L E D FLED O R O A D W A Y LIGHTING , A R APPLICATIONS E A A N D FOR R INFRASTRUCTURE P A R K I N G F A C I L I T Y A P P L I C A T I O N S

MAJEED UZ ZAFER

TOPICS COVERED

OPTICAL DESIGN METRICS INFLUENCE OF S/P RATIOS NADIR DUMP BUG RATINGS PERFORMANCE TESTING DESIGNING WITH LED LUMINAIRES

Optical Design Methods

COMPARISON BETWEEN HID SOURCES AND LED

Single-sided emission light source: Outside decorative applications (Acorns, Lanterns, Etc.), most outdoor lighting tasks involve lighting the ground Since 100% of the lumens produced by an LED (in a pad-up orientation) are directed toward the ground, most of the light is already heading in the right direction

Optical Design Methods

Single-sided emission light source:

HID
(Horizontal lamp)

LED

~10% loss per bounce Many bounces required 65-75% Average Efficiency Tendency for nadir light

~10% loss per bounce Many rays can be passed through 85-92% Average Efficiency Very low nadir light possible

Optical Design Methods

Optical Performance

HID
(Horizontal lamp)

LED

Asymmetric Patterns May be Complicated

Optical Design Methods

Optical Performance:

HID
(vertical lamp)

LED

~10% loss per bounce Reduced Light at Nadir Fewer Bounces Required 70-80% Average Efficiency Asymmetric Patterns May be Complicated

Optical Design Methods

Optical Performance: HID

(Horizontal lamp)

LED

Optical Design Methods

Coefficient of Utilization:

150HPS

110LED

Lamp Lumens: Delivered Lumens: Downward Street Side SS% of Fixture Lumens SS% of Lamp Lumens Wattage: Street Side Efficiency:

16,000

N/A

11,435

11,071

6214.1

8174.3

54%

74%

39%
188W 33 lm/W

N/A
110W 74lm/W

From Nadir Dump

To UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION

Optical Design Methods

The lm/W trap:

12,000lm @ 120W 100lm/W

10,000lm @ 120W 83lm/W

Optical Design Methods

Variety of Optical Control Methods:

The goal:

A
source

B
task

(A

E
efficiency

G
glare

C
control & comfort

source

B)
task

QR
cost

Optical Design Methods

Variety of Optical Control Methods:

None: Diffusion: Prismatic: TIR: Reflectors: Combination: Bare LEDs Caution Frosted Lenses & Filters Geometric & Refractive Surface Features Total Internal Reflection Reflective Opaque Geometry

None

Minimal

Prismatic

TIR

Reflector

Optical Design Methods

None (Bare LEDs)

Sometimes the easiest thing to do is nothing at all (pixel effect) Potentially harsh for the observer Beware of efficiency claims Requires at least a lens/cover to protect PCB and LED from environment

Value Index Efficiency Control

Comfort Protection

Material Cost

Optical Design Methods

Diffusion
Comfort and efficiency is a function of degree of diffusion May be applicable for low-level pedestrian-scale applications (bollards, etc.) When source luminance is desired

Value Index Efficiency Control

Comfort
Protection

Material Cost

Optical Design Methods

Prismatic
Traditionally used in post top & flood applications Works well with small (intense) light sources Advanced film and sheet light shapers available

Value Index Efficiency

Control
Comfort Protection

Material Cost

Optical Design Methods

Total Internal Reflection(TIR)

The most common control methodology used today Very High Efficiency Surface features can be finely tuned to provide a high level of control Easily provides high CBCP Suitable for a variety of applications (Outdoor & Flood) Possible to mix and match different optics to provide application-based photometry

Value Index Efficiency Control Comfort Protection

Material Cost

Optical Design Methods

Total Internal Reflection(TIR) Small source size: Minimal optical material requirements Low surface temp provides an opportunity to interface lamp source directly with optical system

Caution:
As drive currents increase, LED temperatures may increase accordingly. Since most TIR optics are made from acrylic, the potential exists to surpass the thermal limitations of PMMA (~97C).

Optical Design Methods

Reflector
Average to Good Efficiency Potential for superior comfort and control Requires additional lensing for environmental protection May impact efficiency May allow for aimed (task optimized optics) Task efficiency may be high while raw efficiency is lower

Value Index

Efficiency
Control Comfort Protection

Material Cost

Optical Design Methods

Considerations for use

System
Bare Minimal Prismatic

Efficiency

Control

Comfort

Protection

TIR
Reflector

Optical Design Methods

Optical Selection Modifiers:

Novelty Comfort & Glare Efficiency Light Trespass

Optical Design Methods

Other Novel Approaches | Combination

Optical Design Methods

Different Distributions Achieved

Optical Design Methods

Other Novel Approaches | LED Light Guides

Mercedes S-Class Interior

The Influence of S/P Ratios

Visual System Performance:

The human visual system is adaptive

Perceived Brightness:
Influenced by Purkinje Effect / Scotopic Enhancement Pupil Size Reflectivity of Surfaces (ex: concrete) Color Temperature Uniformity Potentially Color Rendering

The Influence of S/P Ratios

Visual System Performance

From the Purkinje Effect, humans see differently under different levels of illumination
Under higher levels of light (~10 cd/m), the visual response system is dominated by the cone photoreceptors (Photopic Vision). Under lower levels of light (10 cd/m to ~.0001 cd/m), both rods and codes are active (Mesopic Vision).

http://www.lrc.rpi.edu
Under very low levels of light (< ~.0001 cd/m), the visual response system is dominated by the rod photoreceptors (Scotopic Vision).

The Influence of S/P Ratios

Visual System Performance: S/P Ratio = Scotopic/Photopic Ratio All IES illuminance recommendations assume an S/P ratio of 1.0

Most recommended outdoor light levels are in the Mesopic range.

If the [light source] is known to have a different ratio, then an adjustment may be made to the recommended illuminance [value].

The S/P ratio of the optical radiation is a single-value indicator and the larger the value the more dominant are the shorter (blue) wavelengths.

The Influence of S/P Ratios

Visual System Performance

S/P Ratio

ASSIST discusses a new unified system of photometry

The Influence of S/P Ratios

Visual System Performance

S/P Ratio = Scotopic/Photopic Ratio
The values below assume a surface reflectivity of 10%

Illuminance (fc)

Photopic luminance (cd/m)

4300K White LED (cd/m) (Mesopic)

M.H. (cd/m) (Mesopic)

HPS (cd/m) (Mesopic)

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

.034 .069 .103 .137 .171 .206 .24 .274 .309 .343

.062 .114 .16 .201 .24 .276 .31 .342 .373 .403

.049 .093 .134 .173 .21 .245 .28 .313 .346 .378

.023 .048 .075 .105 .135 .168 .202 .237 .272 .309

COMPARISON OF VISUAL EFFICACY OF LED VS. HID SOURCES AS EVALUATED BY UNIFIED SYSTEM OF PHOTOMETRY PROPOSED BY REA, ET. AL., 'ASSIST RECOMMENDS', VOLUME 6, ISSUE 2, JAN. 2009; LIGHTING RESEARCH CENTER, RENSSELAER POLY. INST.

The Influence of S/P Ratios

Visual System Performance

S/P Ratio = Scotopic/Photopic Ratio
The values below assume a surface reflectivity of 10%

Illuminance (fc)

Photopic luminance (cd/m)

4300K White LED (cd/m) (Mesopic)

M.H. (cd/m) (Mesopic)

HPS (cd/m) (Mesopic)

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

.377 .411 .446 .480 .514 .548 .583 .617 . .

.432 .460 .487 .514 .540 .565 .589 .600 . .

.409 .440 .470 .500 .529 .558 .587 .600 . .

.347 .385 .423 .462 .502 .541 .581 .600 . .

COMPARISON OF VISUAL EFFICACY OF LED VS. HID SOURCES AS EVALUATED BY UNIFIED SYSTEM OF PHOTOMETRY PROPOSED BY REA, ET. AL., 'ASSIST RECOMMENDS', VOLUME 6, ISSUE 2, JAN. 2009; LIGHTING RESEARCH CENTER, RENSSELAER POLY. INST.

The Influence of S/P Ratios

Visual System Performance

S/P Ratio
The Implications of a light source S/P ratio becomes reduced under higher illuminance requirements. When the required (IES) levels are selected in lieu of higher arbitrary values, LED sources may have an edge.

At this time, S/P ratios have not been fully analyzed for roadway applications or more specifically areas where speeds of travel are greater than 25mph.

ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00 Re-affirmed 2010

Recommended Practice for Roadway Lighting

32

Purpose of Standard
Recommended practice for designing new, continuous lighting systems Roadways, adjacent bikeways, and pedestrian ways Basis for design of fixed lighting

MLO

Joint IDA-IES
Model Outdoor Lighting Ordinance

IES

Prescriptive Method

Lumen density limits to address over-lighting 3 digit identification system for lighting products

B rating U rating G rating

Backlight or light trespass Upward light or sky glow High angle zone or glare

Limits for each lighting zone are published in TM-15-11(Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor Luminaires)

BUG RATING

36

Definition of BUG Rating

37

Efficiency Where It Counts

UP LIGHT 0 lm. 0% 180
UH

100
BACK LIGHT 43 lm. 1.0% BVH 90= 0.0% BH 80= 0.2% BM 60= 0.5% BL 30= 0.3%
UL

100
FORWARD LIGHT 4066 lm. 99.0% FVH 90= 4.5% FVH 90= 4.5% FM 60= 25.9% FL 30= 0.8%

How much light is going where I want? How much light is going where I dont want? 38

Application Shot

39

Application Shot

40

What is Different about LED?

Performance Considerations Standards and Testing Procedures Designing with LED Luminaires

Performance Considerations
HID Light Sources Light produced by electric arc Intermittent (120 times per second) AC current LED Light Sources Light produced by photon emission at diode junction Continuous light with DC current

Will extinguish if line voltage Instant on and restrike not maintained. One to 20 Life and efficacy affected by minute restrike operating temperature No adjustment for operating temperature

Performance Testing
IESNA Testing Procedures For LED Luminaires

Performance Testing

HID Luminaires Photometric testing to IES LM-31 Adjusted to published initial lamp lumens

LED Luminaires Photometric testing to IES LM-79 Absolute photometry

Lamp life and efficacy are derived from data accumulated using IES No adjustment for LM-80 procedures based on LED operating temperature junction temperatures in a No adjustment to lamp luminaire and calculated using TM-21-11 procedures life

LM-80-08

Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources

Resulting reports provide Lamp Lumen Output at the three or more junction temperatures (Tj) used in the test.

TM-21-11

Projecting Long Term

Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources

Approved by the IES Board in July 2011

LM-80 & TM-21

LM-80 (testing)

TM-21 (projection)

Something useful

TM-21 supplements IES LM-80 raw test data to provide LED lifetime projections that are consistent and understandable Committee included U.S. Dept. Of Energy, NIST, PNNL, Cree, Philips Lumileds, Nichia and OSRAM TM-21 provides two major functions:
1. Extrapolate a single LM-80 data set to estimate Lxx LED lifetime 2. Interpolate a matched LM-80 data set (same current, 3 different temperatures) for a specific temperature, and estimate Lxx LED lifetime

TM-21-11 Tables
ABT1 30LED E35 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K ABT1 30LED E53 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K ABT1 30LED E70 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K
Ambient Temperatures

5 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

10 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

15 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20 99% 99% 99% 98% 98% 98%

25 98% 98% 97% 97% 96% 96%

30 97% 97% 96% 95% 95% 94%

35 96% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93%

40 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% 92%

45 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 91%

5 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

10 100% 100% 99% 99% 99% 99%

15 99% 98% 98% 97% 97% 97%

20 97% 97% 96% 96% 95% 95%

25 97% 96% 95% 95% 94% 93%

30 96% 95% 94% 94% 93% 92%

35 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 91%

40 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%

45 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

5 98% 97% 97% 96% 96% 96%

10 97% 96% 96% 95% 95% 94%

15 96% 95% 95% 94% 93% 93%

20 95% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91%

25 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%

30 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

35 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

40 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88%

45 93% 92% 90% 89% 88% 87%

TM-21-11 Tables
ABT1 60LED E35 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K ABT1 60LED E53 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K ABT1 60LED E70 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K 5 100% 100% 99% 99% 99% 99% 10 100% 100% 99% 99% 99% 99% 15 97% 96% 96% 95% 95% 94%

Ambient Temperatures
20 96% 95% 95% 94% 93% 93% 25 95% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91%

30 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%

35 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

40 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

45 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88%

5 99% 99% 98% 98% 98% 97%

10 98% 97% 97% 96% 96% 96%

15 99% 98% 98% 97% 97% 97%

20 97% 97% 96% 96% 95% 95%

25 97% 96% 95% 95% 94% 93%

30 96% 95% 94% 94% 93% 92%

35 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 91%

40 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%

45 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

5 96% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93%

10 96% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92%

15 95% 94% 93% 92% 92% 91%

20 94% 93% 93% 92% 91% 90%

25 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

30 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88%

35 93% 92% 91% 89% 88% 87%

40 92% 91% 90% 89% 88% 87%

45 92% 91% 90% 88% 87% 86%

TM-21-11 Curves

60 LED E70

Ambient C

Levels of LED Standards

Level
Basic definition
LED Component

Description

Example

LED chip, LED lamp, IES RP-16 Module, Light Engine

Colour, Lumen Maintenance, Binning Photometry, safety Streets, Roadways Parking Areas Energy, utility ANSI C78.377A, IES LM-80, IES TM21, NEMA SSL-3, CSA C22.2 No. 250.13 IES LM-79, UL 8750, CSA C22.2 No.250 IES RP-8, IES RP-20 US EPA Energy Star, Design Lights Consortia, Korean Energy Program, etc.

Fixture Application Program

Designing with LED Luminaires

LED Street Lighting Design Parameters

Existing Street for conversion i. Street Parameters a) Number and width of driving lanes b) Width of any turn lanes c) Width and location of parking lanes and bicycle lanes ii. Street usage classification and Pedestrian conflict

iii. Pole specifics

a) Luminaire mounting height b) Pole setback from curb c) Bracket arm type and length d) Arrangement and spacing iv. Proposed cleaning cycle v. Existing luminaires

Luminaire Dirt Depreciation

LDD = 0.89

LLF = LDD X LLD

LDD from IES RP-8-00;
5-year cleaning, Clean ambient LDD = 0.89

LLD from specific TM-21-11 table

Average night-time ambient; 10C
Expected project life-time; 90,000 operating hours LLD = ?

LLF = 0.89 x ? = ??????

LLF = LDD X LLD

LDD from IES RP-8-05; 5-year cleaning, Clean ambient LDD = 0.89 LLD from specific TM-21-11 table (60LED E70) 700mA Average night-time ambient; 10C 90,000 operating hours LLD = 93

ABT1 60LED E35 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K

5 100% 100% 99% 99% 99% 99%

10 100% 100% 99% 99% 99% 99%

15 97% 96% 96% 95% 95% 94%

20 96% 95% 95% 94% 93% 93%

25 95% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91%

30 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%

35 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

40 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

45 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88%

LLF = 0.89 x .93 = .83

80K 90K 100K ABT1 60LED E53 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K ABT1 60LED E70 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K

5 99% 99% 98% 98% 98% 97%

10 98% 97% 97% 96% 96% 96%

15 99% 98% 98% 97% 97% 97%

20 97% 97% 96% 96% 95% 95%

25 97% 96% 95% 95% 94% 93%

30 96% 95% 94% 94% 93% 92%

35 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 91%

40 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%

45 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

5 96% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93%

10 96% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92%

15 95% 94% 93% 92% 92% 91%

20 94% 93% 93% 92% 91% 90%

25 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

30 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88%

35 93% 92% 91% 89% 88% 87%

40 92% 91% 90% 89% 88% 87%

45 92% 91% 90% 88% 87% 86%

LLF = LDD X LLD

LDD from IES RP-8-05; 5-year cleaning, Clean ambient LDD = 0.89 LLD from specific TM-21-11 table (60LED E53) 525mA Average night-time ambient; 10C 90,000 operating hours LLD = 96
ABT1 60LED E35 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K

5 100% 100% 99% 99% 99% 99%

10 100% 100% 99% 99% 99% 99%

15 97% 96% 96% 95% 95% 94%

20 96% 95% 95% 94% 93% 93%

25 95% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91%

30 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%

35 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

40 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

45 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88%

LLF = 0.89 x .96 = .85

80K 90K 100K

ABT1 60LED E53 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K ABT1 60LED E70 Operating Hours 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K

5 99% 99% 98% 98% 98% 97%

10 98% 97% 97% 96% 96% 96%

15 99% 98% 98% 97% 97% 97%

20 97% 97% 96% 96% 95% 95%

25 97% 96% 95% 95% 94% 93%

30 96% 95% 94% 94% 93% 92%

35 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 91%

40 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%

45 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

5 96% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93%

10 96% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92%

15 95% 94% 93% 92% 92% 91%

20 94% 93% 93% 92% 91% 90%

25 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%

30 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88%

35 93% 92% 91% 89% 88% 87%

40 92% 91% 90% 89% 88% 87%

45 92% 91% 90% 88% 87% 86%

Surge Protection

All Electronic Devices Require

Protection from Induced Voltage Surges

LEDgend Combats Surge IEEE C62.41 2002

Category A: Indoor: 6kV / 0.5kA

Category B: Indoor: 6kV / 3kA Category C Low: Outdoor: 6kV / 3kA Category C High: Outdoor : 10kV/10kA

IEEE STD C62.41

28 January, 2013

William A. Smelser, BSc, IESNA, LC

59

Design Integrity System Life - Surge Protection

Surge Protection Device designed to meet ANSI/IEEE C62.41 2002Category C High Specifically designed for Electronic control gear including LED Drivers Designed to fail off. Disconnects driver from mains. To continue to protect luminaire electronics until SPD is replaced. Warns that SPD has failed and needs to be replaced

Basic LED Luminaire Specification

Colour Temperature Supply Voltage Photocontrol receptacle if required Paint finish colour if required Must be located on existing bracket arms and pole locations Internal field level adjustment Must meet RP-8 Table 3 lighting requirements for street classifications LM-79 photometry from independent NVLAP approved lab TM-21 LLD data Vibration test data Surge protection data Warranty

Optional LED Luminaire Requirements

Dimming, Monitoring, Metering Dimmable Driver Part-Night Dimming Constant Light Output Dimming

Wireless Monitoring

Optional Metering

Thank You

63