !ractical !ro#lems, as 'ell as 'it 'orkers, mec anics, and (n0(alified !ersonnel.EGF ;e 'as follo'ed #y 6. 6. &ilson. 2 e division leaders ad to !(t (! 'it a certain s!irit of inde!endence and restlessness on t e !art of t e gro(! leaders. 2 e division eads, often .(nior and scientifically inferior to t eir administrative s(#ordinates, needed !lenty of !atience and tact to avoid a'k'ard sit(ations. 2 e #est t ey co(ld do 'as to kee! !eo!le a!!y and let t em 'ork. =ood'ill, talent, and means 'ere !lentif(l, and t ese ingredients easily !rod(ced res(lts. 9s a 'ise general !olicy, t e administration gave directives and set goals, timeta#les, and !riorities, #(t left am!le freedom at t e gro(! level in tec nical c oices and did not interfere in t e eAec(tion of t e 'ork. Cor !roc(rement, 'e ad !o'erf(l !riorities, allo'ing (s to re0(isition anyt ing 'e needed. 3. P. 4itc ell, a ! ysics !rofessor at Col(m#ia University, 'as in c arge. ;e kne' ' ere to find anyt ing in t e United States. Cor t e gro(! leaders t e !ro#lems 'ere different. 1nce a goal 'as assigned, t ey ad to find t e 'ay of reac ing it in a limited time, and 'it o(t errors t at mig t ave disastro(s conse0(ences. C(rt ermore t ere 'as al'ays a !ro#lem l(rking. 2 e la#oratory ad one !(r!ose only: to #(ild a #om# as fast as !ossi#le. 2 e ! ysicists ' o 'orked on it often came across s(#.ects t at 'ere scientifically most interesting, alt o(g irrelevant to t e #om#D for t e immediate !(r!ose, t ese 'ere a 'aste of time and effort. 2o kee! #alance in t is !redicament re0(ired a certain skill. 1n t e one and, discarding all irrelevant science, even if good, risked disg(sting several of t e #est yo(ng !eo!le and mig t render t em (seless. 1n t e ot er and, it 'as ina!!ro!riate to devote too m(c time to !(re science. 9ll t is !rod(ced tensions, es!ecially @ 1N9 @ among t e !ersonnel coming from t e (niversities and (sed to academic freedom of c oice in t eir 'ork. Cor t ose coming from ind(stry, t e sit(ation 'as not ne', and t ey 'ere !re!ared for it. 4y gro(! com!rised a#o(t fifteen !eo!le. - 'as t e only esta#lis ed scientist. 2 e ot er mem#ers 'ere eit er !romising grad(ate st(dents or fres P .3.s. -n addition to C am#erlain, &iegand, and Car'ell, t e ! ysics st(dents from Berkeley 'ere =. 9. 7inen#erger and +o n +(ngerman. +o n 4iskel, 6. +. Prest'ood, and 4ilton Ma n 'ere c emistry grad(ate st(dents. Several of t em ad lived in t e same o(se at Berkeley. 2 ere 'ere also +ack 9e#y and Bill /o#les, st(dents ' o ad #een recr(ited into t e 9rmy and !(t in a )S!ecial Engineering 3etac ment) 8SE3:. 2 ey 'ere in (niform and s(#.ect to military disci!line, #(t 'orked in t e la# like everyone else. 9ll t ese yo(ng men received a la#oratory ed(cation e0(al or s(!erior to ' at t ey co(ld ave got in a firstBclass (niversityD f(rt ermore, !ractice 'as s(!!lemented #y fre0(ents talks or s ort co(rses on s(#.ects connected 'it c(rrent !ro#lems. 1!!en eimer also assigned 4artin 3e(tsc of t e 4assac (setts -nstit(te of 2ec nology and t e Pole +ose! 6ot#lat to my gro(!. 3e(tsc 'as an eAcellent ! ysicist and ad left eA!eriments on ang(lar correlations in gamma decay at 4-2 t at made im deservedly famo(s. 6ot#lat ad come to 7os 9lamos 'it t e Britis 4ission, after aving fled Poland at t e /a*i invasion and ad #een se!arated from is 'ife, of ' om e ad not ad any f(rt er ne's 8s e ad, in fact, #een m(rdered #y t e /a*is:. Understanda#ly, e 'as too (!set to do stren(o(s 'ork and meet deadlines. - assigned im, along 'it 3e(tsc , to st(dy gamma rays associated 'it fission, an interesting line of en0(iry, #(t not of

immediate vital significance.E%F 7os 9lamos 'as a closed society #earing some resem#lance to a military garrison, #(t 'it a !o!(lation not (sed to t at ty!e of life. 4oreover, t e !ress(re of 'ork 'as immense and en anced #y t e (navoida#le deadlines and eavy res!onsi#ilities. /o 'onder t e in a#itants #ecame to(c y and restless. 1ften t ey resented !etty t ings to ' ic t ey 'o(ld never ave !aid attention (nder normal circ(mstances. 6ank, o(sing assignments, t e !art of to'n in ' ic one @ 19$ @ lived, social invitations, administrative assignments, everyt ing #ecame im!ortant, occasionally in a c ildis 'ay. 2 e fact t at one 'illyBnilly al'ays sa' t e same !eo!le added to t e diffic(lties. 2 e 'ives, dis!laced from t eir (s(al s(rro(ndings, added to t e !ro#lems. &it o(t t e a#sor#ing tec nical 'ork of t e (s#ands, and (navoida#ly in t e dark a#o(t ' at 'as going on in t e la#oratories, t ey often #ecame de!ressed, 0(arrelsome, and gossi!y. 2 e !ro#lem #ecame so serio(s t at 1!!en eimer cons(lted a !syc iatrist on o' to co!e 'it it. 2 e doctor advised im to find 'ork to kee! t e 'omen #(sy and to !ay t em so t at t ey 'o(ld ave a tangi#le !roof of t eir (sef(lness. Collo'ing t is advice, many #ecame eAcellent secretaries, teac ers, medical tec nicians, clerks, li#rarians, and so on. Cor a time, Elfriede 'orked as a secretary in my gro(!D later s e com!iled a c(rrent isoto!e c art, or Segr C art, as it 'as called, 'it my el!. -t 'as a mon(mental 'ork, and after t e 'ar, it 'as declassified and !(#lis ed. 4ore t an fifty t o(sand co!ies 'ere sold 'it o(t o(r getting any royalties.ENF &it many c ildren of sc ool age, elementary sc ools 'ere vital, and soon t e !ro.ect ired several of t e #estB0(alified mot ers to staff t em, as 'ell as a fe' !rofessional teac ers. 2 ey formed an eAcellent fac(lty. 1t er ! ysicists, 'ives 'ent to 'ork soldering electronics a!!arat(s, sometimes ca(sing !ro#lems for t e (sers, ' o started com!laining a#o(t fa(lty contacts. 2 e magnificent s(rro(ndings of 7os 9lamos afforded easy and effective relaAation. 1ften 'e reac ed t e end of t e 'eek com!letely eA a(sted and rene'ed o(r strengt #y going fis ing on S(nday. =asoline rationing limited o(r mo#ility, #(t #y com#ining t e gas co(!ons of several families, 'e co(ld afford to go to t e Kalle =rande, t e +eme* 6iver, t e 6io Cri.oles, and several ot er good tro(tB fis ing streams. Cor me one of t e great !leas(res 'as to 'ander in t e cool of t e morning along t e meanders of t e slo' river t at crossed t e Kalle =rande, looking for grass o!!ers iding (nder ea!s of co' d(ng. &it t is #ait - fis ed fat tro(t t at made delicio(s meals. -t 'as a !rime 'ay of rec(!erating from t e 'eek,s assles. 1ne Sat(rday evening - met Sir +ames C ad'ick, t e discoverer of @ 191 @ t e ne(tron, at a dinner. &e a!!ened to talk a#o(t fis ing, and e told me t at t e neAt day e !lanned to go fis ing on t e +eme*. Since - kne' t e river, - asked im ' at #ait e !lanned to (se. ;e ans'ered rat er do(rly, )- (se only dry flies.) - inted t at eA!erience s(ggested t at on t e +eme* fis took only grass o!!ers. /eAt day late in t e afternoon - 'as 'alking along t e +eme* 'it my limit ' en - sa' Sir +ames casting, !erc ed on a rock. Coolis ly, - asked im o' e 'as doing. )/ot ing doing,) e ans'ered (nsmilingly, #(t e ad not de!arted from is !rinci!les. - tried to teac Cermi to fis , and it seemed to me e liked it. ;o'ever, e once ret(rned from C icago 'it a lake fis ing rod and reel. - told im t at it 'as not s(ita#le for mo(ntain streams, #(t to no avail. Cermi develo!ed a t eory on o' tro(t s o(ld #ite and on o' to catc t em. 2 e t eory 'as dis!roved #y eA!eriment,

#(t t is did not im!ress im in t e least. Ultimately e a#andoned fis ing, #(t not is t eory. -n addition to tro(t, 'e enco(ntered #ea(tif(l !orc(!ines, flocks of 'ild t(rkeys, and #irds of all colors, ' ic 'ere sometimes tr(ly s!ectac(lar. - once even sa' ' at looked like a sort of small leo!ard, alt o(g - co(ld not identify it. 4armots, #adgers, and deer vent(red even among t e o(ses. 2 e flora too 'ere s!lendid, 'it col(m#ines of all colors in t e s!ring and m(s rooms in t e fall. 9fter a ' ile - got to kno' t e s!ots ' ere animals and !lants 'ere to #e fo(nd, so t at - co(ld, for eAam!le, go m(s room (nting #y car, sto!!ing ' ere - kne' - 'o(ld find t em. - !icked a fe' m(s room s!ecies t at 'ere easily identifia#le and a#(ndant, and Elfriede 'o(ld make t em into delig tf(l dis es. 1nce 'e invited 4ici 2eller, Ed'ard 2eller,s 'ife, to dinner and served er a delicio(s dis of rice 'it m(s rooms. ;ig ly !leased #y t eir flavor, s e asked ' ere - ad #o(g t t em. & en - told er - ad !icked t em, er face c anged color, and a#o(t fifteen min(tes later s e said s e felt sick in er stomac . S(c 'as t e !o'er of s(ggestion and fear. /eedless to say, no#ody else ad t e slig test tro(#le. 1n t e rare occasions ' en t e !ress(re of t e 'ork allo'ed it, 'e took some longer o(tings in t e Sangre de Cristo mo(ntains and to @ 19? @ t eir lakes. 2 ere marmots com!letely ate t e cork andle of my fis ing rodD as an offset - ca(g t s!ectac(lar tro(t, (sing as #ait nig t mot s t at lodged in cracks #et'een #ig stones. 2ro(t took t em only if t ey co(ld not see t e ook,s leader. &it t at !reca(tion, s(ccess 'as ass(red, ot er'ise it 'as a 'aste of time. ;aving discovered t is trick, - c allenged some of my friends and im!ressed t em 'it my fis ing skill. 1nce, immediately after t e end of t e 'ar, ' en Elfriede 'as eA!ecting o(r second da(g ter, 'e 'ent cam!ing near a 'arm s!ring in a remote mo(ntain s!ot. /eAt morning 'e eA!lored t e s(rro(ndings and fo(nd a #ea(tif(l ole of crystal clear 'arm 'ater. &e (ndressed and 'ere en.oying t e 'ater, ' en some -ndians ' o ad invisi#ly follo'ed (s !olitely eA!lained, in S!anis , t at t e s!ring 'as a oly !lace to t em and invited (s to decam!. 1n t e same o(ting 'e met a ne'ly 'ed yo(ng /ava.o co(!le on orse#ack in t eir traditional attire. &it t e groom,s !ermission 'e took !ict(resD t e #ride o#.ected #eca(se s e #elieved t at t e !ict(re 'o(ld take a'ay er so(l. 9(t(mn 'as a season of glorio(s yello'. 2 e as!ens and t e #eec es inters!ersed among t e dark green of t e conifers dro!!ed t eir leaves, and t eir !leasant odor !ervaded t e (s(ally #rig t, clear air along t e trails. 1ne evening - 'as #alancing on a dead tree !rotr(ding from a small lake, fis ing and admiring t e colors of t e fall s(nset. 2 e still, cool air anno(nced t e ending of t e season and dee! silence !revailed. S(ddenly a lo(d re!ort startled me so t at - almost fell into t e lake: a #eaver ad it t e 'ater 'it is flat tail to frig ten me off. 9 Britis 4ission, eaded #y Sir +ames C ad'ick, .oined (s in 19JJ. -t incl(ded among ot ers my old friends 6(dolf Peierls, 1tto Crisc , and P. B. 4oon. 7ater t ey 'ere .oined #y &illiam Penney 8t e f(t(re 7ord Penney: and Sir =eoffrey 2aylor, a firstBclass mat ematical ! ysicist endo'ed 'it an eAce!tional com#ination of int(ition and analytical !o'er, tr(ly a giant ' en it came to !ro#lems of mec anics, ydrodynamics, and classical ! ysics in general. 2aylor ad #een a close friend of 6(t erford,s, a meteorologist, and an aviator in &orld &ar -. ;e came from a great scientific family, ' ic co(nted among its mem#ers =eorge Boole 81N1PQGJ:, t e inventor of Boolean @ 193 @

alge#ra, and t e s(rveyor Sir =eorge Everest 81%9$Q1NGG:, after ' om t e mo(ntain is named. 4any years later e came to Berkeley as a ;itc cock 7ect(rer.E9F 2 e Britis mission (nfort(nately also incl(ded Mla(s C(c s, a =erman ref(gee ' o #ecame a 6(ssian s!y. - ad eAc anged only a fe' 'ords of introd(ction 'it im, #(t e !assed (nder o(r 'indo' every day at noon, !res(ma#ly going to l(nc . Elfriede noted is sad as!ect and, not kno'ing ' o e 'as, nicknamed im )il Poverino) 8t e !oor so(l:. S e 'as dismayed later in earing t at t e )Poverino) 'as a s!y. &e often sa' t e Brodes, t e 2ellers, and 6ossi, #eca(se 'e 'ere neig #ors and ad kno'n eac ot er a long time. 2 e !ianists Crisc , &eissko!f, Bloc , and 2eller adorned t e same neig #or ood. 9ll !layed 'ell, #(t 'it differing !roficiency, styles, and !rograms. 2 eir m(sic, according to Elfriede, ' o ad a fine ear, revealed t eir !ersonalities like an o!en #ook. Common devotion to fis ing and nat(ral inclination tied me to t e S'iss ;ans Sta(#D is 'ife Erika and Elfriede 'ere friends, and t e Sta(# c ildren 'ere of t e same age as o(rs. Sta(# came from Stanford, ' ere e ad 'orked 'it Bloc , and after t e 'ar ret(rned to L(ric . -n t e evening 'e occasionally !layed !oker at t e Sta(#s, o(se. &e !layed in a very amate(ris (nso! isticated 'ay. Sometimes +o n von /e(mann .oined (s. - do not remem#er t at e 'on !artic(larly often, #(t e kne' t e odds of every card com#ination and of every move. -n t e fall of 19J3, /iels Bo r and is son 9age arrived at 7os 9lamos. S ortly #efore, in Co!en agen, e ad #een 'arned t at e 'as a#o(t to #e arrested. ;e fled immediately, and after several advent(res e ad landed at 7os 9lamos. Cor sec(rity reasons e 'as given t e false name /ic olas Baker and t e 7a# 3irection ordered (s to !retend t at 'e did not recogni*e im, !ro#a#ly a (seless !reca(tion, #eca(se many kne' is tr(e identity. Bo r lived in a small o(se neAt to C(ller 7odge 'it is son, #(t traveled a lot. Soon after Bo r,s arrival, 1!!en eimer convened a meeting at is o'n ome, inviting E(ro!ean ! ysicists already !ersonally ac0(ainted 'it Bo r, as 'ell as a sec(rity officer, called in as a !reca(tion against mis(nderstandings 'it t e military a(t orities. 9age Bo r 'as also @ 19J @ !resent and el!ed materially #eca(se e s!oke more distinctly t an is fat er and on re0(est re!eated ' at is fat er ad said. Bo r gave a detailed acco(nt of conditions in 3enmark and of is !ersonal advent(res. ;e t en eA!anded on ' at e kne' a#o(t t e rest of E(ro!e. -t 'as t e first time 'e ad ad direct information from an eye'itness. 2 e atmos! ere 'as som#erD almost all t ose !resent ad relatives or friends in E(ro!e, and t e ne's 'as t (s !ersonally relevant. 9fter re!orting on events in 3enmark, Bo r concl(ded #y saying t at (nfort(nately one ad to eA!ect t ings to #e m(c 'orse for ot er co(ntries, #eca(se t e /a*is considered t e 3anes 9ryans, of /ordic race, and treated t em as s(c D a!!arently t ey even o!ed t at #y #efriending t em t ey mig t t(rn t em into allies. 9t t is !oint, /ora 6ossi, Br(no,s 'ife, asked: )B(t t en ' y don,t t e 3anes reci!rocate and colla#orate 'it t e 6eic <) - still remem#er t e eA!ression on Br(no,s face, ' ile Bo r !atiently tried to eA!lain t e reasons ' y t e 3anes did not 'ant to colla#orate 'it t e /a*is. /ora, a grandda(g ter of Cesare 7om#roso,s, as s e often em! asi*ed, 'as given to very selfBass(red (tterances on -taly. 1nce Cermi started contradicting er 'it sensi#le, lo'#ro' arg(ments, as 'as is a#it. /ora did not kno' o' to re!ly and tried to s (t im (! #y saying somet ing along t e lines of: )3on,t t ink t e /o#el Pri*e allo's yo( to (nderstand t ese t ings #etter t an - do.) 3(ring Bo r,s visits - ad long and fre0(ent ! ysics conversations 'it im, mainly on n(clear fission.

;e (sed to come to my la#oratory asking a#o(t eA!erimental data and t en started reasoning alo(d, smoking a !i!e t at needed constant lig ting. ;e m(m#led so #adly t at 9age, ' o accom!anied im, often re!eated some ! rase to make it intelligi#le. - made every effort to (nderstand t e 'ords Bo r 'as (tteringD t eir content 'as o#vio(sly im!ortant and instr(ctive, #(t - ad great diffic(lty. - asked Bo r as m(c as !ossi#le to re!eat, #(t t ere 'ere limits to o' often - co(ld do so and - felt em#arrassed at a#(sing is co(rtesy. - often remained (ncertain and fr(strated. 9t l(nc time - listened to t'o rat er silly radio soa! o!eras: a sentimental story a#o(t a n(rse, ' ic 'as #roadcast eAactly at t e time ' en )il Poverino) !assed (nder o(r 'indo's, and t e #i#lical @ 19P @ story of +e*e#el. Cor some reason, - don,t recall ' y, - mentioned t ese !rograms one day to Bo r, ' o ad .(st ret(rned from a tri! to &as ington. ;e ans'ered 'it great glee: )2 en yo( 'ill #e a#le to give me t e latest ne'sD d(ring my tri! - lost track of +e*e#el.) - 'as at 7os 9lamos on +(ly ?P, 19J3, ' en 4(ssolini 'as to!!led, and, nat(rally, - follo'ed events in -taly in t e ne's!a!ers. 2 e com#ined ine!tit(de of t e -talians and of t e 9llies, es!ecially of t e 9mericans, allo'ed t e =erman occ(!ation of -taly and t e tragedies t at follo'ed. ;o'ever, in 7os 9lamos, 'e did not kno' m(c of ' at 'as a!!ening in t e =ermanBocc(!ied *ones. 1nly in +(ne of 19JJ, after t e 9llies entered 6ome, did - receive t e ne's - coveted most. 2 e first tro(!s entering 6ome ad orders to look for 9maldi and ot er ! ysicists to collect information on t e =erman atomic !ro.ect, and t (s, t ro(g military intelligence, - o#tained some ne's from ome. 1!!en eimer called me into is office and told me t at my fat er 'as safe, #(t t at my mot er ad #een ca!t(red #y t e /a*is in one of t eir man (nts of 1cto#er 19J3. - 'as st(nned, and 1!!en eimer re!eated t e ne's to me several times, #eca(se e do(#ted ' et er - ad (nderstood. 4y fat er did not s(rvive longD e died of nat(ral ca(ses in is ome in 6ome, at Corso Kittorio ??9, on 1cto#er J, 19JJ, at eig tyBfive. -t took a long time #efore comm(nications 'it -taly co(ld #e reesta#lis ed and - co(ld o#tain first and ne's. 1nly in 19J%, on my first !ost'ar visit to -taly did - learn t e details, al#eit even t en only !artially. 2 e tragic and !ainf(l !age of my !arents, end is #(ried in t e de!t s of my so(l and m(st rest t ere. 2 e main and most im!ortant 'ork of my gro(!, t e st(dy of s!ontaneo(s fission, ad #een started in Berkeley #y Mennedy, Sea#org, &a l, and myself as early as 19J1, #(t t e min(sc(le amo(nts of material availa#le and t e still (nso! isticated tec ni0(es (sed at t at time allo'ed (s to o#tain only large (!!er limits to s!ontaneo(s fission rates, data of little !ractical interest. -n t e #eginning, as 'e received increasingly enric ed sam!les, 'e st(died U?3P 'it everBincreasing acc(racy at 7os 9lamosD t e al! a activity 'as moderate and t e efficiency @ 19G @ for t e detection of s!ontaneo(s fission co(ld easily #e cali#rated (sing a kno'n ne(tron so(rce. 9mong ot er t ings, 'e fo(nd t at t e )s!ontaneo(s) fission at 7os 9lamos 'as greater t an at Berkeley, ' ic 'as not s(r!rising #eca(se cosmicBray ne(trons, more a#(ndant at a ig altit(de t an at Berkeley, 'ere o#vio(sly res!onsi#le for t e effect. &e ad only to screen t e c am#ers s(ita#ly to make it disa!!ear. 2 e diffic(lt, #(t im!ortant, !art of t e 'ork came 'it t e st(dy of P(?39 . 1nce 'e ad milligram sam!les, 'e soon recogni*ed t at P(?39 ad a rate of s!ontaneo(s fission ig eno(g to interfere

serio(sly 'it t e !ro!osed met ods of #om# assem#ly t ro(g !redetonation. 2 ese findings, starting in 9!ril 19J3 'it a fe' co(nts, #ecame firmer 'it #etter sam!les and longer o#servation times. &e also c ecked t e n(m#er of ne(trons emitted !er s!ontaneo(s fission. By +(ly 19JJ, o(r res(lts #ro(g t t e 7os 9lamos la# to a real crisis, alt o(g t e relevant information 'as #ased on a fe' co(nts only. S!ontaneo(s fission in !l(toni(m 'as so fre0(ent t at t e !l(toni(m alternative for making a #om# 'as eAcl(ded (nless one co(ld invent and develo! a totally different assem#ly met od. 2 e !redicament 'as grave indeedD it meant t at a#o(t alf of t e total 'ork of t e !ro.ect mig t #e (seless for 'ar !(r!oses. 2 e statistical acc(racy of o(r meas(rements 'as lo', #(t - 'as s(re t at ' at 'e ad seen 'as real and not a freak o'ing to malf(nctioning of t e a!!arat(s. Even if 'e ad seen only t ree or fo(r events, - 'as !re!ared to g(arantee t at t ey 'ere fissions and not ing else. Soon 'e noticed anot er im!ortant effect. Pl(toni(m coming from stronger ne(tron irradiations gave more s!ontaneo(s fissions. -n t e #eginning 'e 'ere !er!leAed #y t is finding, #(t soon 'e reali*ed t at s!ontaneo(s fission came from t e isoto!e P(?J$ and not from P(?39 . 2 e first 'as !rod(ced in t e !ile #y ne(tron irradiation of t e second. -t 'as t (s !ro!ortional to t e s0(are of t e total ne(tron fl(A (sed. ;o'ever, ig fl(Aes 'ere necessary for !rod(cing eno(g !l(toni(m. -t 'as !ossi#le to envisage se!arating t e main !rod(ct, P(?39 , from P(?J$ , #(t t e !ros!ect of se!arating !l(toni(m isoto!es 'as not all(ring. &e confirmed t at P(?J$ 'as t e isoto!e 'it ig s!ontaneo(s @ 19% @ fission #y irradiating P(?39 'it ne(trons and o#serving t at t e formation of P(?J$ increased t e s!ontaneo(s fission of t e sam!le.E1$F 9s a conse0(ence of t is discovery, t e 7os 9lamos !ro.ect took a s ar! t(rn. Cort(nately, t e im!losion met od invented and s(ggested #y Set /eddermeyer, a former !(!il of C. 3. 9nderson,s, avoided t e !redetonation !ro#lems connected 'it t e slo'ness of t e g(n assem#ly of t e #om#. /eddermeyer,s invention ad at first #een discarded, #(t no' it 'as given t e ig est !riority and 'as transformed into a tec nically via#le !ro!osition. Kon /e(mann, =eoffrey 2aylor, and Cermi contri#(ted materially to its t eoretical analysis. Cor t e !ractical !art, a ne' division (nder =eorge B. Mistiako'sky 'as c arged 'it !re!aring eA!losive lenses and assem#ling t em. 6ossi and Sta(# ad an im!ortant !art in s o'ing t at t e im!losion 'as really com!ressing t e material and 'orking according to !lan. 2 ro(g Sta(# - 'as a#le to follo' t e develo!ment of t is tec ni0(e. & en 'e irradiated P(?39 'it ne(trons to form P(?J$ , 'e also formed a si*ea#le amo(nt of element 9P, americi(m. - tried to !ers(ade Mennedy and &a l to investigate it at 7os 9lamos, #(t t ey 'ere dee!ly a#sor#ed in (rgent 'ar 'ork and did not 'ant to s(#tract !art of t eir effort from t e main !(r!ose of t e la#. Sea#org, t o(g not allo'ed into 7os 9lamos, o#tained t e !l(toni(m t at ad #een reirradiated for (s and eAtracted americi(m from it. - 'o(ld ave liked to ave #een less !atriotic and conscientio(s t an Mennedy and to ave !(rs(ed t at investigation at 7os 9lamos. -n addition to reg(lar gro(! assignments, - once in a ' ile received re0(ests from 1!!en eimer to look into s!ecial !ro#lems t at arose s(ddenly and (neA!ectedly. Cor instance, once e told me to go immediately to 1ak 6idge in 2ennessee, to t e #ig isoto!e se!aration !lants. 1ne of t ese consisted of many (ge mass s!ectrogra! s, called cal(trons, #(ilt (nder t e g(idance of 7a'rence and t e Berkeley ! ysicists. 2 e enric ed (rani(m 'as c emically !(rified and converted to s(ita#le com!o(nds for f(rt er 'ork. /o#ody, o'ever, ad c ecked ' et er t e !rocess mig t some' ere acc(m(late eno(g material to

@ 19N @ start a n(clear reaction. -t 'as no .oke. &it #ad l(ck t ere mig t ave #een a real catastro! e. Beca(se of com!artmentali*ation, t e local c emists ad not considered t at danger. 6ic ard 3odson and r(s ed to 1ak 6idge to st(dy t e sit(ation and (rge instant ado!tion of a!!ro!riate !reca(tions if necessary. 9t t e same time 'e 'ere (nder orders not to reveal secret information. Certainly, o'ever, it 'as #etter to stretc secrecy r(les t an to inc(r a n(clear disaster. &e caref(lly ins!ected t e !lant and fo(nd several s!ots t at 'ere o(trig t dangero(s, ' ic 'e d(ly corrected.E11F & en - ret(rned to 7os 9lamos - ad a strange s(r!rise. - fo(nd in my s(itcase, ' ic - ad .ealo(sly g(arded #eca(se it contained secret doc(ments, an alarm clock in a nicely 'ra!!ed #oA. ;o' it got into my s(itcase is still a mystery. 9not er time 1!!en eimer asked 6ossi and me to fig(re o(t t e effects of a n(clear eA!losion of a certain !o'er and to 'rite im a re!ort on t e s(#.ect. &e 'ere even told to consider t e !syc ological effects on an enemy. &e locked o(rselves in a room and started fig(ring tem!erat(res, !ress(res, radiation density, and so on. &e ad #een at 'ork for some time ' en 'e eard Cermi,s voice, coming from a near#y corridor. - !ro!osed cons(lting im. -t t(rned o(t t at e ad already done a good !art of t e calc(lations and estimates on is o'n. &e agreed 'ell as far as 'e ad gone. &it is el! 'e 'ere a#le to finis t e .o# in a s ort timeD it 'as later !retty 'ell s(#stantiated #y fact. 9s to t e !syc ological !art of t e assignment, o'ever, alt o(g 'e disc(ssed it at some lengt , 'e co(ld not reac any solid concl(sion and 'e ref(sed to make !redictions. Strange t ings a!!ened in 'artime 7os 9lamos. 1ne day 1!!en eimer called me and asked me to make a rat er senseless eA!eriment, ' ic consisted in eA!loding a c arge near a (rani(m salt. 2 e o(tcome 'as easily !redicta#le, #(t 1!!en eimer nonet eless insisted t at - !erform t e eA!eriment, and - com!lied, o#taining t e eA!ected res(lt. - t en asked 1!!en eimer ' y e ad 'asted my time in t is 'ay. 1!!en eimer ans'ered t at e ad kno'n t e o(tcome in advance too, #(t t at President 6oosevelt ad !ersonally asked t at t e eA!eriment #e done and t at e ad felt #o(nd to com!ly. Possi#ly t e !resident received a n(m#er of claims to inventions t ro(g irreg(lar @ 199 @ c annels and occasionally ski!!ed reg(lar a!!raisals. 2o 6oosevelt,s credit, o'ever, e ad ad a good eno(g nose to recogni*e t e im!ortance of atomic energy ' en it 'as !ro!osed to im irreg(larly. -n t e s!ring of 19JP t e atomic #om# !ro.ect 'as reac ing t e ome stretc . 2 e 'ay of making t e #om# ad #een fo(nd and t e design ad #een fiAed. Cissiona#le material 'as arriving in a!!recia#le amo(nts. 2 e !(r!ose of t e la# 'as c anging from researc and tec nical invention to !rod(ction and testing. &e t (s !re!ared eA!eriments t at 'o(ld el! reveal t e !erformance of t e #om#. 9 n(clear eA!losion is a very com!leA event, 'it mec anical, t ermal, o!tical, c emical, and n(clear as!ects. 2 ere 'as o#vio(sly !lenty to meas(reD t e energy released 'as t e overall central !arameter, ' ic co(ld #e inferred in many different, inde!endent 'ays. Eac meas(rement ad its !artic(lar diffic(lties, #(t one 'as common to all of t em: t e eA!eriment co(ld not #e re!eated. -f somet ing failed, t ere 'as no second c ance. 2 is 'as a most (n(s(al condition for ! ysicists and 'orried every#ody. 9 second !ro#lem 'as t at 'e did not kno' even t e order of magnit(de of several of t e 0(antities to #e meas(redD 'e t (s re0(ired instr(ments or families of instr(ments a#le to cover a vast range. -n order to ave at least an idea of t e 'orking conditions 'e co(ld eA!ect, 'e decided to set off a !ile of ordinary eA!losive at t e site of t e f(t(re test and to make on it t e same ty!e of meas(rements 'e

'o(ld later make on t e atomic #om#. 9lt o(g normal eA!losives co(ld sim(late only !art of t e effectsH#eca(se, for instance, t ey do not emit ne(trons or gamma raysHt is 'as nevert eless #etter t an not ing. &e 'ere !re!aring t is !reliminary eA!eriment ' en, on 9!ril 1?, 19JP t e la#oratory,s lo(ds!eakers anno(nced t e s(dden deat of President 6oosevelt. Every#ody r(s ed into t e corridors of t e #(ildingsD some seemed st(nned, ot ers 'ere aggard or co(ld not s!eak, and several ad tears in t eir eyes. 2 e !reliminary eA!eriment 'as !erformed on 4ay %, 19JP. & ile 'e 'ere in t e desert setting (! t e eA!eriment, 'e received ne's of ;itler,s s(icide, of t e s(rrender of =ermany and of t e end of t e @ ?$$ @ 'ar in E(ro!e. 1ne of my reactions 'as: )&e ave #een too late.) Cor me ;itler 'as t e !ersonification of evil and t e !rimary .(stification for t e atomic #om# 'ork. - am s(re t at t is feeling 'as s ared #y many of my colleag(es, es!ecially t e E(ro!eans. /o' t at t e #om# co(ld not #e (sed against t e /a*is, do(#ts arose. 2 ose do(#ts, even if t ey do not a!!ear in official re!orts, 'ere disc(ssed in many !rivate conversations. 2 e efforts to com!lete t e #om#, o'ever, contin(ed (na#ated. 2 e n(clear eA!losives, !l(toni(m and U?3P , 'ere #y no' arriving reg(larly from ;anford, &as ington, and 1ak 6idge, 2ennessee, res!ectively. 2 e 7os 9lamos !ersonnel converted t em into metal, s a!ed t em, and !re!ared t e ordinary eA!losive lenses for t e im!losion, t e initiators, t e f(ses, and everyt ing else re0(ired for t e #om#, finally delivering a com!lete, 'orking 'ea!on to t e military. 2 e military 'ere in c arge of target selection, trans!ortation, and delivery. 1f co(rse, !olitical and strategic decisions on t e (se of t e #om# co(ld, (nder t e U.S. Constit(tion, #e made only #y t e !resident of t e United States as commander in c ief. -n +(ly many of t e scientists !artici!ating in t e test moved to t e desert. 1(r gro(! 'as c arged 'it meas(ring !rom!t gamma rays emitted at t e instant of t e eA!losion 8as disting(is ed from t ose d(e to fission !rod(cts: and t e total gamma radiation at several distances, as 'ell as s(ndry ne(tron intensities. &e !lanned and #(ilt t e instr(ments in t e la# and t en tested and cali#rated t em in t e desert, readying t em for t e real test. 2 e /e' 4eAico desert ' ere 'e 'ere 'orking is not com!letely aridD on t e contrary t ere is a!!recia#le !reci!itation, #(t t e rain is concentrated in very fe' violent storms, ' ic in a fe' min(tes can transform a dry arroyo into a t(r#(lent stream carrying (ge amo(nts of 'ater. -t is not rare for some#ody to lose is car or even dro'n in crossing an arroyo t at only a fe' min(tes earlier 'as dry. - co(ld not #elieve it, (ntil once Elfriede and - ad a narro' esca!e in s(c a stream in o(r car. 2 e desert vegetation, often c(rio(sly ada!ted to t e dry climate, is !rimarily s r(#s and cact(s, 'it some grass and no trees. 9nimals esca!e t e s(n #y going (ndergro(nd. 4any are noct(rnal. @ ?$1 @ 6attlesnakes and ot er re!tiles, s(c as gila monsters, as 'ell as s!iders, scor!ions, and ot er (n(s(al creat(res are !lentif(l. 2 e final test received t e code name )2rinity,) and its a!!ointed director 'as Mennet Bain#ridge, ' o seemed to me rat er disorgani*ed. ;e often c anged sc ed(les, and e !osted is allBim!ortant daily orders in vario(s !laces, so t at 'e did not kno' ' ere to find t em. ;e ended #y !lacing t em

in t e lavatories, saying t at every#ody 'o(ld see t em t ere. Cort(nately, 1!!en eimer m(st ave sensed t e !ro#lem and gave Bain#ridge as second in command +. ;. &illiams, ' o 'as eAcellently s(ited to andle a sit(ation re0(iring t e laying of many miles of ca#les, #(ilding roads and s elters and ot er civil engineering .o#s. Bain#ridge and &illiams ad to coordinate a very com!licated o!eration s(#.ect to a tig t sc ed(le, involving la#orers, military !ersonnel, contractors, tr(ck drivers, and !rima donna ! ysicists. &e ! ysicists lived in se!arate #arracks, identical to t ose of t e military !ersonnel, and 'e also en.oyed t eir eAcellent food. &e started 'orking intensely at day#reak. 2 e early morning o(rs 'ere t e #estD as t e s(n rose ig er in t e sky, t e eat #ecame o!!ressive, t e lig t #linding, and 'e 'ilted. -n t e evening, 'e fell eA a(sted on o(r cots, only to start again t e neAt s(nrise. -n t is 'ay 'e s!ent several days meas(ring t e scattering #y air and gro(nd of gamma radiations emitted #y a strong radioactive so(rce sim(lating a #om#. +(st as - ad done many years earlier at t e 1fficers, 2raining Sc ool in S!oleto, - took 'it me a Crenc novel #y =ideD it trans!orted me into a 'orld totally different from t e one s(rro(nding me. 1n +(ly 1J, 19JP, everyt ing 'as finally ready for t e test. -n t e evening a tremendo(s t (nderstorm #roke. - ad gone to slee!, #(t soon - 'as a'aked #y a deafening noise, ' ose origin - co(ld not gras!. - got (! and fo(nd t at Sam 9llison too ad arisen. &e took a !o'erf(l flas lig t and 'ent o(t to see ' at 'as a!!ening. &e fo(nd t at a ole near o(r #arracks ad filled 'it 'ater, and in it t o(sands of frogs 'ere cele#rating a love feast. &e ret(rned to slee! still (ncertain ' et er t e 'eat er &o(ld allo' t e test, #(t s ortly t e anno(ncement t at t e test 'o(ld !roceed at day#reak 'oke (s (!. 1!!en eimer, =eneral =roves, and many ot er a(t orities 'ent to @ ?$? @ !revio(sly assigned o#servation !laces. - 'as 'it Cermi, in t e o!en, at a#o(t ten miles from t e eA!losion. 9s a !reca(tion 'e 'ere lying do'n on t e gro(nd, and 'e ad very dark glasses to !rotect o(r eyes. S(ddenly t e ' ole landsca!e 'as in(ndated #y an eAtremely #rig t lig t, incom!ara#ly #rig ter t an t at of t e normal eA!losive 'e ad tested in 4ay, and t at looked, and 'as, m(c #rig ter t an s(nlig t at noon. -n fact, in a very small fraction of a second, t at lig t, at o(r distance from t e eA!losion, co(ld give a 'orse s(n#(rn t an eA!os(re for a ' ole day on a s(nny seas ore. 9t t e moment of t e eA!losion, for an instant, t e t o(g t !assed my mind t at may#e t e atmos! ere 'as catc ing fire, ca(sing t e end of t e 'orld, alt o(g - kne' t at t at !ossi#ility ad #een caref(lly considered and r(led o(t.E1?F -mmediately after t e eA!losion, Cermi stood (! and dro!!ed some small !ieces of !a!er, ' ic instead of falling straig t do'n 'ere s ifted ' en t e s ock 'ave reac ed (s. Cermi meas(red t e s ift and !(lled o(t a s eet of !a!er on ' ic e ad a calc(lated ta#le of t e s ift as a f(nction of t e energy released. ;e t (s o#tained an instant estimate, al#eit cr(de, of t e eA!losion,s energy. Cor t e rest of t e day, 'e collected t e data registered #y t e different instr(ments and !re!ared to ret(rn to o(r #ase at 7os 9lamos. 2 is 'ork lasted (ntil late in t e evening, ' en, dog tired, 'e de!arted for o(r mesa. 9fter several o(rs of driving, 'e arrived at 7os 9lamos,s g(arded gate, ' ere a sentinel sto!!ed (s. 9fter some disc(ssion t e !ost commander decided to let t e civilians in, alt o(g it 'as !ast midnig t, t e official time at ' ic t e gate 'as closed, #(t e 'as adamant in ref(sing entry to t e military #eca(se t ey ad no reg(lar !ass. - ad 'it me a !air of yo(ng mem#ers of t e SE3 8S!ecial Engineering 3etac ment: and fo(nd it !re!ostero(s, after s(c a day, to !revent t em from slee!ing in t eir reg(lar #arracks. - started arg(ing and at t e same time initiated a s(rre!titio(s marc to'ard an emergency tele! one - ad s!otted and t at - kne' connected directly to t e to!

military commander at 7os 9lamos. & en - came 'it in reac , - deftly gra##ed it and instantly ad t e commanding colonel on t e line. ;e so(nded slee!y, and - fear - ad a'akened im. -n a fe' 'ords eA!lained t e !redicament. ;e t en s(mmoned t e commander of @ ?$3 @ t e g(ard to t e ! one and ordered im to let my men in. 2 e commander of t e g(ard, alt o(g o#vio(sly annoyed, ad to o#ey. /eAt day, o'ever, t e colonel,s ad.(tant tele! oned me 'anting to kno' t e names of t e SE3 men ' o ad #een 'it me t e !revio(s nig t. - s(s!ected some#ody 'anted revenge on s(c small fry for t e dist(r#ance of t e colonel,s sl(m#ers. - acted s(r!rised and insisted - co(ld not remem#er t e incident. 2 at closed t e e!isode. 2 e #om# test ad s(cceeded #eyond eA!ectation and t e energy released 'as near t e maAim(m antici!ated. 9lt o(g ' at ad a!!ened at 9lamogordo 'as a secret, several !ersons ad seen t e lig t of t e eA!losion from a great distance, and among t e !eo!le ' o ad stayed at 7os 9lamos at t e time of t e test, t ere 'as t e feeling t at somet ing eAtraordinary ad a!!ened. 9t t e test site it 'as strictly for#idden to take !ict(res of t e event, #(t some#ody ad sm(ggled in cameras, and a yo(ng SE3 man in my gro(! took color !ict(res of t e eA!losion. 1n is ret(rn to 7os 9lamos, e develo!ed t em and t ey 'ere ready #efore t e official ones. ;e s o'ed t em to me, and to avoid tro(#le 'e 'ent to 1!!en eimer and gave im a co!y. - #elieve it 'as immediately dis!atc ed to President 2r(man. 2 e yo(ng ! otogra! er, o'ever, 'as not !ermitted to !rofit in any 'ay. 9#o(t t e time of t e 2rinity test, t ere 'as intensive !olitical activity in several la#oratories connected 'it t e #om#. 2 e C icago scientists es!ecially, goaded #y S*ilard, tried to infl(ence t e (se of t e #om#. Cermi 'as involved in ig Blevel committees on t e s(#.ect, and - gave im my o'n o!inions, #(t - 'as not a'are of ' at 'as going on #e ind t e scenes in &as ington and else' ere. Cermi s!oke to me admiringly of =eneral =eorge 4ars all, of is s!eed in com!re ending diffic(lt and ne' !ro#lems and of is s(reness of .(dgment in very com!licated sit(ations. Considering t e times and circ(mstances, - can ardly see o' President 2r(man co(ld ave acted very differently from t e 'ay e did. &e cele#rated +a!an,s s(rrender #y taking t e day off. Elfriede, Cermi, and - drove to t e Kalle =rande, ' ere 'e took some !ict(res t at ave #een re!rod(ced many times. -n t e same !eriod, Cermi told me t at e eA!ected to #ecome a cele#rity and asked me to take !ict(res @ ?$J @ of im for t e !(#lic. 2 (s 'e took a ' ole roll of t irtyBsiA 7eica !ict(res in my office at 7os 9lamos. - ave #een asked inn(mera#le times my t o(g ts immediately after t e #om#,s eA!losion and in t e follo'ing days. - did not .ot t em do'n at t e time and recollections 'o(ld !ro#a#ly #e distorted. certainly re.oiced in t e s(ccess t at cro'ned years of eavy 'ork, and - 'as relieved #y t e ending of t e 'ar. - cannot remem#er my longBrange t o(g tsD d(ring t e 'ar - 'as mostly concerned 'it its !rogress, and 'it !ersonal !lans for t e immediate f(t(re. 4ore general ideas evolved 'it time and s o(ld al'ays #e dated in re!orting t em. 2 ere 'as o!timism for t e f(t(re in t e sense t at one tr(sted mankind,s rationality more t an 'as 'arranted. 2 e confidence in and eA!ectations of t e 7eag(e of /ations after t e first 'orld 'ar and t e United /ations after t e second s o' o' o!timistic mankind can #e and also o' ready to #ank on (to!ian dreams.

4any scientists, like every#ody else, n(rt(red ill(sions a#o(t t e farsig tedness, intelligence, and reasona#leness of t eir fello' men. Some !oliticians too 'ere sim!leminded, ot ers cynically #elieved t ey co(ld !reserve tec nical advantages t at 'ere #y nat(re transient. 2 e tec nical !eo!le kne' t at t e #om# co(ld not remain an 9merican mono!oly, and -, like many ot ers, gave t e a(t orities t at 0(estioned me a correct estimate of t e time re0(ired #efore ot er co(ntries 'o(ld ave t e same 'ea!on. &it over forty years of indsig t, it seems to me t at most develo!ments 'ere (n!redicta#le and often de!ended on accidents. Politicians do not come o(t 'ell as far as intelligence and farsig tedness are concerned, and t ey often acted on erroneo(s information. Be t is as it may t e Bom# !ossi#ly ad t e #eneficial effect of !reventing ma.or 'ars #et'een t e s(!er!o'ers, #y ins!iring m(t(al terror. 3(ring o(r stay at 7os 9lamos, 'e #ecame U.S. citi*ens. &e ad a!!lied for citi*ens i! in 1939, and after t e stat(tory !eriod an eAaminer came to 0(estion (s. ;e co(ld not enter 7os 9lamos, so t e eAamination took !lace in a g(ard !ost at t e gate. 2 e eAaminer started @ ?$P @ 'it Elfriede, 4c4illan acting as 'itness. 2 e eAaminer asked er: )3o yo( #elieve in !olygamy<) Elfriede: )/o)D t e eAaminer t en t(rned to 4c4illan, ' o confirmed: )2o t e #est of my kno'ledge, no.) 9fter several 0(estions to Elfriede on 9merican government and t e Constit(tion, t e eAaminer t(rned to me. By t en it 'as a#o(t noon, and t e eAaminer 'anted to 0(it. ;e said: )- am s(re t at a !erson like yo(, #efore coming to t e United States, as st(died its Constit(tion and as informed imself in detail a#o(t it.) - assented to t is flattering s(rmise, and t is ended my eAamination. 9 fe' 'eeks later 'e 'ere s'orn in at t e s(!erior co(rt in 9l#(0(er0(e, and t e .(dge !roclaimed (s citi*ens of t e United States. 9fter t e ceremony 'e ret(rned ome #y a s!lendid deto(r along t e +eme*. 9 fe' days later, o'ever, a very a!ologetic and em#arrassed .(dge tele! oned me to say t at e ad to set aside t e citi*ens i! decree #eca(se e ad overlooked t e fact t at t e la' !ro i#ited nat(rali*ation decrees for a certain !eriod #efore a !residential election. ;e #egged me to take t e n(llification in my stride and not to raise a f(ss, !romising to remake me a citi*en immediately after t e election. /at(rally, - agreed, and t (s 'e #ecame citi*ens t'ice. ;o'ever, d(ring t e !eriod ' en #elieved - 'as a citi*en t anks to t e invalid decree, - ad signed some !atent affidavits s'earing t at 'as a citi*en. - asked t e !atent la'yer ' at to do. ;e told me to sit tig t, and t at if and ' en a !ro#lem arose, )&e s all ask t e S(!reme Co(rt.) &it t e end of t e 'ar, 'e started t inking and talking serio(sly a#o(t o(r immediate f(t(res and longBrange !lans. - decided to contin(e my (niversity career rat er t an stay !ermanently at 7os 9lamos, as - co(ld easily ave done. ;o'ever, - did not ave a (niversity #ase, a fact t at !rod(ced m(c (ncertainty, as t e neAt c a!ter 'ill s o'. Cermi 'as leaning to'ard moving !ermanently to C icago, #(t, as (s(al, ' at interested im most 'ere scientific !ro.ects. ;e sensed t at t e f(t(re 'as 'it !article ! ysics and 'it a sardonic smile 0(oted t e 3(ce,s motto )Eit er rene' yo(rself or !eris .) - ad less @ ?$G @ f(t(ristic t o(g ts. 1ne eA!ected great !rogress in ne(tron ! ysics from t e (se of n(clear reactorsD a#ove all - 'o(ld ave liked to ret(rn to 'ork on trans(ranic elements. -n t e neAt c a!ter - s all tell t e reasons and t e events t at made me ret(rn to Berkeley.

1(r family 'as increased on /ovem#er %, 19JP, #y t e #irt of a second da(g ter. &e named er Ca(sta to 'elcome er, and as a second name 'e called er -rene, as a 'is for !eace. 4y five years of 7atin and =reek st(dy finally served for somet ing. . . . &e left 7os 9lamos in t e middle of +an(ary 19JG. Elfriede, 9melia, and Ca(sta fle'. - 'ent #y car 'it Cla(dio, ' o 'as t en a#o(t nine. 1n t e tri! - let Cla(dio drive for long stretc es of t e 9ri*ona ig 'ays. ;e did very 'ell, and - co(ld even sl(m#er ' ile e drove. &e #riefly visited t e =rand Canyon, and along t e 'ay - 'as ama*ed #y t e (ge n(m#er of military air!lanes !arked in t e desert 'ingti! to 'ingti!, visi#le !roof of 9merica,s colossal ind(strial !o'er. Some of t e mem#ers of my gro(! remained at 7os 9lamos. 1t ers 'ent to St. 7o(is. &iegand came 'it me to Berkeley to finis is st(diesD 3e(tsc ret(rned to 4-2D C am#erlain and Car'ell 'ent to C icago to 'ork for t eir doctorates (nder Cermi, ' o ad acce!ted t em on my recommendation. @ ?$% @

C%a*ter Eig%t+ Ret3rns, S(ien(e and Str3ggle? ;er)eley and Italy -"#=90"#/.2, Smell o& 6ydrogen S3l&ide? A(@3e AlA3le
%os9 con legge alterna L6animo si go(erna 82 (s 'it an alternate la' 2 e mind r(les itself: =i(se!!e Parini, )7a ed(ca*ione) 2 e ending of t e 'ar !osed me serio(s !ersonal !ro#lems. - co(ld ave remained at 7os 9lamos, #(t considered my 'ork t ere an interl(de re0(ired #y t e 'ar. - ad long ago c osen an academic career as my lifelong vocation, and - 'anted to ret(rn to a good (niversity !osition ' ere - co(ld do ! ysics 'it o(t 'orrying a#o(t a career and in scientifically favora#le s(rro(ndings. 2 is s o(ld ave #een easy, #(t my !artic(lar sit(ation and my !ast relations 'it Berkeley made it diffic(lt and (n!leasant. 4any colleag(es of my age ad academic #ases to ' ic t ey co(ld ret(rn: Bet e and 6ossi at Cornell University, Sta(# at Stanford, 9lvare* and 4c4illan at Berkeley. Cermi 'as a#o(t to move from Col(m#ia to ne' instit(tes t at t e University of C icago 'as creating. - did not ave any certain !ers!ective. Berkeley 'as, to say t e least, am#ig(o(s, and - did not ave any firm offer from ot er (niversities. Peo!le in similar sit(ations did not even kno' ' at to ask and ' at reasona#ly to eA!ect, so m(c so t at to remedy t is lack of information 'e started confidentially letting eac @ ?$N @ ot er kno' a#o(t offers received, esta#lis ing a sort of stock market for ! ysicists. 9m#assador 9l#erto 2arc iani 81NNPQ19GJ:, t e first !ost'ar -talian re!resentative at &as ington, in

an official letter dated 9!ril %, 19JP, offered me reintegration into t e -talian (niversity system and ret(rn to my old Palermo c air. - ans'ered declining t e offer #eca(se #y t en - 'as esta#lis ed in t e United States. - co(c ed my ans'er in friendly, a!!reciative terms, as t e s!irit of t e offer deserved. 9m#assador 2arc iani also asked me for a descri!tion of t e -talian contri#(tion to t e 4an attan Pro.ect, and - sent it to im 'it in t e limits of t e t enB!revailing secrecy r(les. - s!oke to Cermi a#o(t my sit(ation, #(t initially e did not !ro!ose me for a .o# at C icago, !ro#a#ly #eca(se e loat ed even t e a!!earance of ne!otism and of favoring -talians. 1n t e ot er and, e mentioned me to Professor +oyce C. Stearns, ' o 'as moving from C icago to &as ington University at St. 7o(is, 4isso(ri. 9. ;. Com!ton 'as a#o(t to #ecome c ancellor of &as ington University. Com!ton 'anted to revitali*e t e sciences, and es!ecially n(clear science. ;e ad ired my old friend +. &. Mennedy, 9. C. &a l, and several ot er c emists as !art of t at !rogram, and e ad similar !lans for ! ysics. -n t e meantime, Berkeley ad s o'n some signs of life in t e s a!e of a letter from 6aymond Birge offering me t e !osition of assistant !rofessor, 'it o(t ten(re and 'it a salary s(ita#le for a #eginner. - fo(nd t e offer ins(lting. Birge 'as o(t of to(c 'it t e realities of t e sit(ation. 4y only !ossi#le ans'er 'as not to ans'er and sit tig t 'aiting for events to mat(re. 2 is ca(sed me considera#le annoyance. -n is );istory of t e P ysics 3e!artment,) Birge remarks t at !art of t e corres!ondence is missing from my !ersonal file.E1F 2 is missing corres!ondence did not s o' too m(c ac(men on t e side of t e (niversity. -n any case, it 'as clear to me t at (nless ad some good offer from else' ere, Berkeley 'o(ld not move on its o'n initiative. 2 is ty!e of de!lora#le #e avior is ca(sed, - #elieve, #y t e lack of selfBconfidence on t e !art of administrators and decision makers ' o do not tr(st t eir o'n @ ?$9 @ .(dgment. C(rt ermore, t ey 'ant to #e smart and save money for t eir instit(tion #y !aying t e fac(lty as little as !ossi#le, mostly 'it co(nter!rod(ctive res(lts. Crom Birge,s );istory,) it seems t at t e ead of t e P ysics 3e!artment at &as ington University, 9. 7. ;(g es, ad asked for information a#o(t me already in 4arc 19JP. Cinally, in 9(g(st 19JP, &as ington University made a firm offer of an associate !rofessors i! at ]P,$$$ a year. 2 is offer #ecame my #aseline. &as ington University 'as a good (niversity, and even if it did not ave Berkeley,s accelerators, it 'as a !lace ' ere one co(ld 'ork. 6. 7. 2 ornton, a close friend of mine, ad #een t ere #efore t e 'ar and ad #(ilt an eAcellent J?Binc cyclotronD no' e ad #een offered an im!ortant !osition, some' at !arallel to t at of Mennedy. 9ll told, t e !lace 'as attractive. ;o'ever, t o(g t t at in t e long r(n Berkeley 'o(ld ave s(!erior facilities, and - 'rote to Birge to find o(t ' et er e 'o(ld im!rove on t e St. 7o(is offer. By coincidence, my letter 'as mailed on 9(g(st N, immediately after t e eA!losion of t e ;iros ima #om#. Birge m(st t en ave reali*ed t at s!eed 'as needed. ;o'ever, e started #y 'riting a long delaying ans'er dated 9(g(st 11. 2 ere 'ere also some (ndergro(nd mane(vers - did not s(s!ect. 1!!en eimer 'rote an am#ig(o(s letter on my #e alf.E?F 7a'rence too seemed to #e 'avering #et'een me and ot ers ' o later did not ave !artic(larly disting(is ed careers. ;o'ever, after t e ice 'as #roken #y t e St. 7o(is offer, C icago came along. - 'ent t ere on Se!tem#er ?$, 19JP, to ins!ect t e sit(ation on t e s!ot. - ad not yet ans'ered Birge,s last delaying letter, #eca(se after t e first offer of an assistant !rofessors i! and Berkeley,s !resent o#vio(s eagerness, - #elieved it 'as #etter for me to let t em ste' in t eir o'n .(ice. -t 'as also a 'ay to let t em reali*e t e ina!!ro!riateness of t eir first offer. Ultimately, C icago considera#ly #ettered t e St.

7o(is offer, and t is !(t me in a 0(andary. - 'as strongly attracted to C icago #y Cermi,s !resenceD on t e ot er and t ere 'ere dra'#acks. Cort(nately, t e !ro#lem 'as to c oose t e #est of t'o good offers. Ultimately, in order to come to a decision, - 'ent to Berkeley to s!eak 'it t e !rinci!als and to a!!raise t e @ ?1$ @ sit(ation on t e s!ot. - #elieve, o'ever, t at - al'ays ad a s(#conscio(s !reference for Berkeley. - arrived in t e Bay 9rea #y train on t e nig t of 1cto#er 1, and - remem#er - sle!t on a #enc at t e station #eca(se t ere 'as no 'ay of finding a room or trans!ortation to Berkeley. /eAt day - started my eA!loration #y s!eaking at lengt 'it Birge, as ead of t e ! ysics de!artment, 'it 7a'rence as director of t e 6adiation 7a#oratory, and 'it C. 9. +enkins as a tr(sted friend, conversant 'it t e local sit(ation. Clearly a favora#le 'ind 'as #lo'ing, and 'it in t e day - s(cceeded in raising Berkeley,s offer to a f(ll !rofessors i! at ]G,P$$ a year, ' ic - #elieve 'as t e to! of t e reg(lar scale. 9t t is !oint - decided to acce!t t e offer, ' ic f(lfilled my desires and eA!ectations. ;o'ever, some' at delayed my final ans'er, #eca(se - 'anted to re!ay Berkeley,s !revio(s dillydallying. 7a'rence 'isely admonis ed some colleag(es not to #e .ealo(s t at - ad overtaken t em. 1n t e contrary, t ey s o(ld re.oice, #eca(se my !romotion co(ld only #enefit t em too in t e f(t(re. remem#ered t e lesson. & en - sent my final acce!tance, 7a'rence 'rote to me on /ovem#er ?, 19JP, )/eedless to say - am mig ty glad t at yo( made t e rig t decision, alt o(g - can,t (nderstand ' y it took yo( so long.) never told im ' y, #eca(se it 'o(ld not ave el!ed. 4y a!!ointment started effective +(ly l, 19JP, #(t - #egan serving in t e s!ring of 19JG. 9t t e time, ideas on relations #et'een t e 6ad 7a# and t e (niversity, on financial s(!!ort for researc , and on t e !ossi#le infl(ence of t e military 'ere still conf(sed. - co(nted ere on t e !olitical savvy of 7a'rence, ' o certainly 'o(ld kno' o' to t(rn t e ta#les to is advantage. - ad a solid (niversity #asis and financial and instr(ment s(!!ort from t e 6ad 7a#. 2 is informal arrangement left me free in my researc and at t e same time ens(red s(!!ort for my 'ork. 7a'rence genero(sly and intelligently 'as 'illing to let me en.oy t e advantages of t e 6ad 7a# 'it o(t is aving direct a(t ority over me and 'it o(t !aying meD - o!ed to re!ay im #y doing good 'ork. 9s a researc !rogram - 'anted first to finis several st(dies started at 7os 9lamos, s(c as my 'ork on s!ontaneo(s fission, and some ot er @ ?11 @ as!ects of trans(ranics. /eAt - 'anted to #ring to a concl(sion t e (nfinis ed 'ork, initiated in 19J$, on c anging t e alfBlife of a radioactive s(#stance. - also 'anted to investigate t e c emistry of t e element astatine, ' ic 'e ad discovered #efore t e 'ar. - started t is 'ork immediately 'it t e el! of Clyde &iegand and of a c emist, 3r. 6. 7eininger, ired 'it 6ad 7a# money, and some grad(ate st(dents - fo(nd at Berkeley. - 'o(ld ave liked to contin(e my 'ork in n(clear ! ysics 'it a strong c emical com!onent. !lanned my o!erations on a small scaleD fo(r or five !eo!le. 2 is 'as a serio(s errorD - did not (nderstand ' at com!etition a'aited me. - also !referred to 'ork in (niversity #(ildings on cam!(s, #eca(se alt o(g an eAcellent 4aecenas, 7a'rence 'as too demanding a #oss. - fo(nd it eAtremely

diffic(lt, o'ever, even 'it Birge,s el!, to get t e (niversity to fiA (! even a single room as an ade0(ate la#. B(ildings and =ro(nds 'orked slo'ly and inefficiently. Soon - reali*ed t at Sea#org ad a systematic and tig tly knit net for controlling researc on trans(ranics. 2 ro(g is connections, esta#lis ed at t e 4etall(rgical 7a#oratory at C icago and else' ere, e 'as !ractically t e only !erson a#le to sec(re irradiated materials. C(rt ermore, e 'as on t e declassification committees and t ro(g t em co(ld infl(ence ' at 'as !(#lis ed. &it is great organi*ing a#ility, e 'as a#o(t to create 'it in t e 6ad 7a# a very s(#stantial c emistry la#oratory, and 7a'rence ad given im strong s(!!ort and a free and. - did not ave t e im!ression t at 7a'rence liked im es!eciallyD to tell t e tr(t e seemed at least e0(ally friendly to me, #(t, 'isely, e did not 'ant intrala#oratory s0(a##les, and in t e end ' at co(nted 'it im 'as s(ccess and si*e of t e enter!rise. Cor a ' ile - t o(g t t at #y sticking to my o'n s!ecialties, s!ontaneo(s fission and radioc emical effects, - 'o(ld #e a#le to 'ork in !eace. B(t - soon reali*ed t at - 'as eaded for tro(#le. Sea#org 'anted t e mono!oly on trans(ranics, and e o!erated on s(c a large scale t at - co(ld not com!ete 'it im 'it a small gro(!. 4oreover, is a!!etites mig t easily eAtend f(rt er. 9 colla#oration on an e0(al footing 'as also !recl(ded. -n fact, (nless one 'as 'illing to acce!t a !osition s(#ordinate to Sea#org, ' ic - 'as nat(rally (n'illing to do, @ ?1? @ all n(clear 'ork even remotely connected 'it c emistry 'as #ecoming !ro#lematicD n(clear ! ysics act(ally disa!!eared from t e ! ysics de!artment, #eing transferred to t e c emistry de!artment as )n(clear c emistry.) 9t t e same time, several ! ysicists ' o ad al'ays ad a d(al interest in n(clear ! ysics and in accelerators em! asi*ed t eir interest in t e develo!ment of t e latter, ' ic ad al'ays #een 7a'rence,s !rimary interest. 2 e a#(ndant ne' financial s(!!ort o!ened (! (neA!ected !ossi#ilities, and an im!ortant discovery #y Kladimir Keksler and Ed'in 4c4illan, ! ase sta#ility, made it !ossi#le to reac relativistic energies #y a so! isticated tec ni0(e and not eAcl(sively #y #r(te force. 9lso ' at ad #een learned from radar 'ork d(ring t e 'ar fo(nd im!ortant a!!lications to accelerators. Berkeley ! ysicists t (s t(rned to ne', ig erBenergy accelerators, ' ic co(ld give access to !article ! ysics. ;ig er energies mig t not only reveal (neA!ected novelties, #(t co(ld also !rovide t e key to im!ortant old !ro#lems still a'aiting sol(tions, s(c as t e detailed st(dy of t e n(cleonBn(cleon interaction. 1ne mig t o!e to d(!licate 6(t erford,s feat on Co(lom# forces and discover t e tr(e n(clear forces t ro(g t e st(dy of n(cleonBn(cleon collisions. 9ct(ally, t e !ro#lem is m(c more com!licated t an 'e #elieved. Crom t e !oint of vie' of modern )c romodynamics,) ' ic gives t e forces #et'een 0(arks, )n(clear forces) are a secondary ! enomenon. 7ooked from t e !oint of vie' of c romodynamics, t ey are similar to molec(lar Kan der &aals forces looked at from t e !oint of vie' of electrodynamics. B(t in t e immediate !ost'ar era, t ere 'ere t eoreticians ' o #elieved t at o#servation of soBcalled )! 'aves,) of ang(lar moment(m 1, in n(cleonBn(cleon scattering 'o(ld solve all !ro#lems, or at least 'o(ld #e a gigantic ste! for'ard.E3F -n t is long !eriod, - 'as torn #et'een ! ysics, ' ic - (nderstood, and t e com!elling necessity of attending to #(siness !ro#lems for ' ic - ad no inclination, and t at !ert(r#ed me emotionally. 4y #rot ers, eac for a different reason, made t is even more !ainf(l. 9ngelo 'rote almost daily letters t at !osed !ro#lems and (!set me.

@ ?13 @ 4arco #e aved in a 'ay t at evoked mistr(st and fostered serio(s 'orry. Since t e end of t e 'ar, - ad felt a need to visit -taly to reesta#lis contact 'it t e s(rvivors and look after #(siness interests.EJF 2 is ad #een im!ossi#le in 19JG. /ot only 'as t e U.S. government rel(ctant to give a !ass!ort to someone ' o ad 'orked on t e atomic #om#, #(t trans!ortation diffic(lties and t e devastation of -taly added f(rt er o#stacles. -n t e s(mmer of 19J%, - decided to go alone, leaving my family in Berkeley. 2 is 'as t e first of inn(mera#le transatlantic flig ts. - left Berkeley on +(ne ?$ #y train and sto!!ed at C icago to visit Cermi, at Sc enectady to do some cons(lting for =eneral Electric, and in /e' Uork City to visit my #rot er 9ngelo. 9t C icago 'e talked ! ysics, and - invited Cermi to come to Berkeley, ' ere 'e needed a to! t eoretician, #(t as often occ(rs in t ese dealings, t e !lan came to na(g t. 9t =eneral Electric, - fo(nd Bet e, Plac*ek, and Pontecorvo. -n /e' Uork - sa' 9ngelo for t e first time in a long ' ile. ;e 'as in a mistr(stf(l mood, and - tried to !ers(ade im t at - ad no intention of taking advantage of im, #(t t at - 'anted only to come to a clear and fair settlement of o(r in eritance. )9ngelo seems in a very nervo(s and sentimental stateD e s!ent t e morning vomiting as a res(lt of t e emotions of recent days,) - 'rote to Elfriede. 9ll(ding to t e invention of t e atomic #om#, 9ngelo a!tly said t at t e state of t e 'orld 'as as if, in ancient times, cats ad #y c ance discovered fire. 1n +(ne ?P, - #oarded a 3CB3 for -taly. 9 Cat olic !relate in clerical gar# 'as one of t e !assengers. ;e 'as o#vio(sly an im!ortant c aracter, #eca(se Cardinal S!ellman and several #is o!s came to !ay t eir res!ects to im. 1n t e !lane t ere 'as also a !riestling from 2eAas ' o s!oke only S!anis and 'as terri#ly scared of flying. ;e t(rned to me 'it a dem(re air and said: )4a`ana, 3eo volente, estaremos en 4adrid.) 2 en, seeing all t e #is o!s, e started co(nting: )Un o#is!o, dos o#is!os, tres o#is!osO) ;e too did not kno' ' o t e dignitary 'as. &e sto!!ed in /e'fo(ndland, ' ere more obispos @ ?1J @ s o'ed (!. 7ater, in t e middle of t e nig t, 'e landed in 7is#on. - 'as looking at t e sky ' en t e !relate t(rned to me and said, - #elieve in Englis , )9re yo( looking at t e stars< & en - 'as a yo(ng man - traveled from 4ecca to +er(salem #y m(le, at nig t, and - learned t en to recogni*e t e constellations.) 9nd e started !ointing t em o(t to me. 1nce t e ice 'as #roken, t e conversation took a s(r!rising t(rn. Cirst e en0(ired a#o(t myselfD - told im t at - 'as a ! ysicist ' o ad 'orked at 7os 9lamos, and e started s!eaking of t ings atomic, of t e 6(ssians, !rogress and o' far advanced t ey 'ere. ;e o#vio(sly kne' ' at e 'as talking a#o(t, and ' en - asked im in astonis ment o' e ad learned all t is, is ans'er 'as: )2 ere are !eo!le 'illing to risk t eir lives for t e love of =od.) &it t is, t e conversation ended. & o co(ld ;is Eminence t e cardinal #e< - 'ondered 8g(essing is rank from a caref(l eAamination of is attire, incl(ding t e color of is socks:. 2 e ans'er came on o(r arrival at 6ome, ' en a solicito(s c(stoms officer s o(ted: )4ake 'ay, 3i!lomatic Pass!ort, E(gene Cardinal 2isserand,) and #ore im off. So - learned t at my fello' traveler 'as no less t an t e dean of t e College of Cardinals. ;is conversation left me very !er!leAed as to ' at to do. - 'ent to see t e U.S. am#assador, #(t co(ld not s!eak to imD instead, - met t e first co(nsellor, 4r. 7le'ellyn 2 om!son. &e ad a long conversation, and e im!ressed me as an eAtremely intelligent and 'ellBinformed gentleman. 8;e later #ecame am#assador to 4osco'.: 2 e information s(!!lied #y t e cardinal 'as re!orted to &as ington. -n 6ome, - 'ent to stay at t e old family a!artment at Corso Kittorio ??9, ' ere - fo(nd 9da 6iminiD it

'as ! ysically (nc anged from t e ome - ad left nine years earlier, #(t it ad lost its so(l, my !arents. Crom t e s(rvivors, tales, - learned t at ' en t e /a*is and Cascists ad started t eir man (nt in t e fall of 19J3, many of my +e'is relatives and friends ad gone into iding. Unfort(nately, my mot er 'as not 0(ick eno(g , and s e 'as ca(g t #y t e /a*is. 4y fat er esca!ed, as did 9da, ' o lived in t e same a!artment. 4y fat er and some ot ers 'ere idden in a !a!al !alace (nder t e !rotection of a ig Branking !relate, 4onsignore Carinci. 4y #rot er 4arco 'ent into t e ills @ ?1P @ #e ind 2ivoli. 9 =erman !oliceman !romised my fat er to arrange t e esca!e of my mot er after er ca!t(re and acce!ted a fee for doing so. & en e did not s(cceed, e ret(rned t e c eck, 'it a !syc ology not too different from t at of t e !rofessional assassin S!araf(cile in Kerdi,s .igoletto . - scattered a small sam!le of tec neti(m on my fat er,s tom# at t e Kerano Cemetery in 6ome, my tri#(te of love and res!ect as a son and a ! ysicist. 2 e radioactivity 'as min(sc(le, #(t its alfBlife of (ndreds of t o(sands of years 'ill last longer t an any ot er mon(ment - co(ld offer. 9s a relief from t e #(siness !ro#lems 'it ' ic - 'as immediately confronted, - 'ent ' enever !ossi#le to s'im in t e s(lf(r #at s of 9c0(e 9l#(le, not far from 2ivoli. 2 e s(lf(r of t e 'aters eased #ot my ! ysical and my !syc ic skin. 2o make my story more (nderstanda#le - s all se!arate t e #(siness !art from t e rest, starting 'it a s(mmary acco(nt of family affairs, irres!ective of c ronological order. - o!e to make it !ossi#le to follo' t e events t at ended 'it t e a#andonment of an enter!rise t at ad #ro(g t !ros!erity to t e family and 'ellBdeserved credit to my fat er,s name. Before - 'ent to (niversity, - ad never attended to any #(siness. /evert eless, - ad eard daily conversations a#o(t it, mostly at meals, and - 'as not ignorant of ' at 'as a!!ening aro(nd me, of t e !a!er mill, of investments, of commercial, ind(strial, !ersonnel, and legal !ro#lems. - ad, o'ever, no res!onsi#ilities in t e matterD my fat er did everyt ing. & en - came of age, e a!!ointed me to t e #oard of directors of is com!any. - remem#er Cat er !re!aring t e min(tes of one of its #oard meetings and giving me a #lank s eet to sign. & en - said t at - 'o(ld like to kno' ' at e 'as going to 'rite a#ove my signat(re, e ans'ered, more or less, t at it 'as none of my #(siness. - signed as a mem#er of t e Comintern 'o(ld ave done on Stalin,s command 8'it all d(e res!ect to my fat er:. 9ny'ay, e o'ned all t e s ares of t e com!any and ad every legal and moral rig t to do as e !leased 'it res!ect to it. ;e ad created and financed t e @ ?1G @ #(siness entirely #y is efforts and ad made it !ros!er. /o#ody co(ld com!lain. 9fter t e 'ar - 'as confronted #y a ne' sit(ation, 'it t'o #rot ers and !artners ' o disagreed, made !ro#lems, and mistr(sted eac ot er. 9ngelo sometimes ad keen !erce!tions and occasionally farsig ted int(itions, #(t 'as mentally ig ly c angea#le, alt o(g t e eAtent of is insta#ility revealed itself only grad(ally and is clearer to me no' t an at t at time. 4arco, t o(g intelligent, ad s(c serio(s and manifest c aracter fla's as to render im (ntr(st'ort y. 1f co(rse, t is too emerged only grad(ally, and - (nderstand it #etter no' t an t en. - kne' t at my fat er,s intention ad #een to divide is estate into t ree e0(al !arts, one for eac c ild. 2 is intent ad #een confirmed to me #y my co(sins 9rtom and 6avenna, #ot la'yers, ' o ad visited my fat er d(ring t e 'ar. -t ad also #een confirmed to me #ot orally and in 'riting #y o(r

intimate friend Silvestro Simili 81N93Q19GN:, ' o 'as dee!ly involved in all o(r !ost'ar affairs. ;e came from a disting(is ed Sicilian family and 'as a #rilliant #(siness cons(ltant and a !rofessor of #anking at t e University of Catania, ' ere my #rot er 9ngelo ad ta(g t economic istory. -n d(e co(rse, t e t'o #ecame close friends, and ' en 9ngelo left -taly, e gave to Simili a general !o'er of attorney. 3(ring t e diffic(lt and dangero(s !eriod of racial !ersec(tion, Simili !roved to #e (n(s(ally imaginative and reso(rcef(l and a tr(e and co(rageo(s friend, t (s gaining t e tr(st and friends i! of my fat er. Simili 'as most am(sing as a !erson, keenly interested in t e (man comedy, gifted 'it a very ra!id and s re'd mind, and !ersonally ca!tivating. ;e ended #y aving an im!ortant role in t e Segr affairs. 2 e immediate !ro#lem facing (s 'as to settle my fat er,s estate according to is intention of dividing it into t ree !arts of e0(al val(e, even if formed #y different assets. 4y fat er ad eA!ressed t is intention to me #efore - 'ent to 9merica in a conversation t at, alt o(g 'it o(t legal 'eig t, 'as a clear eA!ression of is 'is es at t e time. 4y (nderstanding 'as t at Cat er 'anted to leave t e mills to 4arco, ' o 'as 'orking t ere, real estate oldings to 9ngelo, ' o, in my fat er,s o!inion, needed a safe investment t at 'as easy to administer, @ ?1% @ and sec(rities to me, since - 'as more likely to emigrate and to #e in need of li0(idity. 2 ere 'as a 'ill dated 4ay ??, 19J?, d(ring t e eig t of t e !ersec(tions, ' ic left everyt ing to 4arco. &e all kne', o'ever, t at it did not reflect Cat er,s real 'is es. -t necessarily took into acco(nt #ot t e la' re0(iring t at s ares in a cor!oration #e registered in t e name of t e o'ner and t e fact t at 9ngelo and - 'ere in t e United States, a co(ntry at 'ar 'it -taly, at t e time. 1n 4ay %, 19JJ, ' en it 'as clear t at li#eration from t e Cascists and /a*is 'as not far a'ay, my fat er ad made a ne' ologra! ic 'ill and entr(sted it to a friend ' o 'as a 'ellBkno'n 6oman la'yer. -n it e sim!ly stated t at e 'anted is estate divided according to ' at -talian la' !rescri#ed if e died 'it o(t a 'ill. 2 is called for a division into e0(al !arts among is c ildren. - do not kno' eAactly ' en 4arco learned of t is ne' 'ill, #(t t e la'yer ' o ad !ossession of it affirmed t at e ad comm(nicated it to im immediately after o(r fat er,s deat on 1cto#er N, 19JJ. 1n 1cto#er 1G, 19JJ, o'ever, 4arco de!osited as t e legal 'ill of my fat er t e old one, dated 19J?. ;e did not comm(nicate t e eAistence of t e 19JJ 'ill eit er to 9ngelo, to me, or to Simili, 9ngelo,s re!resentative. 2 e la'yer ' o ad t e 19JJ 'ill limited imself to notifying 4arco of it and did not de!osit it. 2 is is most strange, #(t it is confirmed in 'riting #y a letter from 9ngelo,s la'yer. 9s t e racial la's in -taly 'ere a#rogated 'it t e fall of Cascism, 4arco recovered t e s ares of my fat er,s !a!er com!any, t e SocietT cartiera ti#(rtina, or SC2, from t e vario(s friends to ' om t ey ad #een assigned for safekee!ing and ad t em all assigned to imself. 2 e friends to ' om t e s ares ad #een assigned all !roved 'ort y of my fat er,s tr(st, and indeed ad rendered a signal service. Simili 'o(ld ave !referred to see t e ret(rned s ares assigned to t e estate or to t e #rot ers and 'as 'orried t at assignment of t em to 4arco alone mig t give im a !osition of strengt 'it res!ect to t e ot er #rot ers in any f(t(re negotiation over t e division of t e estate. -n t is delicate sit(ation, Simili 'orked diligently to arrange a division, in e0(al s ares, taking into acco(nt t e o!erational needs of @ ?1N @

t e !a!er mill. Ultimately, on /ovem#er ?$, 19JJ, #efore Simili kne' of t e eAistence of my fat er,s 19JJ 'ill, e and 4arco ad an eAc ange of letters in ' ic Simili ackno'ledged t at it 'as my fat er,s desire t at t e !a!er mill s o(ld go to 4arco alone and 4arco ackno'ledged t at my fat er 'anted is estate divided into !arts of e0(al val(e. 2 is co(ld #e ac ieved #y com!ensation 'it ot er assets. -n 19JG, a#o(t t'o years after my fat er,s deat , 4arco revealed to Simili t e eAistence of my fat er,s 'ill of 19JJ, ' ic 'as t en de!osited, and 4arco transferred to is #rot ers a certain n(m#er of s ares of SC2, alt o(g retaining a controlling ma.ority. 2 e negotiations #et'een 4arco and Simili to reassign at least !art of t e s ares to t e ot er eirs 'ere long and la#orio(s and took !lace ' ile Simili 'as ignorant of t e 19JJ 'ill. -f e ad kno'n of it, e 'o(ld ave ad a !o'erf(l 'ea!on at is dis!osal, and t ings 'o(ld ave #een m(c sim!ler. Until t e end of 19JP, ' ile at 7os 9lamos, - ad no comm(nications 'it -taly, and even later - kne' !ractically not ing of all t is (ntil - 'ent to -taly in 19J%. Simili ad 'ritten to me several letters, #(t gave little detail. - s(rmise e 'rote t em o!ing to facilitate a fair division according to my fat er,s 'is es, and trying to smoot t ings over. 2 e main !ro#lem 'as t at 4arco 'anted com!lete control of t e mill and t at 9ngelo did not tr(st im. Ultimately, Simili fo(nd a com!romise form(la #y creating t'o classes of s ares 'it different voting rig ts. 4arco o#tained t e o!erational control of SC2, #(t not t e rig t to sell t e #(siness or c ange its ca!itali*ation. Profits 'o(ld #e divided into t ree e0(al s ares. 4arco, in addition, 'o(ld receive a very ig salary and a !ercentage of sales. - 'as ca(tioned #y a friend t at t is last condition 'as o#.ectiona#le, and t at t e #on(s s o(ld #e tied to !rofits and not to sales. 9ngelo !assed from great love to ferocio(s atred for t ose e 'as dealing 'it . -n t e love ! ase, e idoli*ed t em and endo'ed t em 'it almost s(!er (man 0(alities. -n t e atred ! ase, e gravely ins(lted t e same !eo!le. 4ost of t em, after eA!eriencing t e loveB ate cycle, did not 'ant f(rt er dealings 'it im. 1nly Simili consistently tolerated 9ngelo, in !art #eca(se e relis ed strange and !aradoAical @ ?19 @ c aracters, in a s!irit similar to t at of t e !lay'rig t Pirandello, is fello' Sicilian, in !art o(t of is o'n !ride and interest, and last, #(t not least, o(t of tr(e friends i!. -n retros!ect, - #elieve, - may ave #een too !atient 'it 9ngelo. ;e 'rote me more t an a t o(sand letters, and eac of t em (!set my digestion or dist(r#ed my slee!. Elfriede 'as rig tly fed (! 'it im, and - s o(ld ave follo'ed er advice to sto! ans'ering is letters. 4y !atience and tolerance derived in !art from a certain regard - felt for 9ngelo,s keen intellect, and in !art #eca(se in several res!ects - felt t at - to some eAtent resem#led im. 1ne of t e f(ndamental diffic(lties in my -talian affairs arose from my ina#ility to find a !ersonal re!resentative of my o'n, inde!endently of 9ngelo, alt o(g it is tr(e t at 'e ad very similar interests and t at it 'as not (nreasona#le for (s to #e re!resented #y t e same !erson, namely, Simili. Simili did is (tmost to avoid 0(arrels #et'een t e #rot ers, #(t t is 'as #eyond even is remarka#le !o'ers. ;e 'as t e only !erson tr(sted #y 9ngelo, al#eit intermittently. 3(ring love !eriods, Simili co(ld control 9ngelo com!letely. Simili told me re!eatedly t at e #elieved t at (ltimately t e manifest and !o'erf(l financial interests of t e !arties 'o(ld !revail over (n ealt y mental states. ;e 'as 'rong in t is o!timistic eA!ectation. ;e ad (nderestimated t e !o'er of (ncontrolla#le !assions. 9s far as 4arco 'as concerned, 'e started #y offering im eAtremely favora#le terms, leaving t e

management of SC2 to im, 'it t e ig rem(neration and !ercentage on sales mentioned earlier. ;o'ever, no concession satisfied imD e al'ays 'anted more and, m(c more o#.ectiona#le, e felt t e need to take advantage of is !artners at every o!!ort(nity. Possi#ly, t is 'as is 'ay of demonstrating is s(!eriority over is #rot ers to imself. 4arco,s !erformance as c ief eAec(tive 'as mediocre. SC2 started after t e 'ar in a mirac(lo(sly favora#le condition #eca(se its !lant ad s(ffered only minor damage and t ere 'ere s(#stantial acc(m(lated reserves. &e all kne' t at it 'as im!erative to rene' t e !lant, and 4arco !lanned a ne' mill at Ponte 7(cano, near 2ivoli. ;e esitated in t e eAec(tion of t is !lan, o'ever, and made savings in constr(ction @ ??$ @ t at in indsig t !roved ill advised. ;e acc(sed is #rot ers of o#str(cting is 'orkD to t em it looked as if e ad never ad a definite !lan. ;e 'anted only cas and a free and. -f cornered on t e s(#.ect, e took offense and said t at e 'o(ld give all information to o(r re!resentatives, not to (sD t at e 'anted t em to eval(ate financial statements t at 'ere rat er ard to (nderstand. ;e fo(nd it (ndignified to give eA!lanations, and e s ro(ded is !om!o(s s!eec es in a smokescreen of selfB serving !raise. Unfort(nately, - fo(nd t at 4arco 'as often far from candid. 1(r tr(st 'as not en anced ' en 'e accidentally fo(nd t at e ad s!ec(lated in 'ood !(l!, #(ying it imself and, if t e !rice increased, reselling it at t e ig er !rice to t e factoryD if t e !rice fell, o'ever, e delivered t e 'ood !(l! to t e factory and let it #ear t e loss. Similarly, e #o(g t land ad.acent to t e ne' !lant, ' ic e kne' 'o(ld #e needed, in is o'n name and s ortly after'ard resold it to t e com!any at considera#le !rofit for imself. 9ngelo ad antici!ated t is o!eration and asked 4arco eA!licitly a#o(t it, #(t e got only an evasive re!ly. Similar deals 'ere concl(ded #y 4arco 'it stock of a s(#sidiary cor!oration. - omit serio(s errors of .(dgment e made concerning t e !a!er and !(l! marketD t ese are risks in erent in t e .o#. -n 19P3, reconstr(cting events, 9ngelo came to t e concl(sion t at o(r fat er m(st ave left a legal 'ill 'e did not kno' a#o(t, and t at to facilitate is 'resting control of SC2, 4arco ad not !rod(ced it at t e time of o(r fat er,s deat . - co(ld scarcely #elieve 9ngelo,s y!ot esis, #(t e insisted, and - 'rote to 4arco on 9(g(st 3, 19P3, from t e Brook aven /ational 7a#oratory, ' ere - 'as 'orking, demanding a clear yes or no on t e s(#.ect. 4arco re!lied com!laining a#o(t is #rot ers, ingratit(de #(t evading t e cr(cial 0(estion, saying: )- kno' t at any consideration or !ro!osal #y me in t e most favora#le y!ot esis is received #y yo( 'it (n#elief and s(s!icion, and t (s - a#stain from entering into any detail of o(r relations #y letter.) ;e asked, instead, t at t e t ree of (s meet. -n t e meantime, o'ever, 9ngelo ad g(essed ' o ad ad my fat er,s 19JJ last and legally #inding 'ill, and t e la'yer in 0(estion ackno'ledged aving ad it and aving informed 4arco of its contents, @ ??1 @ tr(sting t at e 'o(ld comm(nicate it to (s. 4arco ad, in fact, committed a serio(s offense, and 'e gave im t e alternatives eit er of reconstit(ting total !arity as sti!(lated in Cat er,s 'ill or of facing a criminal com!laint. Confronted 'it t is c oice, 4arco ca!it(lated, and 'e ret(rned to a division of SC2 in e0(al s ares. ;e t (s lost control of t e com!any. - ad told 9ngelo re!eatedly t at t is 'o(ld not el! (nless 'e ad a ne' c ief eAec(tive on and. 9ngelo 'as in a ! ase of love for Simili and insisted st(##ornly t at e s o(ld take over t e

management of SC2. Simili 'as most rel(ctant to acce!t t e .o# and said t at e 'as not t e rig t !erson for t e dayBtoBday management of an ind(stry. ;e insisted t at e 'as a financier, not an ind(strialist. - ad to ret(rn to 9merica to my ! ysics 'ork and 'as in a 0(andary. Simili took over, #(t e 'as faced 'it assignments e did not relis and for ' ic e 'as not s(ited. ;e ended #y vainly trying to #ring 4arco #ack in, o!ing t at e ad learned is lesson, and !er a!s t at e co(ld reac a mod(s vivendi 'it im. 9ngelo t en t(rned to ot er managers. ;e imself ad not ing to do eAce!t to #rood, #(t e ref(sed to #(dge from t e vicinity of /e' Uork, ' ere e resided, and - ended #y #eing re!eatedly forced to r(s to -taly des!ite t e fact t at - ad (niversity d(ties and eA!eriments in !rogress at Berkeley. - t erefore gave my !o'er of attorney to my co(sin Bindo 6imini, ' o ad 'orked at SC2 #efore t e 'ar. ;e ad s!ent t e 'ar years in So(t 9merica, #(t on ret(rning to -taly at t e end of t e 'ar ad not res(med is old .o# 'it t e firm, !artly #eca(se 4arco did not 'elcome im, and !artly #eca(se #y t en e ad ot er interests. 2 e management of SC2 in !ost'ar -taly 'as not an easy .o#D 'itness t e fact t at several ma.or !a!er mills ended in #ankr(!tcy. 1n t e ot er and, some of t e smaller firms !ros!ered. -n any case, ' en 4arco 'as fired in 19P3, e ad already #adly (rt t e firm. -n t e end, it 'as sold to United Pa!er 4ills, a Cinnis gro(! t at ad an interest in o#taining an -talian s(#sidiary, ' ic gave it access to t e Common 4arket. 2 e final agreement 'as signed in 3ecem#er 19P9. - ad gone to Stock olm to collect t e /o#el Pri*e, and - 'as at @ ??? @ t e =rand ;otel !(tting on t e !ants t at 'ent 'it my friend =iacomo 9ncona,s elegant tailcoat to go to t e ceremonies ' en Bindo called demanding t at - dro! everyt ing and come to 6ome to endorse it. 2 ere 'as no need for t is, and - did not do so, #(t it s ortened my stay in S'eden, and Elfriede, not 'it o(t reason, never forgave Bindo for is illBtimed insistence. 2 e #rot ers Segr 'ere left 'it only a minority interest in SC2, and all t ree of (s s(#se0(ently sold o(r remaining s ares to United Pa!er 4ills. 2 e Cinns ke!t t e name and eAternal a!!earance of t e old firm. 9fter losing a good deal of money 'it o(t s(cceeding in revitali*ing SC2, t ey decided to close t e 2ivoli mill and concentrate everyt ing at Ponte 7(cano, greatly red(cing t e n(m#er of 'orkers. 2 is !rod(ced a !rotracted strike, and t e Cinns sold o(t to an -talian firm, c(tting t eir losses. 2 e 2ivoli mill never reo!ened. 2 e strike ended 'it great losses for every#ody, es!ecially for t e strikers. 2 e availa#le .o#s 'ere inevita#ly red(ced to a#o(t oneBt ird of ' at t ey ad #een. -n vie' of t e arc aeological significance of t e 2ivoli mill, ' ic occ(!ied an im!ortant 6oman site, t e -talian government eAercised t e rig t of eminent domain and sei*ed t e !remises. - #itterly regret t e time, !syc ic energy, and effort - devoted to family #(siness after t e 'ar. &it greater 'isdom - co(ld ave avoided m(c (n a!!iness, financial loss, and #itterness. - 'rote to Elfriede nearly every day d(ring t is stormy !eriod, and t ese letters virt(ally form a diary of my stay in -taly. 2 is !art of my story is #ased on t em. );ere 4arco and Camily live like 'ealt y lords as #efore t e 'ar,) - 'rote on +(ne ?N, 19J%, immediately after my arrival in 6ome. )9da too lives 0(ite 'ell and it is clear t at it 'o(ld #e more a!!ro!riate for t em to send relief !ackages to (s t an vice versa. 2 ey ave maids, c a(ffe(rs, etc.) Some s(rvivors 'ere eager to tell me t eir advent(res, ' ic 'ere fre0(ently 0(ite arro'ingD ot ers 'o(ld clam (! im!enetra#ly. - did not s(cceed in learning many t ings - 'o(ld ave liked to kno'. Sometimes - 'as given contradictory acco(nts. -t 'as clear to me t at my

@ ??3 @ friends, relatives, and ac0(aintances 'ere still in a state of s ock. -nanimate o#.ects, on t e ot er and, s!oke dis!assionately, #(t t e emotion of ret(rning to t e old 2ivoli o(se, of 'alking once more in t e cent(ryBold olive groves, and of seeing t e Killa d,Este and t e !a!er mill again sorely tried my e0(animity. 9 letter dated +(ly P, 19J%, records t at )- 'ent s'imming at 9c0(e 9l#(le, 'it Bindo ' o #ro(g t along a girlfriend, to !reserve old traditions, and 'e ad an eAcellent l(nc at a resta(rant at Killa 9driana (nder one of t ose cool !ergolas and 'it a Castelli 'ine t at 'e miss so m(c in 9merica. . . . 4any t ings are very different from ' at 'e imagined. - ave often s!ent t e evening talking to 9daD going to #ed only at midnig t. . . . 4y im!ression is t at ere one lives 1$$ times #etter t an in California and t at if 'e 'ere retired, 'e s o(ld come ere at once. 1n t e ot er and it is certain t at s(ddenly some #ig eA!losion may occ(r, #(t !eo!le do not 'orry too m(c , !ossi#ly 'isely Egiven t e !olitical sit(ation in -taly at t at time, t e coalition government co(ld easily ave t(rned into a comm(nist dictators i!F. 9s to !leasantness of lifestyle t ere is no com!arison 'it ere. 2 e #ea(ty of t e !lace alone 'o(ld s(ffice. C(rt ermore t ere are ere so many !eo!le 'e kno', so many familiar faces, t at one does not ave t at feeling of loneliness -, once in a ' ile, mention at Berkeley. 9s far as 'ork is concerned, o'ever, t ings ere go #adly, c iefly #eca(se t e !rofessors are not !aid eno(g to make a living 8]P$ !er mont : and t ere is a great eAod(s of t e yo(nger generation. =iven t e !revailing conditions, ' at t ey do is admira#le, #(t for &issensc aft, 9merica is #etter. -n any case - no' t ink t at a tri! to -taly is !refera#le even to tro(t fis ing, and t at is saying eno(g .) 1n +(ly 11, - gave a seminar at t e P ysics -nstit(te. -n talking 'it t e ! ysicists t ere, )t e concl(sion 'as t at, 'it little money, t ey live ere a#o(t t e same as 'e do 'it o(r salary in 9merica, and 'it !lenty of money one lives P$ times #etter ere. - #elieve encefort t at ' en - am mad at Berkeley, t e talk s all not #e of going to C icago, #(t to 6ome.) 1n +(ly 1J, - re!orted on a visit 'it 4arco to 2ivoli: )2 e !arental o(se is in #ad s a!e #eca(se a #om# eA!loded in its vicinity. C(rt ermore many !eo!le ' o ave lost t eir omes are @ ??J @ s0(atting in it and t ere is no 'ay of evicting t em. - t (s do not see any !ossi#ility of in a#iting it in t e neAt years. 9fter l(nc - sa' Uncle =(ido E2reyesF ' o is very 'ell !reserved 8N? years old: and as not #ecome !artic(larly nicer t an e 'as. 9t 3 P.4. Co(nt Emo arrived #y !lane and - talked 'it im (ntil dinner time.) Crom a letter dated +(ly 19: )9mong ot er t ings t at !o!!ed (!, t ere is a #randBne' silver carving set t at some#ody gave to my !arents on t eir 'eddingO 2 ere are also many #ooks t at #elonged to Uncle Cla(dio and to my !arents, ome. -n eAcavating t e c(lt(ral layers de!osited over almost a cent(ry, one (nderstands ' y - ave #ecome a sort of living encyclo!aedia, as yo( say, and one as tr(ly t e im!ression t at o(r c ildren gro' (! as #ar#arians. . . .) Crom 7imonta 8near Bellagio, on 7ake Como:, 9(g(st P: )1n Criday - sa' ECarloF Perrier at 2(rin. ad l(nc 'it im and is #rot er at t e P il armonic Cl(#, in a great 1Nt cent(ry !alace 'it #(tlers in ' ite stockings and livery, #(t 'it average food. 7ater - gave my talk at EEnricoF Persico,s -nstit(te and Sat(rday morning - left for 4ilan, all t e time in a ferocio(s eat. 9t 4ilan - sa' 6en*o 6avenna Ea co(sin, formerly mayor of t e city of CerraraF. Poor fello'D t e =ermans killed a#o(t ten

relatives of is. . . .) Crom 9lassio, on 9(g(st 1$, - 'rote: )- came to 7aig(eglia, ' ere Ca(sta ESegr BeltramiF 'as s(!!osed to #e. 2 e .(nket 'as a #ad idea. 2ravel 'as a disaster #eca(se t e trains are cro'ded #eyond #eliefD same 'it t e otels. . . . Crom =enoa - came to 7aig(eglia and - ave vo'ed not to ret(rn to t e 6iviera. -t is #ea(tif(l, #(t not to my taste. . . . 1ne as t e im!ression of !eo!le en.oying life and 'it o(t seA !ro#lems. 9lso #oys and girls a#o(t 1N are very #ea(tif(l and make me t ink of 19?1, at Corte dei 4armi, 'it +. 2 ey certainly am(se t emselves and - 'o(ld #e glad if Cla(dio and is sisters co(ld ave s(c eA!eriencesD t ey are !leasant and ed(cational even if some' at !ert(r#ing. 9ll told - ave lived less idiotically t an one 'o(ld ave eA!ected, and - 'o(ld like it if t e c ildren too 'o(ld en.oy life. . . . - ave not seen in 9merica 1NByearBold #oys and girls looking as if t ey en.oyed life as m(c as ere. 1ne co(ld say t e same, o'ever, of !eo!le in general. ;ere one sees elegance as #efore t e 'ar. . . . @ ??P @ ) . . . -t is remarka#le o' com!licated t e (!#ringing of a E(ro!ean is, and o' many ingredients enter into it, at least in my case. 1ften - t ink t at Cla(dio and is sisters are fed s(c a #land and !rimitive fare t at t ey 'ill gro' (! like E.1.7. and not like, =od for#id, 1!!en eimer ' o, o'ever, - #elieve as not digested t e food, or vital no(ris ment, as 3ante says. 8-f yo( 'ant to see t e reference look it (! in t e r yme indeA (nder ,digesto.,:) 9(g(st 1G, on t e train to Clorence: )- ave rat er c anged my mind a#o(t -taly. . . . Cor instance it is im!ossi#le to send a 'ire from t e Central 6ailroad Station at 6ome. ;ere every#ody #e aves like a selfis !ig, and t ey let me 'ork like a dog, ' ile 4arco stays at =ressoney Ean 9l!ine resortF and 9ngelo takes it easy in /e' Uork.) 9(g(st 1N: )9t Clorence - ave seen =i(liana and E(genio 9rtom Emy co(sin and er (s#andF. 2 ey live in a #ea(tif(l villa 'it a garden in Clorentine style. - 'ent after'ards for dinner at 4arignolle ' ere t ere 'ere 4arcella and Uncle =(ido as 'ell as Silvia and er (s#and. 4arignolle,s gardens and t e fields are (nc anged and - find again and recogni*e t e trees - kne' one #y one as a c ild.) Uncle =(ido s o'ed t at e ad !reserved t e !(ngency of is 'it. 4y #rot er 4arco ad #een made a ca(aliere del la(oro Eknig t of 'orkF, a ig decoration conferred #y t e -talian government on t e fo(nders of im!ortant ind(stries or #(sinesses. Cat er ad #een !ro!osed for it, #(t is nomination came to na(g t #eca(se of t e regime,s antiBSemitic !olicy. 9fter t e 'ar, e #eing dead, t e government conferred t e order on 4arco, ' o ad s(cceeded im in t e management of SC2. );o' is t e knig t of is fat er,s 'ork<) Uncle =(ido in0(ired a#o(t 4arco 'it a smile. )Crom Clorence - took t e train for Padova, ' ere - o!ed to find 7oren*o EEmoF,) t e letter contin(es. );e 'as not t ere. &it a s re'd move - located a co(sin of is and e told me o' to get ere ECan*oloF, and t en - arrived ere on a small tr(ck. -t is one of t e fe' times in t is tri! - 'as glad yo( and t e c ildren 'ere not 'it me. 2 e 7ords of t e 4anor are not ere, #(t 'ill ret(rn today or tomorro' and - ave made myself at ome ' ile - 'ait for t em. . . . )2 e Can*olo villa is fantastic.EPF Unfort(nately it is located in a flat, @ ??G @ ric , and ot co(ntryside, #(t t e villa itself is s!ectac(lar. -t 'as #(ilt #y Palladio aro(nd 1PP$. -t as frescoes #y Paolo Keronese or !(!ils, and f(rnit(re, r(gs, etc., all m(se(m !ieces, 'ell ke!t, clean and alive. 9dd t at it as modern !l(m#ing, central eating and all modern conveniences. 2 e alls,

st(dies, and dining room are f(rnis ed 'it 1Gt cent(ry !ieces, 'it t e Emo armsD eac co(ld #e t e center of a modern o(se. Since - am ere alone t ey serve me in a dining room in a style - kne' only from my readings of 7ord Ca(ntleroy, eAce!t t at a local yo(ng girl serves t e meals. -n my #edroom t ere are J or P !aintings eac of ' ic , - s(rmise, co(ld !rovide t e finances of a family. 9s (s(al, in t ese s(rro(ndings t ey look 0(ite differently from ' at t ey 'o(ld in a m(se(m. . . . Cor #reakfast, for t e first time since - ave #een in -taly, - ave ad delicio(s #read and #(tter 8nat(rally from t e Co(nt,s estates:, served on a silver tray t at !ossi#ly 'eig ed P kg. -t is s(r!rising t ere is so m(c sta#ility in t e 'orld t at it is feasi#le to acc(m(late and !reserve a !ro!erty like t is one for P cent(ries. Uesterday - s!ent t e evening reading Kenetian istory in a #ook on t e Emo familyD t e list of t eir #ea(tif(l names alone is a !leas(re. Cor instance, t e #rot ers Emo a#o(t 13P$ marry C iara V(erini, Catar(**a di =iorgio 7oredan, =inevra Corner, a da(g ter of /icolI Kendramin, etc. 1t er names: 4a#ilia Kenier, Belella Pisani, Elisa#etta 4oro, 9ndrianna di 9ngelo Badoer, Cornelia di Kincen*o =rimaniD it looks like a directory of t e 4aggior Consiglio. 2 ere is a doc(mented family tree (! to Pantaleone Emo, ' o, at t e Serrata del =ran Consiglio, 'as registered among t e Kenetian no#ility 'it all is descendants. 2 e Ca!odilista seem to me to #e small fry com!ared 'it t e Emo. 9ll told - t ink Bar#ara E7oren*o,s Canadian 'ifeF mig t #e some' at (neasy. -t is a miAing of t'o different 'orlds, t at mig t give strange res(lts. -n reading t ese istories it seems t at t e living element in s(c a family is t e family and not t e individ(al mem#ers, ' ile in t e modern 'orld t e o!!osite seems to #e a!!ening. -n any case - #elieve t at s(c t ings are easier to (nderstand for an -talian 8even a +e'is one: t an for an 9merican, t e second in t e ' ole Emo genealogy.) & en 7oren*o ret(rned, 'e 'ent to Kenice toget er. - ad started @ ??% @ feeling sick even #efore going to Can*olo, and in Kenice - tried to #oard a slee!ing car train for 6omeD #(t it 'as f(ll. 9 one dollar #ill given to t e cond(ctor made im discover t at an 9(strian girl ad #een over#ooked, and 'it !olite eAc(ses e t re' er o(t of er com!artment and gave it to me. S(c 'as t en t e !o'er of a dollar. 4y emotions in -taly, t e eat, and t e many #itter !ills - ad to s'allo' from 4arco and from 9ngelo and is eccentricities 'ere altoget er more t an my g(ts co(ld #ear and t e concl(sion of t e .o(rney 'as t at - develo!ed a d(odenal (lcer. 1n my ret(rn to Berkeley at t e #eginning of Se!tem#er, - got t e idea t at t e o#.ective sym!toms - ad mig t #e d(e to a stomac cancer. 2 e s(s!icion 'as !essimistic, #(t not entirely foolis , as 'e (nfort(nately sa' some years later in Cermi,s case. - 'ent to my friend 3r. =iacomo 9ncona, ' o tried to reass(re me, #(t nonet eless sent me to a radiologist, a man - kne' 'ell from t e 6ad 7a#. ;e eAamined me very caref(lly and said t at e co(ld not see anyt ing s(s!icio(s eAce!t a !ossi#le d(odenal (lcer. - asked im o' many cancers esca!ed im, to ' ic e ans'ered: )9#o(t ?$ !ercent.) 4y t o(g t 'as t en immediately, )9nd ' at if - am in t e ?$ !ercent<) 9ncona t en sent me to a 'ellBkno'n gastroenterologist, ' o, aving st(died me, concl(ded #y asking, )& at is yo(r favorite form of relaAation<) - ans'ered, )2ro(t fis ing in t e mo(ntains.) ;e t en !rescri#ed tro(t fis ing in t e mo(ntains and advised me to forget diets, dr(gs, and sym!toms. - follo'ed is orders in Elfriede,s com!any, and after some mont s - recovered. - ad fo(nd it necessary to organi*e my researc gro(! at Berkeley d(ring my a#sence in s(c a 'ay t at - co(ld remain informed a#o(t ' at 'as a!!ening and not alt o(r 'ork. 2 is #ecame easier as time 'ent on and C am#erlain and &iegand mat(red scientifically. Cinally, 'e arranged t ings so t at any one of (s co(ld go a'ay for a !eriod of (! to a#o(t siA mont s 'it o(t great disr(!tion.

@ ??N @

C%a*ter Nine+ Ri*ening Cro*s -"#/.0"#/=2, Smell o& Ri*e 5%eat

Season of mists and mello' fr(itf(lnessO +o n Meats, )2o 9(t(mn) 9t Berkeley after t e 'ar - fo(nd myself for t e second time in my life 8t e first ad #een at Palermo: free to 'ork according to my tastes 'it o(t t e need to !rod(ce a certain n(m#er of !a!ers or res(lts in order to s(rvive in t e !rofession. -t is said t at Kerdi al'ays com!lained of aving to com!ose is o!eras (nder cr(el deadlines, and t at only :thello and 'alstaff& t e master!ieces of is old age, 'ere com!osed according to is 'is es, in f(ll freedom. &it all d(e res!ect to t e differences, my o'n eA!erience ad #een similar. Cirst t e -talian com!etitions and t e com!(lsion to !ile (! !rinted !a!er, later my !osition as a ref(gee at Berkeley, and later still t e eAigencies of 7os 9lamos ad forced me to 'ork on s ortBrange !ro.ects t at co(ld #e #ro(g t to fr(ition ra!idly or to ot er'ise 'ork (nder great !ress(re. /o' t at - ad )arrived,) - co(ld tackle longerBrange !ro.ects, and - t o(g t t at t e n(cleonB n(cleon interaction 'as a 'ort y s(#.ect of investigation. -t seemed to #e at t e very core of t e eA!loration of n(clear @ ??9 @ str(ct(re, t e n(cle(s #eing an assem#ly of n(cleons. 4any famo(s ! ysicists ad devoted great efforts to its t eoretical st(dy: &erner ;eisen#erg, Ettore 4a.orana, E(gene &igner, -gor 2amm, and ot ers ad !rovided dee! t eoretical insig ts into t e !ro#lem, and lo'Benergy eA!eriments ad s ed lig t on many as!ects of it, alt o(g limited to states of *ero ang(lar moment(m. 2 e ig er energies no' availa#le o!ened (! to eA!eriment states of ig er ang(lar moment(m, and t ey co(ld give significant ne' information. 2o !re!are myself for t is eA!erimental !rogram, - started learning ' at 'as kno'n a#o(t t e n(cleonBn(cleon collision #y giving a grad(ate co(rse in n(clear ! ysics 'it em! asis on t at !artic(lar area. 2 e ra!idly develo!ing accelerators offered (ni0(e o!!ort(nities.E1F 3(ring t e 'ar, t e great magnet !lanned for an ordinary cyclotron 'it an energy of 1$$ 4eK, to ' ic - ad made a small contri#(tion, served to !rovide t e magnetic field for !rototy!es of mass s!ectrogra! s. 9fter t e 'ar, it ret(rned to an accelerator, #(t of a different ty!e from t at !revio(sly !lanned. 2 e !lans for t e ne' mac ine incl(ded fre0(ency mod(lation and t e (se of t e ! aseBsta#ility !rinci!le, it 'as to #ecome t e 1NJBinc Berkeley sync rocyclotron. 2 is mac ine started 'orking at t e end of 19JG and ad a long and glorio(s istory. -nitially, it accelerated only an internal de(teron #eam to a#o(t 19P 4eK. 2 ese de(terons im!inging on any target !rod(ced an eAternal ne(tron #eam of a#o(t 1$$ 4eK, t e first 'e (sed in t e ne(tron!roton collision investigation started in 19J%. 2 ese ne(trons ca(sed a f(nny e!isode. 9 asty investigation of t e ang(lar distri#(tion of t e ne(tron #eam, !erformed as soon as t e accelerator started f(nctioning, indicated a for'ard distri#(tion, as eA!ected, #(t 'it a minim(m at deflection *ero. 2 is 'as re!orted in a collo0(i(m attended #y 1!!en eimer, and e immediately gave a learned t eoretical eA!lanation of t e ! enomenon. - listened to it and t en said t at it 'as #etter to c eck if #y c ance t ere 'as not a lead #rick .(st in front of t e

target, !ro.ecting a s ado'. -mmediately after t e collo0(i(m some#ody r(s ed to c eck my y!ot esis. -t 'as correct. -n t e s(mmer of 19JN, 1'en C am#erlain, ' o, as !revio(sly noted, @ ?3$ @ after aving served in my gro(! at 7os 9lamos, ad gone to C icago and o#tained is P .3. (nder Cermi, ret(rned to Berkeley as an instr(ctor and re.oined my gro(!. 1(r detailed st(dy of t e n(cleonn(cleon collision 'as greatly en anced at t e end of t at year #y t e availa#ility of an eAternal !roton #eam. Cor many years t e meas(rements 'e did #et'een 19JN and 19PP remained a(t oritative. E?F 4any !eo!le colla#orated in t e eA!erimental side of t e enter!rise incl(ding ;. C. Uork, C am#erlain, Clyde &iegand, and 2om U!silantis.E3F 2 e contri#(tion of all t ese colleag(es, !ostdoctoral fello's, and grad(ate st(dents 'as essentialD 'it o(t it, it 'o(ld ave #een im!ossi#le to carry on t e enter!rise. 4eas(ring not only a#sol(te collision cross sections, #(t also !olari*ations, correlations, and similar #ea(ties, 'e collected a 'ealt of eA!erimental data. 2 e neAt ste! 'as to derive from t em t e ! ase s ifts of t e !artial s, !, d, etc., 'aves. Cor t is analysis, U!silantis, ;enry Sta!!, and /ic olas 4etro!olis (sed t e 7os 9lamos com!(ter.EJF -n t e end, t e !ro#lem t(rned o(t to #e less f(ndamental t an eit er 'e or t e t eoreticians #elieved in t e 19J$s. 9t t e time, it 'as #elieved t at t e n(cleonBn(cleon force 'as a !rimary nat(ral force mediated #y !ions according to ;ideki U(ka'a,s ideas. Progress as c anged t e o(tlook. &e no' #elieve t at t e tr(e f(ndamental forces are t ose #et'een 0(arks, descri#ed #y c romodynamics. /evert eless for n(clear ! ysics in a strict sense, t e n(cleonBn(cleon force is still of ca!ital im!ortance, inde!endently of its origin. Even 'it t is reservation, o'ever, o(rs 'as an im!ortant !iece of 'ork of d(ra#le val(e, or at least as d(ra#le as s(c t ings are in !resentBday ! ysics. -n addition to researc - reg(larly ta(g t one or t'o co(rses, (s(ally one to (!!erBdivision (ndergrad(ates and one to grad(ate st(dents. 1ver t e years - greatly varied t e s(#.ects. 1ften - ta(g t n(clear ! ysics and 0(ant(m mec anics, trying to make t e s(#.ect sim!le ' ile at t e same time !resenting significant !ro#lems. -t seems t at t e reactions to my co(rses 'ere of t'o kinds: one gro(! of st(dents 'ere very a!!reciative, ot ers not so m(c . - #elieve my lect(res 'ere not as !olis ed as ot ers, #(t t ey ad a degree of fres ness t at made t em @ ?31 @ a!!ealing. - #elieve one sa' - 'as not reciting a teAt#ook, #(t rat er telling from eA!erience as a !racticing scientist. Seminars 'ere an im!ortant com!onent of my teac ing. - often eld t em 'it some ot er !rofessor, s(c as C am#erlain, 'it an attendance of a#o(t ten st(dents. St(dents !re!ared to eA!lain some good revie' article, often from Annual .e(iews of 3uclear Science& to t e a(dience. - tried to !ay attention and to learn somet ing ne'. - also demanded t at t e s!eaker (nderstood ' at e 'as saying. -t 'as s(r!rising o' often form(lae 'o(ld occ(r ' ere t e s!eaker did not really kno' t e meaning of t e sym#ols e 'as (sing, or diagrams ' ere t e s!eaker co(ld not eA!lain ' at 'as !lotted. Unfort(nately, - ad a tendency to fall aslee!, es!ecially ' en - did not (nderstand. 9t a slig tly ig er level - tried to elicit an eA!lanation of t e vario(s )-t is easily s o'n)s t at adorn t e scientific literat(re. 9ll told, - o!e t e co(rses gave not only s!ecific information on tec nical !oints, #(t also an ed(cation in scientific attit(de.

- 'ell remem#ered o' once as a yo(ng assistant !rofessor - ad c(t a #ad fig(re on one of t e rare occasions ' en Cor#ino attended a seminar. ;e ad asked for a s(#tle, t o(g necessary, eA!lanation in a 0(estion of adia#atic demagneti*ation, and - o#vio(sly demonstrated t at - did not kno' ' at 'as talking a#o(t. -n t e same vein, a fe' years #efore is deat , in a conversation in ' ic - com!lained a#o(t t e many s(#.ects t at are s(!!osedly )'ell kno'n) #(t in fact are .(st t e o!!osite, Cermi s(ggested - make a note of any s(c 0(estions - came acrossHs(c as validity conditions for Born,s a!!roAimation, s(#tle 0(estions of B and ; in magnetism, signs in t e energy eA!ressions in t ermodynamics, inn(mera#le 0(estions related to ! ases in 0(ant(m mec anics, and so onHand t at ' en e retired, e 'o(ld 'rite a #ook giving all t e eA!lanations. Unfort(nately, t is did not come to !ass. -t 'o(ld ave #een t e #estBseller in ! ysics. 1f co(rse, t ere are many ot er ! ysicists ' o co(ld 'rite s(c a #ook. - o!e one of t em 'ill o#lige, and 'rite it 'it Cermi,s clarity and sim!licity. -n t at !eriod - also started to #(sy myself 'it ! ysics literat(re, @ ?3? @ in ' ic - ad a longBstanding interest. -mmediately after t e 'ar, kno'ledge ac0(ired ' ile 'orking on military !ro.ects 'as classified and co(ld #e (sed only #y t ose 'it a!!ro!riate clearances. 4(c of it, o'ever, ad only little and indirect military val(e, alt o(g it 'as im!ortant for scientific and tec nological !rogress. 4oreover, t e very eAistence of secret re!orts !rod(ced a'k'ard res(lts, #eca(se, ' ile cleared !ersonnel kne' t at certain t ings ad #een done or co(ld #e done #y met ods and tec ni0(es develo!ed d(ring t e 'ar, t ey co(ld not (se or teac ' at t ey kne' 'it o(t violating military secrecy. 2 e government ad started a #ig declassification !rocess, #(t #y its nat(re it 'as a slo' o!eration, very #(rea(cratic and occasionally even s(#.ect to mani!(lation. - t en t o(g t t at it mig t #e a 'ort y endeavor to com!ile a #ig treatise on t e model of t e !re'ar =erman Handbuch der -hysi/ edited #y ;ans +. &. =eiger and Marl Sc eel, #(t limited for organi*ational and time reasons to n(clear ! ysics. -t co(ld not #e 'ritten #y any one !erson, #eca(se eac c a!ter 'o(ld re0(ire t e eA!ertise of one or more s!ecialists 'it first and information. assem#led a gro(! of eA!erts and directed t e com!ilation, in t ree fat vol(mes, of E;perimental 3uclear -hysics& ' ic 'as very s(ccessf(l 8it 'as even translated into 6(ssian:. 2 e enter!rise took longer t an - ad antici!ated, o'everD t e first vol(me a!!eared in 19P3 and t e last in 19P9.EPF -n t e same s!irit of el!ing disseminate scientific information, - also started to 'ork for Annual .e(iews of 3uclear Science . 2 e series 'as initiated #y ot ers, #(t - soon #ecame one of its mainstays, and in 19P? its editor. - ke!t t e .o# (ntil 19%%, ' en - retired #eca(se - t o(g t yo(nger forces s o(ld carry on.EGF 2 e 'ork 'as !ractically (n!aid, #(t it el!ed to kee! me c(rrent, and - #elieve it as not #een t e smallest service - ave !erformed for t e !rofession. - remained in Berkeley d(ring all of 19JN. Cermi came t ere to teac t e s(mmer session, after ' ic 'e 'ent to 7os 9lamos for a fe' 'eeks toget er. ;e drove all t e 'ay from California, #eca(se e did not tr(st any#ody else. -n 19J9 t e !ro#lems of SC2 re0(ired my !resence in -taly, and - ret(rned t ere 'it Elfriede and c ildren. - 'o(ld ave liked to s!end a good !art of t e time at 2ivoli, #(t Elfriede @ ?33 @ dem(rred. - never fat omed t e ca(se of Elfriede,s dislike for 2ivoli. 9 !ossi#le eA!lanation, alt o(g stren(o(sly denied #y er, may ave #een t e contrast #et'een er (n a!!y c ild ood at 1stro'o, and later at Bresla(, and my o'n at 2ivoli.

-n Se!tem#er 19J9, - attended an international ! ysics conference at Basel, ' ere for t e first time since #efore t e 'ar, 'e 'ere once again a#le to meet o(r old E(ro!ean colleag(es and friends and re!ort at least in !art on t e great novelties develo!ed d(ring t e 'ar. - s!oke t ere of o(r 'ork on n(cleonBn(cleon collisions.E%F 2 e great &olfgang Pa(li 'as in t e a(dienceD e listened s aking is ead from left to rig t and sim(ltaneo(sly s ifting is eavy #ody (! and do'n. 9fter my s!eec , - 'as going a'ay 'it t e S'iss ! ysical c emist Egon Bretsc er, ' o ad #een at 7os 9lamos, ' en Pa(li accosted me and said: )- ave never eard a 'orse re!ort t an yo(rs.) - did not ans'erD ' at co(ld say< B(t Pa(li t(rned to Bretsc er and added: )- stand correctedD ' en yo( s!oke Eand e mentioned t e occasionF it 'as even 'orse.) & ere(!on e de!arted. 9not er ! ysicist, ' o kne' Pa(li 'ell and ad 'itnessed t e !erformance, smiled at me and said: )3on,t listen to im. Uo(r s!eec m(st ave #een 0(ite interesting to im #eca(se e oscillated all t e time, ' ic means t at e 'as listening caref(lly.) - kne' Pa(li 'ell eno(g to kno' t at t ere 'as no reason to 'orry a#o(t is remarks. -n an eAc(rsion follo'ing t e Basel meeting, 'e 'ent to t e Cosmic 6ay 7a# at 2esta =rigia near t e 2 eod(le Pass (nder t e 4atter orn. - revisited t e Bre(il #asin ' ere - ad s!ent memora#le days t'enty years earlier. 2 e Bre(il 'as already s!oiled #y ne' otels and ski lifts, ' ic ad transformed t at 9l!ine gem into a v(lgar commercial resort. 9t t e Cosmic 6ay 7a#, 'ork 'as !roceeding c iefly (nder t e leaders i! of =il#erto Bernardini. Several of t e -talian ! ysicists 'ere fed (! 'it t e diffic(lt 'orking conditions t at !revailed t ere, o'ever, and s ortly t ereafter, Bernardini, =ian Carlo &ick, and ot er friends of mine !acked (! and came to 'ork in t e United States, at least for a fe' years. Back in Berkeley, 6o#ert Brode, Crancis +enkins, and - ke!t o(r eyes o!en for !romising yo(ng recr(its to t e staff of t e ! ysics @ ?3J @ de!artment. 2 is 'as one of t e reasons for attending t e ann(al meetings of t e 9merican P ysical Society in &as ington, 3.C., ' ic f(nctioned as a !lacement market. -ntervie'ing !ossi#le candidates in 19JN, - recalled t e days ' en - ad attended similar meetings looking for 'ork, !artic(larly my diffic(lt time in 19J$. 2 e ta#les ad no' t(rned. 2 e sit(ation in 19JN 'as radically differentD #efore t e 'ar t ere ad #een fe' .o#s, ' ereas no' a#le candidates co(ld al'ays c oose among several eAcellent !ositions. Birge, t o(g ead of t e de!artment, ardly took t e initiative in t e selection of yo(ng recr(its, #(t t e University of California 'as in a ! ase of eA!ansion and 0(alitative im!rovement, ' ic facilitated t e recr(itment !rocess. -f one co(ld find an o(tstanding !ros!ect, 'e co(ld co(nt on t e administration #eing a#le to find t e means to make an attractive offer. C(rt ermore, for !eo!le interested in n(clear or !article ! ysics, t e accelerators and 6ad 7a# facilities 'ere a !o'erf(l attraction. &e t (s 'ere a#le to ire many f(t(re cele#rities. Unfort(nately, several left #eca(se, es!ecially to t eoreticians, t e eastern United States offered strong com!etition #y reason inter alia of its s(!erior sco!e for comm(nication and eAc ange of ideas. ;arvard enticed a'ay several of o(r #est yo(ng !rofessors, among t em Steven &ein#erg, S eldon =las o', and 4ic ael 2ink am. -n 19J9 t e 6egents of t e University of California, its s(!reme a(t ority, came (! 'it t e idea of re0(iring a loyalty oat of t e fac(lty, demanding among ot er t ings t at t ey declare t at t ey 'ere not mem#ers of t e Comm(nist Party. 2 e 'ording of t e oat 'as relatively armless, #(t it 'as not armless to demand it of !rofessors ' ile eAem!ting all ot er state em!loyees. 2 e controversy eA!anded into #itter arg(ments, and in my o!inion t e 6egents s o'ed t at t ey 'ere not (! to t eir task. 2 ey seemed to me more concerned 'it t eir !restige and 'it asserting t eir !aramo(nt a(t ority t an 'it t e 'elfare of t e (niversity. 2 e governor of California, Earl &arren, sided 'it t e moderate faction among t e 6egentsD t e eAtremists 'ere led #y +. C. /eylan, a former ;earst

la'yer noted for is eAtreme !olitical o!inions. 2 is radical faction !revailed, and t ose ' o did not s'ear t e loyalty oat 'ere dismissed.ENF @ ?3P @ -n ! ysics t is res(lted in serio(s losses, among t em =eoffrey C e', &olfgang Panofsky, 4arvin =old#erger, =ian Carlo &ick, and 6o#ert Ser#er. Cor t eory, it 'as a #ody #lo'D for eA!eriment, somet ing a #it less. 7(ckily all t ese men fo(nd eAcellent !ositions and 'ere not forced to make severe !ersonal sacrifices, eAce!t for t e inconvenience of moving. /one of t em 'ere comm(nists, #(t t ey ref(sed on !rinci!le to take a discriminatory oat . 7a'rence took a ard line, follo'ing 6egent /eylan and t ose ' o demanded t e oat . ;e did not a!!reciate t e nat(re of t e o#.ections of t e nonBsignersD to im t ey seemed #y*antine 0(i##les. =rotes0(e e!isodes ens(ed. 1ne involved t e s!ecial !ass re0(ired at t e time for admission to t e 6ad 7a#. 7a'rence s(mmoned &ick to is office and, in t e !resence of 9lvare*, c(rtly asked &ick ' et er it 'as tr(e t at e ad not signed t e oat . &ick, taken #y s(r!rise, gave an e0(ally c(rt affirmation. 7ooking straig t into is eyes, 7a'rence res!onded: )2 en yo( can no longer 'ork at t e 6adiation 7a#.) &ick, in t(rn, coldly offered to ret(rn is !ass to t e sec(rity officer, and 7a'rence said, )Please do.) &ick gave 7a'rence t e !ass, and t at ended t e intervie'. Under t e a!!arent coldness of t e 'ords, feelings ran ig . -t 'as clear to &ick t at 7a'rence 'as acting illegally, #eca(se e ad no a(t ority for 'it dra'ing t e !ass, and t at e 'as in a v(lnera#le !osition. 9lvare* at once (nderstood t e im!lications and ramifications of 7a'rence,s action. ;e m(st ave ca(tioned and calmed im do'n, and after a fe' days 9lvare* called &ick on t e ! one and asked im to forget t e ' ole incident. Ernest, e said, sometimes acts in a fit of emotionD !lease do not take ' at e said serio(sly. &ick got #ack is !ass. - !ersonally sym!at i*ed 'it t e nonBsigners, #(t - 'as not incensed #y t e controversy. 4y friends +enkins and Brode, ' o s ared my o!inions on t e s(#.ect, insisted t at t e oat and t e connected eAcitement 'ere transient l(nacies of a ty!e t at ad occ(rred many times in t e istory of t e United States, and t at t ey 'o(ld !ass. -n any case, - signed t e oat , alt o(g - t o(g t s(c oat s meaningless. - calc(lated t at - ad s'orn my allegiance to king, 4(ssolini, !arty, constit(tions, and instit(tions at least fifteen times, and - even rememB @ ?3G @ #ered a !rono(ncement #y Po!e Pi(s Y-, elicited #y a Cascist oat , eA!licitly stating t at (nder certain circ(mstances one co(ld take s(c oat s 'it mental reservations t at made t em void.E9F - d(g t e !a!al doc(ment o(t in t e li#rary and translated it, and some colleag(es to ' om - ad sent it !osted it in 7os 9lamos, ' ic administratively de!ended on t e 6egents of t e University of California. 9t Berkeley it circ(lated less o!enly. &it all t is #re'ing, it 'as not clear o' t e sit(ation 'o(ld evolve, and - t o(g t it advisa#le to distance myself a little from t e University of California and to 'ait t e t(rn of events, !re!ared to go else' ere if 'orst came to 'orst. -n t e meantime t e nonBsigners ad started a legal action against t e 6egents, ' ic (ltimately 'ent to t e s(!reme co(rt of t e state of California. 2 e co(rt r(led t at t e oat 'as (nconstit(tional, forced t e 6egents to a#olis it, to reinstate t e !rofessors ' o ad resigned or #een fired, and to !ay t em damages. 9ll t is, o'ever, 'as still in t e f(t(re. 2 e (n!leasant atmos! ere created #y t e oat deteriorated f(rt er, for me, ' en Br(no Pontecorvo

(neA!ectedly defected to t e USS6. ;e 'as vacationing in -taly from is !ermanent !ost in England, ' en a#o(t 1cto#er ?$, 19P$, e traveled to Cinland 'it is family and vanis ed. ;e left no traces, #(t it 'as reasona#ly s(!!osed t at e ad gone to 6(ssia. - do not kno' t e reason for is flig t. 1ne can form(late several y!ot eses, fe' of t em flattering to im. -n 19J$, esca!ing from t e /a*is, Pontecorvo ad so(g t asyl(m and fo(nd os!itality in t e United States, t ere#y indirectly inc(rring a moral o#ligation to'ard t e co(ntry. - ad no information a#o(t is disa!!earance ot er t an ' at read in t e ne's!a!ers. 9lt o(g - ad #een Pontecorvo,s friend since is st(dent days in 6ome, ad el!ed im o#tain a .o# at 2(lsa in 19J$, and ad seen im at t e Basel conference, - certainly 'as not !rivy to is secrets. 9fter Pontecorvo,s flig t, several officers of t e U.S. government 0(estioned me, #(t only as a 'itness, and 'it f(ll ackno'ledgment t at - ad not ad anyt ing to do 'it is disa!!earance. 1n t e ot er and, =. 4. =iannini, ' o ad an interest in o(r ne(tron !atents and dealt 'it ot er !arties a#o(t t em, tele! oned to me as t o(g e @ ?3% @ 'anted to im!licate me in Pontecorvo,s actions, and 7(is 9lvare* attacked me, as - recorded in a note#ook on 1cto#er ?J, 19P$: 9lvare* enters my office. 1. C am#erlain !resent. 9sks a#o(t Pontecorvo. 2 en says it is im!ro!er to ask for com!ensation for t e Cermi !atent #eca(se 'e came to t is co(ntry and t e s elter received 'as to (s 'ort more t an a million dollars. &e are g(ests ere and 'e s o(ld #e glad to #e a#le to re!ay in !art t e US9 for t e !rivilege of citi*ens i!. - ans'er did not t ink t at citi*ens i!s 'ere for sale. 2 at t e la' fiAed s(c t ings. ;e said t at to #ring a s(it 8for !atent com!ensation: 'as like settling a 0(arrel #y fistic(ffs in a #ar. ans'ered t at a US co(rt 'ill not #e flattered #y t e com!arison. ;e concl(ded t at s o(ld let im kno' ' en Pontecorvo 'rites me from 6(ssia. - s!oke to Birge, 2 ornton, and Brode a#o(t 9lvare*,s o(t#(rst, and all t ree advised to kee! my cool, since no#ody s(s!ected me. 1n =iacomo 9ncona,s s(ggestion - also s!oke to a former California s(!reme co(rt .(stice ' o 'as is close friend. ;e listened intently and t en advised me to do a#sol(tely not ing and 'ait for t e storm to #lo' over. Pontecorvo,s flig t also made tro(#le for Serge Sc er#atskoy, is old #oss at 2(lsa, ' o 'as t e son of a c*arist general. 4(c #igger and more omino(s t ings 'ere #re'ing at Berkeley, o'ever, es!ecially after t e eA!losion of t e first 6(ssian atomic #om# 89(g(st ?9, 19J9:. 7a'rence gre' increasingly concerned a#o(t t e United States,s atomic 'ea!ons, ' ic seemed to im inade0(ate, and so(g t to im!rove t em 'it vario(s tec nical initiatives, ' ic ended in serio(s fail(res.E1$F - ad eard of some of t ese !lans, ' ic seemed ill advised to me, and - decided, feeling d(ty #o(nd, to s!eak to 7a'rence on t e s(#.ect, trying to give im my reasons and my n(merical estimates as 'ell - co(ld. ;e reacted 'it great ve emence, acc(sing me of #eing (n!atriotic, la*y, selfis , and =od kno's ' at more. - 'as not s(r!rised and did not lose my tem!er. - m(st also add t at 7a'rence, a!art from a fe' ins(lts, did not do anyt ing against me, left me t e (se of t e mac ines, and contin(ed is s(!!ort as #efore. -n t e meantime, 7a'rence and 2eller 'ere striking an alliance for t e #(ilding of t e ydrogen #om#. 2eller ad #een o#sessed 'it it since t e time of 7os 9lamos, and t is ad given rise to serio(s conflicts @ ?3N @

'it 1!!en eimer, Bet e, and ot ers. Cermi, ' ose scientific !restige 'as !aramo(nt, 'as against t e ydrogen #om#, #(t felt it inc(m#ent (!on im to inform t e government a#o(t t e tec nical sit(ation, alt o(g e advised against #(ilding s(c a 'ea!on.E11F 9fter t e develo!ment of t e Soviet atomic #om#, 2eller redo(#led is efforts and entered an alliance 'it 7a'rence, t e 9ir Corce, and ot er scientists and !oliticians to !(s t e develo!ment of t e ydrogen #om#. - !ersonally did not 'ant to get involved in a military !ro.ect t at - regarded as #eing of do(#tf(l (sef(lness. -n any case t e !ress(res eAerted on me 'ere moderate and easy to resist. /ot only did - not take !art in t e str(ggles, mac inations, and intrig(es of t is !eriod, #(t - did not even kno' of t em. 'as not among 7a'rence,s confidants. &e #ot kne' t e c asm #et'een o(r ideas and it 'as not 'ort is ' ile for 7a'rence to try to convert me to is vie's, es!ecially since - 'as (nim!ortant in science !olicy. -, on my side, neit er kne' o' to a!!roac 7a'rence nor ad any o!e of c anging is ideas. 1n t e ot er and, - ad several conversations 'it 2eller, ' om - ad kno'n 'ell since my time at t e P ysics -nstit(te in 6ome. - soon reali*ed, o'ever, t at e 'as dominated #y irresisti#le !assions m(c stronger t an even is !o'erf(l rational intellect. St(dents and !ostdoctoral fello's 'ere in a m(c more diffic(lt !osition t an -. Cor t em to say no to 7a'rence mig t serio(sly t reaten t eir careers, and 7a'rence also ad a tec nicoBscientific ascendancy over t em t at e lacked over me. 4oreover, alt o(g !resented c iefly as a !atriotic d(ty, 'ar 'ork 'as not devoid of financial attractions. - tried to give to my st(dents and yo(nger colleag(es my candid a!!raisal of t e sit(ation as - sa' it, #(t - al'ays concl(ded #y insisting t at t e decision m(st #e t eirs alone. 9ll t ese str(ggles !oisoned t e scientific atmos! ere and !art of t e scientific comm(nity. 2oo often t e !olitical a(t orities 'ere de!rived of cool, informed tec nical adviceD too often t ey eard only confirmation of t eir o'n 'is f(l t inking. Battles strangely similar to t ose of t at !eriod still !ersist and are a serio(s t reat to (manity. 9t t at time - ad fre0(ent offers of (niversity !ositions, and, considering t e t(rmoil generated at Berkeley #y t e loyalty oat controB @ ?39 @ versy, - decided to go to t e University of -llinois at Ur#ana to 'ait t ings o(t. 2 e c airman of t e ! ysics de!artment and local c*ar at Ur#ana 'as &. C. 7oomis, an a#le and agreea#le !erson. ;e 'as entirely dedicated to t e im!rovement of is de!artment, ' ic 'as t en (ndergoing eA!ansion, and 'as striving to enric an already eAcellent fac(lty. =il#erto Bernardini ad moved to t e University of -llinois from Col(m#ia, and Ur#ana 'as relatively close to C icago, ' ere - co(ld visit Cermi. Bernardini and - ad #een close friends since o(r st(dent days, and 'e ad !leasant eAc anges in and o(tside science, incl(ding memora#le !arties !laying scopone 8an -talian card game:. 3onald Merst,s #etatron seemed to #e an interesting accelerator, alt o(g it failed to com!letely f(lfill my o!es. 9ll t is 'as needed to com!ensate for t e climate and s(rro(ndings, ' ic co(ld not com!are 'it t ose of California. Before going to Ur#ana, o'ever, - 'as a#le to s!end a fe' mont s in E(ro!e and in 19P1 'e 'ent to Paris, ' ere - rene'ed my ac0(aintance 'it t e +oliotBC(ries. - ad received a C(l#rig t fello's i! for -taly and ad #een invited to give t e 9ccademia dei 7incei,s 3onegani 7ect(res. 82 is 'as 0(ite an onor #eca(se t ey ad #een given only once #efore, #y Cermi, in 19J9.: 2 e lect(res - gave in 6ome and 4ilan in 9!ril 19P1 'ere later !(#lis ed in a #ooklet #y t e 7incei.E1?F 2 e !resident of t e 9ccademia dei 7incei, Professor Crancesco =iordani, a ! ysicoBc emist, told me t at t e 9cademy 'o(ld like to elect me a mem#er or onor me in some ot er 'ay. Being an 9merican citi*en, o'ever, - co(ld #ecome only a foreign mem#er, and t ey 'o(ld ave !referred to ave me as

a national mem#er, 'it voting rig ts. - said t at - did not mind #ecoming a foreign mem#er, ' ic a!!ened in 19PN, s(c #eing t e s!eed at ' ic t e 9cademy moves. -n t e meantime, - 'as a'arded t e !restigio(s Canni**aro 4edal 819PP:. 1n t e occasion of t e 3onegani 7ect(res - also met 3r. 7(igi 4orandi, t en vice !resident of t e 4ontecatini Com!any, t e #iggest -talian c emical com!any, t e steel magnates Calck, t e !(#lis ers 4ondadori, t e ne's!a!er !(#lis er -. 4ontanelli, and several ot er -talian !ersonalities, 'it ' om remained in contact. @ ?J$ @ 9t t e end of 19P1, -nternational B(siness 4ac ines Cor!oration offered me t e directors i! of a scientific la#oratory it !ro!osed to esta#lis , ' ic 'o(ld #e connected 'it Col(m#ia University in /e' Uork and devoted to f(ndamental researc 'it o(t any s ortBterm commercial a!!lication. 2 e offer 'as all(ring and merited serio(s consideration. 2 e (niversity connection, im!ortant for me, 'o(ld ave #een !reserved #y a c air at Col(m#ia. 1n t e ot er and, - 'o(ld ardly #e a#le to contin(e my n(clear 'ork, ' ic 'as too remote from -B4,s interests. 2 e salary -B4 offered 'as a#o(t t'ice ' at - 'as earning at Berkeley. )3r. Segr, ' ere do yo( come from<) 2 omas &atson, +r., t e !resident of -B4, asked me in t e co(rse of o(r disc(ssions. )Crom Berkeley, California,) - re!lied. )Strange, - ave #een to California many times, #(t - ave never met a !erson ' o talks like yo(,) &atson said. &e #ot started la(g ing, and - eA!lained t at - 'as -talian. - also 'ent to see -B4,s great researc la#oratory at Po(g kee!sie, a tri! of ' ic - remem#er #est t e red flame of t e a(t(mn foliage against a dee! #l(e sky, a nat(ral s!ectacle - still vividly recall after so many years. 3(ring my negotiations 'it -B4, - started form(lating some !lans for t e f(t(re la# and s(ggesting some !eo!le it 'o(ld #e desira#le to ire. 9mong t em 'ere Er'in ;a n and 6ic ard 7. =ar'in. - ad eard of t e first at t e University of -llinois and of t e second from Cermi, ' o ad !raised im to me in (n(s(al terms. 2 e t'o 'ere (ltimately ired #y -B4, and =ar'in is still t ere in a senior !osition, ' ile ;a n as #ecome a Berkeley !rofessor. 2o f(rt er com!licate my deli#erations, - also received anot er attractive offer, from t e Brook aven /ational 7a#oratory. & ile - 'as trying to make (! my mind, im!ort(ned #y t ese fastidi grassi 8fat tro(#les:, as my fat er 'o(ld ave called t em, t e Berkeley sit(ation 'as im!roving. 2 e 6egents 'ere getting a to(g and deserved lesson from t e California s(!reme co(rt, and at t e same time t e Board,s com!osition 'as c anging, as t e most eAtreme mem#ers 'ere #eing re!laced at t e end of t eir terms #y more moderate ones. -n t e end, aving considered my o!tions, - decided to ret(rn to Berkeley. @ ?J1 @ /ot t at everyt ing t ere 'as easy. - ad to 'o##le #et'een t e ! ysics de!artment and t e 6ad 7a#. say 'o##le, #eca(se on t e one and - needed t e accelerators, and my 'ork 'as s(!!orted #y t e 6ad 7a#, #(t on t e ot er and - ad diffic(lties 'it 7a'rence. & at ad a!!ened in my early years at Berkeley ad left its scars, and #esides - did not like t e little - kne' of 7a'rence,s military activities. grant t at e 'as friendly and genero(s in giving me access to t e mac ines, #(t - felt t at if - ad

entered t e circle of is close friends, - 'o(ld ave lost my freedom. - t (s avoided going on is !ayroll even d(ring t e s(mmer, ' ile almost every#ody else did. - 'anted to make s(re t at e co(ld not consider me as is em!loyee. - also rat er c ildis ly avoided a!!earing in gro(! ! otos taken on t e ina(g(ration of accelerators and similar occasions. -t 'as not easy for me to s!eak to 7a'rence, as it ad not #een easy many years earlier to s!eak to Cor#ino, and !ossi#ly 7a'rence too 'as (ncomforta#le 'it me. 2 e differences #et'een o(r scientific o(tlooks, c(lt(ral #ackgro(nds, and !olitical ideas 'ere o#stacles diffic(lt to s(rmo(nt. clearly sa' t at 7a'rence,s relations 'it 9lvare* 8t en, #eca(se later t ey c anged a!!recia#ly:, 4c4illan, and even Panofsky 'ere different from ' at t ey 'ere 'it meD t ey ran on a m(c smoot er and easier #asis. 6. 7. 2 ornton and 3on Cooksey, t'o tr(e gentlemen and close friends of #ot 7a'rence,s and mine, ' en necessary acted as intermediaries. -t 'as easier for t em to s!eak 'it #ot !arties. - do not 'ant to a!!ear (ngratef(l to 7a'rence, and certainly - o'e im m(c , as - said in my /o#el s!eec , #(t t e tr(t is t at - rat er avoided im. - note no' t at - ave al'ays called im )7a'rence) ereD every#ody in t e la# called im )Ernest,) #(t it took me many years and considera#le effort to do t e same. 7ike everyone involved, 7a'rence recogni*ed t at my gro(! 'as doing good ! ysics, and it did not cost im m(c D as a conse0(ence my re0(ests 'ere al'ays !rom!tly satisfied, and more t an once 7a'rence !ersonally intervened to assign me time - needed on t e accelerators. -n indsig t, - #elieve s o(ld ave made greater efforts to !ierce t e cr(st t at se!arated (s, and !er a!s 'e 'o(ld #ot ave @ ?J? @ !rofited from it, alt o(g - am afraid a close friends i! 'o(ld ave #een (nlikely. -t is not easy for me to descri#e my scientific 'ork. 2 e titles of my !(#lications s!eak to ! ysicists, #(t 'it o(t eA!lanations, my 'ork is not easily (nderstanda#le to lay !eo!le. - m(st any'ay em! asi*e t at science 'as #y far my main occ(!ation, and t at it a#sor#ed my time and energies. Even ' en - 'as a'ay from t e la#, - t o(g t of ! ysics, and - generated many ideas in !laces not (s(ally connected 'it 'ork. 4o(ntain o(tings ad al'ays also #een scientific occasions. 2 e general t r(st of my 'ork, from t e very #eginning, 'as to eA!lore vario(s more or less recondite conse0(ences of modern t eories, or to meas(re t ings t o(g t to #e im!ortant. 4y aims 'ere not s!ectac(larly inventive, like t ose of !eo!le ' o look for (neA!ected ne' ! enomena, and neit er 'ere t ey #ased on develo!ment of ne' tec ni0(es t at made ne' regions accessi#le to eA!erimentation, alt o(g accelerators, develo!ed #y ot ers, 'ere mostly essential to my 'ork. 4y strong !oints 'ere a good kno'ledge of ! ysics and a certain imagination, ' ic ena#led me to see t ings not immediately a!!arent to every#ody. Cor many years t e tec ni0(es - (sed 'ere very sim!le, almost r(dimentary, and - s!oke of doing )! ysics 'it o(t a!!arat(s.) 7ater, mostly t anks to C am#erlain and &iegand, 'e refined kno'n tec ni0(es and a!!lied t em 'it a critical eye, avoiding errors and o#taining res(lts t at at t e time 'ere t e #est availa#le. P ysics strategy c anged very m(c after t e 'ar. 4any eA!eriments are rat er o#vio(s, and t e !ro#lem is only to !erform t em at t e ig est !ossi#le energy and 'it a clean tec ni0(e. 9t Ur#ana (sed to call s(c eA!eriments )#attles i! eA!eriments,) im!lying a !arallel #et'een ! ysics and naval 'arfare. - com!ared t e f(nction of 9dmiral /elson 'it t at of an admiral at t e #eginning of &orld &ar --. /elson ad to g(ess ' ere t e enemy 'o(ld #e, divine t e 'eat er, and mane(ver is fleet accordingly, ' ereas a modern admiral ' o ad g(ns t at s ot fart er t an is o!!onent,s co(ld sim!ly it im 'it o(t danger of retaliation. 2oday in ! ysics it is often !ossi#le to make discoveries sim!ly #y aving more !o'erf(l a!!arat(sHnot t at t is

@ ?J3 @ co(nts for little, #eca(se to create s(c tools and to kno' o' to (se t em is not given to every#ody. 1f co(rse, it is also essential to kno' ' ic !ro#lems are im!ortant and !romise sol(tionHt e more so as t e investments in time, money, and effort involved in eac eA!eriment ave gro'n immensely. 2 e time ' en a Caraday co(ld !erform several significant eA!eriments in a single day is as long gone in ! ysics as t at of /elson in naval 'arfare. Berkeley after t e 'ar 'as es!ecially s(ited for )#attles i! eA!eriments) #eca(se its accelerators eAcelled #ot in energy and in t e 0(ality of t eir !erformance. &orking conditions 'ere very different from !re'ar timesD 'it more money availa#le it 'as !ossi#le to #(ild ade0(ate detectors, and it 'as easier to get access to t e accelerators, #eca(se all t eir time 'as not taken (! 'it develo!ment 'ork or medical eA!eriments, as often a!!ened #efore t e 'ar. 9mong my endeavors in )! ysics 'it o(t a!!arat(s,) - co(nt, in c ronological order: my 'ork on for#idden lines, and in !artic(lar on 0(adr(!ole radiationDE13F t at on )s'ollen atoms) 8no' 6yd#erg states:DE1JF t e finding of t e ne' c emical elements tec neti(m, astatine, and !l(toni(mDE1PF t e c emical se!aration of n(clear isomersDE1GF and t e c anging of t e radioactive decay constant #y c emical action.E1%F 1n t e ot er and, my investigations into n(cleonBn(cleon collisions and anti!roton 'ork 'ere ty!ical )#attles i! eA!eriments.)E1NF - ave omitted t e ne(tron 'ork !erformed 'it Cermi and t e 'ork on molec(lar #eams in 1tto Stern,s la#.E19F -n t e ne(tron 'ork, Cermi,s contri#(tion 'as !aramo(ntD in t e molec(lar #eam 'ork !erformed in t e general frame'ork of Stern,s researc , - devised t e eA!erimental trick t at made t at s!ecific eA!eriment !ossi#le, #(t 6a#i #etter (nderstood its significance. - 'ant to add a 'ord on o' accelerator time 'as assigned. 2 e a!!ortionment 'as an administrative decision, taken after cons(ltation 'it (ser gro(!s, ' ic defended t eir re0(ests at sc ed(led meetings. - fo(nd t at t e key for o#taining ' at - 'anted 'as to s o' t at 'e (sed t e time effectively. 2 is in t(rn de!ended (!on going to t e mac ine 'it 'ellB!re!ared eA!eriments and ac ieving interesting res(lts. -t 'as also very im!ortant to sec(re t e ent (siastic coo!eration @ ?JJ @ of t e tec nical staff ' o o!erated t e mac ines. 2 is 'e o#tained #y telling t em ' at 'e 'ere doing, ' y, o(r o!es, and t e reasons for o(r o!erational re0(irements. 2 is res(lted in an intelligent, diligent, and genero(s coo!eration t at greatly el!ed t e 'ork, for ' ic - am still very gratef(l. -n recent times, ! ysics as evolved in t e direction of increasing s!eciali*ation and tec nical com!lication. 9!!arat(s no' costs s(ms (nt inka#le only t irty years agoD researc teams ave eA!anded to (ndreds of !eo!le, t e !art !layed #y com!(ters as #ecome !reeminent and so as engineering colla#oration. P ysics is certainly (nrecogni*a#ly different today from ' at it 'as ' en started 'ork. -t re0(ires !ersonal 0(alities 0(ite different from t ose once re0(ired. 2 e c ief of a team m(st often #e an organi*er and a c arismatic ty!e more t an a t inker. & at - ave said a!!lies es!ecially to !article ! ysics, #(t t e sit(ation in ot er s!ecialties is evolving in t e same direction. C emistry as (ndergone a similar sea c ange. 2 e ' ole !rocess is connected to a!!lications, military, ind(strial, and of ot er kinds. -t is not clear ' ere all t is 'ill lead. -n 19P3 t e old 0(estions relative to n(clear !o'er !atents came to a ead. - ad an interest in t'o !atents: t e 6ome ne(tron !atent and t e one !ertaining to !l(toni(m. 2 e latter, o'ever, ad not yet #een grantedD it 'as still only an a!!lication.

2 e Cermi gro(! a!!lied for t e ne(tron !atent directly after t e discovery of slo' ne(trons. 9s soon as e eard of o(r findings, Cor#ino recogni*ed t eir !otential !ractical im!ortance and (rged (s to file for !atents. &e a!!lied 'it t e el! of t e attorney 7a#occetta, and t e -talian !atent /. 3?J JPN 'as granted on 1cto#er ?G, 193P. -t concerns a met od of !rod(cing radioactive s(#stances #y ne(tron collisions and in !artic(lar covers t e increase of efficiency o#taina#le #y slo'ing t e ne(trons 'it m(lti!le elastic collisions. Beca(se slo' ne(trons are central to n(clear !o'er !rod(ction, t e !atent is #asic to t e n(clear ind(stry. -t is #asic also for military a!!lications t at (se #ot slo' and fast ne(trons. 2 e -talian !atent 'as later eAtended to ot er co(ntries, incl(ding t e United States. 2 e inventors 'ere @ ?JP @ Cermi, 9maldi, Pontecorvo, 6asetti, and Segr. &e agreed o'ever to s are !rofits 'it 1scar 3,9gostino and =. C. 2ra#acc i as 'ell, in e0(al s ares. 2 e increasingly !recario(s E(ro!ean sit(ation !rom!ted (s from t e very #eginning, in 193P, to transfer o(r rig ts to an 9merican com!any, in t e o!e t at t e !atent mig t #etter esca!e a !ossi#le E(ro!ean catastro! e. Cor t is reason, 'e entered into an agreement 'it =. 4. =iannini, a yo(ng #(sinessman 'e kne', ' o ad emigrated to t e United States. =iannini took title to t e !atent, s aring in t e !rofits as one of t e ot er !artners. Patent eA!enses 'ere !aid #y P ili!s of Eind oven, ' ic also ad a s are in t e !rofits. Cermi and - tried to interest some of t e #ig U.S. cor!orations, s(c as =eneral Electric, #(t 'it o(t s(ccess, alt o(g Cermi !ersonally tried to ill(strate t e !otential of t e field to t eir tec nical #ig'igs. 2 eir reaction contrasted 'it t e vision of Cor#ino and of P ili!s.E?$F 9fter t e discovery of fission, ' en n(clear energy develo!ment started in earnest, t e ne(tron !atent #ecame o#vio(sly f(ndamental to all a!!lications and ence of considera#le val(e. 2 is 'as 'ell (nderstood #y Cermi and #y myself, ' o 'ere involved in secret 'ork. 1n t e ot er and d(ring t e 'ar it 'as neit er !ossi#le nor desira#le to raise 0(estions a#o(t com!ensation for t e !atent. 9t t e end of t e 'ar, t ere 'as a long !eriod of (ncertainty ' ile Congress de#ated t e 9tomic Energy 9ct, ' ic among ot er s(#.ects, 'as eA!ected to reg(late t e ' ole 0(estion of !atent rig ts and com!ensation for t eir eA!ro!riation #y t e government. Cermi, as t e c ief inventor, ad t e !aramo(nt voice in all decisions. 9fter t e 'ar, in t e transition !eriod, t e U.S. government #argained doggedly 'it Cermi t ro(g is !atent la'yers. ;e 'o(ld readily ave reno(nced is o'n rig ts, as e ad done for ot er most im!ortant inventions relative to t e !ile, #(t e felt an o#ligation to !rotect t e rig ts of t e -talian inventors. 9fter all, t e invention ad #een made in -taly, ten years earlier, and t e !atent ad #een granted long #efore t e U.S. government ad any interest in t e matter. 2 e s enanigans (sed #y t e la'yers to o#str(ct and minimi*e t e ).(st com!ensation) mandated #y t e la' ended #y disgr(ntling Cermi to t e eAtent t at e @ ?JG @ declined rea!!ointment to im!ortant government advisory #oards on ' ic e served 8of co(rse 'it o(t com!ensation:. - #elieve t at t e *ealo(s government la'yers, in finding !ossi#le conflicts of interest and ot er tec nicalities, did grave damage to t eir client. & ile t e negotiations !roceeded slo'ly and la#orio(sly, Pontecorvo,s flig t in 1cto#er 19P$ f(rt er com!licated matters. Ultimately, com!ensation for t e ne(tron !atent 'as fiAed at ]J$$,$$$, ' ic #ecame a sort of standard for t e

most im!ortant !atents. 9fter eA!enses, eac inventor received a#o(t ]?$,$$$. 2 e istory of t e !l(toni(m !atent is different. 1n re0(est of government agencies, Mennedy, Sea#org, &a l, and - filed a !atent a!!lication on !l(toni(m. 2 e a!!lication covered 'ork done #y (s, on o(r o'n initiative, #efore any government !artici!ation. -f t e government, eA !ost facto, ad not asked (s to file t e a!!lication, 'e mig t not ave done so. 7ater, o'ever, t e government c anged its !osition and 'anted to o#tain o(r rig ts free of c arge. 2 ere 'ere years of mane(vering and negotiations on t e s(#.ect, first 'it t e 4an attan 3istrict and later 'it t e 9EC. 9fter t e 'ar, one did not kno' o' t e la' 'o(ld treat !atents or !atent a!!lication rig ts ' ose content 'as classified secret and t at 'ere of !(#lic interest, as in o(r case. 2 e 4c4a on 9ct of 19JG re0(ired t e government to eA!ro!riate t ese rig ts, !aying ).(st com!ensation.) 9 s!ecial committee 'as a!!ointed to determine ).(st com!ensation,) #(t it ad ardly any g(idelines to go #y. 2 e (ncertainty eAtended over several years. 9t one !oint, t e University of California made claims, and t ese interacted even 'it t e loyalty oat controversy. 2 e ma.ority of t e 6egents 'ere determined to assert t eir a(t ority over t e fac(lty in every !ossi#le 'ay, and !atent rig ts entered, alt o(g remotely, into t is !ict(re. 7a'rence, a stren(o(s defender of t is ma.ority, took an adversary !osition against t e inventors. 9mong ot er t ings, e said e feared t e effect t at com!ensation for o(r !atents 'o(ld !rod(ce on t e morale of t e 6ad 7a#. Sea#org negotiated 'it great a#ility on #e alf of t e inventorsD e s(cceeded in !lacating every#ody concerned and very effectively !rotected o(r interests. @ ?J% @ 2 e 9EC !aid ]J$$,$$$, t e same as for t e ne(tron !atent. Since t ere 'ere no legal eA!enses, eac inventor received ]1$$,$$$, ' ic in t ose times 'as an a!!recia#le s(m. & en t e inventors settled 'it t e goverment, 6. =. S!ro(l, !resident of t e University of California, 'rote (s a nice letter t anking (s for t e monies e eA!ected 'e 'o(ld t(rn over to t e (niversity. ;e m(st ave #een disa!!ointed ' en 'e did not give im anyt ing. 7ater, ' en my dear friend +ose! Mennedy, m(c to o(r grief, fell ill 'it stomac cancer, e 'rote me a letter t anking me for insisting t at t e com!ensation to t e inventors ad #een f(lly earned, and t at 'e s o(ld s!end it as 'e liked. 2 e s(m e ad ke!t gave im a certain !eace of mind for t e f(t(re of is family. - t ink t e cases of t e t'o inventions 'ere very different. & en t e government entered t e !ict(re, t e ne(tron !atent ad already #een granted and ad international validityD it 'as m(c more t an an a!!lication. 4oreover, it ad #een granted to inventors ' o ad not ing to do 'it t e U.S. government. - t ink 'e 'ere vastly (nder!aid for it. 2 e treatment 'e received as inventors from t e U.S. government reflects t e mindset of la'yers and #(rea(crats, ' o #elieved t at #y s0(ee*ing t e inventors as m(c as !ossi#le, t ey 'ere !ro!erly serving t e government, and ' o also o!ed to ac0(ire merit. 2 ey may ave saved a fe' dollars, #(t o' m(c did t ey lose in t e advice a !erson like Cermi co(ld ave given t e government< 9nd ' at a#o(t t e good'ill of many ot ers< 2 e Britis ave done #etterD - do not #elieve t ey ave #een lavis 'it money, #(t t ey conferred knig t oods and even life !eerages on men like +o n Cockcroft, 6(dolf Peierls, +ames C ad'ick, &illiam Penney, and Patrick Blackett. -t is an ineA!ensive form of com!ensation, #(t it gives satisfaction to many. - #elieve t at t e !ettiness, t e .ealo(sy, and t e inclination to litigation !revailing in a democracy s(c as t e United States are in t e long r(n so(rces of 'eakness. -n 19P3 - 'ent to a =ordon Conference in 7aconia, /e' ;am!s ire, ' ic gave me t e o!!ort(nity of visiting !art of /e' England, and - s!ent t e rest of t e s(mmer at t e Brook aven /ational 7a#oratory, ' ere - fo(nd Cermi and C am#erlain. 6iccardo 6imini came to /e'

@ ?JN @ Uork too, accom!anying one of is 'ealt y Ur(g(ayan !atients, and 'e s!ent many o(rs toget er. -n t e same !eriod - first met t e #rilliant ! ysicist 1reste Piccioni, ' ose ideas on im!(lse a!!roAimation 'it virt(al !articles and similar s(#.ects - 'as interested to ear. 9t BrookB aven again 'orked on astatineDE?1F - also did some c emical eA!eriments, ' ic - ave never !(#lis ed. 4ean' ile, Clyde &iegand and some of my st(dents contin(ed o(r eA!eriments at Berkeley. 9mong t e st(dents 'as 2om U!silantis, ' o ad st(died c emistry, #(t ad recently come to me #eca(se e 'anted to c ange to ! ysics. - soon recogni*ed is (man 0(alities as 'ell as is (ncommon scientific a#ility. 3(ring my a#sence, 2om and Clyde s(cceeded in !olari*ing t e !roton #eam of t e sync rocyclotron #y collision. 2 e met od 'as not ne'D it ad #een t eoretically !redicted and eA!erimentally demonstrated at 6oc ester, /e' Uork,E??F #(t U!silantis s(cceeded in o#taining s(!erior res(lts and started t e eA!loitation of !olari*ed !rotons, o!ening (! ne' !ossi#ilities to t e st(dy of n(cleonBn(cleon collisions. 2 e s(ccess o#tained and U!silantis,s s!irit of initiative im!ressed me, and - !ro!osed a fac(lty a!!ointment for im. ;e 'as one of t e most !romising yo(ng ! ysicists at Berkeley, ' ere #e contin(ed to do #rilliant 'ork for several years. Unfort(nately, is #rig t flame did not last longD some demon, still (nidentified #y me, attacked im. ;e lost some of is drive and later so(g t to resign is Berkeley !ost. ;is friends on t e fac(lty, myself among t em, tried to !ers(ade im to reconsider t e decision and ask for a year,s leave of a#sence instead. 2 e follo'ing year, o'ever, e insisted on resigning. 2 ereafter e eld several !ositions, #(t e ended #y ac ieving less t an is great !otential ad seemed to !romise. Ultimately, e moved to CE6/ in E(ro!e and else' ere. ;e is an eAce!tionally agreea#le and gifted !erson and one ' om - sincerely love. -n Ce#r(ary 19PJ, d(ring a visit at C icago, - talked at lengt a#o(t o(r gro(!,s !olari*ation 'ork 'it Cermi, my last serio(s scientific conversation 'it im. Cermi develo!ed t e form(lae at t e #lack#oard ' ile - took notes, and e s(#se0(ently 'rote a !a!er on t e s(#.ect.E?3F @ ?J9 @

C%a*ter Ten+ Tri3m*%s and Tragedies -"#/=0"#872, Odor o& La3rel and Cy*ress
E ret die Cra(enO Sie flec ten (nd 'e#en ;immlisc e 6osen ins irdisc e 7e#en. ;onor to &omanO 2o er it is given 2o garden t e eart 'it t e roses of eaven. Sc iller, )&5rde der Cra(en)E1F - ad #een invited more t an once to lect(re in Bra*il, in !art t ro(g =.C. 7attes, ' o ad el!ed detect t e first !ions formed #y t e Berkeley sync rocyclotron. -n 19PJ t e time seemed ri!e for a visit to 6io de +aneiro. 1(r c ildren 'ere too yo(ng eit er to take along on s(c a tri! or to leave alone, so 'ent to Bra*il #y myself t at +(ly ' ile Elfriede stayed #e ind 'it t em in Berkeley. & en t e

+enkinses eard of o(r !redicament, o'ever, t ey offered to take care of t e c ildren for a ' ile, giving (s yet anot er reason to #e gratef(l to t em, and Elfriede 'as a#le to .oin me in 9(g(st. Bra*il fascinated me. - am ard !(t to descri#e, let alone eA!lain, my feelings to'ard my eAotic, #(t at t e same time almost familiar, ne' s(rro(ndings. 2 e novel tro!ical #ea(ty, nostalgic reminders of @ ?P$ @ t e colonial !eriod, my affection for 3om Pedro and is 'ellBordered em!ire, and t e #e avior of t e !eo!le formed a miA most agreea#le to me. &e also liked t e food, t e eAotic fr(its, and t e many kinds of #ananas. C(rt ermore, 'e fo(nd eAcellent com!any: =eorg von ;evesy, 'it ' om 'e often s!ent t e morning 'alking on t e Co!aca#ana #eac D =. P. 2 omson, ' o 'as lect(ring at t e same instit(tion as - 'as, and 7attes imself. 9lmirante 9lvaro, c ief of t e Consel o de !es0(isas fdsicas, entertained (s at t e Bos0(e 2i.(ca, ' ere e !lanted a tree in my onor and recited !oems #y Camoens. =(ido Beck, an 9(strian ! ysicist ' om - kne' from my time in 6ome, el!ed immensely in g(iding me in t e ne' strange 'orld of 7atin 9merica. 9mong ot er t ings, e fo(nd a 'ay of getting (s a visa for Per(, ' ic 'e did not kno' 'e needed. & en 'e asked for it, m(c to o(r s(r!rise, Elfriede 'as ref(sed and declared )!eligrosa a la seg(ridad nacional del Per(.) -t 'as #eca(se s e ad #een #orn at 1stro'o, ' ic in t e meantime ad #ecome !art of Poland and t (s 'as #e ind t e -ron C(rtain. 1(r friend (ltimately s(cceeded in o#taining t e visa t ro(g !ersonal intervention, #(t not 'it o(t a fe' comic scenes. 9 Per(vian !rofessor el!ed me materially, and - ended (! #ecoming an onorary !rofessor of San 4arcos University in 7ima. Crom Bra*il 'e 'ent to Ur(g(ay, ' ere 'e stayed 'it my dear co(sin 6iccardo 6imini, and t en to 9rgentina, ' ic 'as (nder t e Perfn dictators i!. 2 e slogan )Perfn c(m!le y Evita dignifica) 8Perfn delivers and Evita dignifies: 'as every' ere, evoking some' at cynical comments, ' ic 'e nat(rally ke!t to o(rselves. -n 9rgentina 'e visited several -talian RmigrRs, some ! ysicists, some not, ' om 'e ad kno'n #efore o(r o'n emigration. 2 e last leg of o(r tri! took (s to Per(, a co(ntry 'e fo(nd eAtremely attractive o'ing #ot to its !ec(liar nat(ral #ea(ty and to its -ndian c(lt(re. &e 'ere 'ise eno(g to allot s(fficient time for sig tseeing to allo' (s to gain a real im!ression of t is #ea(tif(l 'orld, so different from anyt ing 'e ad seen #efore. &e fle' from 7ima to C(*co in an (n!ress(ri*ed air!lane. &e 'ore oAygen masks #(t - took mine off in o!ening a 'indo' to sna! a !ict(re of t e 9ndes. - #arely made it #ack to my seat, ' ere - fainted #riefly, ' ile Elfriede !(t t e mask @ ?P1 @ #ack on my face. &e remained at C(*co for a fe' days to acclimati*e o(rselves to t e altit(de and see t e -nca mon(ments, t en descended to 4acc ( Picc (, ' ere 'e s!ent t e nig t. /eAt day 'e clim#ed Kaina Picc ( #y t e very stee! stair'ay e'n from t e rock #y t e -ndians, (nder a tangle of orc ids. 1n 1cto#er N, 19PJ, s ortly after o(r ret(rn, ' ile - 'as res(ming my reg(lar ro(tine, - ad a tele! one call from C icago. 2 e caller 'as Sam 9llison, and from is tone of voice, - reali*ed at once t at e ad very #ad ne's. Crom is almost inco erent 'ords, - gat ered t at Cermi ad #een o!erated on s ortly #efore, and t at t e s(rgeon ad fo(nd an inc(ra#le stomac cancer. - 'as st(nned. & en ad seen Cermi in Ce#r(ary, - ad noticed t at e looked a little tired, #(t it did not cross my mind t at t ere 'as anyt ing to 'orry a#o(t. 3(ring t e s(mmer, Cermi ad gone to -taly and 'e to So(t

9mericaD 'e ad not #een in to(c . -n -taly, e ad #eg(n to feel serio(sly ill, and as soon as e ret(rned to C icago, e 'ent to Billings ;os!ital. 2 e first doctor ' o sa' im, an intern, did not make t e correct diagnosis, #(t t e c ief s(rgeon s ortly t ereafter !erformed an eA!loratory o!eration and fo(nd a o!eless sit(ation. 9s soon as !ossi#le after earing t e ne's, - ca(g t a !lane to C icago. - fo(nd Cermi at Billings ;os!ital, fed #y a t(#e t at ran directly into is stomac . 2 e !atient 'as meas(ring t e flo' of t e fl(id #y co(nting t e dro!s, (sing a sto!'atc , as t o(g !erforming a ! ysiology eA!eriment. ;e 'as !erfectly a'are of is condition and started talking a#o(t o' many mont s or 'eeks e mig t s(rvive, and ' at e 'o(ld do in t e s ort s!an still allotted im. ;e asked me to s(mmon Ed'ard 2eller to see im, adding 'it a slig tly ironical smile, )& at no#ler deed for a dying man t an to try to save a so(l<) Cermi t o(g t t at 2eller,s #e avior in connection 'it t e ydrogen #om# and in t e 1!!en eimer earings ad #een re!re ensi#leHamong ot er t ings, it ad s!lit t e scientific comm(nity into factionsHand e 'anted to make im reali*e t is. )2 e #est t ing 2eller can do no' is to s (t (! and disa!!ear from t e !(#lic eye for a long time, in t e o!e t at !eo!le may forget im,) e added. /eedless to say, as soon as - got #ack to Berkeley, - relayed t e s(mmons to 2eller, ' o s(#B @ ?P? @ se0(ently 'ent to visit Cermi. 2eller as given is o'n re!ort of t is visit.E?F Cermi t en s!oke !essimistically a#o(t t e 'orld,s f(t(re. 9tomic #om#s 'ere making !ossi#le t e destr(ction of civili*ation. 9ll it 'o(ld take for t em to #e (sed 'as for a madman to come to !o'er in a great nation. Since t is a!!ened every fe' cent(ries, e reckoned t at civili*ation mig t, 'it l(ck, last ro(g ly t at long. ;e said, too, t at if e lived long eno(g and ad t e strengt to do so, is last service to science 'o(ld #e to 'rite do'n is lect(res on n(clear ! ysics, ' ic 'ere !reserved only in t e form of notes taken #y st(dents.E3F 2 is 'as, in fact, is last effort at scientific 'riting. -n a lig ter vein, e told me t at e ad #een #lessed #y a Cat olic !riest, a Protestant !astor, and a ra##i. 9t different times t e t ree ad entered is room and dem(rely and !olitely asked !ermission to #less im. ;e ad given it. )-t !leased t em and it did not arm me,) e added. &e s!ent several o(rs talking a#o(t vario(s s(#.ects. 9mong ot er t ings, Cermi o#served t at since is 'ife, 7a(ra, ad .(st finis ed er #ook Atoms in the 'amily& is deat 'o(ld come at t e rig t moment for !romoting it, and t at e o!ed t e literary s(ccess e antici!ated for it mig t el! er overcome t e diffic(lt times s e faced. 9t t e end of t e afternoon - left. & en - got o(t of t e os!ital, - felt illD t e emotional (! eaval !rod(ced in me #y t e visit 'as too m(c for my constit(tion. - co(ld scarcely stand, and - remem#er going into t e first #ar - came across to fortify myself 'it a cognac, somet ing eAceedingly rare, !er a!s even (ni0(e, in my life. - ret(rned to Berkeley gravely (!set, and as soon as !ossi#le - 'ent #ack to C icago. - fo(nd Cermi m(c 'orse and in a more som#er mode. ;e s!oke of is s(fferings and of ot er s(#.ects - 'ill omit. &e talked (ntil late in t e evening. 3(ring t e nig t, - 'as a'akened #y a ! one call anno(ncing t at Cermi ad died. -t 'as /ovem#er ?9, 19PJ. - stayed in C icago for t e memorial service at t e University of C icago. Searc ing for an a!!ro!riate teAt, t e (niversity c a!lain !ro!osed several t at did not seem rig t. Cinally, e s(ggested St. Crancis,s )Cantico delle creat(re) 8)2 e Song of Brot er S(n and 9ll ;is Creat(res):. -t seemed to fit t e occasion, and e (sed it. @ ?P3 @

Cermi,s (neA!ected and !remat(re deat s ook me dee!ly. Even no' Cermi often a!!ears in my dreams. -n t eir grief, is former !(!ils and friends so(g t an a!!ro!riate memorial. Ultimately, t e idea of !(#lis ing is collected !a!ers crystalli*ed. 2 e 9ccademia dei 7incei and t e University of C icago Press (ndertook to do so and a!!ointed me c airman of t e editorial committee.EJF -n 19PP 'e moved from Berkeley to 7afayette, a s(#(r#an comm(nity a#o(t ten miles east of Berkeley, #e ind t e coastal ills. 1(r ne' o(se 'as on a deadBend road on a illD t e address 'as 3G Crest 6oad. -t ad #een !art of a large estate, ad a #ea(tif(l vie', and 'as in a most attractive nat(ral setting. 3(ring my lifetime - came to love t ree omes in !artic(lar. 2 e one in 2ivoli, t e 2reves villa at 4arignolle, and o(r o(se on Crest 6oad in 7afayette. /at(rally, - remem#er t e ot ersH??9 Corso Kittorio at 6ome, my a!artment in Palermo, 1G1% S!r(ce Steet at BerkeleyH#(t - do not ave a s!ecial attac ment to t em, and - do not dream of t em at nig t. - loved t e 2ivoli o(se ' ere - 'as #orn, #eca(se - s!ent my c ild ood t ere. Conflict 'it 4arco se!arated me from it, #(t m(c more serio(s as #een t e deterioration of t e s(rro(ndings. 2 e 2ivoli of my c ild ood does not eAist anymore, and even if t e 'alls of t e o(se are still t ere, all t e rest is gone: landsca!e, roads, gardens, neig #or ood. 4arignolle 'as never my ome eAce!t d(ring s(mmer visits. 2 e !lace str(ggles to s(rvive t e c anges in t e 2reves family. 2 ose of my generation ave almost #ecome slaves of t e villa, ' ile t ose of t e neAt 'ill #e ard !(t to maintain its s!irit. -rresisti#le forces ave transformed t e agric(lt(re, t e society, and even t e face of 2(scany. =eology drove me from 3G Crest 6oad, t e o(se - loved #est in t e United States. & en - #o(g t it, did not reali*e t e serio(s geological !ro#lems affecting t e location, nor t e im!ortance of a lo'er lot, ' ic 'as also for sale at t e time, to its sta#ility. - never t o(g t t at some#ody mig t 'ant to #(ild on t at lot, #eca(se it 'as manifestly fool ardy to do so. 2 e s(rro(ndings of t e !lace 'ere also @ ?PJ @ different from ' at t ey are no'. 2 ere 'as no ;ig 'ay ?J, and t e area no' occ(!ied #y a c (rc 'as a #ea(tif(l meado' 'it a fe' old oak trees. 2 e c (rc in d(e co(rse destroyed t e #ea(tif(l setting to create !arking lots and make money, ' ic convinced me t at it 'as an enemy of =od and ;is 'orks. C(rt ermore, in 19PG some#ody #o(g t t e lot #elo' my o(se mentioned a#ove, and 'it o(t my #ecoming a'are of it, o#tained a #(ilding !ermit. & en - sa' t e ne' o'ner of t e lot eAcavating t e slo!e in an o#vio(sly dangero(s 'ay, - 'arned im and took ! otogra! s of t e terrain, #(t - did not start a legal action, ' ic - 'o(ld !ossi#ly ave lost. 3(ring t e 'inter of 19PN, eavy rains ca(sed a slide on t e eAcavated slo!e. 2 is neig #or, in 19G$, s(ed (s #eca(se t e slide e ad !rovoked ad damaged is o(seO &e co(nters(ed im, and e lost, #(t t e damages a'arded to (s !aid only !art of t e cost of a retaining 'all 'e ad to #(ild to sta#ili*e t e slo!eD nor did t ey com!ensate for t e de!reciation of o(r !ro!erty, not to mention t e time lost and t e ang(is ca(sed to (s. -n !ractice 'e never s(cceeded in re!airing t e damage satisfactorily. Ultimately, in 19%N, 'e sold t e o(se for m(c less t an it 'o(ld ave fetc ed 'it o(t its istory. - gras!ed too late t e ty!e of o(se - 'o(ld likeD f(rt ermore, my ideal ome as contradictory elements in it and ence may not eAist. - like a co(ntry setting, #(t - never really en.oyed gardeningD like a 'ellBfinis ed o(se, #(t - am not a andyman. 9ll told, 9dal#ert von C amisso,s !oem )Sc loss Bonco(rt,) mo(rning t e demolition of is c ild ood ome, !er a!s #est reflects my feelings:

-c tra5m, als Mind mic *(r5cke Und sc 5ttle mein greises ;a(!tD &ie s(c t i r mic eim, i r Bilder, 3ie lang ic vergessen gegla(#tO ;oc ragt a(s sc att,gen =e egen Ein sc immerndes Sc log ervorD -c kenne die 25rme, die Linnen, 3ie steinerne Br5cke, das 2or. Es sc a(en 'om &a!!ensc ilde 3ie 7Z'en so tra(lic mic an, @ ?PP @ -c gr5sse die alten Bekannten Und eile den B(rg of inan. .............. So ste st d(, o Sc log meiner K^ter, 4ir tre( and fest in dem Sinn, Und #ist von der Erde versc '(nden, 3er Pfl(g n(n 5#er dic f5 rt.EPF Back to ! ysicsO 2 e !ro#lem of t e eAistence of anti!articles arose in 19?N 'it 3irac,s relativistic t eory of t e electron. 2 is t eory gave sol(tions t at corres!onded to a t enB(nkno'n sta#le !article of t e same mass and s!in, #(t o!!osite c arge and magnetic moment, in ot er 'ords a !ositive electron. 2 is !article 'as called t e anti!article of t e electron, or !ositron. 9t t e time of 3irac,s !rediction, t e !ositron 'as (nkno'n, and its a#sence 'as considered a serio(s fla' in 3irac,s t eory. 3irac, as a last resort, tried to identify t e !ositive electron 'it t e !roton, #(t t is !roved (ntena#le. 2 ings c anged radically 'it C. 3. 9nderson,s discovery of t e !ositron in cosmic rays in 193?. 82 e !rediction of t e !ositron is one of t e tri(m! s of 3irac,s t eory.: 2 e notion of anti!articles 'as generali*ed into t e !ost(late t at every !article as its o'n anti!article. -n t e case of ne(tral !articles, !article and anti!article may coincide. 2 e eAtension of 3irac,s t eory !redicting anti!rotons 'as very !la(si#le, #(t not certain. C(rt ermore, most ! ysicists 'ere s(r!rised ' en, aro(nd 1931, 1tto Stern meas(red t e magnetic moment of t e !roton and fo(nd it to #e very different from t e naive t eoretical eA!ectation #ased on a literal eAtra!olation of 3irac,s t eory. 2 is res(lt s(ggested ca(tion in generali*ing from 3irac,s t eory. Even in 19PP at least one disting(is ed ! ysicist ad #et money against t e eAistence of antin(cleons. Cor many years, eA!erimental ! ysicists ad looked for anti!rotons in cosmic rays, 'it inconcl(sive res(lts. 9mong ot ers, Br(no 6ossi and is colla#orators, (sing a clo(d c am#er, and Edoardo 9maldi and colla#orators, (sing ! otogra! ic em(lsions, ad o#served !articles in cosmic rays t at may ave #een anti!rotons. 2 eir o#servations 'ere not, o'ever, s(fficient to esta#lis t e !article. @ ?PG @ -n !lanning t e #evatron, 7a'rence and t e 6ad 7a# ! ysicists ad conscio(sly c osen as a goal an energy of G =eK, slig tly a#ove t e t res old for t e formation of n(cleonBantin(cleon !airs from a !roton colliding 'it a n(cleon at rest. -n 19PP t e #evatron reac ed t is design energy and t (s afforded t e o!!ort(nity of !roving t e eAistence of t e anti!roton (ne0(ivocally, and 'e 'anted to

settle t e 0(estion once and for all. Several Berkeley gro(!s started t e (nt. 4y gro(! ad for some time st(died t e !ro#lem and !re!ared for it. - decided to attack t e !ro#lem in t'o 'ays. 1ne 'as #ased on t e determination of t e c arge and mass of t e !article. 2 e ot er concentrated on t e o#servation of t e ! enomena attendant on t e anni ilation of a sto!!ing anti!roton. 2 e sto!!ing anti!roton and a !roton of t e target s o(ld m(t(ally anni ilate eac ot er, and t e rest mass of t e t'o !articles s o(ld transform itself in one of many !ossi#le 'ays into ot er !articles s(c as !ions. 2 ese 'o(ld leave tracks in a ! otogra! ic em(lsion and t e anni ilation 'o(ld t (s #ecome evident. Cor t e first attack, C am#erlain, &iegand, U!silantis, and - designed and #(ilt a mass s!ectrogra! 'it several tec nically ne' feat(res. Cor t e second attack, =etson =old a#er, ' o 'as t en in my gro(!, eA!osed ! otogra! ic em(lsions in a #eam enric ed in anti!rotons #y o(r a!!arat(s. 4any ot er !eo!le 'ere involved in t e enter!rise, and 'e ad agreements on o' to !(#lis t e res(lts and give a!!ro!riate credit to everyone. 2 e !ro!er 'orking of t e #evatron (nder Ed'ard 7ofgren 'as of !aramo(nt im!ortance. &e 'ere in com!etition 'it ! ysicists of ot er gro(!s trying to detect anti!rotons at t e same time, #(t t is did not !revent fre0(ent m(t(al el!. &e started t e r(n on 9(g(st ?P, 19PP, and after a fe' days of t(ning (!, 'e #egan o#serving anti!roton signals. &e #ased t e identification on meas(rement of t e velocity, moment(m, and c arge of a !article. 2 e signals for velocity 'ere oscillosco!e traces recording t e !assage of a !article t ro(g a velocityBselecting Cerenkov detector, corro#orated #y a meas(rement of t e same !article,s time of flig t #et'een t'o detectors. 2 e tra.ectory follo'ed #y t e !articles gave t eir moment(m and t e sign of t eir c arge. Kelocity and moment(m deterB @ ?P% @ mined t e mass of t e !articles and t is, com#ined 'it t e sign of t eir c arge, identified t em as anti!rotons. &e also c ecked, among ot er t ings, t at !rotons #elo' t e t res old energy did not !rod(ce o(r signals. &e detected a#o(t one anti!roton for every fe' (ndred t o(sand ot er !articles crossing o(r a!!arat(s, and t e good signals arrived 'it a fre0(ency of a fe' !er o(r. /at(rally t ere 'as considera#le ent (siasm in t e la#oratory, and many !eo!le came to see o(r !rogress. So as to #e a#le to 'ork (ndist(r#ed, 'e 'rote (! a #(lletin of o(r res(lts on a #lack#oard. -n t e meantime, 'e ad to t ink a#o(t 'riting a !a!er and t ere 'ere also delicate 0(estions of t e order of names and form(lation of t e teAt to consider. &e decided to 'rite a letter to t e -hysical .e(iew and an article for 3ature ,EGF to ' ic - ad 'ritten every time - ad somet ing im!ortant to say, or at least somet ing t o(g t 'as im!ortant. &e listed t e a(t ors in al! a#etical order, as 'e ad done in most of o(r many common !a!ers #efore. Some original !ieces of t e a!!arat(s, s(c as t e Cerenkov velocity selector, 'ere later descri#ed in greater detail #y C am#erlain and &iegand.E%F - ad no do(#t t at antiproton 'as t e rig t name for t e ne' !article. 7a'rence !referred negati(e proton& #(t e did not insist. 2 e masss!ectrogra! eA!eriment concl(ded on 1cto#er 1, 19PP, aving !roved t e eAistence of t e anti!roton, and soon t ereafter t e em(lsion 'ork confirmed it.ENF 9t t at time t e ! ysicist 1reste Piccioni 'rote a scat ing letter to 7a'rence acc(sing (s, and me in !artic(lar, of several misdeeds. 7a'rence looked into Piccioni,s acc(sations and dismissed t em. Piccioni ad made some good s(ggestions d(ring t e !lanning of t e eA!eriment, and t ese 'ere d(ly and re!eatedly ackno'ledged in !(#lication. 2 is 'as is !reteAt for starting a legal action against C am#erlain and me eig teen years later, in 19%?, in ' ic e maintained t at 'e ad stolen is ideas. 2 e com!laint 'ent all t e 'ay (! to t e U.S. S(!reme Co(rt, #(t all t e co(rts, from t e 9lameda

s(!erior co(rt to t e S(!reme Co(rt, ref(sed to ear t e case, #eca(se t e stat(te of limitations ad r(n its co(rse.E9F 1ne day ' en - 'as com!laining a#o(t t e aggravation ca(sed to @ ?PN @ me #y Piccioni, a famo(s ! ysicist ' o 'as an old colleag(e of is ke!t eAclaiming, )Poor 1resteO Poor 1resteO) - resented t is and demanded, )& y !oor 1reste and not !oor Emilio<) 2o ' ic e !rom!tly ans'ered: )/oD !oor 1reste and not !oor Emilio, #eca(se 1reste is cra*y, and yo( are notO) 9t t e time of t e anti!roton eA!eriment, 9maldi and is 'ife =inestra 'ere at o(r ome in 7afayette as o(r g(ests. ;e and - esta#lis ed a colla#oration for t e st(dy of ! otogra! ic em(lsions eA!osed at Berkeley, taking advantage of t e n(mero(s 'ellBtrained scanners availa#le in 6ome. & en 9maldi ret(rned to -taly, some -talian ne's!a!ers 'rote ina!!ro!riate comments and tried to ascri#e to im a !art e ad not !layed. 2 is misre!orting co(ld ave ad (n!leasant conse0(ences, #(t 9maldi set t ings straig t and 'e ke!t calm. 2 e eA!eriment 'as 'idely acclaimed and soon 'e, and 7a'rence, started receiving n(mero(s com!liments on it. 7a'rence !olitely ans'ered t ose addressed to im 'it a form letter saying t at e ad !assed t e congrat(lations to C am#erlain, Segr, &iegand, and U!silantis, t e !eo!le directly involved. S ortly after'ard, anot er gro(! in t e la#, incl(ding Piccioni, o#served t e antine(tron, o#taining it #y c arge eAc ange from t e anti!roton.E1$F 1nce 'e ad discovered t e anti!roton, 'e o#vio(sly 'anted to kno' t e !ro!erties of o(r !article and #(ild on o(r initial s(ccess. Some )#attles i! eA!eriments,) s(c as crossBsection meas(rements, 'ere !ossi#le, and 'e !erformed t em, #(t o(r anti!roton so(rce 'as 'eak and it 'as soon s(r!assed #y ot er accelerators t at 'ere coming on stream. &it o(r means 'e co(ld not do m(c more t an ' at 'e ad already ac ieved. ;o'ever, in colla#oration 'it &ilson Po'ell,s gro(!, ' ic ad a !ro!ane #(##le c am#er, 'e o#tained some good !ict(res of antine(trons o#tained from anti!rotons #y c arge eAc ange,E11F and (sing ! otogra! ic em(lsions 'e started develo!ing statistical information on t e anni ilation !rocess. -n t e meantime, 9lvare*,s gro(! ad develo!ed t e ydrogen #(##le c am#er, and - !ro!osed a colla#oration, #(t e felt 'e did not ave an ade0(ate contri#(tion to offer and dem(rred. Soon t e 9lvare* gro(!, (sing t eir ydrogen #(##le c am#er, started o#taining ca!ital res(lts. Bogdan @ ?P9 @ 4aglic, a U(goslavian !ostdoctoral fello', !ioneered in detecting t e first resonance #et'een anni ilation !ions, and t is 'as t e c(rtain raiser for a ' ole series of #rilliant investigations.E1?F By no' 819NG: t ere are accelerators forming #eams of anti!rotons and (sing !rotonanti!roton collisions in great storage rings. 2 is is a meas(re of t e !ace of !rogress in !article ! ysics. 2 eoreticians ad s!ec(lated on t e r o and omega mesons, and mem#ers of my gro(! tried to see t em eA!erimentally 'it a #ig ne' instr(ment, !lanned and develo!ed c iefly #y U!silantis and &iegand, ' ic 'e called t e )fly eye) #eca(se it contained many scintillators t at formed a sort of #ig com!o(nd eye. 2 e tec ni0(e 'as state of t e art, and t is 'ork contri#(ted, in a small 'ay, to t e discovery of t e r o meson.E13F -n 19PP t e discovery of t e anti!roton reo!ened t e !ossi#ility of my 'inning a /o#el Pri*e. 9fter t e 'ar - ad started t inking t at my 'ork on t e ne' c emical elements and on radioc emistry mig t #ring me t at distinction. - sa' Sea#org,s efforts at getting it on similar gro(nds, #(t - did not kno' o' to stake my claim. - o!ed t at t e /o#el Committee 'o(ld some o' s!lit t e a'ard. 9 !oll

among mem#ers of t e C icago section of t e 9merican C emical Society in 19J% ad c osen me as one of t e ten #est radioc emists in t e United States.E1JF 7a'rence, too, as - fo(nd o(t many years later, considered me a good candidate.E1PF )Contrari ai voti !oi f(ro i s(ccessi) 8Events t(rned o(t contrary to o!esD 9riosto, :rlando furioso 1.9.P:D ' ile - 'as at a cocktail !arty at 3onald Merst,s o(se in Ur#ana in 1cto#er 19P1, - eard t at t e /o#el Pri*e for c emistry ad #een given to 4c4illan and Sea#org )for t eir discoveries in t e c emistry of trans(rani(m elements.) - 'as dee!ly disa!!ointed. 3(ring t e s(mmer of 19PJ, - met ;evesy in Bra*il. &e 'ere friends and - co(ld s!eak freely to im. 2 anks to is S'edis connections, e kne' many of t e secrets of t e /o#el Committee, and e told me t at - ad not #een s!ecifically nominated in t e year 19P1, ' ic ad a(tomatically eliminated me. ;e advised me to try to interest Cermi. @ ?G$ @ did not do so #eca(se - kne' !erfectly 'ell t at Cermi co(ld not #e infl(enced in matters s(c as com!etitions and a'ards. ;o'ever, a fe' years later, after Cermi,s deat , is 'ido', 7a(ra, asked me to look at er (s#and,s !a!ers #efore s e gave t em to t e 6egenstein 7i#rary at t e University of C icago. -n so doing, fo(nd o(t, to my s(r!rise, t at #ot Cermi and +ames Cranck ad !ro!osed me re!eatedly for t e /o#el Pri*e in c emistry. - sa' also t at Cermi ad !ro!osed, in ! ysics, 4aria 4ayer, ;ans +ensen, and &olfgang Panofsky. ;is s!ontaneo(s !ro!osal dee!ly moved me, for t e same reasons t at ad !revented me from asking for is s(!!ort. /omination #y im 'as, for me, almost as im!ortant as getting t e !ri*e. 4(c later - ad t e o!!ort(nity to tell 4ayer, +ensen, and Panofsky t at t ey ad #een nominated #y Cermi, and all t ree ad t e same reaction. 1f t em, 4ayer and +ensen ad ad t e !ri*e. Panofsky ad not. 2 e discovery of t e anti!roton ad some (n!leasant conse0(ences for t e str(ct(re of my gro(! and for relations #et'een its mem#ers. 1'en and Clyde, ' o 'ere c arter mem#ers of t e gro(!, develo!ed most of t e electronic detectors and co(nters of different kinds. =etson =old a#er, t e gro(!,s eA!ert on ! otogra! ic em(lsions, 'as recr(ited #y me in t e early 19P$s at Col(m#ia University, ' ere e ad st(died 'it =il#erto Bernardini. 9fter t e discovery of t e anti!roton and connected !(#licity, t e moods of 1'en and of Clyde se!arately darkened. 1'en 'anted to #e more inde!endent t an e already 'as, ' ic 'as ardly !ossi#le. ;e 'anted to ave is o'n gro(!, #(t o(r gro(! 'as so small t at - felt f(rt er s!litting 'o(ld serio(sly im!air its efficiency. 1'en 'as t en invited to go to ;arvard, ' ere e s!ent a !eriod as a 7oe# ProfessorD on is ret(rn, e started a small se!arate gro(!. Clyde, too, 'anted to go it alone, and a#ove all to 'ork inde!endently of me and of 1'en. Per a!s e 'anted to s o' is !ersonal !ro'ess, alt o(g is a#ility 'as 'idely recogni*ed, a#ove all #y me and #y is ot er colleag(es in t e gro(!. -t is !ossi#le t at even U!silantis ad similar 'is es, #(t #eing yo(nger, at t e #eginning of is career, and of a s(nny dis!osition, e 'as less affected. @ ?G1 @ -n my o!inion, t e strengt of o(r gro(! came from t e com#ination of different talents. /o#ody co(ld dominate #y is o#vio(s and dis!ro!ortionate s(!eriority, as ad #een t e case 'it t e vario(s gro(!s led #y Cermi. 9s t ings 'ere, - firmly #elieved t at fragmentation or dissol(tion of o(r gro(! 'o(ld damage (s all and im!air o(r scientific o(t!(t. /o one else among (s ad 1'en,s critical mind, Clyde,s

tec nical a#ility, 2om,s ent (siasm and o!timism, and so on. /or did - t ink t at my contri#(tion 'as as negligi#le as it !er a!s t en a!!eared to 1'en and Clyde. 1ne element of discomfort 'as t e fact t at #ot ad #een my st(dents and coB'orkers for over fifteen yearsD t e !ro#lems to some eAtent resem#led t ose t at arise #et'een fat ers and sons. - t o(g t t at for me t e #est co(rse 'as to give #road a(tonomy to t e yo(nger mem#ers of t e team and try to aid t eir !ersonal initiatives as m(c as !ossi#le. Some of t ese initiatives 'ent 'ell, some 'ere less s(ccessf(l. 1(r gro(! 'as too small to com!ete 'it t e m(c larger gro(!s t en entering t e field of !article ! ysics, #(t to enlarge it greatly did not s(it my mod(s o!erandi.E1GF 9 fe' years after 'e received t e /o#el Pri*e and 1'en seceded from t e gro(!, e c anged is mind and, to my great .oy, re.oined (s. - eA!ected t at, #eing fifteen years yo(nger t an - 'as, e 'o(ld in time s(cceed me as ead of t e gro(!, 'it U!silantis as second in command. 2 is a!!ened for 1'en, #(t (nfort(nately 2om left Berkeley #efore e 'as offered t e o!!ort(nity. 1f t e eA!eriments 'e did after t e discovery of t e anti!roton, - ave already mentioned t e one on t e r o meson. 1t ers, s(c as t e !ion #etaBdecay eA!eriment,E1%F 'ere s(ccessf(l, #(t took m(c time, a#ove all #eca(se t e a(t ors, in o(r tradition, !ro!erly insisted on meas(rements of s(!erior 0(ality. 4(c later Clyde &iegand contin(ed eAcellent eA!eriments on mesic atoms on a small scale 'it a fe' st(dents.E1NF 9 fe' mont s after t e anti!roton 'ork, in t e s!ring of 19PG, - (neA!ectedly received a telegram from t e secretary of t e Soviet 9cademy of Sciences inviting me to an international science conference @ ?G? @ soon to #e eld at 4osco'. 9 fe' o(rs later, a similar telegram reac ed 1'en C am#erlain. 7a'rence, ' om - cons(lted, o#.ected to o(r going, mainly for !olitical reasons. - t o(g t ot er'ise and decided to acce!t t e invitation, #(t - ad to mane(ver a little to avoid a direct clas 'it 7a'rence. 1(r invitation 'as !er a!s t e first to come from t e Soviet Union, and it arrived at a time ' en scientists, es!ecially t ose ' o ad #een at 7os 9lamos, 'ere considered !rivy to )atomic secrets,) and ' en very fe' 9mericans ad visited t e Soviet Union. 9fter a fe' days, invitations also arrived for 4c4illan, 9lvare*, Panofsky, and ot ers, so t at it #ecame diffic(lt for 7a'rence to t 'art so many !eo!le eager to go. 2 e tri! to t e Soviet Union lasted a#o(t siA 'eeks, and #esides 4osco' and 7eningrad, 'e also 'ent to 9rmenia. -t 'as some time after t e famo(s M r(s c ev s!eec revealing Stalin,s crimes. 2 e 6(ssians did not kno' its teAt, #(t large eAcer!ts of it ad a!!eared in t e &estern !ress, and o(r osts asked (s a#o(t it. 4y im!ressions of 6(ssia are too s(!erficial to #e of val(e. &e 'ere o#vio(sly favored g(estsH'itness o(r advantages, s(c as tickets to s(!er# #allet s o's, o(r !riority in visiting t e Mremlin, and similar !rivileges. 2o every#ody,s s(r!rise, incl(ding mine, - even s(cceeded in o#taining !ayment from t e B(rea( of Coreign 2ranslations for t e translation of t e first vol(me of E;perimental 3uclear -hysics& ' ic - ad edited. & en - asked for royalties or com!ensation, adding t at - 'o(ld a!!reciate !ayment in U.S. dollars, t e 6(ssian #(rea(crats 'ere non!l(ssed, and ans'ered t at t ey 'o(ld ask t eir s(!eriors, and t at - s o(ld ret(rn in a co(!le of days. & en ret(rned, t e ans'er 'as t at t e s(!eriors ad to ask still ig er a(t orities and t at - s o(ld ret(rn in a co(!le of days. - do(#ted anyt ing 'o(ld come of it. ;o'ever, after t ree days, ' en - ret(rned to in0(ire, - 'as told t at t e re0(est ad #een granted and t at - 'o(ld receive t e money in /e' Uork. co(ld scarcely #elieve my ears. 1n t is tri! - sa' Br(no Pontecorvo again for t e first time since is defection. ;e 'as so little 6(ssified t at at t e conference t e 6(ssians !resent told im to s!eak Englis , #eca(se t ey ad

diffic(lties @ ?G3 @ in (nderstanding is 6(ssian. Some of is colleag(es treated im as a )Party *ealot.) 2 e !erson t at im!ressed me most among t e scientists - met 'as -gor 2amm, ' o s(#se0(ently s ared t e /o#el Pri*e for ! ysics in 19PN. - immediately liked t is c(ltivated and refined gentleman,s 'arm !ersonality. ;e 'as also o#vio(sly a co(rageo(s !erson ' o, alt o(g e dearly loved is co(ntry, did not esitate to el! it #y saying ' at e t o(g t tr(e and fair.E19F 7. 3. 7anda( seemed to me very arrogantD e reminded me of 1!!en eimer, alt o(g of greater a#ility as a ! ysicist. - also sa' Peter Ma!it*a, ' om - ad kno'n at Cam#ridge in 193J, as 'ell as is son, ' om - ad t en seen in a cradle, #(t ' o no' looked like is fat er t'entyBt'o years earlier. 9mong ot er a#le ! ysicists, - met t e 9likanian #rot ers, Pavel C erenkov, +. 9. Smorodinsky, 3. 3. -vanenko, -. P. /ikotin, /ikolai Bogoli(#ov, and Kladimir Keksler for t e first time.E?$F 2 e small fry 'ere scared to mention even t e most innocent s(#.ects. & en - asked a yo(ng c emist 'orking on tec neti(m ' at e 'as doing, e ans'ered evasively and referred me to is s(!eriorsD ' en - !ressed im to say ' at e ad in a test t(#e e 'as olding, e said disconcertedly t at e did not kno'O C(rt ermore, in t e la#oratories, noted doors sealed 'it 'aA seals, as if t ere 'ere great secrets #e ind t em. 7ater 'e fle' to 9rmeniaD d(ring t e flig t 'e !assed over t e 2(rkis B6(ssian #order, ' ere one co(ld see an a#(ndance of military airfields. - asked for !ermission to take !ict(res, and t e g(ide ' o accom!anied (s assented freely. - 'as s(r!rised, #(t took t e ! otos. Uears later - came to t ink t is may ave #een fool ardy on my !art. -n 9rmenia 'e clim#ed to a ig altit(de o#servatory. 9 sno'storm tra!!ed (s inside t e o#servatory, and t e 9rmenians, feeling at ome, started freely eA!ressing t o(g ts t at at sea level and among 6(ssians 'o(ld ave #een dangero(s. - also sa' ancient c (rc es and monasteries, in one of ' ic an old !riest took me aside and #itterly com!lained to me in Crenc a#o(t t e negligence of t e a(t orities, ' o did not !rovide t e necessary f(nds for t e !reservation of t e mon(ments of t e !ast. @ ?GJ @ - ret(rned t'ice to 6(ssia, t e last time for t e centenary of 4endeleyev,s ta#le of t e elements in 19G9. -n 19P%, some of t e 6(ssian scientists 'e met ret(rned o(r visit #y coming to Berkeley, and invited t em to o(r ome. 1n t e 'ay t ere, as l(ck 'o(ld ave it, 'e ad a #lo'o(t, t e only time t is ad a!!ened to me in t irty years. 2 e 6(ssians 'ere am(sed #y t is fail(re of 9merican tec nology and c (ckled freely, #(t fort(nately a colleag(e of mine, t e ! ysicist ;er#ert Steiner, 'as in t e car. 9s a st(dent, e ad 'orked in a gas station and e s o'ed t e Soviet visitors t e s!eed 'it ' ic one c anged a tire in t e United States. 2 e g(ests 'ere im!ressed. Unfort(nately, t e 6(ssians !ermitted #y t eir a(t orities to visit (s 'ere fe', al'ays t e same, and often not t ose 'e 'ere most eager to see. -n 19P% 2s(ngB3ao 7ee and C en /ing Uang !ro!osed t e nonconservation of !arity in 'eak interactions. Kery cr(dely, t e nonconservation of !arity means t e follo'ing: if one !erforms an ar#itrary eA!erimentHfor instance, if one o#serves t e dist(r#ance of a magnetic needle #y an electric c(rrentHand one looks at t e eA!eriment or at its image in a !erfect mirror, and t ere is no 'ay of telling ' ic is ' ic , !arity is conservedD on t e ot er and, if it is !ossi#le to tell a!art o#.ect and image, !arity is not conserved. -n all eA!eriments !erformed (! to 19P%, !arity seemed to #e conserved. -n t e same year, t e ta( and t eta meson decays 8no' t ey are #ot called M mesons: s o'ed a

!ec(liarity. 2 e !articles ave t e same lifetime and t e same mass #(t decay in final states of different !arity. 7ee and Uang s(ggested t at t ey 'ere one !article 'it t'o different modes of decay. 2 ere are many eAam!les of d(al decay, #(t t e diffic(lty in t is s!ecific case 'as t at t e decay to t'o states of different !arity necessitates a !arity c ange in t e decay. 2 is ad never #een seen in electromagnetic or strong decays #(t ad not #een r(led o(t eA!erimentally in decays #y 'eak interaction. 7ee and Uang !ointed t is o(t. C ienBS i(ng &( and er colleag(es at t e /ational B(rea( of Standards s o'ed, in a case of #eta decay, t at t e 7eeBUang y!ot esis 'as correct: !arity 'as not conserved. &it in a fe' days t is s(r!rising res(lt 'as eAtended to m(on decay @ ?GP @ #y 6ic ard =ar'in, 7eon 7ederman, and =a#riel &einric at Col(m#ia University, and it t(rned o(t t at Kalentin 2elegdi at t e University of C icago ad !revio(sly ad indications of t e same ! enomenon. 2 e sensational discovery removed an old and firmly esta#lis ed !re.(dice and o!ened ne' ori*ons to t e t eory of 'eak interactions. Every#ody r(s ed to 'ork on t e s(#.ect, 'it an eagerness reminding me of t at follo'ing t e discovery of fission in 1939, or of ig tem!erat(re s(!ercond(ctivity in recent years.E?1F Cermi may ave ad some t o(g ts on t e s(#.ectD e ad occasionally cry!tically remarked to me t at no#ody ad ever inverted s!ace 8like a glove:, transforming a left and into a rig t one, #(t e left no 'ritten doc(ment of ' at e ad in mind. - 'as dee!ly interested in t e discovery of !arity nonconservation and tried to read and (nderstand t e ne' !a!ers on t e s(#.ect t at flooded t e literat(re. 7ess agreea#ly, from a narro' and selfis !oint of vie', - reali*ed at once t at t e ne' discovery !ost!oned t e !ossi#ility of my 'inning t e /o#el Pri*eD - 'as s(re 7ee and Uang 'o(ld ave !riority. 2o(g l(ck, #(t t ere 'as not ing - co(ld do. -n 1cto#er came t e anno(ncement of t e a'arding of t e /o#el Pri*e in ! ysics to 7ee and Uang. /o#ody 'as s(r!risedD it 'as an almost !erfect o!!ort(nity to follo' literally t e 'is es of 9lfred /o#el as eA!ressed in is 'ill. - 'as c(rio(s ' et er t e sages of Stock olm 'o(ld also incl(de C. S. &(, #(t t ey did not. 4any years later - 'as !leased ' en s e 'on t e im!ortant &olf Pri*e. -n +(ly 19PN - 'ent to =eneva for an international scientific conference at CE6/. 9t t e same time t ere 'as a disarmament conference #et'een United States and t e USS6. 7a'rence and Panofsky 'ere among t e 9merican eA!ertsD -gor 2amm, ' om - ad come to kno' in 4osco', among t e 6(ssians. - met 2amm on t e street and, kno'ing t at 'e #ot liked iking, - s(ggested 'e ike 4o(nt Saleve, in Crance. ;e ans'ered t at e co(ld not #eca(se e did not ave is !ass!ort. Coolis ly t inking t at e ad sim!ly left it at is otel, - said, )7et (s go and fetc it.) 2amm t en eA!lained to me t at e did not ave is !ass!ort #eca(se on is arrival t e Soviet cons(l ad im!o(nded it. #l(s ed at my lack of tact in asking, and - am still ama*ed at a co(ntry t at 'o(ld take a'ay t e !ass!ort of one of its im!ortant @ ?GG @ delegates at an international conference, and t at of a man of 2amm,s stat(re. - sa' 7a'rence only in !assing. & ile e 'as in =eneva e ad a serio(s rec(rrence of a colitis t at ad long afflicted im. ;e ret(rned to Berkeley and 'ent to Stanford University ;os!ital. - 'as 'orried #y is condition and looked in a medical man(al for information a#o(t is illness. - fo(nd t at it is an insidio(s disease 'it ac(te !eriods alternating 'it remissions. 2 e !atient (sed to t is cycle may delay an o!eration too long, (ntil it #ecomes dangero(s. - ad read t is ' en - eard t e sad anno(ncement of 7a'rence,s deat on 9(g(st ?%, 19PN, in circ(mstances similar to t ose descri#ed in

t e man(al. 7a'rence 'as an intense, im!(lsive, o!timistic, and very active individ(al, more a doer t an a t inker, and a #orn leader of men. ;e 'as f(ll of contradictions, ' ic made im (n!redicta#le. ;is !ersonality 'as f(ndamentally genero(s and magnanimo(s, #(t e co(ld occasionally #e !etty. ;is o!timism and ent (siasm, #asic ingredients to is s(ccess, led im sometimes #eyond ' ere e s o(ld ave gone as a scientist. ;e en.oyed life to t e f(ll and dre' great satisfaction from is scientific s(ccesses and t ose of is associates, #(t e also !(rs(ed c ildis am#itions of consorting 'it ric and !o'erf(l !eo!le. ;is !olitical activity, t e dark side of is life, is scarcely kno'n to me. -n is yo(t e started as a li#eral in t e mid'estern tradition of 6o#ert 7a Collette, as one mig t eA!ect given is family originsD #(t e ended as a reactionary. - !ersonally am gratef(l to im for t e el! and t e o!!ort(nities e gave me. 9t t e #eginning of 19P%, Sea#org told me t at e t o(g t 7a'rence,s nomination 'o(ld e indis!ensa#le for t e a'arding of t e /o#el Pri*e to anyone 'orking in t e 6ad 7a#. - said t at - 'o(ld not s!eak to 7a'rence on t is s(#.ect, #(t t at if e, Sea#org, 'o(ld do it, - 'o(ld #e gratef(l. 9 fe' 'eeks later, 7a'rence,s secretary, 'it o(t a 'ord, s o'ed me, on 7a'rence,s orders, a letter from Stock olm ackno'ledging recei!t of my nomination #y 7a'rence. /o 'ord on t e s(#.ect !assed #et'een (s. 9lso in 19PN, - 'as given t e ;ofmann medal of t e =erman C emical Society. 9t first - 'as (ncertain ' et er or not to acce!t it, given @ ?G% @ recent =erman istory, #(t - decided, - #elieve correctly, to do so. -t 'as a ig distinction, and - liked #eing recogni*ed #y c emists. - 'ent to &ies#aden at t e end of Se!tem#er 19PN to receive t e medal at t e meeting of t e =esellsc aft 3e(tsc er /at(rforsc er (nd hr*te. -t is a #ig affair, 'it scientists of all s!ecialties and also ! iloso! ers. - s!oke, in =erman, on a s(#.ect - 'as interested inHt at is, on systems similar to atoms, #(t constit(ted of !articles different from electrons and ordinary n(clei, somet ing on t e #orderline #et'een s!ectrosco!y and c emistry.E??F 9t &ies#aden - fo(nd 1tto ;a n, 'it ' om - rene'ed an old friends i!. &e sat neAt to eac ot er in t e front ro' at a conference addressed #y t e ! iloso! er Marl +as!ers, ' o ad attracted a (ge cro'd. 2 e s!eaker 'as rat er t eatrical and, - t o(g t, tried to look like t e old =oet e, #(t - did not ave t e im!ression e said m(c . ;a n ad fallen aslee!, #(t at a certain !oint +as!ers started attacking science and scientists. EAactly at t at moment, ;a n 'oke (!, t(rned to me, and said: )By scientists& e means yo( and me.) 2 e deat of 7a'rence necessitated t e a!!ointment of a ne' director for t e 6adiation 7a#oratory. 2 e o#vio(s c oice 'as Ed'in 4c4illan. ;e #elonged to 7a'rence,s old g(ard, e 'as an eminent ! ysicist ' o ad greatly contri#(ted to t e la#oratory,s s(ccess, e 'as a disting(is ed accelerator,s eA!ert, and e 'as 'ell liked #y most of t e !ersonnel. ;e lacked 7a'rence,s c arisma, #(t t at co(ld ardly #e d(!licated. Under 4c4illan, t e la#oratory c anged its name, #ecoming t e 7a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory 87B7:, ' ile t e la#oratory in 7ivermore #ecame t e 7ivermore 7a'rence 7a#oratory 8777:. 2 e administration #ecame less ca!ricio(s t an it ad #een (nder t e creator of t e la#, #(t also less ent (siastic and more #(rea(cratic. 4c4illan,s assignment 'as to(g . 2 e (navoida#le com!arisons 'it is !redecessor and t e im!laca#le !ersonal ostility of 9lvare*, ' o antagoni*ed im constantly, added to t e diffic(lties. - s!ent a good !art of 19PN in 6ome as a =(ggen eim Cello'. -n a!!lying for t e fello's i!, - gave

Cranco 6asetti as one of my referencesD a co(!le of 'eeks later, - received a letter from t e Co(ndation asking me for a letter of recommendation for 6asetti, ' o ad also @ ?GN @ a!!lied and ad given my name as a reference. 2 e accident 'as comic, #(t also em#arrassing, and 'rote to t e Co(ndation eA!laining o(r !redicament and innocence of coll(sion in t e matter. &e #ot received fello's i!s, and later - served for many years as a cons(ltant to t e Co(ndation. - devoted t e time of my fello's i! to t e !re!aration of t e t'o vol(mes of Cermi,s collected !a!ers. Since e ad died at s(c an (nfort(nately early age, t ere still 'ere many 'itnesses ' o 'ere a#le to 'rite valid istorical introd(ctions to individ(al !a!ers. - took res!onsi#ility for t e organi*ation of t is 'ork. - felt an o#ligation, aving #een close to Cermi in -taly as 'ell as in 9merica, and - remem#ered, 'it o(t 'anting to make ridic(lo(s com!arisons, t at 4aA'ell ad edited Cavendis ,s collected !a!ers and 4arie C(rie t ose of er (s#and. 2 e .o# re0(ired considera#le time and effort even 'it t e el! of ot er mem#ers of t e editorial committeeD 9maldi, 9nderson, Persico, 6asetti, and &atten#erg carried a s(#stantial !art of t e load, as did several o(tsiders. 2 e #iogra! ical introd(ction - 'rote for Cermi,s collected !a!ers served me as t e #asis for is #iogra! y, ' ic - !(#lis ed ten years later.E?3F 1n +an(ary 19, 19P9, t e University of Palermo gave me an onorary degree, ' ic - ig ly a!!reciated. 1n t e occasion - visited Palermo for t e first time since t e 'ar. 2 e city ad greatly deteriorated and t e elegant s(rro(ndings of o(r o(se at t e #eginning of Kiale della 7i#ertT ad #adly decayed. - sa' again t e -stit(to fisico in Kia 9rc irafi and several of my old Sicilian friends. 9fter o(r stay in Palermo, 'e to(red Sicily once more and visited Syrac(se, ' ic 'e did not yet kno'. 9 little later, in Ce#r(ary, - ad to go to Scandinavia. - 'as invited to visit Bo r,s -nstit(te in Co!en agen, and to Stock olm and 1slo to lect(re for /ordira, an association of Scandinavian (niversities. - 'as t (s a#le to see Bo r again, as 'ell as t e t'o Sieg#a ns, fat er and son,E?JF 1skar Mlein and ot er colleag(es. - ad a friendly rece!tion every' ere, and - s(s!ected t at - ad not #een invited solely to s o' me t e 'intery attractions of Scandinavia. 1n my 'ay #ack - sto!!ed at ;am#(rg, ' ere - lect(red on Ce#r(ary @ ?G9 @ 1G, 19P9, on t e invitation of &. +entsc ke, a ! ysicist - ad #efriended in Ur#ana in 19P? and ' o later #ecame director of CE6/. - s!oke at t e old Stern -nstit(te, ' ere - ad 'orked a#o(t t irty years earlier. -n t e a(dience 'ere some !rofessors ' o ad #een Stern,s assistantsD - kne' t ey ad #ecome *ealo(s /a*is (nder ;itler and avoided t em. By c ance - ad read a ne's!a!er advertisement !laced #y a detective ' o s!eciali*ed in locating !eo!le. 1(t of c(riosity, - 'rote to im a fe' days #efore my arrival in ;am#(rg, asking im to find my old girlfriend, )-.) 9ll - ad to go #y 'ere er maiden name and er address in t e 193$s, #(t for a very modest fee t e detective s(!!lied me 'it er married name, address, and tele! one n(m#er, as 'ell as a descri!tion of er (s#and, is !rofession, and t eir financial and family sit(ation. -mmediately after t e detective left my ;am#(rg otel, - called er n(m#er. S e ans'ered erself, and - did not ave t e im!ression s e 'as eAcessively s(r!rised. &e made an a!!ointment to see eac ot er t e neAt day, and ' en 'e met 'e s!oke a#o(t some of t e !ast and little of t e !resent. S e did not #elieve in t e reality of t e /a*i crimes, ' ic , in an intelligent !erson, asto(nded me. 2 e denial can #e only eA!lained #y t e terri#le diffic(lty of facing t e facts. S e ad t'o da(g ters, ' om - did not see. 9 fe' years later t ey sent me a !rinted anno(ncement of t e deat of t eir mot er.

1n my ret(rn to -taly, in 4arc 19P9, - attended an a'ard ceremony for old em!loyees of SC2, my fat er,s !a!er mill, and - 'as asked to confer t e medals. - dee!ly a!!reciated #eing c osen for t is as t e re!resentative of t e family. & en - ret(rned to Berkeley, t e date for t e anno(ncement of t e /o#el !ri*es 'as a!!roac ing and some S'edis .o(rnalists called me from /e' Uork asking for #iogra! ical details. - 'as ig in t e #alloting of t e a'arding committee, t ey said. 2 at year, contrary to all !recedents, t e /o#el committee ad leaked information to t e !ress a#o(t a 'eek #efore t e final vote. 2 (s t ey ke!t me, and ot er o!ef(ls ' o ad #een named, on tenter ooks for a 'eek. Cinally, on 1cto#er ?G, - eard t e anno(ncement on t e radio, and s ortly t ereafter - received an official telegram. /eedless to say, #efore t e anno(ncement - did not kno' if and o' a !ri*e given for t e anti!roton @ ?%$ @ 'o(ld #e divided #et'een C am#erlain, myself, &iegand, and U!silantis, since t e !a!er re!orting t e discovery ad #een signed #y all fo(r of (s in al! a#etical order. 2 e S'edis 9cademy of Sciences decided to a'ard t e !ri*e to C am#erlain and myself. C am#erlain 'as at ;arvard at t e time, and e tele! oned me to !lan t e s!eec es 'e 'o(ld give at Stock olm. - left t e c oice to im, and e asked to s!eak a#o(t t e tec ni0(e follo'ed in revealing t e anti!roton, leaving to me t e conse0(ences of t e discovery. - 'illingly agreed. 2 e tri! to Stock olm 'as more or less t e same as t at of all ot er la(reates, very interesting and satisfactory. 2 e t ree c ildren accom!anied (s. 9melia ad ca(g t !oison oak a fe' days earlier, and er face 'as #adly s'ollen. - told er t at if s e did not scratc erself, s e 'o(ld most likely recover #efore t e time of t e ceremonies. So it 'as. - al'ays admired t e 'ill!o'er of t e little lady. Collo'ing tradition, - gave a s ort s!eec of t anks on #e alf of all t e la(reates at t e royal #an0(et t at cele#rated t e a'arding of t e !ri*es.E?PF 9s - ave o#served else' ere, - ad #orro'ed my friend 9ncona,s tailcoat for t e occasion. - ad also o#tained a ' ite 'aistcoat t at ad #een (sed #y several Berkeley /o#el Pri*e 'inners from 4c4illan, ' o asked me to sign it. 1ne of its 'earers even told t e king of S'eden t e story, saying: )Sir, !lease look caref(lly at t is 'aistcoat. Uo( ave seen it re!eatedly.) 9t t e royal dinner - ad a most interesting conversation 'it t e king, ' o kne' -taly very 'ell indeed. 7ater in t e evening, at t e st(dents, dance, - ad to give a second s!eec . ;ere is ' at - said: St(dents, 7adies and =entlemen: 9lt o(g 'e ave a !oet in o(r midst ESalvatore V(asimodoF, ' o 'o(ld #e far more elo0(ent t an - can #e, - ave #een c osen to ans'er yo(r gracio(s and eartfelt greeting, and - 'ill do my #est. &e /o#el la(reates, alt o(g 'e 'ork in 'idely diverse fields, s are at least one t ing in common: 'e s!end a good !art of o(r life teac ing and 'orking 'it st(dents and yo(ng !eo!le like yo(, t e ne' generation on ' ic t e f(t(re de!ends. Us(ally 'e are #efore yo( to disc(ss o(r s!ecial fields of interest. 2onig t 'e may 'ell s!eak to yo( in #roader terms. @ ?%1 @ -t as almost #ecome a c(stom to tell animal fa#les on t is occasion. 2'o years ago !er a!s yo( eard a 'ise 1riental one from my friends 7ee and Uang. - do not kno' t e origin of

t e one - am going to tell yo(. Per a!s it is S'edis , and so yo( may already ave eard it. 2 e !erson ' o ta(g t it to me 'as an old V(aker lady from Pennsylvania E7oren*o Emo,s grandmot erF. 2'o frogs 'ere lea!ing and frolicking in a meado' ' en t ey s!ied a strange o#.ect. Being c(rio(s, t ey decided to investigate it, and t e 'ay frogs investigate t ings is #y .(m!ing into t em. -n t is !artic(lar o#.ect t ey fo(nd t emselves very m(c at ome, #eca(se it 'as a !ail f(ll of milk. Cor a time t ey ad a s!lendid time s'imming a#o(t. 2 en t ey felt tired and #egan to seek solid gro(nd, #eca(se, as yo( kno', frogs cannot live indefinitely in a li0(id. 4(c to t eir consternation t ey fo(nd t at t ere 'as no island in t is !ond of milk. PanicB stricken, t ey tried to .(m! o(t of t e !ail, #(t t e 'alls 'ere too ig and too slick and t ey fell #ack. 9gain t ey .(m!ed and fell #ack, and t en again and again. 2 e sit(ation #ecame more and more des!erate. 9t last one of t e frogs gave (!. 2 e 'alls 'ere far too ig , t e s(rfaces far too smoot to clim# (!, e reasoned. Clearly t ere 'as no o!e. ;e fell #ack and dro'ned. 2 e ot er frog, !er a!s a little less intelligent, #(t far more st(##orn and !ersistent, contin(ed .(m!ing. 1ver and over e lea!ed (! and fell #ack. ;e 'as at t e !oint of com!lete eA a(stion and nearly resigned to .oining is fello'. 9nd t en e felt somet ing firm and ard (nder is legs. 9 little island of #(tter 'as forming. &it a fe' more .(m!s, e c (rned an island t at 'as #ig eno(g so t at e co(ld rest and t en .(m! o(t of t e !ail, and so e 'as saved. - leave t e moral to yo(, #(t it m(st #e a !o'erf(l one #eca(se - still remem#er t e old V(aker lady of Pennsylvania telling me t e story in 19J$, d(ring t e darkest days of t e 'ar. - al'ays liked t e story, ' ic - fancied reminiscent of my o'n eA!erience. 1n t is occasion my a(dience #esto'ed on me t e )1rder of t e al'ays smiling and .(m!ing little frog.) - ad time to see 1skar Mlein and 7ise 4eitner 8#y t en rat er aged: in Stock olm. - also 'ent to U!!sala to Mai Sieg#a n,s instit(te to give a lect(re, #(t - ad to (rry to 6ome for SC2 #(siness. - ave al'ays regretted t at neit er my !arents, my (ncle Cla(dio, @ ?%? @ Cor#ino, nor Cermi 'ere a#le to see me getting t e !ri*e. 4y !arents, satisfaction 'o(ld very likely ave eAceeded my o'n. - can ardly imagine t at of Uncle Cla(dio, ' o gave me a !air of gold c(fflinks sim!ly #eca(se - ad received a s(!erior grade in a mec anics eAam. By no' - ad all t e !(#lic recognition - co(ld o!e forD selfBesteem is somet ing else. - #elieve - never got a s'ollen ead. 2 at t ere is no onor t at can affect my accom!lis ments is a ard fact - ave al'ays ke!t in mind. 2 e reason for t e !restige of t e /o#el Pri*e for ! ysics is t at, all told, it as #een given 'ell. 2 is does not mean t at t ere ave not #een some l(cky mediocrities ' o ave received it and some eminent deserving scientists ' o ave #een !assed over. Cor t e former, it 'as a stroke of l(ckD for t e latter, a!art from 'orldly disa!!ointment, it is (nim!ortant. Persons s(c as Einstein, Planck, 6(t erford, and Bo r ave given t e a'ard its !restige. -f one or more of t em ad not received it, t e loss 'o(ld ave #een entirely to t e !restige of t e !ri*e, not to t em. Considering all t e la(reates, one

can divide t em into t ree gro(!s: one gro(! as given !restige to t e !ri*e, one as #een eAalted #y it, and one as more or less #roken even. -n t e nominations for /o#el Pri*es or ot er im!ortant a'ards, t e decision is easy ' en t ere are tr(ly eAtraordinary candidates, #(t even t ere, t e diversity of t e fields in ! ysics may make some c oices diffic(lt, and - ave fo(nd t at t ere ave #een some glaring omissions, s(c as t at of =. E. U len#eck and S. 9. =o(dsmit, ' o discovered t e electron s!in. 2 e monetary val(e of t e !ri*e 'as initially very s(#stantial, corres!onding to a#o(t fifteen times t e yearly salary of a disting(is ed !rofessor. -n 19P9 it amo(nted to ]?1,1NJ for eac of (s, and my net ann(al salary at t e time 'as a#o(t ]13,$$$. 1f co(rse, t e !ri*e also !rovides many less tangi#le advantages: invitations, !restige among one,s colleag(es, t e c ance to #e on vario(s committees, n(mero(s o!!ort(nities to serve as an ornamental !lant, and even some minor monetary advantages. 9t Berkeley, in recent years, one is even given a !rivate !arking !lace on cam!(sO 2 ere are also dra'#acks: one a(tomatically #ecomes an oracle on @ ?%3 @ every to!ic, and one is s(#.ect to distractions from 'ork and diffic(lties 'it .ealo(s colleag(es or colla#orators. 9#ove all, sensi#le !ersons, ' ic /o#el Pri*e 'inners (s(ally are, kno' t at ' at co(nts is t eir 'ork. )Emilio, yo( co(ld take all yo(r 'ork and eAc ange it for one !a!er of 3irac,s and yo( 'o(ld gain s(#stantially in t e trade,) Cermi once said to me. - kne' t is to #e tr(e, of co(rse, #(t - ans'ered: )agree, #(t yo( co(ld like'ise trade yo(rs for one of Einstein,s and come o(t a ead.) 9fter a s ort !a(se, Cermi assented. - kno' of scientists ' o cannot resign t emselves to #eing inferior to contem!oraries, 'it dire conse0(ences for t eir !ersonalities and a!!iness. Cinally, #eing a cele#rity may give rise to am(sing e!isodes. Cor eAam!le, at t e time of t e discovery of t e anti!roton, - a!!ened to read an article in t e 3ew 8or/er in ' ic Salvador 3ali said e ad a#andoned Cre(d, and t at is )fat er) 'as no' ;eisen#erg and is credo t e (ncertainty !rinci!le. -n !artic(lar, e ad !ainted or 'as a#o(t to !aint an anti!rotonic madonna. - t en 'rote to im and sent im some #ea(tif(l !ict(res of anti!roton stars in ! otogra! ic em(lsions, saying t at - 'as c(rio(s as to o' e vis(ali*ed anti!rotons. ;e did not ans'er. S ortly after receiving t e /o#el Pri*e, - 'as in /e' Uork at 6o#ert Ser#er,s o(se at a cocktail !arty 'it several ! ysicist friends. 3(ring t e !arty =eorge Plac*ek and - modeled a mink ca!e - ad #o(g t for Elfriede, 'it every#ody la(g ing merrily. -n t is .oking mood - said - 'o(ld look (! 3ali and see im #efore leaving /e' Uork. Every#ody la(g ed at t e idea, #(t t e neAt day - fo(nd 3ali,s address and tele! oned im at t e otel ' ere e lived, eA!laining ' o - 'as and reminding im of t e ! otos - ad sent to im. ;e 'as most friendly and invited me to come to see im at N:3$ t at evening. =iven t e time, - t o(g t t is 'as after dinner, and - ate #efore going to t e a!!ointment. - called im from t e lo##y of is otel, and e came do'n very s ortly. - ad started aving do(#ts a#o(t ' at 'o(ld a!!en neAt and t o(g t t at !er a!s e mig t 'ant to ama*e me in some 'ay or ot er. - t erefore id #e ind a col(mn from ' ere - 'o(ld #e a#le to see im immediately, #(t e 'o(ld ave to look for me for a fe' seconds at least. - co(nted on t is interval to @ ?%J @ !re!are myself in case e ad somet ing (! is sleeve. -ndeed, e arrived 'it is mo(stac e stiffly

!ointing (!'ard, a t in cane, and strange attire t at seemed a caricat(re. - looked at im from my iding !lace for a fraction of a min(te and t en greeted im in t e most nat(ral 'ay, 'it o(t s o'ing t e slig test s(r!rise. )& at lang(age s all 'e s!eak<) e asked. )9ny,) - re!lied, as if - kne' t em all. By no' 'e 'ere com!eting in oneB(!mans i!. &e settled on Crenc , miAed 'it m(c Englis . -t t(rned o(t t at 3ali, ' o 'as accom!anied #y is attractive and interesting 'ife =ala 8' ose istory did not kno':, intended to invite me to dinner. - did not say - ad already eaten #(t ate once more, lig tly. 9fter a ' ile, it m(st ave #een a!!arent t at t e com!etition in oneB(!mans i! 'as a dra', and t e game s(#sided. 3ali eA!lained to me t at e 'as tr(ly interested in modern ! ysics and t at e ad read several articles in t e Scientific American , ' ic 'as o#vio(s from t e 'ay e s!oke of 0(anta, t e (ncertainty !rinci!le, antimatter, and so on. 9ll t ese ideas ad, o'ever, s(ffered a sea c ange in is mind t at co(ld not gras!, #(t t at 'as o#vio(sly sincere and interesting. ;is !aintings of soft 'atc es #ending and dri!!ing as if t ey 'ere c eese ad idden ! ysical and !syc ic meaning for im. ;e eA!lained to me t at t e madonna e ad !ainted 'as )anti!rotonic) #eca(se only t e anni ilation of matter co(ld give s(fficient force to !ro!el a 'oman to eaven. 9s e s!oke - #ecame convinced t at e ad a 'ay of seeing t e 'orld different from t at of a scientist, certainly more s(#.ective, #(t also valid in its o'n terms. &e t en !assed to artistic tec ni0(e. ;e said e !ainted many o(rs a day, slo'ly and 'it eAtreme care. )-f yo( look at my !aintings 'it a magnifying glass, yo( 'ill discover many t ings, #eca(se - often !aint (sing a magnifying glass, and details are almost invisi#le 'it o(t it.) - o!ed t at e mig t give me a dra'ing in eAc ange for ' at - ad sent im, #(t instead e sent me a #ook of re!rod(ctions of is 'ork 'it a dedication. - regretted not aving read t e #ook #efore o(r meetingD it also contained t e ' ole istory of is 'ife =ala. S e ad listened to o(r lively conversation, s!eaking only rarely, mostly el!ing (s ' en 'e searc ed for 'ords, #(t - sa' s e 'as is constant model and o#vio(sly in many 'ays an ins!iration. @ ?%P @ -n 4arc 19G$ - gave t e Cac(lty 6esearc 7ect(re at Berkeley, for ' ic - ad #een selected #efore receiving t e /o#el Pri*e. 2 is lect(re is a ig local onor conferred on mem#ers of t e Berkeley fac(lty #y t eir colleag(es.E?GF Collo'ing t e lect(re, - 'as on t e selection committee for ten years or so, and t ere, contrary to ' at ad a!!ened on ot er Berkeley committees, - sa' a certain s!irit of !artisans i! #ased on disci!lines. Ultimately, on 9lvare*,s s(ggestion, t e Berkeley 9cademic Senate resolved to a!!oint t'o fac(lty researc lect(rers yearly, one for t e (manities and one for science. 2 e year 19G$ 'as saddened #y several tragedies. 1n 9!ril ?3, Corneli(s Bakker !eris ed in an air!lane accident. &e ad #een friends since 193$, ' en 'e colla#orated in Leeman,s la#oratory. 9fter t e 'ar Bakker ad visited me in Berkeley, and 'e ad even cond(cted a small investigation toget er. ;e ad later #ecome t e director general of CE6/, and - ad visited im at =eneva. 9maldi and Bernardini t o(g t of nominating me as is s(ccessor at CE6/. - 'as some' at s(r!rised, #(t - agreed to stand for t e a!!ointment. 2 e CE6/ directors i! 'o(ld ave given me a ne' activity t at at my age and at t at ! ase of my career a!!ealed to me. ;o'ever, t e nomination 'as received coolly and a cam!aign for anot er !erson 'as immediately startedD - t en 'it dre' my candidat(re. 9 fe' mont s later an (neA!ected #lo' str(ck (s. 1(r dear friend Crancis +enkins, ' o ad el!ed (s so m(c in diffic(lt times, and to ' om 'e 'ere very close, fell inc(ra#ly ill and died. 3(ring t e s(mmer, Elfriede and t e c ildren ad gone on a to(r of /e' 4eAico, revisiting 7os 9lamos. - did not leave Berkeley #eca(se - kne' of +enkins,s condition and 'anted to #e on and in case - co(ld in any 'ay #e of el!. - 'rote a dee!ly felt o#it(ary and s!oke at is memorial service. -n 19G% is 'ife, ;enriette, also died, to o(r dee! sorro'.

-n t e a(t(mn of 19G$, t e 6ockefeller Co(ndation invited me to go to /igeria for t at co(ntry,s inde!endence !roclamation, sc ed(led for 1cto#er 1. -t 'as a (ni0(e o!!ort(nity, and Elfriede and stayed t ere for a#o(t t ree 'eeks as g(ests of -#adan University. -t 'as my first tri! to 9frica, and kne' very little a#o(t it. - #o(g t lig t clot es s(ited to t e climate and a !it elmet of t e kind once (s(al in 9frica, @ ?%G @ #(t - 'as told on arrival to s(!!ress t is eadgear at once, as it 'as considered a sym#ol of colonialism. 9fter o(r first official dinner, 'it every#ody formally dressed in #lack tie, - 'as s(r!rised ' en t e ladies retired and t e men 'ent to (rinate on t e ost,s la'n. 1ne evening ' ile to(ring t e co(ntry, 'e visited t e 1#a of Benin, ' o lived in a #ig m(d !alace, toget er 'it is co(rt, ' ic incl(ded many 'ives and a#o(t fifty c ildren. 2 e ant ro!ologist 4. +. ;erskovits, ' o 'as also in t e !arty, asked t e 1#a many 0(estions on .(stice and la' in Benin, and o' e reconciled t em 'it Britis la' and t e religio(s commandments of t e several !revailing fait s. 2 e 1#a ad #een ed(cated in England, s!oke t e lang(age 'ell, 'rote 'it a modern fo(ntain !en, and ad inscri#ed ! otogra! s of several mem#ers of t e Englis 6oyal Camily. ;e com!lained a#o(t is c ildren, ' o all 'anted to go to Eton, an eA!ense e co(ld not afford. 9s e s!oke, some of t ese c ildren s o'ed (! stark naked in t e rece!tion all, only to #e !rom!tly dismissed. 9fter a ' ile t e 1#a !olitely inted t at e ad eno(g of t e ant ro!ologist,s 0(estions and t(rned to me, saying t at e kne' - 'as a ! ysics !rofessor and o!ed - co(ld el! im to clear (! t e conf(sion e felt ' en t ey told im t e eart 'as s! erical, ' ile old traditions said it 'as fiat and so it a!!eared to im. C(rt ermore, e co(ld not (nderstand o' t e s(n disa!!eared every day from a certain !art of t e ori*on and rea!!eared on t e o!!osite side t e neAt morning. - tried as #est as co(ld to eA!lain t ese mysteries to im, and e t en !assed to t e moon. ;o' far 'as it< &o(ld t e 9mericans or t e 6(ssians arrive t ere first< 1n t e moon,s distance - gave im some information, #(t - ref(sed to !redict ' o 'o(ld arrive t ere first. 1n my ret(rn to Berkeley - #o(g t an ill(strated astronomy #ook for yo(ng !eo!le for t e 1#a. - did not 'ant to offend im, o'ever, so - sent it to im 'it a letter to t e effect t at - t o(g t it mig t interest some of t e c ildren - ad seen at is co(rt. 9t t e !roclamation of inde!endence, t e man slated to #ecome t e first !rime minister of inde!endent /igeria, Sir 9#(#akar 2afa'a Bale'a, made a s!eec t at im!ressed me greatly for is realism, and @ ?%% @ e0(ili#ri(m. ;e !ointed o(t grave !ro#lems facing t e ne' nation and some of t e necessary remedies. &it in a fe' mont s e 'as m(rdered. -n my academic career, - long avoided administrative 'ork. 2 is 'as easy to do, #(t - nevert eless ended (! s o(ldering many res!onsi#ilities in t is field too, es!ecially in later years. 9s a r(le - ave acce!ted assignments if asked to #y t e (niversity, t e government, or some ot er !(#lic instit(tion, #(t - never strove to .oin #oards, directorates, committees, and so on. Since t ere are al'ays many !eo!le eager to serve in s(c offices, t ose ' o do not s o' a keen interest in t e .o#s do not get t em. ;o'ever, at t e University of California at Berkeley - ave ended #y serving on most of t e committees of t e 9cademic Senate. Some 'ere a 'aste of time, #(t - remem#er t e B(dget Committee, on ' ic - served from 19G1 to 19GP, as a s(!erior sc ool and as an occasion for really el!ing. 2 is committee !ractically controls all academic !romotions and a!!ointments. -t 'as t en com!osed of five mem#ers indirectly elected #y t e ' ole fac(lty. - 'as im!ressed #y t e dedication

and fairness dis!layed #y its mem#ers in 'orking on assignments t at 'ere often 0(ite delicate. - did not see eAam!les of !artisans i! or of slo!!y !roced(res, and all t e mem#ers la#ored assid(o(sly at t eir .o#. -t is .(stly said t at t is committee as #een t e so(rce of t e 0(ality of t e Berkeley cam!(s. - ave occasionally #een s(mmoned to &as ington #y t e /ational Science Co(ndation or t e /ational 9cademy of Sciences, or invited to serve on !anels of /9S9 and similar organi*ations, and - ave #een a tr(stee, advisor, mem#er of visiting committees, and so on for several (niversities. - al'ays conscientio(sly did my ome'ork and said ' at - t o(g t. - did not ave t e im!ression t at - 'as !artic(larly !o!(lar as a mem#er of committees. 4ay#e - s!oke too m(c and not di!lomatically eno(g . -n t e 6ad 7a#, - ad fe' administrative f(nctions, eAce!t in t e direction of my o'n gro(!. 1(r vie's 'ere too divergent and o(r !ersonalities too different to make me (sef(l to 7a'rence in @ ?%N @ t e direction of t e la#. -ndirectly, - carried some 'eig t, #(t not #y reason of any official !osition. - 'as infl(ential in t e ! ysics de!artment #eca(se t e c airmen, on t eir o'n, cons(lted 'it and listened to me. - 'as insistently offered t e c airmans i!, #(t - did not acce!t it, #eca(se at t e time 'o(ld ave ad to sacrifice too m(c of my scientific 'ork. 7ater - served as c airman for t'o years, from 19GP to 19G%. - ave also #een on selection committees for fello's i!s. =enerally t ere 'ere eAcellent candidates, and as regards t e first !laces t ere 'as only t e !redicament of c oosing among t em. 2 e less 'ort y 'ere also !retty o#vio(s. 2 e !ro#lems arose at t e dividing line. 7etters of recommendation al'ays !lay an im!ortant role. 1n t e many occasions ' en - 'as asked to 'rite t em, - al'ays tried to el! t e addressee #y giving im as m(c information as - co(ld, good and #ad, and trying to !(t myself in is s oes. - #elieve one of t e res(lts 'as t at my letters carried 'eig t. - once recommended an eAcellent former st(dent, Cred /oel S!iess, ' o ad done is P .3. 'it me. 7a'rence read my letter and reinforced it 'it one of is o'n, in ' ic e added t e comment: )9s yo( kno', Segr is rat er conservative in is statements a#o(t !eo!le, and is letter, 'o(ld say, is a strong recommendation) 8' ic certainly 'as my intention:. 2 e reci!ient of a letter of recommendation m(st kno' t e a(t or to (nderstand t e im!ort of t e letter. -t is said t at Einstein 'as so nice to every#ody t at is letters ended (! #eing disco(nted. Cermi 'as stingy 'it !raise, #(t !recise in is statements. 1nce e 'rote t at 6ic ard =ar'in ad #een one of t e very #est of is st(dents. )1ne says t is of every#ody,) commented t e !ersonnel director of t e 6ad 7a#, to ' om t e letter 'as addressed. )B(t if Cermi says it, it is most im!ortant,) - re!lied. -n Ce#r(ary 19G?, 9rt (r ;. Com!ton came to Berkeley as a visitor, toget er 'it is 'ife. Besides #eing a great ! ysicist, Com!ton 'as also an a!!ealing (man #eing. ;e ad acted co(rageo(sly and no#ly d(ring t e 'itc B (nts of Senator +ose! 4cCart y of &isconsin, #(t e ad #een very ca(tio(s 'it res!ect to ref(gee scientists and foreigners in general, seeming 'orried a#ove all t at t ey 'o(ld take @ ?%9 @ !ositions a'ay from 9mericans. /o', after t e great s(ccesses ac ieved 'it atomic energy, after is close ac0(aintance 'it Cermi, and so m(c 'ater (nder t e #ridge, e 'as a c anged man. &e invited im to dinner, and - 'ent to listen to is s!eec es, ' ic 'ere in t e nat(re of sermons on science and religion. Unfort(nately, ' ile still at Berkeley, Com!ton fell ill and died, 'it o(t #eing a#le to

com!lete is anno(nced series of lect(res, alt o(g e ad given most of t em. 2 e 6egents ref(sed to !ay t e onorari(m agreed (!on, #eca(se Com!ton ad not f(lfilled is contract. Some#ody asked me to fill in and give one or t'o lect(res so t at t e 'ido' mig t #e !aid. - 'illingly com!lied. -n 19G3 t e 9ccademia dei 7incei asked me for s(ggestions for t e 3onegani 7ect(res, named for t e fo(nder of 4ontecatini, t e largest -talian c emical com!any. - t o(g t t at it mig t #e more 'ort ' ile to esta#lis a s(mmer sc ool rat er t an contin(e t e series of formal, !olis ed orations t at t e lect(res ad #ecome. - 'anted t em to teac somet ing ne' and !ractical for t e #enefit of yo(ng -talian c emists and tec nologists. - disc(ssed t is !ossi#ility 'it my friend 3r. 7(igi 4orandi, vice !resident of 4ontecatini. - s(ggested t at materials science, ' ic 'as not m(c st(died in -taly, #(t 'as flo(ris ing in t e United States, mig t #e an a!!ro!riate field. 2 e idea 'as to st(dy t e tec nological !ro!erties of materials scientifically, (sing all t e tools of modern ! ysics. Ceramics, modern metallic alloys, semicond(ctors, and !lastics 'ere s(ita#le s(#.ects. 4(c of t e tec nology ad #een kno'n for a long time, #(t in recent years it ad #een transformed, !assing from an em!irical to a scientific stage. 2 e fr(its of t e marriage #et'een science and tec nical !ractice are a#(ndant and !ervade modern ind(stry.E?%F - o(tlined a !rogram for a s(mmer sc ool. 9lt o(g - am not an eA!ert on t e s(#.ect, - kne' to ' om to t(rn for el! and advice. & en it came to t e !ractical organi*ation, 4orandi leaned eavily on is rig tB and man, Um#erto Colom#o, to ' om e introd(ced me, and Colom#o and - soon #ecame good friends. Colom#o,s scientific training 'as mainly in geoc emistry, ' ic e ta(g t at t e University @ ?N$ @ of =enoa, #(t is interests eAtended very #roadly to economics, a!!lied science, f(t(rology, and science !olicy. Event(ally e #ecame one of t e foremost E(ro!ean science administrators. -ndirectly el!ed im to #(y a large co(ntry estate near Clorence #y introd(cing im to a friend of Emo,s ' o 'as a real estate #roker. - admired t e !rom!tness 'it ' ic Colom#o closed t e dealD e needed ardly more t an a co(!le of o(rs. 9fter 19JG - often ta(g t co(rses in n(clear ! ysics, as 'ell as in ' at 'as t en kno'n of !article ! ysics. Cor t is !(r!ose - (sed Bet e,s famo(s articles, a #ook #y 6asetti #ased on Cermi,s lect(res, and Cermi,s o'n remarka#le notes. /one of t ese 'as (! to date and ' olly s(ita#le for t e st(dents, o'ever, and in 19PN - decided to 'rite my o'n teAt#ook on n(clear and !article ! ysics. 2 e s!irit and t e aim of t is !ro.ect are given in t e !reface to 3uclei and -articles& ' ic took five years of intermittent 'ork for its com!letion.E?NF 2 e res(lt 'as a t ick vol(me, ' ic as #een translated into several lang(ages and re0(ired a second edition in 19%N. 2 e istory of science as al'ays interested me. & en - 'as a #oy, my !arents gave to me #ooks on t e s(#.ect #y =aston 2issandier, ' ic 'ere long my favorite reading. 7ater - read 6enR KalleryB 6adot,s 4ie de -asteur , ' ic 'as one of my mot er,s favorite #ooks. 9s an active scientist, - also s(#se0(ently read #ooks on t e istory of ! ysics, c emistry, and mat ematics. - kne' t at in o(r times ! ysics 'as making colossal strides, and t at 'e 'ere !ro#a#ly living in an eAce!tional age. ad saved some doc(ments on t e s(#.ect, es!ecially 'it regard to t e 'ork done in 6ome. Unfort(nately, t e #(lk of t ese !a!ers 'ere lost in a !arcel - sent from -taly to Berkeley t at 'ent do'n 'it t e ocean liner Andrea )oria . - never ke!t a diary, and - regret not aving done so, at least d(ring certain !eriods of my life. - ad !rofessional contact 'it istory of science for t e first time in t e early 19P$s ' ile serving on a committee c arged 'it revitali*ing t e ! iloso! y de!artment at Berkeley. 9mong several

alternatives, 'e !ro!osed iring 2 omas S. M( n, ' o later #ecame a noted istorian of science and !roved to #e a a!!y c oice. & en t e great !ro.ect @ ?N1 @ of collecting t e so(rces of 0(ant(m t eory 'as started, - el!ed M( n in intervie'ing =eorg von ;evesy and 1tto Stern. -t 'as not an easy assignment, and it revealed to me t e !ro#lems of (man memory and of oral istory. 4y o'n intervie' in 19G% did not entirely satisfy me ' en - read t e transcri!t. -t seems t at it is very diffic(lt to convey one,s dee! t o(g ts and feelings in an intervie'. 9ro(nd 19G$ - started giving occasional istorical lect(res. 2 (s - 'as Sarton 7ect(rer at t e 2ent -nternational Congress of ;istory of Science at -t aca, /.U., ' ere - s!oke of t e conse0(ences of t e discovery of t e ne(tron.E?9F 7ater at Berkeley - !re!ared a set of lect(res on t'entiet Bcent(ry ! ysics, ' ic - re!eated many times in different formats. - called t ese lect(res my accordion #eca(se - (sed t em like a minstrel, reciting t em at vario(s !lacesD moreover, - co(ld eAtend or contract t em according to need, like an accordion. 2 is 'as t e origin of my #ook 'rom <=.ays to *uar/s , ' ic a!!eared in 19%G and as since #een translated, to my kno'ledge, into -talian, Crenc , =erman, =reek, +a!anese, S!anis , Port(g(ese, and ;e#re'. -n 19G? 'e received a telegram from President +o n C. Mennedy inviting (s to a & ite ;o(se dinner on 9!ril ?9. ;e ad invited all 9merican /o#el Pri*e 'inners and some ot er nota#les, s(c as t e !oet 6o#ert Crost and t e science advisor =eorge Mistiako'sky, ' om - kne' from 7os 9lamos. 2 e !resident and t e first lady arrived in an official !rocession 'it silver tr(m!ets and alar(ms. Mennedy greeted every#ody and made a nice little s!eec , saying among ot er t ings t at t ere ad not #een s(c a concentration of intellects at t e & ite ;o(se since t e time ' en +efferson dined t ere alone. ;e t en made some a!!ro!riate remarks on science and !olitics, eA!ressing is a!!reciation for science and intellect(al !ro'ess, and finally 'e ad an eAcellent dinner. - 'as sitting neAt to 4rs. Mistiako'sky, as indicated #y a card marking er !lace, and - tried to s o' off #y saying t at remem#ered er from ' en s e ad got married at 7os 9lamos. 8Mistiako'sky ad divorced is first 'ife at 7os 9lamos and married is secretary.: )Uo(r memory is at fa(ltD t at one 'as n(m#er t'oD am n(m#er t ree,) s e ans'ered coolly. Cor a long time - ad 'anted to go aro(nd t e glo#e, and in 19G? @ ?N? @ ad eno(g leis(re to do so. - contacted t e State 3e!artment, ' ic often s!onsored tri!s #y /o#el Pri*e 'inners, offering to give a series of lect(res. 2 is !ro!osal 'as acce!ted. - 'as com!letely free to say ' atever - 'anted, 'it o(t any strings attac ed, eAce!t to mention t at t e U.S. -nformation Service 'as s!onsoring my s!eec . 2 e government 'o(ld #(y my ticket, #(t not Elfriede,s, and 'o(ld !ay me a !er diem rate for t e days on ' ic - lect(red. 2 e government a(ditors 'ere very strict. still remem#er a C inese acco(ntant at a U.S. em#assy serio(sly c allenging t e amo(nt of a taAi fare from my otel to a (niversity #eca(se it 'as ten cents ig er t an t e ret(rn tri!O 1(r .o(rney lasted from Se!tem#er 1%, 19G?, to +an(ary ?%, 19G3, #(t 'e s!ent t e last mont in -taly. &e visited +a!an, Cormosa 8no' 2ai'an:, Cam#odia, 2 ailand, -ndia, Ceylon 8no' Sri 7anka:, /e!al, Pakistan, -ran, and -srael. 2 e c ildren 'ere #y t en old eno(g to stay ome #y t emselves and ave a good time of it. 9fter aving #een a fe' days in Cam#odia 'it o(t reading ne's!a!ers, Elfriede and - ret(rned to Bangkok for a lect(re. 9n em#assy official met o(r !lane and took me directly to t e lect(re all. 1n t e 'ay e told me t at t e ne's a#o(t C(#a 'as some' at #etter. - did not ave any inkling of t e

C(#an missile crisis, t en ragingD in t e car t e official gave me some of t e ne's, and - 'as fla##ergasted. - clearly remem#er t e strange sensation of giving a lect(re like an a(tomaton, !ractically 'it o(t kno'ing ' at - 'as saying, 'it my mind t(rned to ' at - ad eard in t e car and concern for t e c ildren in 7afayette. &e 'ere also forced to c(t s ort o(r !lanned stay in Ceylon #eca(se -ndia ad gone to 'ar 'it C ina and 'as a#o(t to re0(isition all !lanes. &e 'ere told t at if 'e did not leave at once 'e 'o(ld #e st(ck in Ceylon indefinitelyO -n -ndia - visited ;omi +e angir B a# a and several ot er ! ysicist friends. - liked t e little - sa' of /e!al immenselyHit reminded me of t e 9#r(**i in -taly on a m(c enlarged scale. 1n o(r 'ay to -taly 'e sto!!ed in -srael. -t 'as my first visit, and 'e 'ere coming from 2 ird &orld co(ntries. 2 e last 'e ad visited 'as -ran, ' ic , in s!ite of its im!ressive art and magnificent mon(B @ ?N3 @ ments 'as still a 2 ird &orld co(ntry. 2 e contrast 'as striking and fostered my a!!reciation of &estern civili*ation. -n many co(ntries - ad seen t e mis(se of f(nds given #y t e United StatesD in -srael one ad t e im!ression t at t e money ad #een 'ell s!ent and t at eac dollar ad #een transformed into somet ing (sef(l. - o!ed to #e a#le to s!end some time 'it =i(lio 6aca , no' !resident of +er(salem University, #(t e ad to leave s(ddenly and (neA!ectedly for t e United States on (niversity #(siness. ;o'ever, - met anot er t eoretical ! ysicist, U(val /e,eman, ' o tried to !ers(ade me of t e im!ortance of t e SU3 gro(! in !article ! ysics. - 'as ske!tical, #(t on my ret(rn ome - st(died t e s(#.ect and ackno'ledged my error. /e,eman asked me to give a talk at 2el 9viv University, of ' ic s(#se0(ently #ecame a )governor) and from ' ic - received an onorary degree in 19%?. 4y scientific activity 'as diminis ing, #ot #eca(se of my age and also #eca(se of t e internal sit(ation of my gro(!, already descri#ed. -n addition to giving my reg(lar co(rses, - 'ent to t e la#oratory every day and talked to st(dents and coB'orkers, follo'ing t eir !rogress, offering criticism and s(ggestions, calc(lating res(lts, or form(lating some sim!le t eory, #(t 'it o(t !ersonally eAec(ting t e eA!eriments. Several of t em 'ere concerned 'it mesic atoms of vario(s kinds. 2 e relevant !(#lications 'ere !ro!erly a(t ored #y &iegand, ' o 'as t e !rinci!al investigator. C am#erlain at t at time 'as mainly concerned 'it !olari*ed ydrogen targets and 'it develo!ing a tec ni0(e #ased on a met od introd(ced #y Carson 3. +effries. 2 e scientific !rofession #elongs to yo(t D any !er(sal of scientists, #iogra! ies #ears testimony to t is. -t 'o(ld #e too long and o(t of !lace ere to give t e reasons for t is fact, ' ic in any case is not too mysterio(s. EA!erimentalists last a little longer t an t eoreticians, #(t even for t em scientific !rod(ctivity declines at a time ' en ot er a#ilities are still 'ell !reserved. 3ecem#er 1G, 19GP, marked a fatef(l t(rning !oint for t e 7a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory. 1n t at day t e U.S. government decided on t e location of a !o'erf(l ne' accelerator t at 'o(ld serve t e ' ole @ ?NJ @ nation, to t e !lanning of ' ic t e 6ad 7a# ad devoted years of st(dy. Sea#org 'as #y t en c airman of t e 9tomic Energy Commission, ' ic s o(ld ave el!ed t e candidacy of Berkeley, #(t

in all !ro#a#ility t e final c oice 'as made #y President 7yndon +o nson on t e #asis of !olitical considerations. 2 e selection favored -llinois and originated t e !resent Cermila#, in t e vicinity of C icago. 2 e c oice 'as a severe #lo' to Berkeley, ' ic t (s lost a !rime reason for its !reeminence in ! ysics. -t 'as also a .(m! in t e centrali*ation of ig Benergy eA!erimental ! ysics, ' ic 'as no' concentrated at t ree national la#oratories: Cermila#, S79C at Stanford, and Brook aven, 7ong -sland. 2 e (niversities formed (sers, gro(!s t at 'o(ld !re!are and analy*e eA!eriments carried on in t e t ree ma.or la#s. 2 is evol(tion 'as (navoida#le #eca(se of t e cost and com!leAity of t e gigantic facilities re0(ired, #(t nonet eless it 'as tra(matic and !ainf(l, es!ecially to Berkeley. Crom 19GP to 19GN - 'as one of t e tr(stees of Cermila# 8- do not kno' ' o s(ggested t e name: and one of t e !ro!osers of 6. 6. &ilson as its first director. - attended its official ina(g(ration in 19%J 'it 7a(ra Cermi. -n 19GG Elfriede and - !aid anot er visit to So(t 9merica, ' ic ad (neA!ected longBrange conse0(ences, #eca(se at 4ontevideo, in Ur(g(ay, 'e met 6osa 4ines, a friend of t e 6iminis. S e came to t eir ome to meet (s and to see ' et er s e co(ld get an affidavit from (s to el! er immigrate to t e United States. - 'as some' at rel(ctant to give it, #(t Elfriede 'as favora#ly im!ressed #y er, and #y t e strong endorsement s e got from 6iccardo, and gave er er o'n !ersonal affidavit of s(!!ort. Per a!s Elfriede recalled t e !eriod ' en s e ad left =ermany and er o'n first diffic(lt ste!s in -taly. 2 (s, a fe' mont s later, 6osa arrived in California, and after a ard #eginning, s e fo(nd a satisfactory !osition in a #ank. S e contin(ed to visit Elfriede, #(t not fre0(ently. - t (s come to 19%$, my siAtyBfift year, a year f(ll of events, some a!!y, some tragic. - ave not 'ritten ere a#o(t t e life of my c ildren. -t #elongs to @ ?NP @ t em and t ey are entitled to t eir !rivacy. - 'ant o'ever to make a comment. Some of t eir decisions left me !er!leAed, and alt o(g - am s(re - follo'ed my conscience and my #est .(dgment, el!ed #y my greater eA!erience, and in t eir sole interest, - 'o(ld !refer not to ave infl(enced t eir decisions. #elieve !arents s o(ld ed(cate t eir c ildren in a #road sense, #(t after'ards it is #etter to leave t em t eir inde!endence. -t is not al'ays easy to follo' t is !olicy, and sometimes, as for instance in istorical families, it is s(#.ect to eAce!tions. -n o(r case, 'e follo'ed it, for #etter or for 'orse. -n 19G%, o(r son Cla(dio married Eli*a#et Bregman, a st(dent of Crenc e ad met t ro(g 9meliaD t ey no' ave t ree c ildren, =ino, Crancesca, and +oel, and live in 9(stin, 2eAas, ' ere Cla(dio teac es istory at t e (niversity. Early in 19%$, 9melia told (s t at s e !lanned to marry +ose! 2erkel, an -sraeli fello' st(dent of animal #e avior at 6(tgers University. 2 at +an(ary s e and +ose! came to 7afayette, ' ere t ey #(ilt a cano!y of leaves 'it t eir o'n ands for a +e'is 'edding, ' ic took !lace in t e !resence of a fe' close friends. +ose! very ra!idly endeared imself to Elfriede and me. 2 e 2erkels ave t'o c ildren, 9mir and Kivian. ;e is !rofessor of *oology at 2el 9viv University, and 9melia is t e c(rator of 2el 9viv Safari Loo. - al'ays greatly loved nat(re and t e o(tdoors, from t e mo(ntains of my yo(t , to fis ing and m(s roomB (nting in my old age. 1ne,s 'ay of en.oying nat(re o#vio(sly c anges 'it age and ! ysical strengt . -n t e 19G$s several raft tri!s on rivers s(c as t e 6og(e in 1regon and t e Salmon in 4ontana introd(ced (s to some as!ects of t e 9merican 'ilderness of rare loveliness and romantic a!!eal.

9t t e #eginning of +(ly 19%$, 'e 'ent 'it 9melia and er (s#and and Ca(sta and er friends on a canoeing tri! in t e 2rinity 9l!s. &e first clim#ed t ro(g a long valley and arrived at a !lace called t e )Stone ;o(se,) ' ere a colossal granite #lock created a delig tf(l cam!ing s!ot. 3(ring t e eA!edition 'e ad t e (s(al minor advent(res, crossing of a ford 'it ig 'ater, #ears scro(nging among t e food, ot er noct(rnal animals !ro'ling t e cam!, and so on. &e en.oyed t e encam!ment, clim#ed lateral valleys, and visited ig glacial @ ?NG @ lakes 'it eAcellent fis ing. &e even (sed a small #oat t at +ose! ad an eAcellent time and o!ed to #e a#le to re!eat t e tri!. ad carried (! t ere. 9ll told 'e

7ater t at year, Elfriede and - 'ent to -taly, ' ere - ad !romised to attend a 3onegani sc ool at 7ake Como. Everyt ing 'ent 'ell, and after t e sc ool session 'e 'ent on to Clorence, ' ere 'e 'ere considering settling on my retirement, d(e in a co(!le of years. 1(r !lan 'as to visit t e 2eramo side of t e =ran Sasso, t e ig est mo(ntain in t e 9!ennines, and t en go on to 6ome. 1n 1cto#er 1P, 'e visited t e !oet 7eo!ardi,s o(se at 6ecanati, and t at evening 'e 'ent to 2eramo. 3(ring t e nig t Elfriede died in er slee!. - still s iver in 'riting t ese lines. Co(r or five intimate friends came from 6ome, and 'e #(ried Elfriede at 2eramo in a !eacef(l cemetery in vie' of t e =ran Sasso. - ret(rned to 6ome in a sad state. 4y sonBinBla' +ose! later told me: )Uo( m(st remem#er yo( are like a man t at as s(ffered a ma.or am!(tationD a leg c(t off at t e groin, or some ot er terri#le tra(ma.) - cannot re!ort t e orrors of t at tragic !eriod. & en - ret(rned to 7afayette all t e c ildren came ome, and t ey 'ere an incom!ara#le solace. 9ll in t eir grief t(rned in'ard to t e family, and if Elfriede co(ld ave seen t em s e 'o(ld ave #een !ro(d of t e fr(its of er la#ors in raising t em. 9 letter t ey 'rote to friends ans'ering messages of sym!at y s o's t eir feelings: 2 ere are many 'ays in ' ic 'e t ink of o(r mot er, #(t most of all 'e seem to remem#er er 'orking in t e garden, rooting or trans!lanting, 'atering or trimming, or sim!ly 'orrying over a faltering !lant. 9ll aro(nd t e o(se 'e sa', season after season, t e fr(its of er gardening: t e roses, t e 9frican violets, t e ! ilodendrons, t e f(c sias, t e little fig tree, t e lavender, t e tomato !atc , and all t e myriads of flo'ers and s r(#s t at flo(ris ed in every corner. 9t times 'e 'ondered o' s e co(ld kee! track of all er c arges. &e asked o(rselves if even s e kne' o' far er garden eAtended. /o' t at s e is gone 'e 'onder even more. &e c ildren are scattered, yet ' en 'e are at ome, 'e ave to la(g a #it sometimes ' en 'e reali*e .(st o' far er garden did eAtend. &e ave to la(g @ ?N% @ ' en 'e reali*e o' firmly 4amma rooted (s in er 'ays: a 'ay to set t e ta#le, a 'ay to #ake t e !anettone, a 'ay to s o' os!itality. 9nd ' en 'e scatter to o(r o'n omes again, 'e 'onder at o' m(c of 4amma,s gardening 'e carry 'it (s. &e ask o(rselves if 'e 'ill ever see t e f(ll eAtent of er garden. Cla(dio, 9melia, Ca(sta.

9t t e time, 9melia lived in 7os 9ngeles, and Ca(sta at Santa Bar#ara, so t at - co(ld go to t em for 'eekends. Cla(dio 'as in 2eAas, too far for s ort visits. 4y ! ysician la#ored to #ring me #ack to normal, #ot ! ysically and mentally. & en t e c ildren left, my old friend and colleag(e Carl ;elm ol* and is 'ife Betty, ' o lived near me in 7afayette, invited me to slee! at t eir o(se. 2 ey offered not only tactf(l and com!assionate os!itality #(t also !recio(s com!any. - 'ant to remem#er t ese good deeds, ' ic deserve my dee!est gratit(de. - reali*ed myself, and from talking to ot ers ' o ad ad similar losses, t at 'ork 'as t e #est 'ay to get o(t of t e a#yss into ' ic - ad fallen. B(t o' and on ' at< - 'as not in a state to em#ark on original scientific endeavor. Bot my +a!anese gardener and one of my colleag(es s(ggested t at - go to some senior citi*ens, center to find com!any. & ile - 'as trying to find somet ing to #ring me #ack to life, - received (neA!ected el!. Ugo Cano ! oned me from t e University of C icago inviting me on #e alf of t e (niversity to give a series of Cermi lect(res on a s(#.ect of my c oice. 9t first - said, tr(t f(lly, t at - did not feel (! to s(c an enter!rise, #(t #ot e and 7a(ra Cermi insisted - acce!t. - decided to give a series of istorical lect(res on modern ! ysics similar to t ose - ad given at Berkeley in 19GN. 7a(ra Cermi !(t me (! in C icago, ' ere - stayed for several 'eeks. - 'as given an office at t e (niversity, and - slo'ly started 'riting do'n my lect(res, an activity t at ke!t me #(sy and gave me a 'ritten teAt - co(ld later (se for a #ook. 9mong t e letters of sym!at y - received on Elfriede,s deat 'as one from 6osa 4ines. - ave already told o' 'e first met. - s all not tell ere o', in a co(!le of years, 'e !assed from t e letter to marrying, ' ic occ(rred on Ce#r(ary 1?, 19%?. @ ?NN @ 2 e marriage of t'o !eo!le, one siAtyBseven years old, one m(c yo(nger, 'it very different life eA!eriences, as as!ects - s all not go into. 2 e analysis of s(c a relations i! 'o(ld re0(ire more !syc ological insig t t an - can m(sterD t is at least is 6osa,s a(t oritative o!inion. S(ffice it to say t at it is a little like miAing s!ring and a(t(mn, 'it t eir storms and !eriods of good 'eat er, (ntil a ne' e0(ili#ri(m is formed. Co(r mont s after o(r 'edding, in +(ne 19%?, - reac ed t e com!(lsory retirement age at Berkeley. 2 ere 'as t e (s(al ceremony, 'it a dinner and s!eec es. )6osa as s o'n me t at sometimes even a tree it #y lig tning can res!ro(t ne' life, in late fall as in s!ring,) - said in concl(ding my t anks. 4y direct eA!erimental activity ad ceased, #(t not my teac ing. /o', o'ever, - ta(g t istory of ! ysics rat er t an ! ysics itself. 2 e University of California recalled me to service re!eatedly, and ad t e im!ression t at my istorical co(rses 'ere !o!(lar and s(ccessf(l. 2 e n(m#er and 0(ality of st(dents attending t em, in s!ite of t eir not #eing re0(ired co(rses, 'ere most enco(raging. ;o'ever, - also 'anted to go #ack to -taly 'it 6osa, and to leave 7afayette, ' ere t ere 'ere too many ties to t e !ast. Cor years -talian friends and colleag(es ad #een s(ggesting - reenter -talian academic life. - a!!reciated t e offers, #(t declined t em #eca(se t e 'orking facilities in -taly 'ere not com!ara#le to t ose in 9merica. C(rt ermore, - co(ld forget neit er t e treatment my family ad s(ffered at t e ands of t e Cascist government nor my de#t of gratit(de to t e United States, a co(ntry t at ad allo'ed me to re#(ild my civil and scientific life. By no' my family ad #ecome 9merican, and 9mericans treated me as one of t em and did not discriminate against me in any a!!recia#le 'ay. 2 is, of co(rse, did not detract from t e dee! gratit(de - felt to'ard all t ose ' o ad el!ed my !arents in t e )time of ini0(ity) 8to (se an a!!ro!riate term coined #y Ugo 9maldi, Edoardo,s fat er: or my a!!reciation of t e #e avior of inn(mera#le -talians t at clearly set t em a!art from t eir

des!ica#le government. - 'o(ld ave liked to teac in -taly again, and, es!ecially in t e first @ ?N9 @ !ost'ar years, - tried to el! t e reconstr(ction of t e co(ntry #y fostering scientific relations, st(dent eAc anges, and o(trig t colla#orations. ;o'ever, - 'o(ld not ass(me eit er eavier res!onsi#ilities or em!loyment as a !rofessor, ' ic mig t, - t o(g t, .eo!ardi*e my U.S. citi*ens i!. - disc(ssed t ese !ro#lems 'it Edoardo 9maldi, 'it Crancesco =iordani, !resident of t e 9ccademia dei 7incei, 'it =iordani,s s(ccessor, Beniamino Segre, and even 'it =iovanni 7eone, t en !resident of t e -talian 6e!(#lic. 2 ey !ro!osed several alternative sol(tions, centering on a!!ointments at t e 9ccademia dei 7incei. -n /ovem#er 19%?, as a first ste!, - gave a co(rse on t e istory of modern ! ysics at t e 7incei in 6ome for siA mont s. -t 'as a time of st(dent (nrest, and #eing far from t e (niversity 'as an advantage. & oever came to my lect(res did so o(t of interest and not to make tro(#le. Besides t e st(dents, many old friends and ac0(aintances came to listen. - ad an office and lect(red in an old mansion near t e Killa Carnesina, a .e'el of 6enaissance art famo(s for its 6a! ael frescoes. 2 e #(ildings 'ere s(rro(nded #y a formal -talian garden. 1ccasionally - dreamt of donning a cardinal,s at and 'alking in t e gardens 'it some artist of t e time of t e Carnese. -n t e 7incei li#rary - fo(nd several rarities - ad never seen, s(c as &il elm 6Zntgen,s original !a!ers and t e Transactions of the %onnecticut Academy containing +osia =i##s,s !a!ers. 7ife in 2rastevere, on t e nort #ank of t e 2i#er, 'as !leasant, #(t access to t e rest of t e city 'as not easy #eca(se of 6ome,s notorio(s trafficD not even t e common remedy of sim!ly 'alking el!ed very m(c . 4y stay also ad anot er !(r!ose. -t 'as t e first time 6osa ad #een to E(ro!e, and - 'as eager to introd(ce er to -taly and to my friends t ere. &e traveled in t e vicinity of 6ome, in 2(scany, and in t e nort ern !rovinces. Every' ere old friends received (s 'it great 'armt , and 6osa 'as a#le to meet !eo!le - ad often s!oken of to er and to eA!erience -talian #e avior, so different from t e /ort 9merican and 7atin 9merican 'ays s e kne'. -talian la' ad recently c anged, and it ad #ecome !ossi#le to a!!oint foreign citi*ens to (niversity c airs. 2 ere 'ere no vacant ! ysics c airs in 6ome, and in t e end Parliament !assed a la' creating @ ?9$ @ a c air for me ad ominem, ' ic 'o(ld #e a#olis ed on my retirement. Unfort(nately, overcoming all t ese o#stacles took time, and - 'as a!!ointed only one year #efore reac ing t e -talian retirement age. & en - ret(rned t ere in /ovem#er 19%J to teac n(clear ! ysics, t e University of 6ome 'as in #ad s a!e, torn to !ieces #y (nr(ly st(dents and #y !olitici*ed !rofessors. -n s!ite of my #est efforts, - 'as (na#le to make any a!!recia#le im!rovement even in t e restricted field of t e ! ysics de!artment. 4ost of my colleag(es 'ere interested in 0(ite ot er t ings, ' ic ad little to do 'it ' at - t o(g t 'ere t e !(r!oses of a (niversity, and - did not find any scientific !ro.ect - co(ld #e of m(c el! to. 2 e #est scientific 'ork 'as #eing done at CE6/ in =eneva or at t e Crascati 7a#oratory, and t ey certainly did not need my el!. 9mong t e 6ome fac(lty t ere 'ere several old friends, 'it ' om en.oyed consorting again, and my colleag(es and st(dents 'ere al'ays friendly and res!ectf(l to me, in contrast to t eir #e avior to'ard eAcellent !ersons s(c as Edoardo 9maldi, =iorgio Salvini, and =iorgio Careri.

6osa learned to s!eak -talian !erfectly, and 'e #ot made several ne' close friends. 1ne of t em 'as Cesare 2(medei, one of t e #est civil la'yers of is timeHa )!rince of t e for(m,) as 'e say in -talian. 2(medei re!resented 3onegani, t e fo(nder of 4ontecatini, and 'as on t e #oards of n(mero(s large com!anies. ;e 'as seventyBnine and in eAcellent ! ysical and mental condition. Every S(nday, e organi*ed eAc(rsions, #y car and on foot, leaving at N 9.4. from is villa on t e Kia Cassia. 9 small caravan of cars follo'ed is. ;is c a(ffe(r left (s at t e starting !lace of t e ike and later !icked (s (! at t e ot er end. 2 e 'alks (s(ally lasted several o(rs and !assed !laces of s!lendid nat(ral and artistic #ea(ty. 2 e gro(! c anged from 'eek to 'eek, #(t t ere 'ere (s(ally a#o(t a do*en of (s. 9mong ot ers, all of t em note'ort y !eo!le, and many of t em 0(ite old, - recall Prince Sc 'ar*en#erg and is 'ifeD Signor Biamonti, a la'yer, t e son of a friend of my fat er,sD 3r. Bignami, t e son of a famo(s researc er on malariaD and 4onsignore Sticker, !refect of t e Katican 7i#rary, ' o #ecame a cardinal in 19NP. 4ost of t em, nota#ly 2(medei, 'ere #rilliant s!eakers and al'ays ad interesting stories to tell. 2 e conversation 'as @ ?91 @ al'ays as stim(lating as t e !laces 'e visited. 1ne S(nday 'e 'ent to Cam!o Catino, ' ere - ad skied forty years earlier, ' en one co(ld only reac it #y a orse trailD no' it 'as accessi#le #y car. Crom t ere 'e descended to t e 2ris(lti 9##ey, follo'ing a stee!, !ict(res0(e !at t ro(g cool 'oods em#ellis ed 'it orc ids and ot er magnificent 'ildflo'ers. 4eeting s e! erds and en.oying fres ly made ricotta 'as anot er !leas(re along t e 'ay on t ese eAc(rsions. 2 e c a(ffe(r,s int(ition 'as eAtraordinary, and even ' en 'e emerged at a different !lace, e 'as t ere 'aiting for (s. Every no' and t en - 'ent to t e s(lf(r #at s near 2ivoli. -t #ecame a kind of !ilgrimage #ack in time. - 'o(ld take t e #(s near t e train station in 6ome and ride along t e lengt of t e Kia 2i#(rtina, c anged #y time #eyond recognition, a road - ad traveled #y tram #efore &orld &ar - and #y car #efore &orld &ar --. /o', .ammed 'it traffic, it ad lost a great !art of its #ea(ty, #(t ere and t ere one co(ld still recogni*e remnants of its ancient no#ility. 9rriving at t e #at s, - en.oyed (sing t e card t at identified me as a 2i#(rtino and 0(alified me for red(ced admittance. Sometimes t e cas ier 'o(ld recogni*e me and make some comment. 2 e #at s ad not c anged m(c since - (sed to visit t em 'it my teac er, Signorina 4aggini, almost t reeB0(arters of a cent(ry #efore. 9fter my s'im, - 'o(ld #(y a sand'ic roll 'it t e same filling and smell t ey ad al'ays ad. Crom t e #at s - co(ld see 2ivoli and disting(is o(r ome and t e cy!resses of t e Killa d,Este, as 'ell as t e roofs of t e !a!er mill. - 'o(ld soon #e s(rro(nded #y friendly g osts from my c ild ood and yo(t , and t ey often re.oiced in meeting and talking to me again. 2 e strong ydrogen s(lfide smell 'as disagreea#le to many, #(t not to meD it 'as t e scent of many memories. & en - reac ed t e -talian retirement age, - ret(rned to 7afayette. 6at er t an telling t e !lain 8and (ninteresting: tr(t , t e -talian ne's!a!ers tried to see in my leaving a !rotest against t e conditions ad fo(nd in 6ome. - did not like t is misre!resentation of my feelings, and - tried to correct it, #(t to little avail. /evert eless, ' ile - am s(re t at it is !ossi#le to ac0(ire a scientific ed(cation of t e same 0(ality as in any &estern co(ntry in -taly, t e @ ?9? @ average level is lo', and t e degradation of -talian (niversity degrees seems !ermanent. 9fter t'o s(icidal internecine 'ars, no !art of E(ro!e is ' at it (sed to #e, #(t -taly,s decay is es!ecially vivid to

me. 9s far as living conditions go, -taly is still a very !leasant co(ntry, #(t t e United States seems livelier t an E(ro!e, alt o(g t is is not to say t at it s o's m(c 'isdom or greater civili*ation. often t ink of myself 8'it all d(e res!ect: as Einstein did, ' o ended #y feeling imself to #e a )'orld citi*en.) Cor many years - ad 'anted to to(r 2(scany on foot, #eca(se - reali*ed t at, given t e si*e of t e to'ns, t e many #ea(tif(l and interesting t ings to #e seen t ere co(ld not #e !ro!erly a!!reciated from a car. -n 19N1, at t e age of seventyBsiA, - finally f(lfilled t at 'is in t e com!any of my old friend =i(se!!e 1cc ialini. ;e ad a !ro!erty in 2(scany, as original as its o'ner, ' ere e !lanted different trees in onor of deceased friends. 1ne of t e nicest 'as in memory of 7oren*o Emo, so dear to #ot of (s. &e ad decided to (se only t e rail'ay or !(#lic trans!ortation on o(r tri!, and a#ove all o(r legs. 1n foot 'e 'o(ld #e a#le to follo' narro' !at s and even trails across t e fields, t (s avoiding t e main roads, ' ic act(ally destroy t e local c arm. &e visited 4onte!(lciano, Pien*a and its s(rro(ndings, Siena, and fascinating, o(tBofBt eB'ay !laces, al'ays on !leasant ikes, talking of interesting s(#.ects and staying at small, modest otels 'it a omelike atmos! ere and food. 1ne day, 'e sto!!ed and asked some old 'omen ' o 'ere sitting in t e s(n in front of t eir ome, se'ing, to s o' (s t e road to a castle. 2 ey gave (s t e information, adding on t eir o'n t at t e !lace 'as 0(ite far and t at it 'o(ld #e im!r(dent at o(r age to try to reac it. &e told t em not to 'orry and started 'alking, reac ing t e castle after a#o(t an o(r. & en 'e ret(rned, 'e 'ere o!ing to #e a#le to #rag to t e old 'omen, #(t t ey 'ere gone. 2alking to 1cc ialini 'as fascinating. ;is ideas 'ere (s(ally ig ly original and interesting. Cor eAam!le, e 'as against teac ing so m(c @ ?93 @ of 3ante in t e !(#lic sc ools #eca(se e ins!ired seditio(s and vindictive t o(g ts. -n ! ysics, e s!oke of events in ' ic e ad !artici!ated. Certainly is life and is 'ay of doing ! ysics 'ere very different from ' at - kne'. -n ! ysics e stressed tec ni0(e a#ove allD life 'as romantic, f(ll of advent(res and 'omen. & en 'riting 'rom 'alling odies to .adio ,a(es in 19%9, - devoted a c a!ter to Caraday, and #eing in 7ondon - 'ent to visit t e 6oyal -nstit(tion, is ome and la#oratory. - 'as m(c im!ressed #y o' 'ell !reserved and tastef(lly dis!layed everyt ing !ertaining to Caraday 'as, as t o(g in a still active and living la#oratory. 2 e !ersonality of Caraday !ervaded t e !laceD one co(ld see is desk and ome f(rnit(re in t e a!artment ' ere e lived, is lect(re room and a!!arat(s. 1ne almost eA!ected to find t e o'ner of t e o(se !erforming is eA!eriments in some corner. -n no ot er !lace is a scientific !resence so vividly felt as t ere. Early in my career, my 3(tc mentor Pieter Leeman ad descri#ed t e 6oyal -nstit(tion to me and told me in detail from is o'n eA!erience of t e ceremonies accom!anying a lect(re t ere. Until t e time comes for im to s!eak, t e lect(rer is locked (! in a little room to !revent im from taking flig t in !anic, as a!!ened once in 1NJG 'it C arles & eatstone. 2 e lect(re starts at N !.m., only a fe' seconds, delay #eing tolerated, and lasts for an o(r, give or take a min(te. /o notes are allo'ed, and one m(st !erform at least one eA!eriment. 9t t e end of t e lect(re, t e s!eaker is restored 'it a glass of ' iskey. -n 4ay of 19N?, - myself came to lect(re at t e 6oyal -nstit(tion, re!eating to t e letter t e rit(al follo'ed #y Leeman in 19$G, ' en - 'as one year old.

2 e discovery of tec neti(m 99 earned me a certain notoriety among s!ecialists in n(clear medicine, and not (nfairly, since t at isoto!e is @ ?9J @ t eir #read and #(tter. 9s a conse0(ence, - ad #een invited on vario(s occasions to s!eak at meetings on n(clear medicine, and - ave #ecome an onorary mem#er of associations like t e Society of /(clear 4edicine and t e 9merican College of /(clear P ysicians. 2 e latter eld a meeting at t e end of +an(ary 19N? in 2(cson, 9ri*ona, and - ad #een invited to give a talk. - gladly acce!ted, and 6osa and - am(sed o(rselves com!aring t e l(A(rio(s lifestyle of t ese doctors 'it o(r o'n. 1nce t e meeting ad finis ed, 'e 'ent to see 2(cson, es!ecially t e Sonora 3esert 4(se(m, ' ere greatly admired 'onderf(l scor!ions and live tarant(las and t e eAcellent re!rod(ction of t e desert,s environment. 9fter eA!loring a #it more of 9ri*ona, - t o(g t t at t is 'o(ld #e t e o!!ort(nity to release myself from my old vo' to see t e Canyon de C elly, so ig ly !raised #y 6asetti #ack in 19?9, ' ic - tried in vain to reac in 193G. 2 e 'eat er 'as t reatening, and in t e deserts of nort ern 9ri*ona t ere is al'ays a c ance of getting st(ck in a eavy sno'storm, #(t 'e set off in o(r small rented car for Sedona, ' ic reminded me of Cortina d,9m!e**o, alt o(g less delicately #ea(tif(l. 9fter s!ending t e nig t t ere, 'e moved nort , in t e direction of ;ig 'ay GG, 'it ' ic - ad #ecome familiar in 193G. &e arrived in Clagstaff 'it great (ncertainty, #ot in t e 'eat er and in my mind. Cinally, - decided to ead east, to'ard ;ol#rook. 9#o(t alf'ay t ere, 'e fo(nd a long, straig t road going nort , to'ard ;o!i territory, and m(c to 6osa,s s(r!rise, - t(rned onto it 'it o(t esitationD 'e 'ere on o(r 'ay to t e -ndian reservations. 2 e skies 'ere gloomy, 'it dark clo(ds, and t e desert ad a strange glo', 'it magnificent and (n(s(al vie's. &e arrived at d(sk at Second 4esa, ' ere 'e fo(nd t e !leasant s(r!rise of a comforta#le motel, r(n #y t e ;o!is and 'it mainly ;o!i clientele. 2 e food 'as eit er ;o!i or 9merican, and 'e decided to try t e ;o!i. 2 e neAt morning t e skies 'ere eavy 'it sno', and t e roads started getting ' ite, #(t - 'as determined to see t e Canyon de C elly. - took t e ' eel, as 6osa 'as afraid of skidding on t e sno'Bcovered road. 8- remem#ered t at ' en - ad #een t ere in 193G t ere 'ere no roads.: 9long t e 'ay 'e !icked (! an -ndian mot er and da(g ter ' o 'ere almost @ ?9P @ fro*enD 'e left t em at C inle, ' ere t ey 'anted to #(y a #irt day cake for t e man in t eir family. &e c ecked in at t e local motel and t en eaded for Canyon de C elly. &e received some information, (n'illingly given, and finally fo(nd t e road on t e so(t side of t e canyon, t e only one allo'ed to ' ite !eo!le ' o are not accom!anied #y an -ndian g(ide. &e started descending t e !ict(res0(e trail. 7ooking do'n, one co(ld see some agric(lt(ral land at t e #ottom, several ogans, and a fe' goats. & en 'e arrived t ere, in order to get closer to t e magnificent -ndian r(ins visi#le from a distance, one ad to cross a small #(t icy creek. - did not esitate in removing my s oes and socksD - rolled (! my !ants and got into t e 'ater. 6osa, after some esitation, follo'ed my eAam!le. 2 e r(ins of most of t e comm(nal d'ellings 'ere, as (s(al, leaning on and !rotected #y (ge stone 'alls. 9t t at time of t e year, t ere 'ere no visitors, and one co(ld 'ander freely, admiring t e !etrogra! s. 2 e !lace 'as made still more !oetic #y t e so(nd of t e creek and its #lack !o!lars, ' ose lig t 'ood is (sed for many -ndian sc(l!t(res. -t 'as a 'onderf(l 'ay to cele#rate my seventyBsevent #irt day.

Notes
re&a(e
1. Sir 6(dolf Ernst Peierls, ird of -assage: .ecollections of a -hysicist 8Princeton: Princeton University Press, 19NP:.

C%a*ter One+ C%romosomes, Family and C%ild%ood -"#./0"#"12, Smell o& S)3n)
1. 1n t e Killa d,Este, see 3. 6. Coffin, The 4illa d6Este at Ti(oli 8Princeton: Princeton University Press, 19G$:, and C. 7am#, )ie 4illa d6Este in Ti(oli 84(nic : Prestel Kerlag, 19GN:. ?. -n 19NG, in t e Brera 7i#rary in 4ilan, - fo(nd a co!y of t e iss(e of Scienza per tutti dated 4arc -, 191J, ' ic contains t e articles mentioned. 3. See "l collegio 0hislieri 84ilan: 9lfieri e 7acroiA, 19G%:, es!. !. J1P. 1n Cla(dio Segr, see 7. 4addalena, )Cla(dio Segr,) oll. soc. geologica italiana J% 819?N:D 9. Stella, )Commemora*ione del socio Cla(dio Segr,) .end. acc. naz. Lincei >scienze fisiche? 1$ 819?%:: Ai. 1n =ino Segr, see =. =rosso, )=ino Segr,) Temi emiliana 19 84ilan, 19J?:D 9. Candian et al., )Si res!ira nell,altit(dine,) Temi 84ilan, 19G?:D Provincia di 2orino, %onsegna del medaglione in memoria di 0. Segr! 82(rin, 19G3:D K. 9rangioB6(i*, )Commemora*ione del Socio =ino Segr,,, .end. acc. naz. Lincei >scienze morali? ? 819J%:: G$%D E. Betti, )=ino Segr,) .i(. italiana sc. giuridiche 1N 819J?:: ?$$, 3$?. J. - myself ave fre0(ently #een conf(sed 'it t e mat ematician Beniamino Segre 8' ose name is 'ritten 'it o(t t e accent:, and even 'it is famo(s co(sin Corrado. 1nce, kno'ing t at - 'as coming to visit im, Ca#io Cerrari, a t eoretician ' o st(died 'it =eoffrey C e', and ' o s(#se0(ently #ecame rector of t e University of 2rento, made is yo(ng son read an article a#o(t me in an -talian encyclo!ediaD in it, (nder my name, t ere 'as a !ortrait of Beniamino Segre, and as soon as e sa' me, t e little #oy declared t at - 'as not t e man for ' om e ad !re!ared imself. 1n anot er occasion, - !laced a !ersonBtoB!erson call to Elfriede, ' o 'as in different city. 2 e o!erator ad some diffic(lty in (nderstanding t e name, #(t s(ddenly e said: )9 , Segr, like t e ! ysicist<) - felt flattered at #eing recogni*ed and said: )EAactly. 9ct(ally, - am t e ! ysicist.) 1!erator: )2 at is not !ossi#le, #eca(se t at one is dead.) - insisted: ,,- can ass(re yo( t at - am t e ! ysicist and t at - am alive.) 1!erator: )2 at cannot #e tr(e #eca(se - ave read yo(r name on a street in my neig #or ood, near Pia**a or Kia Cermi, and streets are named only after !eo!le ' o are dead.) & en - c ecked later, s(re eno(g , near Pia**a Cermi, t ere 'as a Kia Corrado Segre. P. 4y late co(sin Silvia 2reves Kidale 'rote a !rivately circ(lated monogra! on t e 2reves family. 2 e Clorence synagog(e designed #y my grandfat er 4arco 2reves, and #y 4. Calcini and K. 4ic eli, is de!icted on a 19N% -sraeli !ostage stam!. G. 1n =(ido 2reves, see 9. Sa!ori, %ompagnie e mercanti di 'irenze antica 8Clorence, 19GP:D =. 3evoto, %i(ilt$ di parole 8Clorence: Kallecc i, 19G9:, vol. ?. %. 9mong t e !aintings of Ettore 6oesler Cran* 81NJPB19$%: is a series of 'atercolors titled .oma sparita 8Kanis ed 6ome:, no' at t e 4(seo di 6oma in 6omeD many of t em ave #een re!rod(ced as !ostcards. Cran* sold is 'atercolors to to(rists as so(venirs, in t e tradition of t e Kenetian Canaletto. - #o(g t t'o s(c !aintings at a(ctions in San Crancisco. N. =aston 2issandier, Le ricreazioni scientifiche 84ilan: 2reves, 1N9%:.

9. 9dol! e =anot, Trattato elementare di fisica 84ilan: Pagnoni, 1NG3:. 1$. =anotB4ane(vrier, Traite +l+mentaire de physi@ue , ?Pt ed. 8Paris: ;ac ette, 1913:.

C%a*ter Two+ 4is(o'ering t%e 5orld, Rome and 6ig% S(%ool -"#"10"#772, S(ent o& Florentine 5isteria
1. 2 e translation is from Ernesto =rillo, ed. and trans., - se!olcri in "talian and English 87ondon and =lasgo': Blackie and Son, 19?N:. ?. Cor En*o Sereni, see 6. Bondy, The Emissary: A Life of Enzo Sereni 8Boston: 7ittle, Bro'n, 19%%:, as 'ell as 3. K. Segre, Memories of a 'ortunate Aew 8Bet esda, 4d.: 9dler i 9dler, 19N%:D t e latter a(t or,s im!ressions are not too different from mine. En*o,s #rot er Emilio #ecame a !rominent mem#er of t e -talian Comm(nist PartyD see Enciclopedia europea& s.v. )Sereni, Emilio) 84ilan: =ar*anti, 19N$:. 3. Sir 6ic ard =la*e#rook, Light: An Elementary Te;tboo/ . . . for %olleges and Schools 8Cam#ridge: Cam#ridge University Press, 1N9J:D Sir 6o#ert S. Ball, The Elements of Astronomy 8/e' Uork: 7ongmans, 1N91:D +ames Clerk 4aA'ell, Theory of Heat 8/e' Uork: 9!!leton, 1N%P:D Crit* 6eic e, The *uantum Theory 8/e' Uork: 3(tton, E19??<F:. J. Albert Einstein& the Human Side: 3ew 0limpses from His Archi(es& ed. ;elen 3(kas and Banes ;offmann 8Princeton: Princeton University Press, 19%9:, !. 3?. P. See . A. Moyer: A True Humanist 8!am! let in memoriam, E(gene: University of 1regon, 19%?:.

C%a*ter T%ree+ T%e Ed3(ation o& a %ysi(ist -"#770"#782, S(ent o& Roman 6ay and Al*ine Snow
1. &alt er /ernst, Theoretische %hemie (om Standpun/te der A(ogadroschen .egel und der Thermodynami/ . - read a Crenc translation of t is 'ork, ' ic - fo(nd among t e #ooks of my #rot er 9ngelo. ?. 2 e co(rse 'as later !(#lis ed as 2. 7eviBCivita and U. 9maldi, %ompendio di meccanica razionale 8Bologna: Lanic elli, 19?N:. 3. 4(c as #een 'ritten on 4a.orana, often !(re fiction. Cor a serio(s life, see Edoardo 9maldi, )E. 4a.orana: 4an and Scientist,) in Strong and ,ea/ "nteractions , ed. 9. Lic ic i 8/e' Uork: 9cademic Press, 19GG:. See also E. Segr, Storia contemporanea& vol. 19 8Bologna, 19NN:, !. 1$%. J. Enrico Cermi )S(i !rinci!i della teoria dei 0(anti) 81n t e !rinci!les of 0(ant(m t eory:. CP??. 2 e general reference for all scientific !(#lications #y Cermi is Enrico Cermi, %ollected -apers , ed. E. Segr et al. 8C icago: University of C icago Press, 19G1:. Single !a!ers are cited #y t e notation CP, follo'ed #y t e n(m#er in %ollected -apers . Cor #iogra! ical data, see E. Segr, Enrico 'ermi& -hysicist 8C icago: University of C icago Press, 19%$:, and Enrico 'ermi& fisico 8Bologna: Lanic elli, 19%1, 19N%:, as 'ell as 7a(ra Cermi, Atoms in the 'amily: My Life with Enrico 'ermi 819PJD /e' Uork: 2omas P(#lis ers " 9merican -nstit(te of P ysics, 19N%:. P. 1n Cranco 6asetti, see 2. /ason, )9 4an for 9ll Sciences,) Aohns Hop/ins Magazine 1% 819GG:: 1?. G. 1n t e Kolta Conference at Como, see Atti del congresso int. dei fisici >BB=CD sett. BECF %omo= -a(ia= .oma? pubblicati a cura del comitato per le onoranze ad A. 4olta nel primo centenario della morte 8Bologna: Lanic elli, 19?N:.

%. Enrico Cermi and Cranco 6asetti, )Una mis(ra del ra!!orto "k !er me**o della dis!ersione anomala del tallio) 89 meas(rement of t e ratio "k (sing anomalo(s dis!ersion in t alli(m:. CPJ$#. N. CP?: G%3. 9. 7a(ra Cermi vividly descri#es t e com!any in Atoms in the 'amily . 1$. 1n 1. 4. Cor#ino, see %onferenze e discorsi di :. M. %orbino 86ome: Edi*ioni En*o Pinci, 193%:, and E!icarmo Cor#ino, .acconto di una (ita 8/a!les: Edi*ioni scientific e italiane, 19%?:, as 'ell as 0li atti del con(egno ai Lincei nel cin@uantenario della morte , t e !roceedings of a conference at 7incei on t e fiftiet anniversary of Cor#ino,s deat . 11. Enrico Cermi )Un metodo statistico !er la determina*ione di alc(ne !ro!rietT dell,atomo) 89 statistical met od for t e determination of some atomic !ro!erties:. CPJ3. 1?. 1n Edoardo 9maldi, see E. Segr, )-talian P ysics in 9maldi,s 2ime,) and Edoardo 9maldi, )2 e Uears of 6econstr(ction,) in -erspecti(es of 'undamental -hysics: -roceedings of the %onference Held at the Gni(ersity of .ome& F=E September BEFH& )edicated to Edoardo Amaldi , ed. Carlo Sc aerf 8/e' Uork: ;ar'ood 9cademic P(#lis ers, 19%9:. 13. E. Segr and Edoardo 9maldi, )S(lla dis!ersione anomala del merc(rio e del litio) 81n anomalo(s dis!ersion in merc(ry and in lit i(m:, .end. Lincei , ser. G, % 819?N:: J$%B9. 1J. See, on t is, 7a(ra Cermi, Atoms in the 'amily , !!. G9B%3.

C%a*ter Fo3r+ S(ienti&i( S*ringtime -"#780"#$92, Smell o& Amsterdam:s Canals

1. See c a!ter 3, n. 13. ?. Edoardo 9maldi and E. Segr, )S(lla teoria dell,effetto 6aman) 8V(ant(m t eory of t e 6aman effect:, .end. Lincei , ser. G, 9 819?9:: J$%B9. 3. E. Segr, )S(lla dis!ersione anomala negli s!ettri di #ande) 89nomalo(s dis!ersion in #and s!ectra:, .end. Lincei , ser. G, 1$ 819?9:: P9$B9J. See also 3uo(o cimento J 8193$:: 1JJBJ%. J. See CP1: JJJ, JJP. P. C. 6asetti, )6aman Effekt (nd Str(kt(r der 4olekeln (nd Mristalle,) in Peter +. &. 3e#ye, Leipziger 4ortrIge& 1931 87ei!*ig: S. ;ir*el, 1931:. G. E. Segr, )Evidence for V(adr(!ole 6adiation,) 3ature 1?G 8193$:: NN?. %. E. Segr, )j#er den Leemaneffekt von V(adr(!ollinien) 81n t e Leeman effect of 0(adr(!ole lines:, 1s. f. -hysi/ JJ 8193$:: N?%B?9. N. 1n Leeman, see t e o#it(ary #y 7ord 6ayleig in :bituary 3otices of 'ellows of the .oyal Society of London J 819JJ:: P91. 9. 1n Corneli(s +. Bakker 819$JBG$:, see 9rmin ;ermann et al., History of %E.3& vol. 1 89msterdam and /e' Uork: /ort B;olland P ysics P(#., 19N%:, !!. 1?%, 1PN. 1$. See E. Segr, )6ig e di 0(adr(!olo negli s!ettri di raggi Y) 8V(adr(!ole lines in YBray s!ectra:, .end. Lincei , ser. G, 1J 81931:: P$1BP. 11. 9rnold Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spe/trallinien: ,ellenmechanischer ErgInzungsband& vol. ? 8Bra(nsc 'eig: C. Kie'eg, 1939:. 1?. See E. Segr, )1tto Stern,) in /at. 9c. of Sciences, iographical

Memoirs& vol. J3 8&as ington, 3.C.: /ational 9cademy of Sciences, 19%3:, !. ?1P. 13. 1tto Crisc as 'ritten an a(to#iogra! y entitled ,hat Little " .emember 8Cam#ridge and /e' Uork: Cam#ridge University Press, 19%9:. 1J. Criedric von Sc iller, )S!r5c e des Monf(ci(s.) 1ne of /iels Bo r,s favorite 0(otations, )/(r die C5lle f5 rt *(r Mlar eit " Und im 9#gr(nd 'o nt die &a r eit) 8/a(g t #(t f(lness makes (s 'ise,H " B(ried dee!, tr(t ever liesO: comes from t e same !oem. 2 e translation is from -oems of Schiller 8/e' Uork: +o n 3. &illiams, n.d.:. 1P. 9drienne 2 omas,s anti'ar novel )ie 5atrin wird Soldat 8Berlin: Ullstein Kerlag, 193$D Crankf(rt am 4ain: Cisc er 2asc en#(c , 19N%:. 1G. Enrico Cermi and E. Segr, )S(lla teoria delle str(tt(re i!erfini) 81n t e t eory of y!erfine str(ct(re:, .eale acc. d6"talia& memorie cl. scienze fisiche J 81933:: 131BPN, s(mmari*ed in )L(r 2 eorie der ;y!erfeinstr(kt(r,) 1s. f. -hysi/ N? 81933:: %?9BJ9, and in 3uo(o cimento % 8193J:. CP%P#. 1%. E. Segr and C. +. Bakker, )Leeman Effect of a Cor#idden 7ine,) 3ature 1?N 81931:: 1$%G. 1N. E. Segr, )Un metodo !er l,osserva*ione dell,effetto Leeman 0(adratico) 89 met od for o#serving t e 0(adratic Leeman effect:, .icerca scientifica J, no. ? 81933:: P31, and )Effetto Leeman 0(adratico nella serie !rinci!ale del sodio) 8V(adratic Leeman effect in t e !rinci!al sodi(m series:, 3uo(o cimento P 8193J:: 3$JBN. 19. Edoardo 9maldi and E. Segr, )Einige s!ektrosko!isc e Eigensc aften oc angeregter 9tome) 8Some s!ectrosco!ic !ro!erties of ig ly eAcited atoms:, in 1eeman 4erhandelingen 82 e ;ag(e: 4artin(s /i. off, 193P:, !!. NB1%. ?$. 6. Crisc and E. Segr, )j#er die Einstell(ng der 6ic t(ngs0(antel(ng --) 81n t e dynamics of s!ace 0(anti*ation:, 1s. f. -hysi/ N$ 81933:: G1$B1GD also 6. Crisc and E. Segr, )6icerc e s(lla 0(anti**a*ione s!a*iale) 8-nvestigation of s!atial 0(anti*ation:, 3uo(o cimento ? 81933:: %NB91D and see -. -. 6a#i, )1n t e Process of S!ace V(anti*ation,) -hys. .e(. J9 8193G:: 3?J. ?1. Ernest 6(t erford, +ames C ad'ick, and C. 3. Ellis, .adiations from .adioacti(e Substances 8Cam#ridge: Cam#ridge University Press, 193$:. ??. E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, E. Cermi, C. 6asetti, and E. Segr, )6adioattivitT ,#eta, !rovocata da #om#ardamento di ne(troni, ---) 8Beta radioactivity !rod(ced #y ne(tron #om#ardment, ---:, La ricerca scientifica 8 encefort cited as .S : P, no. 1 8193J:: JP?BP3 ECPNGaFD E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, E. Cermi, C. 6asetti, and E. Segr, )6adioattivitT !rovocata da #om#ardamento di ne(troni, -K) 86adioactivity !rod(ced #y ne(tron #om#ardment, -K:, .S P, no. 1 8193J:: GP?BP3 ECPN%aFD E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, E. Cermi, C. 6asetti, and E. Segr, )6adioattivitT !rovocata da #om#ardamento di ne(troni, K) 86adioactivity !rod(ced #y ne(tron #om#ardment, K:, .S P, no. ? 8193J:: ?1B?? ECPNNaFD E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, and E. Segr, )6adioattivitT !rovocata da #om#ardamento di ne(troni, K-) 86adioactivity !rod(ced #y ne(tron #om#ardment, K-:, .S P, no. ? 8193J:: 3NBN?D E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, E. Cermi, B. Pontecorvo, C. 6asetti, and E. Segr, )6adioattivitT !rovocata da #om#ardamento di ne(troni, K--) 86adioactivity !rod(ced #y ne(tron #om#ardment, K--:, 6S P, no. ? 8193J:: JG%B%$ ECPN9aFD E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, E. Cermi, B. Pontecorvo, C. 6asetti, and E. Segr, )6adioattivitT !rovocata da #om#ardamento di ne(troni, K---) 86adioactivity !rod(ced #y ne(tron #om#ardment, K---:, .S G, no. 1 8193P:: 1?3B?P ECP9$aFD E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, E. Cermi, B. Pontecorvo, and E. Segr, )6adioattivitT indotta da #om#ardamento di ne(troni, -Y) 86adioactivity ind(ced #y ne(tron #om#ardment, -Y:, .S G, no. 1 8193P:: J3PB3% ECP91aFD E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, E. Cermi, B. Pontecorvo, and E. Segr,

,,6adioattivitT indotta da #om#ardamento di ne(troni, Y) 86adioactivity ind(ced #y ne(tron #om#ardment, Y:, .S G, no. 1 8193P:: PN1BNJ ECP9?aF. 9nd see Segr, Enrico 'ermi& -hysicist& !!. %3 ff. ?3. See E. Segr, )9 cin0(ant,anni dalla radioattivitT artificiale !rovocata da ne(troni,) .endiconti della Accademia nazionale delle scienze& detta dei <L& memorie fis.& Pt ser., N, !t. ? 819NJ:: 1GP. ?J. 9ristide von =rosse, )2 e C emical Pro!erties of Elements 93 and 9J,) A. Am. %hem Soc. P% 8193P:: JJ$BJ1D E. Segr, )9n Uns(ccessf(l Searc for 2rans(ranic Elements,) -hys. .e(. PP 81939:: 11$JBPD =. E. Killar, oletKn de la 'acultad de ingenierKa 84ontevideo: P 8193N:: ?31. 2 ese !a!ers !receded t e discovery of ne!t(ni(m #y Ed'in 4c4illan and P ili! 9#elson. -f t e 'ritings of 9ristide von =rosse and of -da /oddack 8see n. ?P #elo': ad #een #etter a!!reciated, t e ' ole istory of fission and of t e trans(ranics 'o(ld ave #een different. 2 e follo'ing !a!ers a!!eared after t e discovery of ne!t(ni(m: 4. 4ayer, )6are Eart s and 2rans(ranic Elements,) -hys. .e(. G$ 819J1:: 1NJD =. 2. Sea#org and E. Segr, )2 e 2ransBUrani(m Elements,) 3ature 1P9 819J%:: NG3BGP. Starting in 19JJ, Sea#org develo!ed t e conce!t of an actinide familyD see, e.g., The Transuranium Elements& ed. =. 2. Sea#org, +. +. Mat*, and &. 4. 4anning 8/e' Uork: 4c=ra'B;ill, 19J9:: 1P1%B?$. Sea#org,s !ersonal recollections may #e fo(nd in The Transuranium Elements 8/e' ;aven: Uale University Press, 19P%:. ?P. -da /oddack, )j#er das Element 93,) Angew. %hemie J% 193J:: GP3BPP. ?G. 1tto ;a n and Crit* Strassmann, )j#er den /ac 'eis (nd das Ker alten der #ei der Bestra l(ng des Urans mittels /e(tronen entste enden Erdalkalimetalle,) 3aturwiss . ?% 81939:: 39. 2 e istory of t e discovery of fission is very com!licated: im!ortant original so(rces are CPD CrRdRric +oliot and -rne C(rie, :eu(res scientifi@ues compl!tes 8Paris: Presses (niversitaires de Crance, 19G1:D 1tto ;a n, 4om .adiothor zur Granspaltung: Eine wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie 8Bra(nsc 'eig: Kie'eg, 19G?:D and Crit* Mrafft, "m Schatten der Sensation: Leben und ,ir/en (on 'ritz Strassmann 8&ein eim: Kerlag C emie, 19N1:. ?%. E. Cermi, E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, C. 6asetti, and E. Segr, )9rtificial 6adioactivity Prod(ced #y /e(tron Bom#ardment,) -roc. .oy. Soc. 87ondon: 91JG 8193J:: JN3BP$$. CP9N. ?%. E. Cermi, E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, C. 6asetti, and E. Segr, )9rtificial 6adioactivity Prod(ced #y /e(tron Bom#ardment,) -roc. .oy. Soc. 87ondon: 91JG 8193J:: JN3BP$$. CP9N. ?N. Enrico Cermi, )/at(ral Beta 3ecay) 8-nt. Conf. on P ysics, 7ondon, 193J:, in 3uclear -hysics 87ondon: P ysical Society, 193J:, vol. 1. CP1$?. ?N. Enrico Cermi, )/at(ral Beta 3ecay) 8-nt. Conf. on P ysics, 7ondon, 193J:, in 3uclear -hysics 87ondon: P ysical Society, 193J:, vol. 1. CP1$?. ?N. Enrico Cermi, )/at(ral Beta 3ecay) 8-nt. Conf. on P ysics, 7ondon, 193J:, in 3uclear -hysics 87ondon: P ysical Society, 193J:, vol. 1. CP1$?. ?9. E. Cermi, E. 9maldi, B. Pontecorvo, C. 6asetti, and E. Segr, )9*ione di sostan*e idrogenate s(lla radioattivitT !rovocata da ne(troni) 82 e infl(ence of ydrogeno(s s(#stances on t e radioactivity !rod(ced #y ne(trons:, .icerca scientifica P 8193J:: ?N?. CP1$Pa. 3$. Crit* ;a#er received t e /o#el Pri*e for c emistry in 1919 for synt esi*ing ammonia from its elements. 31. ;ermann 7(edemann 81NN$B19P9: 'as an engineer of li#eralBsocialist tendencies ' o t(rned to !olitics. Crom 19?9 to 193?, e 'as :berprIsident of SilesiaHt e ig est civil official in t e !rovince Hand Elfriede served as is secretary in t at office. 2 e /a*is !(t 7(edemann in a concentration

cam!, #(t e s(rvived. 3?. 1n Pegram, see 7. 9. Em#rey, )=. B. Pegram,) in /at. 9c. of Sciences, iographical Memoirs& vol. G1 8&as ington, 3.C.: /ational 9cademy of Sciences, 19%$:, !. 3P%. 33. See +. 6. 3(nning, =. 9. Cink, =. B. Pegram, and E. Segr, )EA!eriments on Slo' /e(trons 'it Kelocity Selector,) -hys. .e(. J9 8193G:: 19NB99D =. 9. Cink, +. 6. 3(nning, =. B. Pegram, and E. Segr, )Prod(ction and 9#sor!tion of Slo' /e(trons in ;ydrogenic 4aterials,) -hys. .e(. J9 8193G:: 199. 9lso see C. 6asetti, E. Segr, =. 9. Cink, +. 6. 3(nning, and =. B. Pegram, )S(lla legge di assor#imento dei ne(troni lenti,) .end. Lincei& Gt ser., ?3 8193G:: 3J3BJP, and ,,1n t e 9#sor!tion 7a' for Slo' /e(trons,) -hys. .e(. J9 8193G:: 1$J.

C%a*ter Fi'e+ On My Own, ro&essor at alermo -"#$90"#$82, S(ent o& Orange ;lossoms
1. See U. Panic iD )Commemora*ione del Corris!ondente Carlo Perrier,) .end. Lincei G 819J9:: 3NG. ?. 2 ere is still a co!y of t e lect(re notes for t is co(rse in t e li#rary of t e Palermo P ysics -nstit(te. 3. =. Bernardini, =. =entile, +r., and =. Polvani, *uestioni di fisica 8P ysics to!ics: 8Clorence: Sansoni, 19J%:. 1nly t e first vol(me 'as !(#B lis ed. 2 e !lanned contents of t e ot er t'o are given in it, #(t t ey never a!!eared. J. 1n 7a'rence, see ;er#ert C ilds, An American 0enius: The Life of Ernest :rlando Lawrence& 'ather of the %yclotron 8/e' Uork: 3(tton, 19GN:, and +. 7. ;eil#ron and 6o#ert &. Seidel, Lawrence and His Laboratory: A History of the Lawrence er/eley Laboratory , vol. 1 8Berkeley and 7os 9ngeles: University of California Press, 19N9:. - t ank t e a(t ors for access to t e man(scri!t of t e latter #ook. P. See E. 4. 4c4illan, )2 e 2rans(rani(m Elements: Early ;istory,) in Les -ri; 3obel in BELB 8Stock olm: /o#elstift(ng, 19P?:, !!. 1GPB%3. G. 9#elson later colla#orated 'it 4c4illan in t e discovery of ne!t(ni(m. -n time e #ecame director of t e Carnegie -nstit(tion of &as ington and editor in c ief of Science . ;is scientific 'ork 'as mostly in geoc emistry and isoto!e se!aration. See also 7. &. 9lvare*, Ad(entures of a -hysicist 8/e' Uork: Basic Books, 19N%:, c . J, and E. Segr, )9 cin0(ant,anni dalla radioattivitT artificiale !rovocata da ne(troni,) .endiconti della Accademia nazionale delle scienze& detta dei <L& memorie fis.& Pt ser., N, !t. ? 819NJ:: 1GP. %. 2 ere is a vast literat(re, often fictional in c aracter, on 1!!en eimer. See es!. .obert :ppenheimer: Letters and .ecollections& ed. 9. M. Smit and C. &einer 8Cam#ridge, 4ass.: ;arvard University Press, 19N$:. N. See C. 9rtom, =. Sar*ana, C. Perrier, 4. Santangelo, and E. Segr, )6ate of 1rganification of P os! or(s in 9nimal 2iss(e,) 3ature 139 8193%:: N3GB3N, and )P os! oli!id Synt esis d(ring Cat 9#sor!tion,) 3ature 139 8193%:: 11$PBG. 9. Crom my la#oratory note#ooks for 193%. 1$. C. Perrier and E. Segr, )9lc(ne !ro!rietT c imic e dell,elemento J3,) .end. Lincei& Gt ser., ?P 8193%:: %?3B3$, and ?% 8193%:: P%9BN1. 9lso )Some C emical Pro!erties of Element J3,) Aourn. of %hem. -hys. P 8193%:: %1?1G, and % 81939:: 1PPBPG. 11. &e kno' today t at t e longest lived isoto!es of tec neti(m ave a !eriod of J.? million years, a time too s ort to !ermit s(rvival from !rimordial material. 4in(te amo(nts of tec neti(m !rod(ced in

nat(re #y t e s!ontaneo(s fission of (rani(m 'ere detected #y P. M. M(roda et al. in 19G1. 1?. Claimants to t e discovery of Element J3 !remat(rely called it ilmeni(m, davy(m, l(ci(m, ni!!oni(m, and mas(ri(m, among ot er names, #(t t eir claims 'ere not s(#stantiated. See ;. &. Mir#y, )2ec neti(m,) 0melin Handboo/ of "norganic %hemistry& Nt ed. 8Berlin: S!ringer, 19N?:. 13. See ;ilde 7evi, 0eorge de He(esy: Life and ,or/ 8Co!en agen: 6 odos, 19NP:. 1J. C. Perrier and E. Segr, )2ec neti(m: 2 e Element of 9tomic /(m#er J3,) 3ature 1P9 819J%:: ?J. 1P. See E. Segr, )-talian P ysics in 9maldi,s 2ime,) and Edoardo 9maldi, )2 e Uears of 6econstr(ction,) in -erspecti(es of 'undamental -hysics: -roceedings of the %onference Held at the Gni(ersity of .ome& F=E September BEFH& )edicated to Edoardo Amaldi , ed. Carlo Sc aerf 8/e' Uork: ;ar'ood 9cademic P(#lis ers, 19%9:. 1G. See also Edoardo 9maldi, )E. 4a.orana: 4an and Scientist,) in Strong and ,ea/ "nteractions& ed. 9. Lic ic i 8/e' Uork: 9cademic Press, 19GG:, and E. Segr, in Storia contemporanea , vol. 19 8Bologna, 19NN:, !. 1$%.

C%a*ter Si<+ In t%e New 5orld, Re&3gee at ;er)eley -"#$80"#=$2, Smell o& Cy(lotron Oil
1. Cor t e teAt and t e signers of t e Manifesto della razza , and on t e s(#se0(ent !eriod, see 6. 3e Celice, Storia degli Ebrei italiani sotto il fascismo 8;istory of t e -talian +e's (nder Cascism:, 3d ed. 82(rin: Eina(di, 19%?:. ?. 1n +enkins, see "n Memoriam , University of California, Berkeley, 19G?, C. 9. +enkins, 1N99B19G$. 1n Brode, see i#id. 19NG, 6. B. Brode 819$$B19NG:, !. ?. 3. 1n t e istory of t e 6adiation 7a#oratory, see t e 'orks cited in c a!ter P, n. J. J. See 'orks cited in c a!ter P, nn. P, G. P. See 4artin 3. Mamen, .adiant Science& )ar/ -olitics: A Memoir of the 3uclear Age 8Berkeley and 7os 9ngeles: University of California Press, 19NP:, ' ic vividly !ortrays t e 6adiation 7a#oratory and t e scientific climate in t e United States #efore t e 'ar. G. See 9. 9. /oyes and &. C. Bray, A System of *ualitati(e Analysis for the .are Elements 8/e' Uork: 4acmillan, 19?%:. %. 2a#les of nat(ral radioactive isoto!es go #ack to C(rie, 6(t erford, and t eir colleag(es. &it t e discovery of artificial radioactivity, t ey #ecame m(c larger. 9 first one 'as dra'n (! in 6ome #y o(r gro(! and #y =. Cea. - dre' a (sef(l diagram, follo'ing ;eisen#erg, ' ile still in 6ome. 7ater kee!ing s(c ta#les c(rrent re0(ired several !eo!le, and t ese days isoto!e ta#les are as t ick as tele! one directories. N. E. Segr and =. 2. Sea#org, )/(clear -somerism in Element J3,) -hys. .e(. PJ 8193N:: %%?D i#id. PP 81939:: N$N. 9. See also t e 'ork cited in c a!ter P, n. %, as 'ell as U.S. 9tomic Energy Commission, "n the Matter of A. .obert :ppenheimer: Transcript of Hearing before -ersonnel Security ranch and Te;ts of -rincipal )ocuments and Letters 819PJD Cam#ridge, 4ass.: 4-2 Press, 19%1:, ' ic gives a vivid !ict(re, not only of 1!!en eimer, #(t also of many ot er !ersons ' o testified at t ose earings, among t em Ed'ard 2eller, 7.&. 9lvare*, &. 4. 7atimer, ;. 9. Bet e, =eneral 7eslie =roves, and -. -. 6a#i. 1$. 7. -. Sc iff, *uantum Mechanics 8/e' Uork: 4c=ra'B;ill, 19PP:.

11. 1n S. M. 9llison, see ull. Atomic Scientists ?? 819GG:: ?. 1?. C. 9. +enkins and E. Segr, )2 e V(adratic Leeman Effect,) -hys. .e(. PP 81939:: P?. 13. E. Segr, 6. S. ;alford, and =. 2. Sea#org, )C emical Se!aration of /(clear -somers,) -hys. .e(. PP 81939:: PP. 1J. E. Segr, )9n Uns(ccessf(l Searc for 2rans(ranic Elements,) -hys. .e(. PP 81939:: 11$J. 1P. E. Segr and C. S. &(, )Some Cission Prod(cts of Urani(m,) -hys. .e(. P% 819J$:: PP?, and )6adioactive Yenons,) i#id. G% 819JP:: 1J?. 1G. 1n Plac*ek, see also Edoardo 9maldi, )=eorge Plac*ek 819$PB19PP:,) .icerca scientifica ?G 819PG:: ?$3N. 1%. Cornog, in )isco(ering Al(arez: Selected ,or/s of Luis ,. Al(arez& with %ommentary by His Students and %olleagues& ed. &. P. 2ro'er 8C icago: University of C icago Press, 19N%:, !. ?G. 9nd see 3. 6. Corson, M. 6. 4acMen*ie, and E. Segr, )Possi#le Prod(ction of 6adioactive -soto!es of Element NP,) -hys. .e(. P% 819J$:: JP9, and )9rtificially 6adioactive Element NP,) i#id. PN 819J$:: G%?B%N. 1N. E. Cermi and E. Segr, )Cission of Urani(m #y 9l! a Particles,) -hys. .e(. P9 819J1:D P9. CP13P. 19. E. Segr, )Possi#ility of 9ltering t e 3ecay 6ate of a 6adioactive S(#stance,) -hys. .e(. %1 819J%:: ?%JD 6. C. 7eininger, E. Segr, and C. E. &iegand, )EA!eriments on t e Effect of 9tomic Electrons on t e 3ecay Constant of Be%,) -hys. .e(. %G 819J9:: N9%, and i#id. N1 819P1:: ?NJ. ?$. See K. 9. +o nson, 5arl Lar/=Horo(itz: -ioneer in Solid State -hysics 8/e' Uork: Pergamon, 19G9:. ?1. Birge 'as 'ell kno'n for is st(dies on molec(lar s!ectra and on (niversal constants, and also an im!ortant administrator at t e University of California, to ' ic e 'as dee!ly devoted. 1ne of t e ! ysics #(ildings at Berkeley #ears is name, 'ellBdeserved recognition of is 'ork. See E. 4c4illan, )6. 2. Birge, 1NN%B19N$,) in 9m. P il. Soc. 8P iladel! ia:, 8ear=boo/& BEHB , !. J3$. ??. 6. 2. Birge, );istory of t e P ysics 3e!artment) 8University of California, Berkeley, 19GGB<D P vols., mimeogra! ed:. ?3. See t e doc(mentation in =. 2. Sea#org, Early History of Hea(y "sotope .esearch at er/eley , 7a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory P(#lication /o. 9% 8Berkeley, 19%G:. 2 e arc ives of t e Bancroft 7i#rary at t e University of California, Berkeley, contain m(c additional material, incl(ding a letter from Segr to Cermi dated +an(ary 11t , 19J1, signaling t e #eginning of t e 'ork. ?J. 4any of t ese doc(ments are to #e fo(nd in t e Bancroft 7i#rary. ?P. =. 2. Sea#org and E. Segr, )2 e 2rans(rani(m Elements,) 3ature 1P9 819J%:: 1P9D E. Segr, E. 4. 4c4illan, +. &. Mennedy, and 9. C. &a l, )9n 9cco(nt of t e 3iscovery and Early St(dy of Element 9J,) UC67 re!ort /o. ?%91, 3ec. ?3, 19J?. ?G. 7etter of =. 2. Sea#org to Cermi, +an(ary 11, 19J1, Bancroft 7i#rary. ?%. +. &. Mennedy, =. 2. Sea#org, E. Segr, and 9. C. &a l, )Pro!erties of 9J ?39 ,) -hys. .e(. %$ 819JG:: PPPBPG. ?N. 1n 9. 7. 7oomis, see 7. &. 9lvare* in /at. 9c. of Sciences, iographical Memoirs& vol. P1 8&as ington, 3.C.: /ational 9cademy of Sciences, 19N$:, !. 3$9. ?9. See +. &. Mennedy and E. Segr, )Com!onent 9nalysis of Small Urani(m Sam!les,) 4an attan

3istrict 6e!ort 433CB9%3, 4arc ?G, 19J3. 3$. E. Segr, )9rtificial 6adioactivity and t e Com!letion of t e Periodic System of t e Elements,) Scientific Monthly P% 819J3:: P%. 31. See, e.g., ;. 3. Smyt , Atomic Energy for Military -urposes 8Princeton: Princeton University Press, 19JP:, t e first and .(stly famo(s re!ort on t e atomic #om#. Cor details and doc(mentation, cons(lt 6. =. ;e'lett and 1. E. 9nderson, +r., A History of the Gnited States Atomic Energy %ommission& vol. 1, The 3ew ,orld& BEMENBEOJ 8University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 19G?:. 3?. 9 letter to Cermi 'ritten in 19J?, no' in t e Bancroft 7i#rary, gives my feelings a#o(t going to 7os 9lamos.

C%a*ter Se'en+ Los Alamos, T%e Fate&3l Mesa -"#=$0"#=92, Smell o& i>ones
1. 2 e translation is from Schiller6s Historical )ramas 8/e' Uork: +o n 3. &illiams, n.d.:. ?. 7eslie 6. =roves, 3ow "t %an e Told 8/e' Uork: ;ar!er i 6o', 19G?:. See also M. 3. /ic ols, The .oad to Trinity: A -ersonal Account of How America6s 3uclear -olicies ,ere Made 8/e' Uork: 4orro', 19N%:. 3. 1n 'artime 7os 9lamos, see .eminiscences of Los Alamos& BEOM=BEOL , ed. 7a'rence Badas , +ose! 1. ;irsc felder, and ;er#ert P. Broida 8Boston: 6eidel, 19N$:, and 7a(ra Cermi, Atoms in the 'amily . Cor a #i#liogra! y, see 6ic ard 6 odes The Ma/ing of the Atomic omb 8/e' Uork: Simon i Sc (ster, 19N%:, a 'ellB'ritten and acc(rately researc ed and doc(mented 'ork. J. &inston S. C (rc ill, The Second ,orld ,ar , vol. J, The Hinge of 'ate 87ondon: Cassel, 19P1:, !. 3. P. 6o#ert Ser#er, )2 e 7os 9lamos Primer) 87os 9lamos, /. 4eA.: University of California, 7os 9lamos Scientific 7a#oratory, ! otoco!ied ty!escri!t, 19%3:. /otes #y E. U. Condon #ased on five introd(ctory lect(res given #y 6o#ert Ser#er in 9!ril 19J3 in connection 'it t e 4an attan Pro.ect. 3eclassified )secret limited,) Ce#r(ary ?P, 19G3. 2 e titles of t e sections are: 1. 1#.ectD ?. Energy of fission !rocessD 3. Cast ne(tron c ain reactionD J. Cission crossBsectionsD P. /e(tron s!ectr(mD G. /e(tron n(m#erD %. /e(tron ca!t(reD N. & y ordinary U is safeD 9. 4aterial J9 8P( ?39 :D 1$. Sim!lest estimate of minim(m si*e of #om#D 11. Effect of tam!erD 1?. 3amageD 13. EfficiencyD 1J. Effect of tam!er on efficiencyD 1P. 3etonationD 1G. Pro#a#ility of !redetonationD 1%. Ci**lesD 1N. 3etonating so(rceD 19. /e(tron #ackgro(ndD ?$. S ootingD ?1. 9(tocatalytic met odsD ??. Concl(sion. G. See 9. 1. /ier, )+. ;. &illiams,) in /at. 9c. of Sciences, iographical Memoirs& vol. J? 8&as ington, 3.C.: /ational 9cademy of Sciences, 19%1:, !. 339. %. +osef 6ot#lat s(#se0(ently devoted imself to t e P(g'as 4ovement and to t e searc for sol(tions to t e immense !ro#lems created #y atomic arms. N. 2 e first modest ta#le of isoto!es 'as !(#lis ed #y a st(dent in o(r gro(! in 6ome in t e 193$sD see =. Cea, )2a#elle riass(ntive e #i#liografia delle trasm(ta*ioni artificiali) 8Com!re ensive ta#les and #i#liogra! y of artificial transm(tations:, 3uo(o cimento 1? 8193P:: 3GNBJ$%. 9 similar com!ilation edited #y C. 4. 7ederer and K. S irley, Table of "sotopes 8/e' Uork: &iley, 19%N:, re0(ired 1,P?3 !ages. 9. 1n =. -. 2aylor, see iog. Mem. 'ell. .. Soc. vol. ?? 819%G:, !. PGP.

1$. E. Segr, )S!ontaneo(s Cission,) -hys. .e(. NG 819P?:: ?1. 11. See 6ic ard P. Ceynman, Surely 8ou Are Ao/ing& Mr. 'eynmanP Ad(entures of a %urious %haracter 8/e' Uork: /orton, 19NP:, !!. 1?$B?1. 9 letter #y 2eller re!orted in Stanley 9. Bl(m#erg and ='inn 1'ens, Energy and %onflict: The Life and Times of Edward Teller 8/e' Uork: P(tnam, 19%G:, !. JP%, refers to t e same e!isode. - do not remem#er aving ad eAc anges 'it 2eller on t is s(#.ect at t e time. 1?. 1n t e 2rinity test, see &. 7. 7a(rence, )awn o(er 1ero: The Story of the Atomic omb 8/e' Uork: Mno!f, 19JG:.

C%a*ter Eig%t+ Ret3rns, S(ien(e and Str3ggle? ;er)eley and Italy -"#=90"#/.2, Smell o& 6ydrogen S3l&ide? A(@3e AlA3le
1. 6. 2. Birge, );istory of t e P ysics 3e!artment) 8Berkeley: University of California, mimeogra! ed, 19GGB<:, vol. P, c . 1N. ?. 1!!en eimer,s letter is in t e Bancroft 7i#rary. 3. 2 e ideas of t e t eoreticians, in tr(t not all too #rilliant, #(t #ased on ideas t en c(rrent, are reflected in t eir !rogrammatic doc(ments for t e 6ad 7a#. J. 2 e doc(mentation relative to t is c a!ter is contained in my !rivate arc ive. 9mong t e doc(ments t ere are several teAts of agreementsD letters narrating !revio(s events in !re!aration for my first ret(rn to -taly in 19J%D (ndreds of letters #y my #rot er 9ngeloD acco(nts of different kindsD and a file relative to t e events of 19P3, incl(ding my corres!ondence 'it 4arco concerning o(r fat er,s 'ill and its legal ramifications, as 'ell as legal o!inions. Cor my visit to -taly in 19J%, t ere is a series of letters to Elfriede, almost constit(ting a diary. Corres!ondence 'it 6iccardo 6imini in Ur(g(ay, #efore and after t e 'ar, often reveals o(r most confidential feelings and o!inions. P. See =. Bordignon Cavero, The 4illa Emo at 'anzolo 8University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 19%?:.

C%a*ter Nine+ Ri*ening Cro*s -"#/.0"#/=2, Smell o& Ri*e 5%eat

1. Cor t e general istory of t e 6ad 7a# in t e !ost'ar era, see +. 7. ;eil#ron, 6o#ert &. Seidel, and Br(ce & eaton, Lawrence and His Laboratory: 3uclear Science at er/eley& BEMB=BEJB 8Berkeley: 1ffice for t e ;istory of Science and 2ec nology, University of California, 19N1:, and a comm(nication #y Seidel in t e Proceedings of t e 19NP -nternational Sym!osi(m on Particle P ysics: Pions and V(arks eld at C icago in 19NP. - learned of many of t e events of t ose times from t ese so(rces. 1nly a small circle, to ' ic - did not #elong, 'as !rivy to 7a'rence,s activities. See also ;. C. Uork, The Ad(isors: :ppenheimer& Teller and the Superbomb 8San Crancisco: &. ;. Creeman, 19%G: and Ma/ing ,eapons& Tal/ing -eace 8/e' Uork: Basic Books, 19N%:. ?. See, e.g., 3ucleon=3ucleon Scattering& ed. M. /is im(ra 8P ysical Society of +a!an, Selected Pa!ers in P ysics, n.s., no. ?G:. 3. 2 is series of investigations starts 'it +. ;adley, E. 7. Melly, C. E. 7eit , E. Segr, C. &iegand, and ;. C. Uork, )9ng(lar 3istri#(tion in nB! Scattering 'it 9$B4ev /e(trons,) -hys. .e(. %3 819JN:: 111JB1P, and eAtends (! to 19P%. 9 !artial revie' is given in E. Segr, );ig Energy Scattering and Polari*ation,) -hysica ?? 819PG:: 1$%9B9$. J. ;. Sta!!, 2. U!silantis, and /. 4etro!olis, )P ase S ift 9nalysis of 31$ 4ev !B! Scattering

EA!eriments,) -hys. .e(. 1$P 819P%:: 3$?. P. E;perimental 3uclear -hysics , ed. E. Segr, 'it contri#(tions #y ;. Sta(#D ;. Bet e and +. 9s kinD /. C. 6amseyD M. 2. Bain#ridgeD P. 4orrisonD B. 2. CeldD E. SegrD =. C. ;annaD 4. 3e(tsc and 1. MofoedB;ansenD and E. 4. 4c4illan 8/e' Uork: &iley, 19P3BP9:. G. See E. Segr, )Preface,) Ann. .e(. 3uclear Science ?G 819%G:: viiBA. %. See E. Segr, );ig Energy Scattering of /e(trons and Protons,) Hel(etica -hys. Acta ?3, s(!!. 3 819P$:: 19%B?$P. N. See =. 6. Ste'art, The 8ear of the :ath 8=arden City, /.U.: 3o(#leday, 19P$:, and 3. P. =ardner, The %alifornia :ath %ontro(ersy 8Berkeley and 7os 9ngeles: University of California Press, 19G%:, as 'ell as 6. 2. Birge, );istory of t e P ysics 3e!artment) 8University of California, Berkeley, 19GGB<D P vols., mimeogra! ed:, vol. P, c . 19. 9. Pi(s Y-, -er la azione cattolica 8encyclical, +(ne ?9t 1931:. See, e.g., 9. C. +emolo, %hiesa e stato in "talia negli ultimi BDD anni 82(rin: Eina(di, 19J9:, !. GGJ. 1$. See Uork, The Ad(isors& and 6 odes, Ma/ing of the Atomic omb . 11. S. 9. Bl(m#erg and ='inn 1'ens, Energy and %onflict: The Life and Times of Edward Teller 8/e' Uork: P(tnam, 19%G: gives 2eller,s version of t ese events. E. Segr, Enrico 'ermi& fisico& ?d ed. 8Bologna: Lanic elli, 19N%: s(!!lies some doc(ments ne'ly made availa#le. 1?. E. Segr, " nuo(i elementi chimici: %himica nucleare alle alte energie 82 e ne' c emical elements: /(clear c emistry at ig energies: 86ome: 9cc. na*. 7incei, Conda*ione 3onegani, 19P3:. 13. E. Segr, )j#er den Leemaneffekt von V(adr(!ollinien) 81n t e Leeman effect of 0(adr(!ole lines:, 1s. f. -hysi/ GG 8193$:: N?%B?9D !artial revie' in E. Segr, )7,irradiamento dei 0(adr(!oli) 8V(adr(!ole radiation:, 3uo(o cimento ? 81931:: ?NB3%. 1J. E. 9maldi and E. Segr, )Einige s!ektrosko!isc e Eigensc aften oc angeregter 9tome) 8Some s!ectrosco!ic !ro!erties of ig ly eAcited atoms:, in 1eeman 4erhandelingen 82 e ;ag(e: 4artin(s /i. off, 193P:, !!. NB1%. 1P. E. Segr, )9rtificial 6adioactivity and t e Com!letion of t e Periodic System of t e Elements,) Scientific Monthly P% 819J3:: 1?B1GD +. &. Mennedy, =. 2. Sea#org, E. Segr, and 9. C. &a l, )Pro!erties of 9J ?39 ,) -hys. .e(. %$ 819JG:: PPPBPGD and =. 2. Sea#org and E. Segr, )2 e 2ransUrani(m Elements,) 3ature 1P9 819J%:: NG3BGP. 1G. E. Segr, 6. S. ;alford, and =. 2. Sea#org, )C emical Se!aration of /(clear -somers,) -hys. .e(. PP 8193N:: 3?1B??. 1%. E. Segr, )Possi#ility of 9ltering t e 3ecay 6ate of a 6adioactive S(#stance,) -hys. .e(. %1 819JG:: ?%J 8a#stract:. 1N. Partial s(mmary of t e former in E. Segr, );ig Energy Scattering and Polari*ation) 8cited n. 3 a#ove:D !artial s(mmary of t e latter in E. Segr, )9ntin(cleons: 6ic tmyer 7ect(re 19P%,) Am. Aour. of -hysics ?P 819P%:: 3G3BG9. 19. E. Cermi, E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, C. 6asetti, and E. Segr, )9rtificial 6adioactivity Prod(ced #y /e(tron Bom#ardment,) -roc. .oy. Soc. 87ondon: 1JG 8193J:: JN3BP$$D E. Cermi, E. 9maldi, 1. 3,9gostino, B. Pontecorvo, C. 6asetti, and E. Segr, )9rtificial 6adioactivity Prod(ced #y /e(tron Bom#ardment, --,) i#id. 1J9 8193P:: PP?BPN.

?$. 7e'is Stra(ss, a 'ellBkno'n 9merican investment #anker and a !rotRgR of President ;oover,s, s(ffered a similar fail(re. ;e attri#(tes t is to t e fact t at t e leaders of U.S. ind(stry t en t o(g t t at n(clear energy 'as science fictionD see Stra(ss, Men and )ecisions 8=arden City, /.U.: 3o(#leday, 19G?:. 9nd see also 7a'rence Badas , Eli*a#et ;odes, and 9dol! 2iddens, )/(clear Cission: 6eaction to t e 3iscovery in 1939,) -roc. Am. -hil. Soc . 13$ 819NG:: 19GB?31. ?1. +. &. 4i elic , 9. Sc ardt, and E. Segr, )Energy 7evels in Po ?1$ ,) -hys. .e(. 9P 819PJ:: 1P$NB 1G. ??. C. 7. 1Aley, &. C. Cart'rig t, +. 6o(vina, E. Baskir, 3. Mlein, +. 6ing, and &. Skillman, )3o(#le Scattering of ;ig Energy Protons,) -hys. .e(. 91 819P3:: J19. ?3. Enrico Cermi, )Polari*ation of ;ig Energy Protons Scattered #y /(clei,) 3uo(o cimento 11 819PJ:: J1%. CP?G%.

C%a*ter Ten+ Tri3m*%s and Tragedies -"#/=0"#872, Odor o& La3rel and Cy*ress
1. 2 e translation is from -oems of Schiller 8/e' Uork: +o n 3. &illiams, n.d.:. ?. See Stanley 9. Bl(m#erg and ='inn 1'ens, Energy and %onflict: The Life and Times of Edward Teller 8/e' Uork: P(tnam, 19%G:, !. 3%J, for 2eller,s acco(nt of is visit to Cermi follo'ing my message. 3. Enrico Cermi, 3uclear -hysics& notes com!iled #y +. 1rear, 9. ;. 6osenfeld, and 6. 9. Sc l(ter 8C icago: University of C icago Press, 19J9:. See also C. /. Uang, CP?39, for t e im!ression received on a visit to Cermi at t e os!ital. J. Enrico Cermi, %ollected -apers 89ccademia dei 7incei and University of C icago Press, 19G1, 19GP:. P. - dream myself #ack to c ild ood 9nd s ake my oary eadD & y am - a(nted #y !ict(res 2 at - t o(g t long ago to #e dead< ;ig o(t of s ady enclos(res 9 glistening castle looms large, - kno' t e em#attled to'ers, 2 e stone #ridge and also t e gate. Crom t e esc(tc eon t e lions are looking Confidingly do'n at me - greet t ese ac0(aintances gladly 9nd (rry across t e co(rt. .......... 2 (s rises my ancestors, castle CiAed loyally in my mind, Crom t e eart yo( ave s(rely vanis ed, 2 e !lo' is traversing t y gro(nd. trans. Egon Sc 'ar* G. 1. C am#erlain, E. Segr, C. &iegand, and 2. U!silantis, )1#servation of 9nti!rotons,) -hys. .e(. 1$$ 819PP:: 9J%BP$, and )9nti!rotons,) 3ature 1%% 819PG:: 11B1?.

%. 1. C am#erlain and C. E. &iegand, CE6/ Sym!osi(m on ;ig Energy 9ccelerators and Pion P ys., =eneva, -roceedings , vol. ? 819PG:, !. P?D C. E. &iegand, -nst. 6adio Eng., Gt Scintillation Co(nters Sym!osi(m, -roceedings 8&as ington, 3.C., 19PN:. N. E. 9maldi, =. Baroni, C. Castagnoli, 1. C am#erlain, &. &. C (!!, C. Cran*inetti, =. =old a#er, 9. 4anfredini, E. Segr, and C. &iegand, )9nti!roton Star 1#served in Em(lsions,) -hys. .e(. 1$1 819PG:: 9$9B91$, and E. 9maldi, =. Baroni, C. Castagnoli, 1. C am#erlain, &. &. C (!!, 9. =. Eks!ong, C. Cran*inetti, =. =old a#er, E. +. 7ofgren, 9. 4anfredini, E. Segr, and C. &iegand, )EAam!le of an 9nti!rotonB/(cleon 9nni ilation,) -hys. .e(. 1$? 819PG:: 9?1B?3. 9. 1n /ovem#er 1P and 1G, 19NP, t ere 'as a small conference at Berkeley to commemorate t e t irtiet aniversary of t e anti!roton,s discovery. 2 e first morning 'as devoted to istoryD 7. &. 9lvare* !resided. ;e started 'it an introd(ction eA!laining ' y e ad not discovered t e anti!roton and ' y t e discovery 'as not trivial and o#vio(s. /eAt 7ofgren s!oke, giving an eAcellent !resentation on t e #evatron. Clyde &iegand follo'ed for a#o(t t irty min(tes. ;e gave a detailed acco(nt of t e 'ork !erformed #y imself and C am#erlain. 9mong ot er t ings, e said t at e and C am#erlain ad started !lanning t e eA!eriment secretly, o(tside of reg(lar 'orking o(rs. ;e mentioned U!silantis only !eri! erally, in connection 'it t e addition of a co(nter to t e a!!arat(s. ;e never mentioned me, as t o(g - ad not eAisted. - 'as saddened #y t e !erformance. -t m(st re!resent &iegand,s !resent state of mindD t is m(st #e is recollection of t e discovery of t e anti!roton. 1t ers s!oke follo'ing &iegand. Cinally, Piccioni s!oke for a fe' min(tes on t e antine(tron discovery in ' ic e ad !artici!atedD t en, for a#o(t an o(r, e rene'ed is acc(sations against C am#erlain and me, saying t at 'e ad stolen t e !lans of t e a!!arat(s (sed from im, and t at - ad #y trickery eAcl(ded im from t e eAec(tion of t e eA!eriment. Part of t e !(#lic smiledD ot ers did not seem to en.oy t e !erformance. 9 istorian commented to me: )See ' y istorians !(t more tr(st in doc(ments t an in !ossi#ly distorted memories<) 2o avoid f(rt er (nseemliness, - did not re!ly to Piccioni. 1$. See B. Cork, =. 7am#ertson, 1. Piccioni, and &. &en*el, )9ntine(trons Prod(ced from 9nti!rotons in C argeBEAc ange Collisions,) -hys .e(. 1$J 819PG:: 1193B9GD t ey (sed a co(nter met od. 11. +. B(tton, 2. Elioff, E. Segr, ;. 4. Steiner, 6. &eingart, C. &iegand, and 2. U!silantis, )9ntine(tron Prod(ction #y C arge EAc ange,) -hys. .e(. 1$N 819P%:: 1PP%BG1, and 7. 9gne', 2. Elioff, &. B. Co'ler, 7. =illy, 6. 7ander, 7. 1s'ald, &. Po'ell, E. Segr, ;. Steiner, ;. & ite, C. &iegand, and 2. U!silantis, ,,9nti!rotonBProton Elastic and C arge EAc ange Scattering at a#o(t 1?$ 4ev,) -hys. .e(. 11$ 819PN:: 99JB9P. 1?. See, e.g., 7. &. 9lvare*, in Les -ri; 3obel en BEJH 8Stock olm: /o#elstift(ng, 19G9:. 13. 7. B. 9(er#ac , 2. Elioff, &. B. +o nson, +. 7ac , C. &iegand, and 2. U!silantis, )St(dy of PionB Pion -nteractions from Pion Prod(ction #y Pions,) -hys. .e(. Letters E 819G?:: 1%3B%G. =. Mallen, Elementary -article -hysics 86eading, 4ass.: 9ddisonB&esley, 19GJ, !. 1NP:, re!orts t ese eA!eriments to ave esta#lis ed t e resonance, #(t in t e end t ey co(ld not com!ete 'it t e #(##le c am#er. 1J. %hemical and Engineering 3ews JN 819J%:: 3P%?. 2 e !oll asked res!ondents to name t e ten a#lest c emists 'orking in several s!eciali*ed fields. -n n(cleonics, t e list 'as P. ;. 9#elson, C. 3. Coryell, C. 3aniels, =er art Criedl^nder, +. &. Mennedy, &. C. 7i##y, =. 2. Sea#org, E. Segr, /. S(garman, and 9. C. &a l, in al! a#etical order.

1P. E. 1. 7a'rence, letter to ;arold C. Urey, of 4ay 31, 19JG 8Bancroft 7i#rary:. See !!. 1G%BGN a#ove for t e relevant eAcer!t. 2 e letter in ' ic 7a'rence .oined 'it Sea#org in !ro!osing me for t e /o#el Pri*e in 19P9, #ased on t e discovery of anti!rotons, is also among t e 7a'rence Pa!ers at t e Bancroft 7i#rary. 1G. 4any st(dents, some of t e greatest a#ility, !artici!ated in o(r 'ork. Crom t e !ost'ar !eriod at Berkeley - remem#er ;er#ert Uork, +o n +(ngerman, S. C. &rig t, S. /. = os al, E. 7. Melly, =. 2emmer, 4. 1. Stern, 9. Bloom, =. Pettengill, 6. 7. 4at er, C. /. S!iess, 2. +. 2 om!son, &. +o n, +. E. Simmons, 3. K. Meller, +oe 7ac , +. Coote, ;. 6(ggs, 6ein Sil#er#erg, ;. St(##s, 6. C. &eingart, 7. E. 9gne', 2. Elioff, 6. 6. 7arsen, +. B(tton, 4. +ako#son, P. Mi.e'sky, &. 7ee, E. ;. 6ogers, 6. E. ;ill, 3. 9. +enkins, S. 6. M(nselman, and =ary 7(m. 4any of t em ave ad disting(is ed careers t at can #e traced in American Men of Science . ;er#ert Steiner, &. C ino'sky, =erson =old a#er, 2om U!silantis, and 6. 2ri!! .oined t e Berkeley fac(lty. 6ae Stiening, ' o came at a later date, from 4-2, ' ere e ad st(died 'it 4artin 3e(tsc , inf(sed ne' vitality into o(r 'ork. 2o t is list one s o(ld add several !ostdoctoral fello's: +onas Sc (lt*, Pa(l Condon, and from o(tside t e United States, von 3ardel, =illy, /. 7i!man, Borg ini, =. Eks!ong, 6. 4ermod, /. Boot , B. 4as oon, and m(c later 4in C en. 1%. 6. B. Bacasto', 2. Elioff, 6. 6. 7arsen, C. &iegand, and 2. U!silantis, )4eas(rement of t e Branc ing 6atio for Pion Beta 3ecay,) -hys. .e(. Letters 9 819G?:: J$$. 1N. See, e.g., 6. Seki and C. &iegand, )Maonic and 1t er EAotic 9toms,) Ann. .e(. 3ucl. and -art. Science ?P 819%P:: ?J1. 19. See, e.g., .eminiscences about ". E. Tamm , ed. E. 7. Cein#erg 84osco': /a(ka P(#lis ers, 19N%:. ?$. See 6. 4ars ak, )2 e 6oc ester Conferences,) ull. Atomic Scientists , +(ne 19%$, !. %?. ?1. See, e.g., Les -ri; 3obel en 19P% 8Stock olm: /o#elstift(ng, 19PN:. 2 ere is an eAtended literat(re on t e discovery of t e nonconservation of !arity, incl(ding !ersonal recollections #y 7ee, &(, and Uang. ??. See E. Segr, )/e(e 9tomarten (nd 9ntimaterie) 8/e' atomic s!ecies and antimatter:, Angew. %hemie P 819P9:: 1%3B%G. ?3. E. Segr, Enrico 'ermi& fisico 8Bologna: Lanic elli, 19%$, 19N%:. ?J. Marl 4anne =eorg Sieg#a n 81NNGB19%N:, 'inner of t e 19?J /o#el Pri*e for ! ysics, and is son Mai 4anne Sieg#a n 8191NB:, ' o 'on t e ! ysics !ri*e in 19N1. ?P. See Les -ri; 3obel en BELE 8Stock olm: /o#elstift(ng, 19G$:. ?G. E. Segr, )Crom 9toms to 9nti!rotons) 8Cac(lty 6esearc 7ect(re, University of California, 19G$, (n!(#lis ed:. ?%. See, e.g., The Science of Materials Gsed in Ad(anced Technology , ed. E. Parker and U. Colom#o 8/e' Uork: &iley, 19%3:. ?N. E. Segr, 3uclei and -articles 8/e' Uork: &. Ben.amin, 19GJ, 19%%:D also translated into -talian 8Bologna: Lanic elli, 19GG, 19N?: and C inese. ?9. E. Segr, )2 e Conse0(ences of t e 3iscovery of t e /e(tron,) 1$t -nt. Conf. of t e ;istory of Science, -roceedings 8Paris: ;ermann, 19GP:, vol. 1, !. 1J9BPN.

A Few 5ords &rom Rosa

@ ?9% @ 4any of Emilio,s colleag(es told me t at t ey 'ere very eager to read is memoirs. 2 is 'as also t e reason e 'anted t is #ook !(#lis ed !ost (mo(sly. )- meet many of t e !rotagonists on cam!(s or at meetings, and t ey don,t remem#er t e facts t e 'ay t ey a!!ened, #(t t e 'ay t ey 'o(ld like t em to ave a!!ened,) e said. Emilio ke!t an enormo(s n(m#er of notes, note#ooks, doc(ments, and letters, and 'e s!ent mont s verifying details and dates. 9ro(nd t at time, - fo(nd myself sitting neAt to 7(is 9lvare* at a dinner !arty, and e told me t at e 'as 'riting is memoirs. )3o yo( s!end so m(c time going t ro(g yo(r filing ca#inets reading old letters<) - asked im. )1 , no,) e saidD )- .(st 'rite do'n ' at - remem#er.) &ell, memory is likely to !lay tricks after so many years, and a lot of 'is f(l t inking re!laces t e tr(e facts. Cor all is !revio(s #ooks, Emilio researc ed tirelessly in is o#session 'it acc(racy and tr(t D is memoirs 'ere treated no differently. ;e ad t is dee! sense of d(ty to'ard istoryD ' en e read it, e 'anted t e real facts, and ' en e 'rote it, e tried to !rovide t e reader 'it t em according to is o'n eA!ectations. &riting is memoirs came rat er easily to Emilio: t ere 'as so m(c to tell. 9s time 'ent #y, e trimmed a #it of t e first man(scri!t, eliminating a fe' names and eA!licit details regarding t e 'eakness, and - can add, 'ickedness, of relatives and colleag(es. ;aving reac ed @ ?9N @ eig ty made im more tolerant and forgiving, #(t not to'ard allD some 'o(nds still (rt. & at 'as a ma.or !ro#lem for im 'as ' en to end t is #ook. 9t ' at stage of is lifeHafter receiving t e /o#el Pri*e, after retirement, ' en< ;e talked t is over 'it several tr(sted friends, #ot in t e United States and in -taly. 1ne advised im to concl(de it at t e !oint ' ere e ret(rned to teac in -taly. 9not er told im to end t e #ook ! iloso! i*ing a#o(t t e !rogress of science and t e good t ings n(clear researc offered t e 'orld in energy, medicine, comm(nication, and so on. 9 t ird s(ggested a final c a!ter on Emilio,s ideas regarding t e f(t(re of science and o' e vis(ali*ed t e 'orld of is grandc ildren. B(t not ing 'as decided. Cor t e reader ' o 'onders ' at Emilio did after retirement, -,ll try to give an idea of is life d(ring is last years. 9t Berkeley, e 'as recalled to teac , (s(ally d(ring 'inter 0(arters, and e c ose istory of science rat er t an ! ysics. 2 e series of lect(res e gave over t e years on t is s(#.ect event(ally #ecame a very s(ccessf(l #ook, 'rom <=.ays to *uar/s& and a fe' years later a second vol(me, 'rom 'alling odies to .adio ,a(es& a!!eared. Bot 'ere translated into several lang(ages, and 'e did t e !roofreading of most of t ese editions. 2 ere 'as a yearly siABtoBeig tB'eek tri! to E(ro!e, organi*ed so t at it 'o(ld coincide 'it t e meetings or conferences e 'is ed to attend, and t is incl(ded t e ann(al Board of =overnors, 4eeting at 2el 9viv University, ' ic gave im t e o!!ort(nity to visit is da(g ter 9melia and er family. ;e 'as a so(g tBafter s!eaker, 'it a strong voice, ' o kne' o' to ada!t is s(#.ect to t e a(dience and kee! t em interested and a'ake. 1n o(r last tri! to E(ro!e, in +(ne 19NN, e gave t e o!ening address at t e congress of t e Union of Prod(cers and 3istri#(tors of Electric Energy 8U/-PE3E: in Sorrento. ;e al'ays 'as (! to date as regards t e develo!ments in is field and in science in generalD e read ne' #ooks and reBread old ones, e s(#scri#ed to !(#lications, and attended 'eekly seminars and disc(ssionsD and ' en t ere 'as a s(#.ect e did not (nderstand clearly, e did not esitate to attend a class, sometimes given #y one of is eABst(dents, or to ask )t e yo(nger generation) to eA!lain t e mysteries

@ ?99 @ of t e latest discovery to im. ;e also made a !oint of reading at least t'o #ooks a year in =erman and in Crenc , ).(st not to forget t e lang(age,) and e 'as eAtremely !ro(d of t e fact t at ' en =erman television intervie'ed im in 19NP for an o(rBlong doc(mentary, e co(ld do it in =erman 'it o(t diffic(lty. 9t seventyBnine e learned o' to (se a !ersonal com!(ter, and t is #ook 'as is first !ro.ect on it. ;e s(#scri#ed to t e ,all Street Aournal and ot er financial !(#lications and follo'ed is investments almost dailyD is kno'ledge of taA la' 'as 'ell a#ove average. Uo( ave .(st read t e story of a very interesting and #(sy life. Uo( kno' o' it started and yo( may 'onder o' it ended. Emilio 'as 'ell, ! ysically and mentally, (ntil is very last min(te. 9t t e time of is deat t ere 'as a f(ror going on a#o(t )cold f(sion.) ;e ! oned t e scientists ' o anno(nced t e discovery in Salt 7ake City, talked t ings over 'it t em, and 'as mailed t eir !a!ers, t en decided t at )it 'as not tr(e.) )& en 'e made o(r discovery in 6ome,) e said, )'it in a 'eek ot er la#oratories over t e 'orld co(ld re!licate it 'it t e same res(lts. 2 is t ing 'on,t fly.) -n +an(ary 19N9 Emilio delivered a #rilliant address on t e discovery of fission at t e 9nn(al +oint 4eeting of t e 9merican P ysical Society in San Crancisco. ;e looked for'ard to attending t e conference commemorating )P$ years 'it /(clear Cission) in &as ington, 3.C., on 9!ril ?PQ?N. ;e and =lenn Sea#org 'ere general coBc airmen of t e event, and #ot ad 'orked for mont s in t e organi*ation of it. )-t is a good 'ay to close a scientific career,) e told me. 2'o 'eeks #efore, t o(g , d(ring a f(ndBraising dinner at UC Berkeley, e s(ddenly did not feel 'ell, and - decided to drive im to t e os!ital. 9lt o(g e did not s(ffer a eart attack, is electrocardiogram s o'ed irreg(larities and is doctor decided to kee! im in intensive care for a co(!le of days. 1nce ome, e ret(rned to is normal ro(tine, reading, 'riting, making tele! one calls, #(t t e doctor did not !ermit im to travel to &as ington, and e 'as eAtremely disa!!ointed #(t acce!ted it. 9t t at time, is old com!(ter #roke do'n and a friend sent im a (sed -B4 com!(ter e didn,t need anymore. /o' 'e ad to convert all o(r diskettes to t e ne' system, and 'e looked for'ard to t e @ 3$$ @ 'eekend, ' en Emilio,s ?$ByearBold grandson =ino, ' o 'as st(dying at Berkeley and 'as familiar 'it t e -B4 PC, 'as to come for a visit and el! (s in t is !rocess. 1n Criday 'e drove to t e doctor for a follo'B(! a!!ointment and after t at to t e (niversity, ' ere Emilio !icked (! some #ooks at t e li#rary, talked to colleag(es, and so onD t en 'e ret(rned ome 'it =ino. Sat(rday, 9!ril ??, 19N9, seemed like one of Emilio,s a!!iest days. ;e 'as so eAcited 'it t e s!eed and all t e !otential of is ne' com!(ter, e looked like a c ild in a toy store. 9fter l(nc , t e men took a na!, and t en contin(ed t eir 'ork. =ino ad to #e #ack on cam!(s #y P P.4. , and 'e drove im to t e train stationD on t e 'ay #ack, Emilio s(ggested t at 'e go for a 'alk. &e selected an easy trail, e c anged from is sli!!ers to is tennis s oes, and 'e started 'alking slo'ly and talking a#o(t t e events of t e day. -t 'as cool, #(t s(nny, and 'e 'ere t e only !eo!le on t e trail. 9fter a#o(t five min(tes Emilio calmly said, )&ait a min(te) and sto!!edD e t(rned to'ard me and !(t is ands on my s o(lders. - t o(g t e 'as going to give me a kiss, as e (sed to do ' en e felt a!!y 8and no#ody 'as looking:. -nstead, is 'eig t started !(lling me do'n. 2 e life t at started in 2ivoli eig tyBfo(r years #efore ad ended. @ 3$1 @

Inde<
A
9#elson, P ili!, 3$N n.G, 31% nn.1J, 1P D at Berkeley, 113 , 13P , 1P? , 1P3 , 1GJ , 1GP D and ne!t(ni(m, 1P3 , 3$G n.?J, 3$N n.G 9ccademia dei 7incei, N , G1 , 119 , ?39 , ?P3 , ?%9 , ?N9 9ccelerators, ?N3 BNJD and anti!articles, ?PP BP9D Berkeley #evatron, ?PG , 31G n.9D Berkeley cyclotron, 11? B1J, 133 B3G, 1P$ , 1PP BGJ !assim, 1%1 , ??9 D Berkeley sync rocyclotron, ??9 , ?J9 D at Cermila#, ?NJ D 7os 9lamos cyclotron, 1NJ D and time assignments, ?J3 BJJD &as ington University cyclotron, ?$9 9c0(e 9l#(le, s(lf(r #at s, 1N , ?1P , ??3 , ?91 9e#ersold, Pa(l, 13P 9e#y, +ack, 1N9 9frica, ?%P B%% 9likanian #rot ers, ?G3 9llegri, /atale, 1G B1% 9llison, Sam M., 1J? BJ3, 1PJ , 1N% , ?$1 , ?P1 9lvare*, 7. &., 1%? , ?J1 D at Berkeley, 13P , 1JJ , 1PP BPG, 1G3 , ?$% , ?3P , ?3% , ?PN BP9, ?G% , ?%P , 31G n.9D at 7os 9lamos, 1NP D memoirs, ?9% D /o#el Pri*e, 1NP D at 1!!en eimer earings, 3$9 n.9D Soviet invitation to, ?G? 9lvaro, 9ltairante, ?P$ 9maldi, Edoardo, ?N , 1?$ , 1J9 , ?N9 D and anti!rotons, ?PP , ?PN D in Cam#ridge, 9? , 93 D

and CE6/ directors i!, ?%P D and Cermi,s !a!ers, ?GN D =erman troo!s and, 19P D and military service, PP , G$ D and ne(tron 'ork, N9 , 9? , 93 , 9J , 9P , ?JP D in /e' Uork, 11? D in 1slo, GN D in 6ome, J$ , J1 , J% BP? !assim, G1 , G3 , N3 B9P !assim, 1$P BG, 111 , 119 , ?9$ D and University of Palermo com!etition, 1$3 D in U.S., 1JJ 9maldi, =inestra 8Edoardo,s 'ife:, 9$ , 9? , 93 , 9P , 1?$ , ?PN 9maldi, Ugo 8Edoardo,s fat er:, J1 , ?NN 9maldi, Ugo 8Edoardo,s son:, 93 9merican C emical Society, ?P9 9merican College of /(clear P ysicians, ?9J 9merican P ysical Society, ?3J , ?99 9msterdam, 1$$ . See also Leeman la# 9ncona, =iacomo, ?? , 133 , ??? , ??% , ?3% , ?%$ 9ncona, -taly, 3 , J BP 9nderson, C. 3., 19% , ?PP , ?GN Andrea )oria , ?N$ 9ngeliB6imini reaction of alde ydes, J Annual .e(iew of 3uclear Science , ?31 , ?3? 9ntine(tron, ?PN , 31G n.9 9nti!articles, ?PP BP9 9nti!rotons, ?J3 , ?PP BP9, ?G$ BG1, ?G9 B%$, ?%3 , ?%J , 31G n.9 9ntiBSemitism: finances for victims of, 1$$ D -talian, J , PP , NG , 111 , 119 , 13? , 1J$ , ?1% , ??P D of 7o S(rdo, PP D Manifesto della razza , 13? , 1J$ D /a*i, %9 , 9% , 1$$ D 2reyes family and, 1$ D U.S., 1$?

9rgentina, ?P$ 9ri*ona, ?9J B9P @ 3?$ @ 9rmenia, ?G3 9rtom, Camillo, 11P 9rtom, E(genio, ??P 9rtom, =i(liana 8co(sin:, ??P 9statine 8element NP:, 1PP , ?11 , ?J3 , ?JN 9ston, Crancis, 11% Atombau und Spe/trallinien 8Sommerfeld:, GN 9tomic #om#: 9ngelo on, ?13 D Cermi,s comments on, ?P? D and ;iros ima, ?$9 D 7os 9lamos and, 1%G B%%, 1%9 B?$GD 6ot#lat and, 1N9 , 31? n.%D Soviet, ?1J , ?3% , ?3N . See also ;ydrogen #om# 9tomic Energy 9ct, U.S., ?JP 9tomic Energy Commission 89EC:, U.S., 1G9 , ?JG , ?J% , ?NJ

;
Bac er, 6. C., 1N? , 1NN Back, E., GP , G% Bain#ridge, Mennet , ?$1 Baker, /ic olas. See Bo r, /iels Bakker, Corneli(s +., GG , 9$ , 1?$ , ?%P D at P ili!s, 99 D at Leeman,s la#, GG , G% , N3 , 13G Bal#o, -talo, 1J9 Bale'a, 9#(#akar 2afa'a, ?%G B%% Bar#ella, Costantino, 1% Barresi, =inetta, 11$ , 1J1 , 1J9 Beck, =(ido, ?P$

Benin, 1#a of, ?%G Berkeley, ?$G D move from 819PP:, ?P3 D Piedmont 9ve. o(se, 1JJ D settling in, 11J D S!r(ce Street o(se, 1%$ , ?P3 D visits, 11? B1J, 1?N , 131 B%N. See also 6adiation 7a#oratory, BerkeleyD University of California, Berkeley Bernardini, =il#erto, 1?$ , ?39 D #ook on elementary ! ysics, 111 D and CE6/ directors i!, ?%P D at Col(m#ia, ?G$ D at Cosmic 6ay 7a#, ?33 D at University of -llinois, ?39 D and University of Palermo com!etition, 1$3 Beta decay, 1P? , 1GP , ?G1 , ?GJ D Cermi and, NG , NN , 1P% , 1G3 , 1GP Bet e, ;ans 9., ?N$ D and accelerators, 13P D in Berkeley, 1%G D at Cornell, ?$% D at =eneral Electric, ?13 D and ydrogen #om#, ?3N D at 7os 9lamos, 1NP , 1N% D /o#el Pri*e, 1NP D at 1!!en eimer earings, 3$9 n.9D in 6ome, G3 B a# a, ;omi +e angir, ?N? Birge, 6aymond 2., 1G1 BG?, ?11 , ?3% , 31$ n.?1D and )!eace) ! ysics, 1%? D and ! ysics de!artment staff, ?$N , ?$9 , ?1$ , ?3J B.erge, 3ane 2., 93 , 9J Blackett, Patrick, ?J% Bloc , CeliA: in Berkeley, 1JJ , 1JG D

at 7os 9lamos, 1NP , 1N% , 193 D and ne!t(ni(m, 1P? D /o#el Pri*e, 1NP D in 6ome, G3 Bogoli(#ov, /ikolai, ?G3 Bo r, 9age, 193 B9J Bo r, /iels, JG , 3$P n.1JD and 3enmark, 1?? B?3, 19J , ?GN D ;eisen#erg and, 1?? B?3D ;evesy and, 11G D at 7os 9lamos, 193 B9PD and /o#el Pri*e, 1P1 , ?%? Bonfante, =i(liano, 1N Boni, =iacomo, J$ Boole, =eorge, 19? Bordoni, U., J1 Bo**olo, -taly, 3 Bray, &. C., 13G Bra*il, ?J9 BP$, ?P9 Bregman, Eli*a#et , ?NP Breit, =regory, 1G9 , 1%G Bretsc er, Egon, 1G3 , ?33 Briggs, 7yman +., 1GG , 1%$ Britis 4ission, 19? B93 Bro#eck, &illiam, 1PN Brode, Bernice, 133 , 1J? , 193 Brode, 6o#ert B., 133 , 1J? BJ3, 1%? , 1N% , 193 , ?33 B3J, ?3P , ?3% Brook aven /ational 7a#oratory, 7ong -sland, ??$ , ?J$ BJ1, ?J% , ?NJ

C
Caccia!(oti, B. /., 11$ , 11G California, G3 BGJ, 1J? BJJD 7afayette, ?P3 BPJ, ?PN , ?NG BN%, ?NN . See also Berkeley

California -nstit(te of 2ec nology, Pasadena, G3 BGJ Cal(trons, 19% B9N Cam!etti, 9., 1$3 Canni**aro, Stanislao, 1$G Card(cci, =ios(R, 1% , ?P Careri, =iorgio, ?9$ Carlandi, 1norato, 1% @ 3?1 @ Carrelli, 9ntonio, 1$3 , 1$% BN, 1?G Casteln(ovo, =(ido, 3N , 39 , PP Cavendis 7a#oratory, Cam#ridge, 9? B93, 11% CE6/, ?9$ D directors i!, ?GN , ?%P D international scientific conference, ?GP Ceylon 8Sri 7anka:, ?N? C ad'ick, +ames, N% , 93 , 19$ B91, 19? , ?J% C almers, 2. 9., 1P$ C am#erlain, 1'en, ?J? , ?G$ , ?G1 D and anti!rotons, ?PG , ?P% , ?PN , ?G$ , 31G n.9D at Berkeley, 1%? B%3, 1%G , ??% , ??9 B3$, ?31 , ?PG , ?PN , ?N3 D at Brook aven, ?J% D at C icago, ?$G , ?3$ D at ;arvard, ?G$ , ?%$ D at 7os 9lamos, 1%N , 1NP , 1N9 D /o#el Pri*e, 1NP , ?G9 B%$D Soviet Union tri!, ?G? C amisso, 9dal#ert von, )Sc loss Bonco(rt,) ?PJ BPP, 31P n.P C emistry: 9ngeliB6imini reaction of alde ydes, J D at Berkeley, ?11 , ?1? D c anges, ?JJ D at 3onegani s(mmer sc ool, ?%9 BN$D ;ofmann medal, ?GG BG%D /o#el Pri*e, ?P9 BG$.

See also Elements C erenkov, Pavel, ?G3 C e', =eoffrey, ?3P , 3$1 n.J C icago: Cermi in, J% , 1P$ , 1%P , ?$P B13 !assim, ?39 , ?JN , ?P1 BP?D Cermila#, ?NJ D 4etall(rgical 7a#oratory, ?11 . See also University of C icago C romodynamics, ?1? C (rc ill, &., 1N1 Ci!olla, 4ic ele, 1$G Cockcroft, +o n, 93 , ?J% Coefficient of a0(aticity, 9G Co nen, ;., GP BGG )Cold f(sion,) ?99 Collegio = islieri fello's i!s, J Colom#o, Um#erto, ?%9 BN$ Col(m#ia University, 1$1 , 111 B1?, 13? , 1JG , 1G% , ?J$ , ?GJ Comm(nist Party, U.S., 13N , 139 BJ$, ?3J Com!etitions: Cerrara, N1 D Palermo ! ysics c airs, 1$1 , 1$3 , 1?P B?G Com!ton, 9. ;., 1%P , ?$N , ?%N B%9 Condon, E. U., 1N? Congress, U.S., ?JP Congress of ;istory of Science, 2ent -nternational, ?N1 Consiglio na*ionale delle ricerc e 8C/6:, N9 , 1?P Conversi, 4arcello, 1% Cooksey, Carleton, 13P Cooksey, 3on, 113 , 133 , 13P B3G, 1J3 BJJ, 1G% , 1%J , ?J1 Co!en agen: Bo r -nstit(te, ?GN D conference, 1?? Cor#ino, 1. 4., 3N , J3 BPP !assim, G1 , 9$ , 1$G , ?31 , ?JP D deat , 11N B19, 1?J D and 7a 6osa, 1$$ D 6ockefeller Co(ndation advisor, G3 D

and slo' ne(tron !atent, 9G , ?JJ Cornog, 6o#ert, 13P , 1PP Corson, 3ale, 1PP Coryell, C. 3., 31% n.1J Cosmic 6ay 7a#, 2esta =rigia, ?33 Coster, 3irk, 11% Cr(deli, U., 1$3 C(#an missile crisis, ?N? C(rie, 4arie, NN , 1$? , 11P , 3$9 n.% Cyclotrons. See 9ccelerators

4
3,9gostino, 1scar, N9 , ?JP 3ali, =ala, ?%J 3ali, Salvador, ?%3 B%P 3aniels, C., 31% n.1J d,9nn(n*io, =a#riele, 1% , 1N , ?P , P% , %G 3ante 9lig ieri, 1 , 3% , 1$J , 131 , ?93 3arro', M. M., JP 3C am!lifier, 133 B3J 3e Bono, Emilio, 9N 3e#ye, Peter, GP 3efoe, 3., 1J3 de Cranc is, 4ic ele, 1$G 3enmark, 1?? B?3, 19J , ?GN 3e(tsc , 4artin, 1N9 3iffraction grating, GP , GG 3irac, P. 9. 4., N? , ?PP , ?%3 3isarmament conference, U.S.BUSS6, ?GP 3odson, 6ic ard, 19N 3olomites, 1$N B9, 1?$ B?1 3onegani, ?%9 , ?9$ 3onegani 7ect(res, ?39 , ?%9 3onegani sc ool, ?%9 , ?NG

3on /ello del 6aso, 3G 3(Bridge, 7ee, 133 B3J, 1P9 3(mas, +. B., ?$ @ 3?? @ 3(nning, +. 6., 1$? 3(r(y, Kictor, ?$

E
Ed(cation: in c ild ood, 1J , 1P , 1N , ?? , 31 B3?D in engineering, 3% B3N, J1 , J3 , JG , JN BJ9D ig sc ool, ?J B?G, 3? , 33 B3J, 3% D in +(daism, 3P D in lang(ages, 1P , ?P B?G, 3? , 33 , 3J D in mat ematics, ?? , ?G , 3N , 39 BJ$, J1 , JG , P? BP3D in ! ysics, 19 B?$, ?G , 33 B3J, 3% BPG, G1 BG3D (niversity, 3% BPG E renfest, Pa(l, G3 Einstein, 9l#ert, 3P B3G, JG , ?%? , ?%3 , ?%N , ?9? Elements, 11G B1%D americi(m, 19% D astatine, 1PP , ?11 , ?J3 , ?JN D #erylli(m, 1P% D afni(m, 11% D mas(ri(m, 9$ , 11P , 11% D ne!t(ni(m, 1P? BP3, 1GP , 3$G n.?JD r eni(m, 11% , 1P? D r odi(m, 13N D t ori(m, 91 D (rani(m, 91 B9?, 9G , 113 , 1P? , 1G3 BG%, 1%1 , 19% B9ND Aenon, 1P3. See also Pl(toni(mD 2ec neti(m Ellis, C. 3., N% Emo, Bar#ara, ??G

Emo, 7oren*o, 113 , 13? B33, ?%1 , ?N$ , ?9? D in Berkeley, 11N , 13? B33, 13P , 1J$ , 1J? , 1JG D in -taly, ??J , ??P B?G Engineering: Bro#eck and, 1PN D ed(cation in, 3% B3N, J1 , J3 , JG , JN BJ9 England: Cavendis 7a#oratory, 9? B93, 11% D -roceedings of the .oyal Society , G? , 93 D 6oyal -nstit(tion, ?93 D visits, G% BGN, %N , 9? B93, ?93 . See also 7ondon Englis , S. =., 1G9 Englis lang(age, 33 , N? BN3 Enri0(es, Cederigo, 111 Enri0(es, =iovanni, J1 , J? , J3 , JJ , GP E(ler, ;ans von, 1?? Everest, =eorge, 193 E;perimental 3uclear -hysics 8Segr:, ?3? , ?G?

F
Cano, Ugo, %1 , ?N% Can*olo villa, ??P B?G Caraday, 4., ?$ , NN , ?J3 , ?93 Car'ell, =eorge, 1%N , 1N9 , ?$G Cascism, 1$3 , 1?% , 139 , 1J9 , ?1J , ?1% D 9vang(ardisti yo(t organi*ation, ?N B?9D =i(se!!e Segr and, ?9 , NJ , NP D -talian cons(l in =ermany and, G9 D of 7o S(rdo, PP BPGD Manifesto della razza , 13? , 1J$ D Palermo !eo!le against, 1$P , 1$G , 1$N , 1?% D 6ockefeller Co(ndation and, G3 D Segr (ncles and, N , ?9 . See also 4(ssolini, Benito Cascist Party, ?9 , 139 , 1J9

CB-, 1%$ Ceen#erg, E(gene, G3 Cermi, Enrico, ?N , %9 , 1JG , 19J , ?31 , ?G1 , ?%3 D in Berkeley, 11? , 1PG BP%, 1G1 , ?3? D and #eta decay, NG , NN , 1P% , 1G3 , 1GP D #iogra! y, ?GN D at Brook aven, ?J% D in C icago, J% , 1P$ , 1%P , ?$P B13 !assim, ?39 , ?JN , ?P1 BP?D at Col(m#ia, 1G% D Com!ton and, ?%9 D )cr(m#s,) G1 BG?, GP D deat 819PJ:, ?P? BP3D 3onegani 7ect(res, ?39 D on =ar'in, ?J$ D and ydrogen #om#, ?3N , ?P1 D international ! ysics conferences, JP , JG , NN , 9J D "ntroduzione alla fisica atomica , P? D in -taly, J1 BG9 !assim, N1 B9P !assim, 11N , 119 , ?P1 D .(dging at com!etitions, N$ , 1$3 D letters of recommendation #y, ?%N D at 7os 9lamos, 1?G B?%, 1N? , 1N3 , 1NP , 1N% , 191 , 19% , 19N , ?$? , ?$3 BJ, ?3? D in 4ic igan, N? , 1$1 , 1$? D ne(tron 'ork and !atent, NN B9P !assim, 111 , ?J3 , ?JJ , ?JP BJG, ?J% D in /e' +ersey, 1G? BG3D and /o#el Pri*e, 1P1 , ?P9 BG$D 1!!en eimer contrasted 'it , 13N , 139 D and Palermo c air of t eoretical ! ysics, 1?P D !a!ers !(#lis ed after deat , ?GN , ?N$ D and !arity nonconservation, ?GP D Sea#org contrasted 'it , 1GN BG9D and Segr,s Berkeley !osition, 1P$ , 1PJ BPPD So(t 9merican lect(re to(r, 9? D stomac cancer, ??% , ?P1 BP?D and 2eller, G3 , ?P1 BP?D

and (rani(m, 1P? Cermi, 7a(ra, P9 , ?P? , ?G$ , ?NJ , ?N% D Atoms in the 'amily , ?P? Cermila#, ?NJ CermiBSegr form(la, N1 Cerrari, Ca#io, 3$1 n.J CerroB7(**i, =iovanni, 39 , J$ , JJ , NP Ceynman, 6ic ard P., 1NP Cinances: in Berkeley, 1J% BJN, 1P3 BPJ, 1G1 , 1%$ , 1%? , ?1$ D for cyclotron, 13P D for dis!laced +e's, 1$$ D in -srael, @ 3?3 @ ?N3 D -talian !rofessors, ??3 D 7os 9lamos earnings, 1J% D after marriage, 1$N D /o#el Pri*e, ?%? B%3D !atent, ?J% D P ysics -nstit(te, 9$ D Segr family, 11 , 1J , NJ BNG, 1$1 B?, 1$% , 1$N , 1J$ BJ9 !assim, 1%$ , ?1G B??D after (niversity, P% , GP , G9 , NP Cink, =. 9., 1$? Cin*i family, 19 Cission: discovery of, 1P1 BP?, ?JP , ?GP , ?99 D s!ontaneo(s, 1NP , 19P B9% Clorence, 3$ . See also 2reves villa Cor#idden lines. See V(adr(!ole radiation Coscolo, Ugo, 3$ Craenkel, Stanley, 1%G Crance: family ed(cation in, J D Paris, ?39 .

See also Crenc lang(age Cranc etti, Piero, JJ Crancis Cerdinand, 9rc d(ke of 9(stria and Este, ? , 1$ Cranck, +ames, 1PJ , ?G$ Crascati 7a#oratory, ?9$ Crenc lang(age, 1N , ?P B?G, ?99 Criedl^nder, =er art, 1G9 , 1%G , 31% n.1J Crisc , 1tto, G9 B%$, N% , 19? , 193 , 3$P n.13 'rom 'alling odies to .adio ,a(es 8Segr:, ?93 , ?9N 'rom <=.ays to *uar/s 8Segr:, ?N1 , ?9N Cr(goni, Prof., ?? C(c s, Mla(s, 193 C(l#rig t fello's i!, ?39

B
=anot, 9do! e, ?$ , 3N =ar'in, 6ic ard 7., ?J$ , ?GP , ?%N =eneral Electric, ?13 , ?JP =entile, =iovanni, +r., P$ , 111 , 1?P B?G =entile, =iovanni, Sr., P$ , 9N , 1?G =erman C emical Society, ?GG BG% =erman lang(age, 1P , ?P B?G, 3? , 33 , ?99 =ermany, G9 , 1?3 D =ino Segr and, N D S!iros, 9G B9%, 1?% , 1J9 D s(rrender, 199 . See also ;am#(rgD ;itler, 9.D /a*is =iannini, =. 4., N? , ?3G B3%, ?JP =iordani, Crancesco, ?39 , ?N9 =las o', S eldon, ?3J =ofman, +ack, 1G9 =old#erger, 4arvin, ?3P =old a#er, =erson, ?PG , ?G$ =old a#er, 4a(rice, 93

=ordon, &illiam E., %$ =ordon Conference, ?J% BJN =o(dsmit, S. 9., ?%? =rating, diffraction, GP , GG =riggs, ;elen, 1G9 B%$ =rimod, 4., ?P B?G =rosse, 9ristide von, 3$G n.?J =roves, 7eslie 6., 1%% , 1%9 BN$, 1N? , 1N3 , ?$1 B?, 3$9 n.9 =(ggen eim Cello's i!, ?G% BGN

6
;a#er, Crit*, 9% ;a n, Er'in, ?J$ ;a n, 1tto, 91 , 1P1 , 1P? , ?G% ;aissinsky, 4oise, 1$? ;alford, 6al! , 1P$ ;am#(rg, 1?3 D eA!eriments, GN B%?, N% D romance in, %1 B%N, %9 BN$, 1?3 , ?G9 D visits, 1?? B?J, ?GN BG9 ;eisen#erg, &erner, JG , 1?? B?3, ??9 , ?%3 , 3$9 n.% ;elm ol*, Betty, ?N% ;elm ol*, Carl, ?N% ;erskovits, 4. +., ?%G ;evesy, =eorg von, 11G B1%, ?P$ , ?P9 , ?N1 ;il#erry, /orman, 1%P ;istory of science, ?N$ BN1, ?9N ;itc cock 7ect(rers, 1PG , 193 ;itler, 9., 9? , 13? , 1%% , ?$$ D 9mericans and, 139 BJ$D coming to !o'er 8+an(ary 1933:, %N D and immigration restrictions, 1JP D 4(ssolini and, 9? , 1?% B?N, 13? D sc olar victims, G3 , 1$$ D

s(icide, 199 . See also /a*is ;ofmann medal, ?GG BG% ;olland: +ose! y in, 1$$ D ne(tron conferences, 99 B1$$D P ili!s Com!any, 99 B1$$, ?JP D Leeman la#, GP , GG BG%, %N B%9, 99 , 1?N , 13G ;(g es, 9. 7., ?$9 ;ydrogen #om#, ?3% B3N, ?P1 . See also 9tomic #om# ;y!efine str(ct(re, N1 BN?, N%

I
-#adan University, /igeria, ?%P -B4, ?J$ -llinois. See University of C icagoD University of -llinois, Ur#ana -ndia, ?N? @ 3?J @ -nglis, 3. 6., G3 , N? -ran, ?N? BN3 -somerism, n(clear, 13% B3N, 1P$ BP1, ?J3 -srael, ?N? BN3, 3$? n.P -taly, J , G3 , 131 , ?$N , ?NN BN9, ?9? D 9ccademia dei 7incei, N , G1 , 119 , ?39 , ?P3 , ?%9 , ?N9 D 9c0(e 9l#(le s(lf(r #at s, 1N , ?1P , ??3 , ?91 D antiBSemitism"racial la's, J , PP , NG , 111 , 119 , 13? , 1J$ , ?1% , ??P D Civil Code, % D Consiglio na*ionale delle ricerc e, 9$ , 1?P D cons(ls in =ermany from, G9 D military,s diversity in, G$ D ! ysics in, 3N , JG , J9 , 119 D !ost'ar visits, 19P , ?13 , ??1 , ??? B?%, ?3? B33D stay in 19%$s, ?NN B9?D

to(ring, J1 BJP, 1$9 , 1?J , ?9$ B91, ?9? B93D and U.S. visas, 1?N B?9D visit in 19G$s, ?N? BN3D and &orld &ar --, %9 , 9? , 1$3 , 1%1 , 1%3 , 19P . See also CascismD 4(ssolini, BenitoD indi(idual cities and uni(ersities -vanenko, 3. 3., ?G3

C
+a!an, &orld &ar --, 1%1 , ?$3 , ?$9 +a!anese 9mericans, &orld &ar --, 1%3 +as!ers, Marl, ?G% +effries, Carson 3., ?N3 +enkins, Crancis 9., 1%? , ?%P D in Berkeley, 133 , 1J? BJ3, 1P$ , ?1$ , ?33 B3J, ?3P , ?J9 +enkins, ;enriette, 133 , 1J? , 1J3 , 1JJ , ?J9 , ?%P +ensen, ;ans 3., %$ , ?G$ +entsc ke, &., ?GN BG9 +e's: #rot er 4arco on, ?N D ed(cation in +(daism, 3P D finances for dis!laced, 1$$ D military leave for Uom Mi!!(r, P9 D !racticing"non!racticing, 1$ B11, 3P . See also 9ntiBSemitism +o nson, 7yndon, ?NJ +oliotBC(ries, CrRdRric and -rne, NN BN9, 91 , 1P? , ?39 +ose! y, B., G9 , 1$$ +(ngerman, +o n, 1N9

D
Ma n, 4ilton, 1%G , 1%N , 1N9 Mal#fell, 3avid, 13P Mamen, 4artin 3., 13P , 1JJ Mammerling 1nnes, ;eike, ? Ma!it*a, Peter, 93 , ?G3 Meats, +o n, ??N

Mennedy, +o n C., ?N1 Mennedy, +ose! &., 31% nn. 1J , 1P D at Berkeley, 1P1 , 1GJ B%G !assimD at 7os 9lamos, 1%N , 1N% , 19P , 19% D and !l(toni(m !atent, ?JG D stomac cancer, ?J% D at &as ington University, ?$N , ?$9 Merst, 3onald, 1N% , ?39 , ?P9 Ming, Percival, 1N% Mistiako'sky, =eorge B., 19% , ?N1 Mlein, CeliA, 111 Mlein, 1scar, ?GN , ?%1 B%? Mna(er, C., G9 Mono!inski, E. +., 1%G Mristeller, P. 1., 9N M( n, 2 omas S., ?N$ BN1 M(rie, Cran*, 113 M(roda, P. M., 3$N n.11

L
7anda(, E., J1 7anda(, 7. 3., ?G3 7angsdorf, 9leA, +r., 13% , 1P3 7ang(ages: ed(cation in, 1P , 1N , ?P B?G, 3? , 33 , 3J D Englis , 33 , N? BN3D Crenc , 1N , ?P B?G, ?99 D =erman, 1P , ?P B?G, 3? , 33 , ?99 D 7atin and =reek, ?P , 3J 7ansdale, +o n, +r., 1%J B%P 7arkB;orovit*, Marl, 1G$ BG1 7a 6osa, 4ic ele, 1$$ B1$1, 1$P 7atimer, &. 4., 1GN , 3$9 n.9 7attes, 3ante, 3P 7attes, =. C., ?J9 , ?P$

7a'rence, Ernest 1., %$ , 113 , 13J B3P, 1J3 B%3 !assim, ?$9 B1? !assim, ?J1 BJ?, ?GG , ?%% , 313 n.1D and anti!rotons, ?P% , ?PN D and atomic 'ea!ons, 1%1 , ?3% B3ND and #evatron, ?PG D and cal(trons, 19% D colitis, ?GG D and Cooksey, 13P B3G, ?J1 D and 3C am!lifier, 133 D deat , ?GG , ?G% D at disarmament conference, ?GP BGGD and letters of recommendation, ?%N D and loyalty oat , ?3P D and /o#el Pri*e, 1J9 , 1P1 , ?P9 , ?GG , 31% n.1PD and !atents, ?JG D and -hysical .e(iew articles, 13% B3N, 1%$ D and Piccioni acc(sations, ?P% D Sea#org contrasted 'it , 1GN D sending radioactive s(#stances, 11? , @ 3?P @ 11P , 11N D and Soviet Union tri!, ?G1 BG? 7a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory 87B7:, ?G% , ?N3 BNJ 7eag(e of /ations, 1$9 , 1N? , ?$J 7ederman, 7eon, ?GP 7ee, 2s(ngB3ao, ?GJ , ?GP 7eininger, 6., ?11 7eit*, Cred, 1G9 7en*, &., %$ 7eone, =iovanni, ?N9 7eo!ardi, =iacomo, ?J 7eviBCivita, 2(llio, 3N B39, PJ , G3 7e'is, =. /., 13G , 1GN 7eyden, +o n, 1N

7i##y, &illard C., 1P$ BP1, 31% n.1J 7ignola, 4ar0(is, PN 7inen#erger, =. 9., 1%N , 1N9 7ivermore 7a'rence 7a#oratory 8777:, ?G% 7ofgren, Ed'ard, ?PG , 31G n.9 7om#roso, Cesare, 19J 7ondon, Crit*, G3 7ondon: international ! ysics conference, 9J D !arents in, 1J D 6oyal -nstit(tion, ?93 D visits, G% BGN, %N , 9? , ?93 7oomis, 9lfred, 1G% 7oomis, &. C., ?39 7os 9lamos, 1%3 , 1%% B%N, 1%9 B?$%, ?3$ , ?%P D a!artment, 1NG BN%D Big ;o(se, 1N$ , 1N? D earnings at, 1J% D C(ller 7odge, 1N$ BN1, 1N? , 1NP D 7ansdale monitoring, 1%J B%PD and loyalty oat , ?3G D 1!!en eimer at, 139 , 1N$ D o(tings, 19$ B9?D Pa.arito, 1NG D ! ysical s(rro(ndings, 1N$ BN1 )7os 9lamos Primer,) 1N? 7o S(rdo, 9ntonino, P? , P3 BPG, GJ , 119 , 1%3 7oyalty oat , ?3J B3G, ?3N , ?JG 7(edemann, ;ermann, 9% , 3$% n.31

M
4acal(so, 3amiano, 1$G 4cCart y, +ose! , ?%N B%9 4c4a on 9ct 819JG:, U.S., ?JG 4c4illan, Ed'in, 1%? , ?J1 D

at Berkeley, 113 , 13P , 1JJ , 1P? , 1P3 , 1GP , ?$% D at 7os 9lamos, 1NP , 1N% , ?$P D and ne!t(ni(m, 1P3 , 3$G n.?J, 3$N n.GD and /o#el Pri*e, 1NP , ?P9 , ?%$ , 31% n.1PD ! ase sta#ility discovery, ?1? D 6ad 7a# director, ?G% D Soviet invitation to, ?G? 4aggini, Signorina 8teac er:, 1P , 1N , ?91 4aglic, Bogdan, ?PN BP9 4a.orana, Ettore, ??9 , 3$3 n.3D disa!!earance, 1?G B?%D and Ceen#erg, G3 D and Palermo c air, 1?P B?GD in 6ome, 39 BJ$, JG , J9 BP$, P1 , %1 4a.orana, 7(ciano, 1?G 4a.orana, V(irino, JG , N$ 4andI, 4anlio, 11$ 4an attan 3istrict, 1%% , 1%9 B?$G, ?$N , ?JG 4anley, +o n, 1%G , 1%N , 1N% 4arconi, =., 11? , 1?G 4ars all, =eorge, ?$3 4artine*, 4aria, 1N% 4at ematics, ed(cation in, ?? , ?G , 3N , 39 BJ$, J1 , JG , P? BP3 4atteotti, =iacomo, ?9 4aA'ell, +ames Clerk, Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism , %$ 4ayer, 4aria, ?G$ 4edicine, n(clear, ?93 B9J 4eitner, 7ise, N% , 91 , 1P? , ?%1 B%? 4endeleyev, 3. -., 11P , ?GJ 4esons, ?N3 D M, ?GJ D r o, ?P9 , ?G1 4etall(rgical 7a#oratory, C icago, ?11 4et yl #romide, 1P9

4etro!olis, /ic olas, ?3$ 4eAicali, 4eAico, 1JP BJG 4ic igan. See University of 4ic igan 4ilitary: and ydrogen #om#, ?3N D -talian service, ?G , ?N , PJ BPP, P% BG1, 1?1 D U.S., 1%% , 1%9 BN$, 1N? BNJ, 1N9 , ?$$ , ?$? B3, ?3? , ?3N 4illikan, 6o#ert 9., JG , G3 4illman, S., 1$? 4ines Segr, 6osa, ?NJ , ?NN , ?9J B9P, ?9% B3$$ 4inko'ski, ;ermann, %$ 4iskel, +o n, 1%N , 1N9 4itc ell, 3. P., 1$? , 1N% , 1NN 4oderation !rocess, 9P 4olec(lar #eam 'ork, GN B%1, N3 , 1$? , ?J3 Moll 'landers 83efoe:, 1J3 4ontanelli, -., ?J$ 4ontecatini c emical com!any, ?39 , ?%9 , ?9$ @ 3?G @ 4ontemartini, 1$G , 11J 4oon, P. B., 9P , 19? 4orandi, 7(igi, ?39 , ?%9 BN$ 4oyer, B(rton +., 3G 4(lford, 3ean i 4rs., 1%$ 4(ons, 1?? , ?GJ BGP 4(ssolini, Benito, JG , 9? , 1?1 , 1?% B?N, 13? , 1%1 , 19P

N
/a!les, 'edding tri!, 1$% BN /ational B(rea( of Standards, ?GJ 3ature , G1 , G? , GJ , ?P% /a*is, ?$$ , ?1J B1PD 9melia Segr ca!t(red #y, ?3 , 19P , ?1J D =erman romances and, %N , %9 , 9G B9%, ?G9 D

and 7(edemann, 3$% n.31D scientists and, 1$$ , 1PJ , 1N9 , 19J , ?G9 . See also ;itler, 9. /eddermeyer, Set , 19% /e,eman, U(val, ?N3 /elson, Eldred, 1%G /e!al, ?N? /ernst, &alt er, 3N /e(trons: antine(tron, ?PN , 31G n.9D discovery of, NN , 19$ B91, ?N1 D !atent, 9G , ?JJ BJG, ?J% D P ysics -nstit(te 'ork on, NN B9G, ?J3 D slo', 9J B9G, ?JJ BJG, ?J% . See also /(clear ! ysics /e' England, ?J% BJN /e' 4eAico, 1N% , 19? , ?$$ B?$?, ?%P. See also 7os 9lamos /e' Uork: 9ngelo in, 1JG BJ%, 1P9 , ?13 , ??1 D Col(m#ia University, 1$? , 111 B1?, 13? , 1JG , 1G% , ?J$ , ?GJ D 6iccardo 6imini in, ?JN . See also Brook aven /ational 7a#oratory /eylan, +. C., ?3J , ?3P /igeria, ?%P B%% /ikotin, -. P., ?G3 /o#el, 9lfred, ?GP /o#el Pri*es, 1PJ , 1GP , ?GP , ?G9 , ?%? , ?N1 , 31% n.1PD 9lvafe*, 1NP D Bet e, 1NP D Bloc , 1NP D C am#erlain, 1NP , ?G9 B%$D Cermi, 1P1 D Ceynman, 1NP D +ensen, ?G$ D 7a'rence and, 1J9 , 1P1 , ?P9 , ?GG , 31% n.1PD

7ee, ?GP D 4c4illan and, 1NP , ?P9 , ?%$ , 31% n.1PD 4ayer, ?G$ D 1nnes, ? D 6a#i, 1NP D 6aman, G$ D Sea#org, ?P9 D Segr, 1NP , ??1 B??, ?J1 , ?P9 , ?G1 , ?GP , ?G9 B%3, 31% n.1PD Sieg#a ns, 31N n.?JD 2amm, ?G3 D Uang, ?GP D Leeman, GG /o#les, Bill, 1N9 /oddack, &alter M., 11P , 11G , 11% B1N, 1?J /or'ay, GN , ?GN /oyes, 9. 9., 13G /(clear eA!losion, 199 D in +a!an, ?$3 , ?$J D !redetonation, 1NP D tests, ?$$ B?$?, ?$3 /(clear isomerism, 13% B3N, 1P$ BP1, ?J3 /(clear medicine, ?93 B9J /(clear ! ysics, 1G? BG3, ?31 B3?, ?JP D at Berkeley, 13J , 13% B3N, 19P B9G, ?11 B1?, ??N B31, ?J3 , ?N$ D at C icago, 1%P B%GD at Col(m#ia, 1$? B3, 11? D E;perimental 3uclear -hysics , ?3? , ?G? D Cermi,s 'ritten lect(res on, ?P? D in ;olland, 99 B1$$D in -taly, NG B9G, 111 D at 7os 9lamos, 1%9 B?$GD !atents, 9G , ?JJ BJGD in 6ome, ?9$ D teAt#ook on, ?N$ .

See also 9cceleratorsD ElementsD CissionD /e(tronsD 6adiation 7a#oratory, Berkeley /(clear 'ea!ons, 1%1 , ?3% . See also 9tomic #om#D ;ydrogen #om# 3uclei and -articles 8Segr:, ?N$ /(cleonBn(cleon interaction, ??N B3$, ?33 , ?J3 , ?JN

O
1ak 6idge, 2ennessee, 19% B9N 1cc ialini, =i(se!!e, ?9? B93 1li! ant, 4arc(s, 93 1!!en eimer, +. 6o#ert, 13N B39, ?$9 , ?G3 , 3$9 n.9D at Berkeley, 113 , 13% B39, 1PG BP%, 1%J B%% !assim, ??9 D earings, ?P1 , 3$9 n.9D and ydrogen #om#, ?3N D at 7os 9lamos, 139 , 1%% B?$3 !assim 1rvieto, 9ngiolo, 11 1vid, ?P

Palermo, 1$J , 1$9 B1$D a!artment on Pia**a Cranceso Cris!i, 119 B?$, ?P3 D Elfriede leaving, 1J1 D ;otel EAcelsior, 1$N D Pensione 7incoln, 1$P , 1$N D P ysics -nstit(te, 1$P BG, 11$ , ?GN D !ost'ar, ?GN D 6otary Cl(#, 1?% D University of, 1$1 , 1$3 , 1$J B3$, ?$N Panet , Crit*, 9? , 11G B1% Panofsky, &olfgang, ?3P , ?J1 , ?G$ , ?G? , ?GP Pa!er mill 8family #(siness:, 9 B1$, 1J , @ 3?% @ NJ BNP, ?91 D a'ard ceremony for old em!loyees, ?G9 D

fat er,s estate and, NJ BNP, ?1P B??, ??P D 4arco and, J3 , NJ BNP, ?1G B?1, ??P D 6ome office, ?? B?3, 9N Parini, =i(se!!e, ?$% Paris, ?39 Parity nonconservation, ?GJ BGP Parravano, /icola, 3N , 119 Pasc en, C., GP Pas0(ali, =iorgio, 3J Patent: !l(toni(m, ?JJ , ?JG BJ%D on slo' ne(trons, 9G , ?JJ BJG, ?J% Pa(li, &olfgang, JG , %$ , NN , ?33 Peano, =i(se!!e, ?P Pegram, =. B., 1$1 , 11? , 1JP , 1G3 BGJ Peierls, 6(dolf, G3 , 19? , ?J% Penney, &illiam, 19? , ?J% Perlman, -sidor, 1G9 Perlman, 4orris, 1G9 , 1%G Perosi, 3on 7oren*o, 1?% Perrier, Carlo, 1$P , 1$G , 11G , 11N , 1?% , ??J Persico, Enrico, 9J , 1?P , ??J , ?GN Per(, ?P$ BP1 P ili!s Com!any, Eind oven, 99 B1$$, ?JP P i!!s, 2. E., G9 -hysical .e(iew , N% , 13% B3N, 1P$ BP1, 1GG , 1%$ , ?P% P ysics, P% , ?31 , ?J? BJJD 9merican P ysical Society, ?3J , ?99 D )'it o(t a!!arat(s,) ?J? BJ3D )#attles i! eA!eriments,) ?J? BJ3, ?PN D at Berkeley, 1PJ BPP, 1G1 BG?, 1%? B%3, ?3$ B31, ?33 B3G, ?J3 , ?N$ , ?N3 , ?NN , 31$ n.?1D #ook on n(clear and !article, ?N$ D ed(cation, 19 B?$, ?G , 33 B3J, 3% BPGD international conferences, JP BJG, NN , 9J , ?33 D lect(res on, ?N1 , ?N? D

molec(lar #eam 'ork, GN B%1, N3 , ?J3 D 4oyer in, 3G D /o#el Pri*e !restige, ?%? D 1cc ialini on, ?93 D !article, ?G1 , ?GJ , ?N$ D at P(rd(e, 1G$ BG1D 0(adr(!ole radiation, GJ BGP, G% , GN , N3 BNJ, ?J3 D )s'ollen atoms)" 6yd#erg states, N3 BNJ, 1P$ , ?J3 D teac ing, 11$ B11, 1%? , ?N$ , ?NN D 'eak interactions, NN , ?GJ BGP. See also 9nti!articlesD Beta decayD CyclotronD /(clear ! ysicsD V(ant(m mec anicsD 6adiation 7a#oratory, Berkeley P ysics -nstit(te: Palermo, 1$P BG, 11$ , ?GN D 6ome 8Kia Panis!erna:, JG , JN , PP , P9 BGP !assim, N3 B9G !assim, 1$ BPG, 119 , ??3 , 3$9 n.% Pia**i, =i(se!!e, 1$G Piccioni, 1reste, ?JN , ?PN , 31G n.9 Pittarelli, Professor, 3N , J$ Pi(s K, Po!e, J Pi(s Y-, Po!e, ?3G Plac*ek, =eorge, G3 , 1PJ , ?13 , ?%3 Planck, 4aA, JG , ?%? Pl(toni(m, 1G3 B%$, 1%P B%G, 1NP , 19G B9%, ?J3 D !atent, ?JJ , ?JG BJ% Poc ettino, 9lfredo, N$ PoincarR, +(lesB;enri, P Poles: and /a*is, 1N9 D and U.S. visas, 1?N B?9 Polo, 4arco, 1N Pontecorvo, Br(no: at =eneral Electric, ?13 D and ne(tron 'ork, 9J , 9P , ?JP , ?JG D in Paris, 1G$ D and r odi(m, 13N D in Soviet Union, ?3G B3%, ?JG , ?G? D 2(lsa .o#, 1G$ , ?3%

Po!ovi, 1N% Positron, ?PP Po'ell, &ilson, ?PN Prest'ood, 6enR +., 1G9 , 1N9 -roceedings of the .oyal Society , G? , 93 Pse(do!otential, NJ P(ccianti, 7(igi, N$ P(rd(e University, 1G$ BG1 P(sterla, Emilia, ? , 1G P(sterla, 7(igi, 1G , 1% P 'aves, ?1?

E
V(adr(!ole radiation, GJ BGP, G% , GN , %N , N3 BNJ, ?J3 V(akers, 1J3 V(ant(m mec anics, P? , GG , 13N

R
6a#i, -. -.: at Col(m#ia, 1$? D at 7os 9lamos, 1N$ , 1NP D molec(lar #eam 'ork, 1$? , ?J3 D /o#el Pri*e, 1NP D at 1!!en eimer earings, 3$9 n.9D -hysical .e(iew , N% 6aca , =i(lio, NG , 1?P , 1?G , ?N3 6acism. See 9ntiBSemitism 6adiation 7a#oratory, Berkeley, ?1$ B11, ??N B3$, ?J1 BJ3, 31? n.3D administrative @ 3?N @ 'ork, ?%% B%ND and anti!articles"anti!rotons, ?J3 , ?PP BP9, ?G$ BG1D and 7os 9lamos !ro.ect, 1%3 , 1%% B%N, 1NP , 19P B9GD and loyalty oat , ?3P D (nder 4c4illan, ?G% D

and !atents, ?JG D radioactive s(#stances sent from, 113 B1N !assimD visit 8193G:, 11? , 113 B1JD visit 8193NB19J3:, 133 B3N, 1J% B%N. See also 9cceleratorsD 7a'rence, Ernest 1.D 7a'rence Berkeley 7a#oratory .adiations from .adioacti(e Substances 86(t erford, C ad'ick, i Ellis:, N% 6adiciotti, 1% 6adioactivity, 3$9 n.%D accident, 1%% D artificial, NN BN9, 3$9 n.%D meas(rement, 133 B3JD n(clear isomerism and, 13% D 6ad 7a# sending s(#stances, 113 B1N !assimD Sea#org and materials 'it , ?11 6ailroads, J BP, 1J 6aman, C andrasek ara Kenkata, G$ 6aman effect, G$ , G1 , G3 , GJ 6amsey, /orman C., 1$? 6asetti, Cranco, ?N , %3 , 119 , 1?$ , 1J9 D and Cermi,s !a!ers, ?GN , ?N$ D =ermany tri!, %9 D and =(ggen eim Cello's i!, ?G% BGND in 4orocco, NN D ne(tron 'ork, N9 , 9J , 9P , ?JP D in 1slo, GN D in 6ome, J3 BP3 !assim, N% , N9 , 9J , 9P , 1$? D and U.S., G3 BGJ, N1 , 1$? B3, 11J , 1?9 , 133 , 1JP , 1P9 , ?9J 6avenna, 6en*o 8co(sin:, 1J9 , ??J 6eic e, Crit*, 33 , 3N 6eligion, J , 1$ B11, 3J B3G, 1N% , ?3G .endiconti , G1 La ricerca scientifica , 9$ B91, 9P 6ig i, 9(g(sto, 1$G 6imini, 9da, 33 , 99 , 1J9 , ?1J , ??? , ??3

6imini, Bindo 8second co(sin:, J , 3? B33, NP , 9N B99, 1$N D and =i(se!!e,s illness, 1?1 D and !a!er mill, ??1 B??D !ost'ar visit 'it , ??3 D in Ur(g(ay, 1JG , 1J9 6imini, Enrico 8co(sin:, J , 3? B33 6imini, 6iccardo 8second co(sin:, J , 3? B33, 1?? B?3D and =i(se!!e,s illness, 1?1 D in /e' Uork, ?J% BJND and romantic diffic(lties, %9 , 9G , 1?3 D and 6osa 4ines, ?NJ D in Ur(g(ay, 1JG , 1J9 , 1%J B%P, ?NJ 6imini, 6iccardo 8(ncle #y marriage:, J 6ockefeller Co(ndation, G3 , G% , GN , G9 , 1?P , ?%P B%G 6oman Cor(m, N , J$ 6oesler Cran*, Ettore, 1% , 3$? n.% 6ome: 9!!ian &ay, ?9 D c ild ood visits, ?1 D 3onegani 7ect(res, ?39 D =(ggen eim Cello's i!, ?G% BGND move to Corso Kittorio 8and ig sc ool:, P BG, ?? B?3, ?J B3G, ?P3 D P ysics -nstit(te 8Kia Panis!erna:, JG , JN , PP , P9 BGP !assim, N3 B9G !assim, 1$P BG, 119 , ??3 , 3$9 n.%D !ost'ar visits, ?1J B1P, ??? B?%, ?G% BGND stay in 19%$s, ?NN B9?D 2ivoli trans!ort links, 1J D Uncle Cla(dio in, P BG, ?1 , ?3 , ?N D 'edding in, 1$% . See also University of 6ome 6oosevelt, C. 3., 1J$ , 1%$ , 19N B99 6ose, 4orris, 13P 6ossi, Br(no, N$ , 9J D and anti!rotons, ?PP D at Cornell, ?$% D

at 7os 9lamos, 1N? , 1N% , 193 , 19J , 19% , 19N 6ossi, /ora, 19J 6ostagni, 9ntonio, 1$3 6otary Cl(#, Palermo, 1?% 6ot#lat, +ose! , 1N9 , 31? n.% 6oyal Society, 9? D -roceedings of , G? , 9? 6(ssia: c*arist, P . See also Soviet Union 6(t erford, Ernest, N% , 9? , 1?J D and Co(lom# forces, ?1? D at international ! ysics conference, JG D and nat(ral radioactive isoto!es, 3$9 n.%D and ne(tron 'ork, 9? D and /o#el Pri*e, ?%? D .adiations from .adioacti(e Substances , N% D 2aylor and, 19? D and &orld &ar --, 1$$ 6yd#erg states")S'ollen atoms,) N3 BNJ, 1P$ , ?J3

S
Salvini, =iorgio, ?9$ Santangelo, 4ariano, 11$ Sarton 7ect(rer, ?N1 Scad(to, =., 1?P Sc er#atskoy, Serge, 1P9 , 1G$ , ?3% Sc iff, 7eonard, 13N Sc iller, Criedric von, %N , 1%9 , ?J9 , 3$P n.1J Sc ir#el, Peter, 9% Sc n(rmann, 6., G9 @ 3?9 @ Sc rZdinger, Er'in, P? Science: istory of, ?N$ BN1, ?9N.

See also C emistryD 4at ematicsD P ysics Scienza per tutti , 1 B?, 3$1 n.? SC2. See Pa!er mill SB3 com#inations, GJ BGP Sea#org, =lenn 2., 1G3 BGP, 1GN BG9, ?99 , 31% n.1JD 9EC c airman, 1G9 , ?NJ D and americi(m, 19% D at Berkeley, 13G , 13% , 1P$ BP1, 1G3 B%$, 19P , ?11 B1?D at C icago, 1%P B%G, ?11 D and /o#el Pri*e, ?P9 , ?GG , 31% n.1PD and !atents, ?JG BJ% Secrecy, ?3? , ?G? D 7os 9lamos, 1N3 BNJ, 19$ , 193 , ?$N D and !atents, ?JP , ?JG D 6ad 7a#, 1G% , 1%$ , 1%3 B%P Segr, 9melia =ertr(de 9llegra 8da(g ter:, 1%N , 1NG , ?$G , ?%$ , ?NP , ?NG BN%, ?9N Segr, 9melia S(sanna 2reves 8mot er:, 3 , ?$ , ?? , 31 , 1J1 BJ?, 1%1 D and a(tomo#ile, J1 BJ?D ca!t(re #y /a*is, ?3 , 19P , ?1J , ?1P D and Elfriede, 99 , 1?J , 1JN D and Emilio,s =erman romances, %9 BN$, 99 D family #ackgro(nd, 11 B1?D and Cermi, G? D and finances a#road, NG D and grandda(g ter,s #irt , 1%N D (s#and,s illness, 1?1 B??D last visit, 1?9 B3$D letters to and from U.S., 1JN BJ9D and 6ome move, ?3 Segr, 9ngelo 4arco 8#rot er:, 3 , ?G B?%, ?N , 31 , ?1? , ?1N B19D and finances, NJ , 1JG BJ%, ?13 B?1 !assimD in /e' Uork, 1JG BJ%, 1P9 , ?13 , ??1 D !arents, !ro#lems 'it , P , ?G , ?% , %9 BN$, 99 D science #ooks left #y, 33 D

and Simili, ?1G , ?1N B19, ??1 Segr, 9ngelo 4iracolo 8grandfat er:, 3 , J Segre, Beniamino, PJ , ?N9 , 3$1 B?n.J Segr, Bice 8a(nt:, J Segr, Bice 8co(sin:, 11 Segr, Cla(dio 8son:, 1?3 , 1?J , 1?N , 1?9 D in Berkeley, 1JJ , 1JP D #irt , 1?$ D c ildren, ?NP D in -ndiana, 1G$ BG1D and 7os 9lamos, 1NG , 1N% , ?$G D marriage, ?NP D and mot er,s deat , ?NG BN%D Stock olm tri!, ?%$ D on tri! to U.S., 1J? D and U.S. visa, 1JP BJG Segr, Cla(dio 8(ncle:, 3 , J , 1J , 19 , JP D and 9ngelo, P , ?G , ?% D on engineering degree, JN D and Cascism, ?9 D in -talian intelligentsia, N D legacy, 11 D and /o#el Pri*e, ?%1 D and ! ysics, ?$ D in 6ome, P BG, ?1 , ?3 , ?N D and seA(ality, 3$ B31 Segre, Corrado, P , 3$1 B?n.J Segr, Egle Cases 8grandmot er:, 3 BJ Segr, Egle 8co(sin:, 11 Segr, Elfriede S!iro 8'ife:, 1$N , 111 B1?, 1?$ B3$ !assim, 1%3 D and 9ngelo,s letters, ?19 D in Berkeley, 11? B1J, 1J$ BJ9 !assim, 1G$ , 1%3 , 1%% , 1NG , ??% D #irt day, 1J? D co(rts i! and marriage, 9G B99, 1$1 B?, 1$3 , 1$P , 1$% D

deat , ?NG BNND in 7atin 9merica, ?J9 BP1, ?NJ D and letters from Emilio, ?13 , ??? D and 7os 9lamos, 1NG , 19$ , 191 , 19? , 193 , ?$$ , ?$3 , ?$G , ?%P D as 7(edemann,s secretary, 9% , 3$% n.31D nickname, 1JJ BJPD in Palermo, 1$N , 1$9 , 1J1 D and !a!er mill sale, ??? D and 6osa 4ines, ?NJ D Segr C art, 19$ D tri! aro(nd glo#e, ?N? D U.S. citi*ens i!, ?$P D and U.S. visa, 1?N B?9, 1J1 , 1JP Segr, Emilio =ino, ?9% B3$$, 31% n.1JD #irt , ? , 1? B1J, ?? D c ild ood, 1 B3, 1J B?3D cigars, G% D deat , ?99 B3$$D dress, J1 D E;perimental 3uclear -hysics , ?3? , ?G? D family #ackgro(nd, 1 B1?D Cermi,s !a!ers and #iogra! y, ?GN D fire'orks in c ild ood, 1N D 'rom 'alling odies to .adio ,a(es , ?93 , ?9N D 'rom <=.ays to *uar/s , ?N1 , ?9N D C(l#rig t fello's i!, ?39 D illnesses, ?1 B??, ?P , ??% , ?NG , ?N% , ?99 D marriage to Elfriede, 1$J , 1$P , 1$% , 1?J D marriage to 6osa, ?NN D military service, PJ BPP, P% BG1D nicknames, ? B3, P1 , N$ D /o#el Pri*e, 1NP , ??1 B??, ?J1 , ?P9 , ?G1 , ?GP , ?G9 B%3, 31% n.1PD 3uclei and -articles , ?N$ D and religion, 1$ B11, 3J B3GD

retirements, ?N3 , ?NN , ?9$ , ?91 B9?, ?9N D seventyBsevent #irt day, ?9P D seA and love #efore marriage, 3$ B31, 3% , J? , P1 , %1 BN$, 9G B1$3 !assimD s!orts"recreation, 31 , 3% , J$ BJP, 1$N B9, 1J3 , 1JJ , 19$ B91, ??% , ?NP BNG, ?9$ B91D U.S. citi*ens i!, ?$P . See also @ 33$ @ Ed(cationD CinancesD P ysicsD indi(idual locales Segr, Ca(sta 8co(sin:, 11 , 19 , J? BJ3, ??J Segr, Ca(sta -rene 8da(g ter:, ?$G , ?%$ , ?NP , ?NG BN% Segr, Crancesca 8grandda(g ter:, ?NP Segr, =ino 8grandson:, ?NP , 3$$ Segr, =ino 8(ncle:, ? , J , G BN, 11 , ?% , ?9 , %9 Segr, =i(se!!e 9#ramo 8fat er:, 3 , J , N B1$, ?$ , ?? , 1J1 BJ?, 1%1 , ?1P B1%D ca(aliere del la(oro , ??P D deat 819JJ:, 19P , ?1% D eig tiet #irt day, 1JG D and Elfriede, 99 , 1$N , 1?J D and Emilio,s =erman romances, %9 , 99 D esca!e from /a*is, ?1J B1PD and Cascism, ?9 , NJ , NP D fastidi grassi , ?J$ D on Cermi,s )cr(m#s,) G? D and financial gifts for Emilio, 11 , NJ BNG, 1$N , 119 B?$, 1?% D and financial !ro#lems 'it 9ngelo, 1J% D illness, 1?1 B??D last visit, 1?9 B3$D letters to and from U.S., 1JN BJ9D marriage, 1? D and Palermo lodgings, 1$N D and !a!er mill, 9 B1$, 1J , ?? , J3 , NJ , 9N , ?1P B1GD and 6imini or! ans, 33 D and 6ome move, ?? B?3D

tom#, ?1P D training #y, 31 , 3? D 'ills, ?1% , ?1N , ??$ B?1 Segr, +oel 8grandson:, ?NP Segr, Mat.a Sc all 8sisterBinBla':, ?% Segr, 4arco Cla(dio 8#rot er:, 3 , ?$ , ?G , ?% B?N, 3$ , ?13 , ??? , ?P3 D ca(aliere del la(oro , ??P D esca!e from /a*is, ?1J B1PD fat er,s illness, 1?1 D fat er,s 'ill and, ?1% , ?1N , ??$ B?1D and !a!er mill, J3 , NJ BNP, ?1G B?1, ??P Segr, 6osa 4ines 8'ife:, ?NJ , ?N% BNN, ?9$ , ?9J B9P, ?9% B3$$ Segr C art, 19$ Segr family, 3 B1$, ?G B?N Ser#er, 6o#ert, 1%G , 1N? , 1N% , ?3P , ?%3 Sereni, Emilio, 3? , 3$? n.? Sereni, En*o, 3? , 3$? n.? Severi, Crancesco, 3N , 39 BJ$, PJ Sieg#a n, Mai 4anne, ?GN , ?%? , 31N n.?J Sieg#a n, Marl 4anne =eorge, ?GN , 31N n.?J Simili, Silvestro, ?1G , ?1% B19, ??1 Smit sonian -nstit(tion, 13J Smorodinsky, +. 9., ?G3 SocietT cartiere ti#(rtine 8SC2:. See Pa!er mill Solvay conference 81933:, NN Somigliana, Carlo, N$ Sommerfeld, 9rnold, G3 , GN , 99 B1$$ Soviet Union: atomic #om#, ?1J , ?3% , ?3N D disarmament conference, ?GP D ;itler and, 139 BJ$D +ose! y in, 1$$ D 19PG visit, P , ?G1 BG3D Pontecorvo in, ?3G B3%, ?JG , ?G? D scientists visiting Berkeley, ?GJ

S!ecc ia, 1., N1 S!ecial Engineering 3etac ment 8SE3:, 7os 9lamos, 1N9 , ?$? B3 S!ectrogra! y, PG , GJ BGP, NJ , N% BNN, 1%1 , 19% B9N, ?PG S!iess, Cred /oel, ?%N S!iro, Elfriede. See Segr, Elfriede S!iro S!iro family, 9% , 99 , 1?% , 1J9 S!ro(l, 6. =., ?J% Stalin, +., 139 BJ$ Stanford University, S79C, ?NJ Sta!!, ;enry, ?3$ Stark effect, PP Sta(#, Erika, 193 Sta(#, ;ans -t., 1N% , 193 , 19% , ?$% Stearns, +oyce C., ?$N Steiner, ;er#ert, ?GJ Stern, 1tto, GN B%?, N% , ?J3 , ?PP , ?G9 D M( n intervie'ing, ?N1 D and 7a'rence,s cyclotron, 11? D and /o#el Pri*e, 1P1 Stern -nstit(te, GN B%?, ?J3 , ?GN BG9 Sto(g ton, 6ay, 1G9 Strassmann, Crit*, 91 , 1P1 Stra(ss, 7e'is, 31J n.?$ S(garman, /., 31% n.1J S(!ercond(ctivity, ? , ?GP S'eden: king of, ?%$ D Stock olm, ?GN , ?%$ B%1 S'it*erland, JJ BJP, NP D #ank acco(nt, NG , 1J$ , 1J? D Basel conference, ?33 D Bre(il #asin, JP , ?33 D Cosmic 6ay 7a#, ?33 )S'ollen atoms)"6yd#erg states, N3 BNJ, 1P$ , ?J3 S*ilard, 7eo, 9? , 13? , 1P$ , 1N$ , ?$3

T
2ackeB/oddack, -da &., 91 , 11P , 11G , 11% B1N, 1?J , 3$G n.?J @ 331 @ 2amm, -gor, ??9 , ?G? BG3, ?GP BGG 2arc iani, 9l#erto, ?$N 2asso, 2or0(ato, 1?1 2ata 89(strian nanny:, 1J B1P, 33 2aylor, =eoffrey, 19? , 19% 2ec neti(m 8element J3:, 11G B19, 1?J , 1?% , ?J3 , 3$N n.1?D on fat er,s tom#, ?1P D isoto!es, 11G B19, 1?N , ?93 B9J, 3$N n.11 2el 9viv University, ?N3 , ?9N 2elegdi, Kalentin, ?GP 2eller, Ed'ard: in Berkeley, 1%G D and Cermi, G3 , ?P1 BP?D and ydrogen #om#, ?3% B3N, ?P1 D at 7os 9lamos, 1N% , 191 , 193 D at 1!!en eimer earings, ?P1 , 3$9 n.9 2eller, 4ici, 191 , 193 2erkel, 9mir 8grandson:, ?NP 2erkel, +ose! 8sonBinBla':, ?NP , ?NG 2erkel, Kivian 8grandda(g ter:, ?NP 2 omas, 7. --., 13P 2 omasBCermi statistical met od, P$ 2 om!son, 7le'ellyn, ?1J 2 om!son, Stanley =., 1G9 2 omson, =. P., ?P$ 2 omson, +. +., GN 2 ornton, 6. 7., 13P , 1JJ , ?$9 , ?3% , ?J1 2ieri, 7a(reto, 1$3 2illman, +. 6., 9P 2ink am, 4ic ael, ?3J 2issandier, =aston, ?$ , ?N$

2isserand, E(gene, ?1J 2ivoli, 1 B?, 9 , 1? B?3D 9melia Segr street, ?3 D contem!orary, 1J , ?P3 , ?91 D Elfriede and, ?3? B33D !ost'ar visit, ??3 B?JD s(lf(r #at s near, 1N , ?1P , ??3 , ?91 D vacations, ?3 , ?P , J$ , 1?N D Killa d,Este, 1 B?, 1$ , 1% B1N, 31 B3?, ??3 , ?91 D Killini 9rnaldi, Killino B 4aria, 3 , 1? B1J, ?3 , ?P3 . See also Pa!er mill 2odesco, =., 1$3 2ra#acc i, =. C., N% , ?JP 2racer tec ni0(e, 11P 2rans(ranic elements, 91 B9? 2reves, 9melia. See Segr, 9melia S(sanna 2reyes 8mot er: 2reves, Elisa 1rvieto 8grandmot er:, 1$ 2reves, Emilia Cin*i 8a(nt:, ? , 11 2reyes, =i(liana 8co(sin:, 11 2reves, =(ido 8(ncle:, 11 B1?, ?9 , ??J , ??P 2reves, +aco!o 8(ncle:, 11 , 1J 2reves, 4arcella 8co(sin:, 11 , 19 , ??P 2reves, 4arco 8co(sin:, 11 , 33 2reves, 4arco 8grandfat er:, 1$ , 3$? n.P 2reves, Silvia 8co(sin:, 11 , 19 , ??P , 3$? n.P 2reves family, 1$ B1?, 3$? n.P 2reves villa 84arignolle:, 1$ , 19 , ?9 B3$, ??P , ?P3 2ril(ssa 8Carlo 9l#erto Sal(stri:, 1?% B?N 2roccoli, Signor, N9 2r(man, ;arry S, ?$3 2(lsa, oil ind(stry, 1P9 BG$, ?3% 2(medei, Cesare, ?9$ 2(rner, 7. 9., 1G3 2(scany, ?9? B93

U
U len#eck, =. E., N? , ?%? Union of Prod(cers and 3istri#(tors of Electric Energy 8U/-PE3E:, ?9N United /ations, ?$J United States, ?13 , ?J% , ?NN , ?9? D 9EC, 1G9 , ?JG , ?J% , ?NJ D 9tomic Energy 9ct, ?JP D #(siness and n(clear energy, ?JP , 31J n.?$D citi*ens i!, ?$J BP, ?3% D disarmament conference, ?GP D foreign aid, ?N3 D immigration la', 1?9 , 1JP D -nformation Service, ?N? D 4c4a on 9ct 819JG:, ?JG D and !atents in n(clear !o'er, ?JP BJ%D State 3e!artment, ?N1 D S(!reme Co(rt, ?P% D visas, 1?N B?9, 1J1 , 1JP BJGD visit 81933:, N? BN3D visit 8193P:, 1$1 B3D visit 8193G:, 111 B1JD visit 8193NB19J3:, 1?N B?9, 13$ , 131 B%ND & ite ;o(se, ?N1 D in &orld &ar -- 1J9 , 1%1 , 1%? , 1%3 , 1%% B%N. See also 4ilitaryD indi(idual states& cities& and uni(ersities Universities: Col(m#ia, 1$? , 111 B1?, 13? , 1JG , 1G% , ?J$ , ?GJ D -#adan 8/igeria:, ?%G D P(rd(e, 1G$ BG1D 2el 9viv, ?N3 , ?9N D &as ington 8St. 7o(is, 4isso(ri:, 1GP , ?$N , ?$9 . See also University of . . . University of California, Berkeley, 133 B%N, ?$% BNJ !assimD 9cademic Senate, ?%P , ?%% D administrative 'ork, ?%% B%ND

Birge tri#(te, 31$ n.?1D committees, ?%P , ?%% , ?N$ BN1D Cac(lty 6esearc @ 33? @ 7ect(re, ?%P D istory of science, ?N$ BN1, ?9N D loyalty oat , ?3J B3G, ?3N B39, ?JG D /o#el Pri*e 'inners, !rivileges, ?%$ , ?%? D and !atents, ?JG BJ%D ! ysics, 1PJ BPP, 1G1 BG?, 1%? B%3, ?3$ B31, ?33 B3G, ?J3 , ?N$ , ?N3 , ?NN , 31$ n.?1D 6egents, ?3J B3P, ?3G , ?J$ , ?JG , ?%9 D retirement age, ?NN D 6(ssians visiting, ?G3 BGJ. See also /(clear P ysicsD 6adiation 7a#oratory, Berkeley University of C icago, ?$N , ?$9 D and antiBSemitism, 1$3 D Cermi at, J% , 1P$ , 1%P , ?$P B13 !assim, ?39 , ?JN D Cermi lect(res, ?N% D Cermi memorial service, ?P? D Cermi !a!ers, ?G$ D !l(toni(m 'ork, 1%P B%GD Sea#org at, 1%P B%G, ?11 D 2elegdi at, ?GP University of C icago Press, ?P3 University of Cerrara, N1 University of -llinois, Ur#ana, ?39 , ?J? University of 4ic igan, N? BN3, 1$1 , 11? University of Palermo, 1$$ B1$1, 1$? , 1$J B3$D c air of t eoretical ! ysics, 1?P B?GD onorary degree, ?GN D !olitics, 1$P , 1$G D ret(rn offer, ?$N D 'ritten eAaminations, 11$ B11

University of Pavia, J University of 6ome, 3% BPG, 11N B19, ?N9 B9$. See also P ysics -nstit(te Urey, ;arold C., 1G1 , 1G% Ur(g(ay, ?P$ D 6imini co(sins in, 1JG , 1JN , 1%J , ??1 , ?P$ , ?NJ D 6osa 4ines in, ?NJ

V
Kaccari, 7ino, 1% Kalle, C., N1 KalleryB6adot, 6en, ?N$ Keksler, Kladimir, ?1? , ?G3 Kerdi, =., ??N Killa d,Este, 2ivoli, 1 B?, 1$ , 1% B1N, 31 B3?, ??3 , ?91 Kolterra, Kito, 11 , P? BP3, PJ , G3 , 11P von /e(mann, +o n, 1N% , 193 , 19%

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&a l, 9rt (r C., 1GJ BG%, 1%P , 19P , 19% , ?$N , ?JG , 31% nn.1J, 1P &arren, Earl, ?3J &as ington University, St. 7o(is, 4isso(ri, 1GJ , ?$N , ?$9 &atson, 2 omas, +r., ?J$ &eak interactions, NN , ?GJ BGP &ein#erg, Steven, ?3J &einric , =a#riel, ?GP &eissko!f, Kictor, G1 , 1N% , 193 &ei*s^cker, C. C. von, 13% &estcott, ;. C., 93 & eatstone, C arles, ?93 &ick, =ian Carlo, %1 , N3 , 111 , 1?P , 1?G , ?33 , ?3P &iegand, Clyde E., ?J? , ?G$ , ?G1 , ?%$ , 31G n.9D and anti!rotons, 1G9 , ?PG , ?P% , ?PN , ?G$ , 31G n.9D at Berkeley, 1P% , 1%? , 1%G , ?$G , ?11 , ??% , ?3$ , ?JN , ?PG , ?PN , ?P9 , ?N3 D at 7os 9lamos, 1%N , 1N9

&igner, E(gene, G1 , ??9 &illiams, +. ;., 1NN , ?$1 &illiams, &ynn, 93 &ilson, 6o#ert 6., 13P , 1NN , ?NJ &olf Pri*e, ?GP &orld &ar -, ? , 13 , 1G , ?N &orld &ar --, 1N$ BN1, ?$% , ??? B?3D atomic #om#, 1%G B%%, 1%9 B?$G, ?$9 D Bo r and, 193 B9JD )enemy aliens,) 1%? , 1%P , 1%9 D events leading to, %9 , 9? , 1$3 , 13? , 139 BJ?D =ermany,s s(rrender, 199 B?$$D +a!an,s s(rrender, ?$3 D Pearl ;ar#or, 1%$ D start, 1JJ , 1G$ D U.S. in, 1J9 , 1%1 , 1%? , 1%3 , 1%% B%N. See also ;itler, 9. &(, C ienBS i(ng, 13G B3%, 1P3 , 1PG , 1P% , ?GJ , ?GP

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Uang, C en /ing, ?GJ , ?GP Uork, ;er#ert C., ?3$ U!silantis, 2om, ?3$ , ?JN , ?PG BG1 !assim, ?%$ , 31G n.9 U(ka'a, ;ideki, ?3$

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Lac arias, +., 1$? Leeman, Pieter, GP B%$ !assim, NJ , 99 , ?93 Leeman effect, GJ BGN !assim, N3 BNJ, 1P$ Leeman la#, GP , GG BG%, %N B%9, 99 , 1?N , 13G 1eitschrifi f2r -hysi/ , G1 , G? , GP @ 333 @ Com!ositor: -m!ressions, a division of Ed'ards Bros. 2eAt: 1$.P"1J +anson

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Preferred Citation: Segr, Emilio. A Mind Always in Motion: The Autobiography of Emilio Segre. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1993 1993. tt!:""ark.cdli#.org"ark:"13$3$"ft%$$$$%r#"