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Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. 7"#1 &" 8+9&"), 7:1 &" 8+9&")
The Right to Information, The Right to Live
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

/0)"1 &2 324 #' 5 *)6

Step Out From the Old to the New
Jawaharlal Nehru

IS 457 (1957): Code of Practice for General Construction of Plain and Reinforced Concrete for Dams and Other Massive Structures [CED 2: Cement and Concrete]

Invent a New India Using Knowledge

!"# $ %& #' (")* &" +#,-.

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!"# %& ;<" =7"#" > 72 &(: ?0)"@" #AB 7" <&*" A *
Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen
Bhart+hariN,ti-atakam

( Reaffirmed 2005 )

IS : 457 - 1957

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION OF PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR DAMS AND OTHER MASSIVE STRUCTURES
Cement and Concrete Section31 Committee,
SHRI E. A. NADIRSHAH

BDC 2

Chairman

The

Concrete Association: of Tndia, Bombay. a& The Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta

Central Board of Irrigation & Power ( Miilistry of Irrigation & Power ) Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquarters SHRI N. H. BHAGWANANI Government Test House. Calcutta DR. U. K. BEN&GAL SHRI S. N. M ERJI ( AIlernale) Bombay State Road Transport Corporation 5 SHRI N. D. DAFTAR Bombay Central Building Research Institute ( Council of DIRECTOR Scientific & Industrial Research ), Roorkee SHRI C. H. KHADILKM ( AIIcrnale ) Directorate of Designs, Bhakrx Dam, New Delhi SHRI C. L. HANDA SHRI P. S. BHATNAGAR (./Illivnalf ) The Associated Cement Companies Ltd., Bombay DR. H. R. HATTIANGADI SHRI V. N. PAI (Alternate) Geological Survey of Ind+ Calcutta SHRI P. C. HAZRA Central Water & Power Commission ( Ministry of DR. R. C. HOON Irrigation & Power) SHRI GEORGE OOX~EN ( Alkvnate ) S. B. Joshi & Co., Bombay SHRI S. B. JOSHI Central Road Research Institute ( Council of ScienSHRI S. R. MEHRA tific & Industrial Research ). New Delhi Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals SHRI K. K. NATHA:U ( Ministry of \Vorks. Housing & Supply) Gammon India Ltd., 130mbsy. ctrtd Indian Roads MR. E. P. NICOLAIDES Congress. New Delhi Martin Burn Ltd., Calcutta REPRESENTATIVE Central Public Works Depxtment SHRI J. M. RIJHWANI SIIRI M. S. HHATIA 4 Akrnate ) Dalmis Cement ( T%har;it ) I.td.. Calcutta SHRI NIHAR CHAXDRA ROY SHR~ A. K. CHAKRAVARTHI (Alternate) National BuiIdin,gs Organization ( hfinistry of SnRt SARIJP SINGH Works, liousmg & Supply) DEPUTY DIRECTOX ( MATERIAL ) ( .I/tcrw.de ) ( Confinztrd on page 2 )
SHRI BALESHWAR NATH

Members

INDIAN

STANDARDS

INSTITUTION

MANAK BHAVAN,

9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC NEW DELHI 110002

IS : 457 - 1957
( Contiauad from page 1

Msmbrrs
Roads Wing, Ministry of Transport SHRI H. P. SINJib SHRI J. M. TRPHAN ( Alkrnak ) Central Standards Office ( Ministry of Railways SHRI K. C. !%OD SHRI S. S. VARMA (Alternate ) DR. LAL C. VBRXAN ( Ex-@cio ) Directer, ISI SMf SHRI C. S. CHANDRASBKHARA Deputy Director

( Bldg ), ISI BDC 2 : 2

Concrete Subcommittee,
SHRt S. B. Josnr

COWs9ltW

S. B. Joshi

& Co., Bombay

M&SAWS The Associated Cement Companies Ltd., Bombay SHRI K. F. ANTIA Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquarters SHRI N. H. BHAGWANA... Central Public Works Department SHRI M. S. BHATIA SHRI T. S. VEDAGIRI ( Ahmate) Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad DIRICTOR Geological Survey of India, Caicutta SHRI P. C. HAZRA Central Water it Power Commission ( Ministry of DR. R. C. HOON Irrigation & Power ) The Concrete Association of India, Bombay S~IRI C, L. N. IYENGAR Public Works Department, Bombay SHRI S. V. NATU SHRI C. C. PATEL ( Alkrnafe ) Gammon India Ltd., Bombay MR. E. P. NICOLAIDES Central Water & Power Commission ( Ministry of DR. K. L. RAO Irrigation & Power ) National Buildings Organization ( Ministry of SHRI SARUP SINGH Works; Housing h Supply) SIIRI K. RAMA VARYAN ( Altcrnak ) Roads Wing, Ministry of Transport S~IRI H. P. SINHA Central Standards Ofiice ( Ministry of Railways) SHRI K. C. so00

IS : 457 - 1957

CONTENTS PACE 0. FOREWORD 1. SCOPE 2. TERMINOLOGY

3. MATERIALS

...
. .. .. .

. .. .. . .. . ..* .*. ... . .. .. . . .. . ..

. .. . .. ,.. . .. . .. .*. ... ... ... .. . .. . ... . .. .. . .. .

..I

... .. . ... ... ... . .. .. .

... ... ... ...
.a* . . .
.I.

... . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . ..
I.. . . .

5 6 7

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

... Cement ... Admixture . .. Water Aggregates 1:: Reinforcement Storage of Materials

. .. ... 4. CONCRETE 4.1 General ... .. . 4.2 Quality ... ... 4.3 Mix Proportions ... 4.4 Workability ... 4.5 .Slump ... 4.6 Measurement of Materials ... 4.7 Mixing ... 4.8 Handling and Conveying 4.9 Preparation for Placing Concrete ... 4.10 Placing Concrete . .. 4.11 CompacGng... 4.12 Depositing Concrete Under Water 4.13 Weather Conditions 4.14 Curing and Protection 4.15 Repair of Concrete 4.16 Finishes and Finishing
s.,

.*.

. .

..I

... ... * .. . .. . 1:: ... .. .

..,

.,.

..*

. .

5. FORMS FOR CONCRETE . .. 5.1 General ... 5.2 Absorptive Form Lining ... 5.3 Form Ties 5.4 Erection of Forms 1:: ... 5.5 Removal of Forms

.. .

.. . ... 1:: ...

29 29 33:

. .

. .

I..

IS : 457 - 1957

6. CONSTRUCTIONJOINTS 6.1 Location of Joints 6.2 Horizontal Joints 6.3 Vertlcr.1 Joints 6.4 Watertight Joints 6.5 Emergemy Joints

... ... ... . .. ... ...

.. . . .. .. . ... ... ... .*. ... ...

. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . ..
.e. . . .

32 32
... . .. . .. ... .. . . .. ... . .. . .. ... . .. ...

:i is 32 32 3333 33: 34 34 34 3% 41

*.. 7. TESTS ... 7.1 Field Tests . . . 7.2 Laboratory Test 1:: 7.3 Test Records 7.4 Test Pieces . . . 1:: 7.5 Compression Tests ... 7.6 Flexure Tests 7.7 Failure to Meet Requirements
APPENDIX A

BETERMINATION OF CONSISTENCY OF CONCRETE BY ..: VEE-BEE CONSISTOMETER METHOD. . .

METHOD OF SECURINCHARDENED SPECIMENSOF ... ... CONCRETE FROM THE STRUCTURE

APPENDIX B APPENDIX C

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ( USING SIMPLE ... BEAM WITH THIRD-PWNT LOADING )

1s:452;1957

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION OF PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR DAMS AND OTHER MASSIVE STRUCTURES
0.
0.1 This Indian

Indian Standard

FOREWORD

Standard W;IS adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 22 March 1957, on approval by the Building Division Council of the draft finalized on 14 September 1956, by the Cement and Concrete Sectional Committ2.e. 0.2 Cement concrete, both plain and reinforted. is being extensively used in the various multi-purpose projects of the Central Government and irriAmerican gation and power development schemes sponsored by the States. and British practices are being generally followed in the execution of these works. Indian conditions .differ in many ways from those found in UK or USA. The Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee felt it desirable that a code of practice which would take into consideration the variations obtained under Indian conditions would be a useful guide td engineers This code has been and their technical assistants incharge of such works. prepared with this object in view. valuable assistance has bee!\ 0.3 In the preparation of this standard, derived from the published materials of the Bureau of Reclamation, Tenand nessee Valley Authority and the American Society for Testing Materials. This assistance is appreciatively acknowledged. 0.4 This standard forms one of a series of Indian Standards on concrete Other standards in the series are: and reinforced concrete. *IS: 71s: 269-1951
Low SPECIFICATION POK OKDIN.WY, RAPID-HAKDENING END POKTL.\NU CEMEXT FOH CWKSE AND FINE ACCI~ECATES 383-lY52 SPECIFICATION FItohf NATURAL SN_JKCES FoK CONCKETE HUT

$ IS: 432-1953 SPECIFIC~ATION FOK MILD STEEL AND HIGIC TENSILE STEEL BAKS AND HAKD-DK;\WN STEEL \VIRE FOR CONCKETE REINFOKCEMENT *IS: 455-1953 SPECIFICATION FOR PORTLAND BLAST FUKI.J.~~E SLAG CEMENT ( Terztativc )

51s: 456-1957 -&GXOfld revision

Coce OF PRACTICE FOR PLAIN AND R~~~t;oI~cet) CRETE For< GENEHAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ( Raid ) -.

Co,v-

*Third revision in 1976. Second revision in 1970.

in 19&j.

4Secoild revision in 1964.

IS : 457 - 1957 *IS: 515- 1959 SPECIFICATION FOR NATURAL AND MANUFACTURED AGGREGATES FOR USE IN MASSCONCRETE IS: 516-1959METHoDs OF TEST FOR STRENGTH OF CONCHISTE 0.5 This Indian Standard Code requires reference to Indian Standard Specifications and Codes quoted under 0.4 and also to the following: 71s: 226-1955 SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL ( Revised ) SlS: 460-1953 SPECIFICATION FOR TEST SIEVES 0.5.1 Wherever a reference to any-Indian Standard mentioned under it shall be 0.5, except ~1s: 460-1953, appears in this code of practice, taken as a reference to the latest version of the standard. 0.6 In pursuance of the decision of the Government of IJldia to introduce uniform system of weights and measures throughout the country based on the metric system, as a first step, wherever possible, metric equivalents have been given. As the industry gets accustomed to the use of the metric units, it is intended to drop the foot-pound units altogether from the standard. 0.7 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this Standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with z IS: 2-1949 Rules for liounrlin~ OH Numerical Values; the nuJnber of places rdained in the rounded off value should be the same ds t!Jose of the spccikcl value in the standard. 0.8 lhis code is intended chiefly to lay down requirements regardirlg quality of material and the JnaJmcr of their use, and. it does not include all the necessary provisions of a contract. 1. SCOPE 1.1 This co& covers general construction practices ior plain and rcinforced concrete used in dams and other massive structures and a&s primarily at rigid control of concrete work with a view to CJlSUritlg durability, strength, impermeability and uniformity. 1.1 .l Provisions specified in this code are intended to secure for every part of tile work homogeneous concrete, which when harderled shall have the desired proprrties. 1.2 This code requires for each job.
*Since withdrawn. t Fifth m-vision in 1975. Chce revised,

to be supplemented

by special instructions,

if any,

18 : 457 - 1957 2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0

For the purpose

of this code, the following

dcfinitiqns

shall a[)&. ( or lb

2.1 Cement Factor - The weight of cement per 100 cu ft ) of concrete after compaction.

in kg per cubic metre

2.2 Concrete -A mixture of Portland cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates ( and any admixture approved by the engineer-in-charge) mixed and p~acccl in accordance with the code. 2.3 Consistency -- The relative plasticity mortar, and measure of its workability. 2.4 Cyclopean Aggregates. Storm of freshly mixed concrete or

of sizes 7.5 to 15 cm C 3 to 6 in ). of the sana watks and which

2.5 Engineer-in-Charge - IIIc Chief Engineer-in-Charge or his authorized representative. 2.6 Grout -- A mixture water in fluid state. of neat cement and water

or cement,

2.7 Laitance -- An extremely fine material of little or no hardness may collect on the surface of freshly deposited concrete or mortar. 2.5 Mortar - A mixture of Portland cement, fine aggregate and any admixture approved by the engineer-in-charge. 2.9 Plums -- Large stones over 15 to 23 cm ( or 6 to 9 in ). 2.10 Slump -A measure of consistency of freshly mixed concrete is determined given in Appendix G of *IS : 456-1057.

and water,

in which subsidence of a core in accordarice with the method

2.11 Water-Cement Ratio - The ratio of the weight of water including surface moisture of aggrcgatrs, to the weight of cemrnt used in the conThis ratio may also be expressed as the number of litres of crete mix. water per SO kg ( or gallons of water per 112 lb ) sack of cement. 3. MATERIALS 3.1 Cement - Portland crrncnt and Portlantl bl;tstfurnacc slag cement usctl for plain ant1 rc*inforcctl concrctc work in dams and other massive s<ructurrs shall comply \rith the requirements of tIS:26Y-1951 and TJh 455 1953, respectively. Special cements may also be spcciticd for use in mass concrete. 3.2 Admixture - Admixture, including poztolanas, air entraining agents, wetting agents, ctc, shall be used onlv under speciiic authorization and wherever so l~erniittctl, the proportionsand methods of use shall Ge specified by the engineer-in-charge. --.____-_
l Sccotld
t revision rwizIoI1 in 1964. 111 1976 .

Third

IS : 457 _ 1957 3.2J Materials permitted as admixtures shall have established merit for improving any specific quality of the concrete without causing deleterious effects. 3.3 Water-Water for mixing concrete, g-rout, or mortar, and also for washing the aggregates and Curing concrete, shall be clean and free from injuriWs quantities of acid, alkali, silt, oil, organic matter,.or other impurities.
3.4 Aggregates shall conform to @IS: 383-1952 or tIS: 515. 3.4.2 The maximum size of coarse aggregate, as determined by the biggest square hole through which not less than 95 percent of the aggregate shall pass shall be as large as can be used practicably and economically under given conditions, but shall be not -larger than any one of the following : a) one-fourth the narrowest dimension between the faces of forms, b) one-third the depth of any slab, c) three-fourths of the clear space between reinforcement bars, and d) three-fourths of the narrowest space through which the concrete shall have to be passed. 3.5 Reinforcement - Reinforcement shall be any of the following: Mild steel and high tensile steel bars and hard-drawn steel wire conforming to: IS: 432-1953, Structural steel sections conforming to 5 IS : 226-1955, Cold twisted steel bars complying with the requirements of Appendix A of ?i IS: 456-1957, and Such other reinforcement as may bc proved suitable, having regard to the yield point stress, ductility, ultimate resista!lce to tension and other essential properties of the completed rebforcement as produced in readiness for use in reinforced concrete.

3.4.1 Agbqegates for concrete

3.5.1 Mill scale and rust scale, if any, shall be removed

inforcemen t before use. 3.6 Storaee

from the re-

of Materials

3.6.1 Cement shall be stored in a damp proof place. Handling and storage facilities shall be such that no cement is stored before use for more than 120 days counted from the date of despatch by the manufacturer.
l Secmd
revision tSince withdmwn. @econd revision $ Fifth revision B Second r&irion in 1970. in 1966. in 1975. h 196+.

IS : 457 - 1957 Cement stored beyond 120 days but not exceeding 180 days shall be tested and rejected if found defective in any way. Cement stored beyond 180 Cement shall be ch:ckLd days shall not be used for major construction. on the job for contamination or partial setting due to exposure to moisture during transit. 3.6.2 Aggregates shall. be stored and handled in such a manper as to prevent the intermingling of various sizes of aggregates required.separately for grading purposes. No foreign matter shall be allowed to be mixed up with the aggregates. Stockpiles shall be built in layers of uniform thickness. 3.6.3 Reinforcement rusting of steel. 4. CONCRETE 4.1 General - The concrete used in dams and other structures may vary in character from mass concrete having a maximum size of aggregate from shall be stored in such a manner as to minimize

10 cm ( preferahly 15 cm ) to 23 cm [ or 4 in ( ljreferably 6 in ) to 9 in I and a cement content ranging from about 150 to 235 kg per iu m ( or 250 to 400 lb per cu yd) to heavily reinforced concrete having a maximum size of aggregate of 2 cm ( or $ in ) and a cement content of approximately 355 kg per cu m ( or 600 lb per cu yd ). To effect the greatest economy, the concrete should preferably contain the maximum size aggregate S?litdh? for the place of use and giving the specified strengths. 4.2

Quality

4.2.1 The proportions of the ingredients in con&ete shaft be detcrmined through preliminary laboratory tests on concrete made from representative samples of ingredients proposed. to be wed in the work. The tests shall be carried out in accordance iith the procedure described in Appendix B of *IS: 456-1957. After the water content has been determined to suit the required consistency, the cement content sl~nll be deteimined in the following manner: A curve representing the relation between water-cement ratio anti the average compressive strength of concrete at 28 days or earth_, at which tt)e concrete is to receive its full working load, shall be established for a range of values at least 15 percent below and 15 percent above 11 times the required strength. The curve shall bc fiscd by at least four pointy, each point rctprescnting the avcragc values of at least three test specimens. The water-cement ratio to ho adoptctl on the work shall correspond to that strength on the curve which is 1) times the strength actually rccpiircd.
*Second rrvisior~ in 1964.

IS : 457 - 1957 The preliminary tests shall be completed well before the beginning of concreting operations and a complete report on the concrete forming qualities and Gtability of available aggregates as also recommendations for their use at the work shah be made and approved by the engineer-incharge before actual concreting is started. 4.2.2 No substitutions in the materials used on the work or alterations in the established proportions shall be made unless additional tests have been .:onducted to show that the quality and strengths of the resulting concrete are satisfactory. 4.2.3 The engineer-in-charge may carry out check tests and order changes in the mix as may be necessary from time to time to maintain No radical changes, substitutions and the specified quality of the work. additions in the mix, shall be made without such check tests and subsequent approval. 4.3 Mix Proportions -The proportions of cement, water, aggregates and other ingredients, if any, necessary to produce concrete of the desired quality shall be determined as described under 4.2.1. The specified watercement ratio shall be strictly adhered to for each class of concrete. Minor adjustments of the proportions of all ingredients may be made by the engine&-in-charge in accordance with field tests, specified under 7. Both the rate and the sequence of pouring shall be strictly regulated as laid down bv the engineer-in-charge. 4.3.1 Determination of Surface Moisture - In the case of fint? aggregates, the surface moisture shall be determined in accordance with the method prescribed in Appendix Dof *IS: 456-1957. In the case of coarse aggregates, percentage of free water shall be determined by weighing a representative sample, then surface-drying each particle individually with a clean towel and reweighing the surface-dry sample to determine the amount of water removed. In calculating the water-cement ratio, the total weight of water in the mixture including all free water in the aggregate but not including any absorbed moisture, shall be taken into consideration. 4.4 Workability - As far as possible the concrete shall be of uniform consistency and quality throughout any pour and for similar parts of the However, the consistency and cQ_m.position shall be such same structure. that the concrete can be worked into all corners arid angles of the forms and that the concrete surrounds completely the reinforcement and embedded metal without causing any segregation of the ingredients or collection of free water. To this end, the mix may be adjusted slightly asprovided und$r 4.2, if necessary, to provide more workability under specific conditions, only if no change in the method of either placing or compacting will accomplish the desired result. * Swxnd revision in 1964. 10

IS : 457 - 1957 4.5 Si~lmp .- The !-orltrr,l of concrete under thil; code is based on maintaining a fGrly unifrirn: k.i~:~!i;i ;;t the poirlt of pi:,cement and on holding practicable to the standard ratio the water-remen t ratlo :ib Closely U ii&Ymirled ds sy~c~Cifi~:ii i:ilci~br 4.2.1. LJntlt*rIIOcor:ditions shall the slump be greater than that rt*cirrirctf to pr.ovl~l~~prof~r pl~~~ernent and compaction of the fresh concrctt~ ;viiilin the forms. Tlw slump ~XtlnllIY n~cast~rc~d in :i(:cordClncc witi. the method prescribed in Appendix G ot *is: 156 10.57. In the c.ise of wi y small or zero slump, the consistency shall 1~: IIUCLWW~ 11y the use of Vce-Bee consistometer !-ire allouable slump or consistency shall be described in Appendix .\. determined by thus ,,!li:il,,,t,r-i:l-ctlar~t,~ and no cll;Lnge in consistency shall be made \vitlr!,rrt his .ti?:~r,>~~~l.

4.4 Measurement

of Mater ials

4.6.1 The method of measuring materials for concrete shall be such that the proportions are controlled and readily checked at any time during Xnterials shall be measured as follows: the progress of the irork. Each size of aggregate shall be weighed separately, the cement or multipic and admistures, if sly, shall he weighed in intli\5dunl batches as approved by the en~irieer-in-cllargc. 4.6.2 WeiPh B&hers .- AI1 we+hine devices shall be subiect to anI and weygh hatchers shall meet the following requirements: The accuracy shall be of the order set for the purpose and shall be such tllat the indicated weight of any hopprr full of material does not vary more than one percent from the required weight. The weighing equipment shall be designed to permit ready and b) proper adjustment of the proportions of the m,ix. shall be capable of so controlling the rate of dec) The equipment livery of each kind and size of materials that the combined inaccuracy in feeding and measuring during normal operations does not exceed 3 percent for all aggregates, and 1 percent for water. mechanism -for measuring the amount of water d) The operating shall be such that no leakage occurs with the valves closed. The filling and discharge valves shall not be opened before the IiUing valve is closed. Test scale weights shall be provided and periodic checks made of e) the accuracy of ail weighing equipment.
.1 I.

4.6.2.1 In cases inhere weigh batchers are not available the specification expressing the mix m proportions of weight should be transformed This should be done in the field into one measuring material by volume.
*Second revision in 1%

11

IS : 457- 1957
laboratories attached to each construction site. The co-efficients transforming weight into volume should be determined anew each time the ,aggregate is obtained from a different source. 4.6.3 Cement Content-Cement in standard packages or sacks need not ordinarily be weighed, but shall be periodically checked in the field. Bulk cement and fractional packages shall be weighed. 4.6.4 Water Content

4.6.4.1 The water-cement ratio established for each class of concrete shall be hell within the limits specified under 4.2. The consistency of the concrete shall be varied only by increasing or by decreasing the amount of cement paste in each batch. 4.6.4.2 Water for mixing may be measured either by volume or by weight, and the measuring device shall be accurate to within one percent. A reliable method of compensating for free water shall be used for maintaining a constant water-cement ratio. 4.6.4.3 Whenever concrete is being conveyed over a long distance during hot or dry wcathcr, an ahowance may be made for probable evaporation during the period concrete is being transported. 4.7 Mixing

4.7.1 Machine iMixing at Sire - The mixing of concrete shall be done in a batch mixer of such approved type as will ensure the homogeneous The plant shall be so designed and operated distribution of all ingredients. that all materials entering the mixer including water, can be accurately The entire batch within the mixer proportioned and readily controlled. The volume of mixed material shall be discharged before recharging. per batch shall not exceed the manufacturers rated capacity.
4.7.1.1 Method of charging the admission of aggregates into by trial runs conductecl in order results. The following sequcncc 171c proper sequence of operations for any type of mixer shall be ascertained to determine the method giving the best of charging the mixer may be adopted: -

a) Five to ten percent of the total quantity of water required for mixing, adequate to wet the drum thoroughly, shall be introduced before the other ingredients m order to prevent any caking of cement on the blades or sides of the mixers. b) All dry ingredients ( cement and both fine and coarse aggregates ) shall he simultaneously ribboned into the mixer in such a manner that the pcrioci of flow for each ingredient is about the same. 12

IS : 457 - 1957 Eighty to ninety percent of the total quantity of water required for mixing shall be added uniformly along with the dry ingrcdicnts. The remaining quantity of water shall be added after all the other ingredients are in the mixer. Cobbles or a portion of the coarwst aggregate, howcvcr, may be added last; tllis facilitates the clcarancc of the chutes and removes any fine aggrcgrzte or cement adhering to the sides. 4.7.1.2

4 4

Time af mixircg

a) Unless

othcr\vise permitted, machine mixing of each batch shall Durlilg continue for not less than the period indicated in Tnljle I. this period the drum shall be rotated at a speed recommended by the manufacturer. The mixing period shall be timed after all materials, including water, art in the drum. The efficiency of the performance of the mixer shall be periodically checked. For any one mix, the variation in the air-frw wit weights of three samples taken from the front, centrc and back of a batch of concrete in the mixer, shall not exceed the following: batch of 9 batches of 2h, batches of 90 batches 37.2 25.9 19.4 14.6 kg kg kg kg per per per per cu cu cu cu m m m m ( or 2.3 ( or I.6 ( or 1.2 ( or 0.9 lb lb lb lb per per per per cu ft cu ft cuft cu ft

For :one Average Average Average

)
!

)
)

TABLE
CAPACITY OF MIXER

TIME

OF

MIXING
M~~IMIJM

r---

.____*_...- . .

'linm 01' MIXING

..~_..._

Aggregates 3 cu m ( or 3 cu yd ) or larger 2 cu m ( or 2 cu yd ) 1 cu m (or 1 cu yd ) 0~ smaller 2 minutes 11 minutes 1 f minutes

Natural

Manufactured f\g:gregatcs 2! minutes 2 minutes 1 .j miuutes

b)

Each mixer shall have a mechanically oIwratc~t1 timmg device for signalling tlrc completion of the rccIuired mixing Iwriod. The actual time of mix+ shall bc checked at least twice during. each shift and the timing tlcvicc shall be adjusted if in error. The timing device shall be so interlocked wit11 the discharge gate of the batch hopper that timing does not start until the discharge gate is fully closed.and all ingredients are in the drum. .4 suitable record shall be kept of the average time consumed in charging, mixing aud discharging a batch during each run. 13

IS : 457 - 1957 d) Excessive mixing, necessitating workability shall be avoided. the addition of water ko provide shall be dis-

4.7.1.3 Dischargiltg - The full contents charged quickly so as to avoid segregation

of the drum

4.7.1.4 When the mixer is stopped, before placing again any inedients in the mixer all hardened concrete or mortar shall be removed !r rom the inner surface of the mixer. 4.7.2 Central Plant Mixing -- Concrete mixing at the central plant shall be done in accordance with the requirements for machine mixing at sate ( see 4.7.1 ) before being loaded into the transporting vehicle. 4.7.3 Truck Mixing - Truck mixers, unless otherwise approved, shall be of the revolving drum type, so constructed that all materials in the concrete are kept uniformly distributed throughout the mass. The mixer At the proportioning plant, all solid shall be water-tight when closed. materials shall be accurately weighed and charged into the drum; the prescribed quantity of water may either be charged iuto the drum or measured and placed in the tank meant for carrying the mixing writer. Trudr mixers shall be provided with some device whereby the time of hauling, mixing, and introduction of water could be readily checked. 4.7.4 Hand Mixing - Hand mixing slrould Hand mixing, if authorized crete construction. work, shall be done on a water-tight platform. turned over using shovels as many times as may homogeneous concrete of uniform consistency. be avoided in mass confor minor portions of the The entire mass shall be be necessary to produce

4.7.5 Retemperiq - The retempcring of partially hardened concrete or mortar requiring renewed mixing, twith or without the addition of cement, aggregate or water, shall not be permitted.

4.8 Handling

and

Conveying

4.8.1 The handling and convc,ying of concrete from the mixer to the and without place of final deposit shall be dorlc> as rapidly as practicable any objectionable separation or 14~5 of ingredients. Whenever the length of haul from the mixing plant to the place of deposit is such that the concrete unduly compacts or segregates, suitable agitators shall be installed in the conveying system. Where concrete is being conveyed on chutes or on belts, the free fall or drop shall be limited to 5 ft ( or 150 cm ) unless otherwise permitted. The concrete shall be placed in position within 30 minutes of its removal from tlic mixer 14

is : 457 - 1957 4.8.2 Handliwg Equibmeut

4.8.2.1 Buckets - 13uckets if used, shall be of the bottom-dump type, permitting an even, controlled flow into the forms or hopper without undue splashing or segregation. Cars, trucks and skips shall be designed to facilitate uniform delivery rather than quick dumping.

4.8.2.2 Chutes - Where concrete is conveyed in chutes, the trough of the chutes shall be of such size and shape as to ensure a steady, uniform flow of material. The sections shall be made of, .or lined with metal and al! runs shall have approximately.the same slope, not flatter than 1 vertical to 2) horizontal. The layout shall be such that the concrete will slide evenly in a compact mass without anyseparation or loss of ingredients. The required consistency of the concrete.shall not be changed in order to facilitate chuting. Where it becomes necessary to change the consistency, the concrete mix shall be completely re-designed. Wherever there is a free fall within the conveying system, suitable baffle plates, splash boards or down spouts shall be provided to prevent segregation, splashing, or loss of ingredients. Wherever it is necessary to hold the discharge end of a chute more than 300 cm ( or 10 ft ) above the level of the fresh concrete, a flexible down spout shall be used to break the fall and confine the flow. The lower end of the spout shall be held close to the place of deposit. Wherever depositing is intermittent, a discharge hopper shall be provided. All chutes shall be thoroughly cleaned before and after each run. All wash water and debris shall,be wasted outside the forms. 4.8.2.3 Pumping - Zhere concrete is permitted to be conveyed into place by the application of pressure, the pump and piping shall be suitabty designed and shall be of adequate capacity ior the work. Pumping shall be permitted only for conveying concrete containing aggregates less than 7.5 cm ( or 3 in ) maximum size. The operation of the pumping system shall be such that a continuous streAm of concrete, without air pockets or interruptions, is delivered. At the end of the run, all concrete remaining in the pipe line shall be rejected in such a manner as to avoid any segregation or lack of uniformity. The pump and line shall be thoroughly cleaned and al! *:;ash water and debris wasted. 4.8.2.4 Belt conveyors -Where transportation by means of belt conveyors is permitted, a steady, uniform flow of concrete shall be maintained without any segregation or piling up on steep inclines or at transfer points. The conveyor shall be covered to prevent damage by rain, loss of heat during cold weather, evaporation or heating by the direct rays of the sun,,orother deterioration of the concrete. Concrete shall not be discharged directly into the forms, unless the discharge end of the conveyor or pipe can be readily moved about within the forms so as to place the concrete in even layers as specified under 4.10.2, 15

IS i 457 - 1957 and 4.10.10. Otherwise, suitable hoppers shall be provided, from which the concrete shall be dumped in place by means of buckets and short chutes or spouts. 4.8.3 Cleaning Epipment - At the end of each run and before again placing any concrete, all hardened concrete or mortar shall be removed from the inner surface of the conveying equipment. All conveying equipment shall be maintained in good order and kept reasonably free from deposits of stiff concrete and leakage of mortar. 4.9 Preparation for Placing Concrete

4.9.1 Before depositing any concrete for the ;lexC lift or pour, the forms Shall not be retightened. The surface of contact shall be allowed to dry out between placing successive lifts of concrete. The top of the previously deposited concrete shall be thoroughly cleaned and prepared as specified under 4.10.5. 4.9.1.1 Where new concrete is to be bonded to hard concrete, unless otherwise ordered and in addition to the requirements specified under 4.105,. the vertical and inclined surfaces which cannot be covered with mortar shall be given a heavy coat of neat cement grout, vigorously brushed into all interstices and hollows so as to provide the best possible conditions for bond and impermeability. 4.9.2 Rock Foundations -- All rock surfaces against which concrete is to be placed shall be clean and free from mud, dirt, oil, organic deposits, or other foreign material which may prevent a tight bond between the Seams shall be cleaned to a suitable depth and to firm rock and concrete. rock along the side. Where excavation methods or the natural rock strata do not leave a sufficiently rough surface of contact, the bed shall be roughened by cutting steps. grooves, trenches, or keyways into the solid rock. Scaly coatings, hardened grout or concrete, construction debris, and other objectionable materials shall be removed. Seepage shall be The foundation bed and sides shall be properly controlled and diverted. carefully cleaned with stiff brooms, picks, jets of water and air applied at high velocity or other equally effective means, followed by thorough washing. After washing and before placing any concrete, water shall be removed from delressions and the rock surface shall be left uniformly damp. 4.9.3 All flat surfaces shall then be coated with mortar about 1.5 cm ( or 4 in ) thick in the case of concrete surfaces and 2 cm ( or 2 in ) thick on rock surfaces. The water-cement ratio for the mortar layer shall not exceed that for the regular contrite mixture, and the mortar shall be of such consistency that it can be spread evenly without flowing. It shall be 16

IS : 457 - 1957 thoroughly broomed and worked into all irregularities, cracks and crevices. The manner of spreading and working shall be such as not to cause any segregation, and concrete shall be placed immediately upon the fresh mortar before its initial .set. 4.9.4 On very rough or broken surfaces, the first few batches crete may, if so required, contain only about one-half the regular tion of coarse aggregate. of conpropor-

4.9.5 No concrete shall be deposited until the foundation has been inspected and approved. Where the rock is dry enough to absorb water from the mortar layer, it shall be soaked for at least 24 hours prior to placing the concrete. Detailed instructions shall be issued for preparing scaly or cracked foundations requiring special treatment or grouting. 4.9.6 Ear&
OY

Shale Foundations soft or loose surface shall the subgrade placing the consolidated placing. In in a natural,

4.9.6.1 In the case of earth or shale foundations, all mui and surface debris shall be scraped and removed. The be moistened to a depth of about 15 cm ( or 6 in ) to prevent from absorbing water from the fresh concrete. Just before concrete, the surface of the earth shall be tamped or otherwise sufficiently to prevent contamination of concrete during general, concrete shall be deposited only upon material lying undisturbed state.

4.9.6.2 Foundations of porous or free-draining material shall be thoroughly compacted by flushing and by subsequent tamping or rolling, if necessary. The finished foundation surface shall then be blanketed with a layer of tar paper or closely woven burlap carefully lapped and fastened down along the seams so as to prevent the loss of mortar froni the concrete. 4.9.6.3 all foundations 4.10 Placing Unless otherwise specified, the under-drainage shall be blanketed as specified under 4.9.6.2. Concrete system for

4.10.1 No concrete shall be placed until the place of deposit has been thoroughly Inspected and approved, all reinforcement, inserts and embedded metal properly secured in position and checked, and forms thoroughly wetted ( except in freezing weather) or oiled. Placing shall be continued without avoidable interruption while the section is completed or satisfactory construction joint made. 4,10.2 Within Forms -Concrete shall be systematically deposited in shallow layers and at such rate as to maintain, until the completion of the 17

IS : 457 - 1957 unit, a plastic surface approximately horizontal throughout. Each layer shall be thoroughly compacted before placing the succeeding layer. In general, the thickness of layers shall not exceed the following limits: a) Vibrated mass concrete b) Hand compacted mass concrete c) Reinforced concrete 45 cm (or 18 in) 30 cm ( or 12 in ) 25 cm (or 10 in)

The batches shall be deposited vertically in such a manner as to avoid segregation, air pockets, or damage to other recently placed concrete. The concrete shall not be caused to flow or be worked along the forms for any distance, but shall be compacted as close to the point of deposit as practicable. Wherever necessary, both the forms and reinforcement shall be protected against splashing, and all accumulations of partially set, dried, or caked mortar which may impair the bond or show in the finished faces shall be removed and wasted before commencing concreting operations. 4.10.3 No concrete shall be deposited at any time except in th presence of an authorized inspector, nor shall any concrete be placed outside regular working hours unless due notification thereof is given in sufficient time to make proper provision for inspection. Wherever concrete is being deposited at night or under artificial light, both the places of dcposit and the mixing and conveying equipment shall be adequately illuminated so that all operations are properly observed and inspected. 4.10.4 Temperature of Concrete - When deposited in the forms, concrete shall have a temperature of not more than the maximum values as determined by concrete cooling studies, and appropriate measures shall be taken to attain this requirement. Such measures may include%ne or all of the following operations: Cooling of aggregates by spraying with water and air blasting, Cooling of water used in mixing by refrigeration, USC of cooling towers, and Arranging the placing of concrete during the cooler hours of the day. In addition to the above, it may be necessary to control the tcmperaturc rise of the concrctc after it has been placed by the one or more methods determined by temperature control studies. All lifts l~lnccd on rock foundation shall not exceed 75 cm ( or 21 ft 1. 4.10.5 Cleaning Joints a) b) c) d)

4.10.5.1 The joints shall be thoroughly cleaned so as to ex se sound concrete surfaces. The method shall be by means of jets o 4air and water applied at high velocity with such additional ro@hcning of the 18

IS : 457 - 1957 surfact? by means of stiff-wire brushes as may be required. Brushing shall be done by jabbing and digging into the surface rather than by merely sweeping. The whole process shall be conducted in such manner as not to loosen the coarse aggregates but vigorously enough to erp&- a fresh clean-cut concrete surface. 4.10.5.2 Should the next lift be delayed, the contact surface shall be kept wet and covered so as tr3 minimize the evalmration of curing water which may cause an injurious coating on the joint. Where necessary all defective and undesirable concrete shall be removed by chipping and picking by hand or, if so required, by wet sand blasting the top to a depth just sufficient to expose a fresh, clean-cut surface over the entire area, which shall then be thoroughly flushed with water. Every precaution shall be taken to afford suitable bond for the succeeding lift. 4.10.5.3 Immediately before depositing fresh concrete, the contact surface shall again be gone over and thoroughly washed to remove all debris and loose material. The final pick-up of loose materials shall be made near the centre of the joint and away from the outside edges of the masonry. Dry contact surfaces shall be kept saturated with water for not less than 24 hours, but all standing water shall be removed from deprcssions before-spreading the mortar layer. The joint shall then be coveicd with about 1.5 cm ( or ) in ) of mortar (in the same proportion as in the original concrete but not lower than 1: 2 ) and the concrete immediately -deposited thereon according to the manner speciticd under 4.9.2 for rock foundation. 4.10.5.4 Hardened surfac1.s of old ITI:IW~W on which new. concrete is to be placed shall, unless otherwise or&red, be prepared in the same manner as provided for rock foundations under 4.9.2. 4.10.6 P94eumatic Plmitg - Tht: pneumatic method of placing concrete or mortar may IN: used to: sucl1 sj)ecial purposes as tulintl linings, under-pinning foundations, prcssurc grouting, etc, provided special permission has been granted and the method approved. 4.10.7 Rule 0.fPltrcing --- Concr&ng shall be continued without avoidable intcrruptioii until the structure or ycction is complctcd or until satisfactory construction joints can bc made. Concrctc slinll not bc placed faster than the placing crew ~a.11 compact it properly. In placing concrete in thin mcmbcrs and columns, prccautious shall he taken against too rapid a placement which may result in movomcnt or fsilurr of the form due to excessive internal pressure. An interval of at least 4 and prcferably 24 hours should elapse bctwecn the completion of columns alid walls and the placing of slabs, beams _orgirders supported by them in order All concrete shall be placed in apto avoid cracking due to settlement. proximately horizontal lifts not exceeding 150 cm ( or 5 ft ) in thickilcss except to expedite the placing of embcddcd materials. The intcl-vx! 19

IS:457-1957

between two lifts shall also be maintained as constant as possible, and the difference of elevation between any two adjacent blocks shall not be more than 900 cm ( or 30 ft ) and not less than 150 cm ( or 5 rr 1. A period of 5 days for 150 cm ( or 5 ft ) of concrete laid shall be allowed before the next pour unless heat dissipation methods warrant otherwisti. 4.10.8 Placing Plums in be used, they shall be washed before being embedded in the 30 cm ( or 12 in ) to an exposed an adjacent stone. The stones stone shall be laid and carefully forms or adjacent masonry and ness of unnecessary seams occur
- Where plums are permitted to and all dripping surface water removed concrete. No stone shall be closer than surface nor nearer than 15 cm ( or 6 in ) to shall not be dropped in place, but each embedded so as.to avoid any injury to the in such a manner that no planes of weakin the structure. Concrete

4.10.9 Satye Blocks-In placing concrete in large blocks, the work shall in general proceed from the low side to the high side so that the working face is never excessively steep nor long. However, for construction joints in dams, the work shall proceed from the high side to the low side so as to maintain an upward slope in the downstream direction, unless construction joints are otherwise shown on the drawings. Under no condition shall the slope be so steep as to cause the concrete to flow without The concrete shall be deposited as working, or to cause any segregation. nearly as practicable in final position and shall not be piled up in large masses at any point and then pushed, shovelled, or vibrated into space for kJtlg distances. It shall be brought up evenly around all large openings, conduits, or embedded metal so as to minimize unequal pressure and avoid dispiacement. For large blocks of concrete in dams and other massive structures, the sequence and rate of casting successive lifts and adjacent blocks shall be such as to faciiitate the dissipation of the heat of hydration.

4.10.10 Iirjcctd Coxcyete - A!1 concrete of rejected and removed from ti.c Gt.t: of operations, fresh concrctt:; where concrete has rllready been it shall be dug out and removed from the forms. proper placement or in a such condition that it pacted, shall be removed. 4.11 Compacting

inferior quality shall be if possible, before placing placed, if found inferior, Any batch, too stiff for cannot be properly com-

4.11.1 .~fethnrl - Concrete shall 1~. thoroughly compacted by means of suitable tools during and imrncrliately after depositing. The concrete sIrall 1,~ worked around a11 I-cinforctrment, embedded fixtures, and into the* corI?crs of the forms. Every precaution shallbe taken to keep the reinforcctmetlt and embedded metal in proper position and to prevent distortion.

IS : 457 - 1957 4.11.1.1 Compacting shall include rodding, spading, tamping, vibrating, treading, and such other operations except finishing, as are necessary to consolidate and mould the concrete properly. The rate of placing mass concrete or reinforced concrete in thin sections. whether mechanically or by manual labour, shall bc cle,uly defined. 4.11.1.2 Accumulation of water on the surface due to bleeding, or other causes taking place during compacting shall be stopped as much as possible by adjustments in the mix. All free water on the surface shall be removed by sponging or mopping. Under no circumstances shall such accumulation of water be covered up with concrete, or dry concrete used to soak up escess water. 4.11.1.3 rJnless otherwise permitted, all concrete shall be compacted by mechanical vibration. The number and type of vibrators shall be subject to the approval of the engineer-in-charge. In general, only vibrators of the internal type shall be used. However, in inaccessible places in the forms where spading, rodding, or forking is impracticabie, the concrete may be gently Lvorked into place and compacted by light vibrating or hammering the forms. 4.11.2 Vibrating

4.11.2.1 Wherever practicable, concrete shall be internally vibrated within the forms, or in the mass, in order to increase the plasticity as to compact effectively to improve the surface texture and appearance, and to facilitate placing of the concrete. 4.11.2.2 The intensity and duration of vibration shall be sufficient to cause complete settlement and compaction without anv stratification Prehminary experiof the successive layers or separation of ingredients. ments in vibrating shall be conducted under actual conditions of mix and placement in order to determine the optimum duration and method of vibration, as \vc!l as to deveiop the necessary skill. 4.11.2.3 Vibration shall be continued until the entire batch melts to a uniform appearance and the surface just starts to glisten. -1 minute film of cement paste shall be discernible between the concrete and the Over vibration causing segregation, forms and around the reinforcement. unnecessary bleeding or formation of laitance shall be avoided. 4.11.3 Internal Type Vibrators

4.11.3.1 M,ass concrete sl:a!l be thoroughly compacted with the aid of high frequency, mechanical vibrators of the internal type, having 21

IS : 457 - 1957 not less than 3 600 and preferably more than 5 000 impulses per minute. Immediately after depositing the concrete, the vibrators shall be inserted into each pile, operated from 10 to 20 seconds in one spot and then moved to another not over 90 cm ( or 3 ft ) away. The operation shall be repeated over until the entire mass is thoroughly compacted and the pile levelled down. Equal attention shall be paid to the edge of the pile and to the centre. A sufficient number of two-man vibrators shall be used to compact each batch properly before placing the next one. A sufficient number of reserve vibrators in good condition shall be kept on hand at all times so as to assure that there is no slackening or interruption in compacting. 4.11.3.2 The USC of flexiblr shaft vibrators, if permitted, closely follow special instructions issud for tt!c purpose. shall

4.11.3.3 Internal vibrators shall be allowed to penetr;ltcB as deeply as possible under their own weight and shall so consolidate fhe succcssivc layers as to break up effectually all- strata or seams. The vibrators shall be inserted and withdrawn slowly in such manner as not to leave voids in the plastic concrete. The entire operation shall be condncted in a systrmatic manner and each course or layer vibrated uniformly. The method of dumping or depositing the loads shall be so arranged as to keep the vibrators working continuously during placing operations. The courses shall be kept approximately l+el, and the concrete. even when depdsited in thin layers, shall be as st;iI as can be satisfactorily worked. However. concrete for which a slump greater than 10 cm ( or 4 in ) is specified shall not be vibrated unless otherwise ordered. Care shall be taken ndt to disturb a set of partially set layer. The vibrators shall be held vertical as far as possible. 4.11.3.4 Under no conditions shall internal vibrators strike the face of the forms, nor shall reinforcement steel or embedded metal be jarred with sufficient force to impair the bond between the concrete gnd the metal. 4.11.4
Ex&c7nul Tybe

Vibmtors

4.11.4.1 Whereyer so required. platform vibrators shall be used to embed all large stone or cobblblc projecting above the top of the lift, but such vibrators shall be used with caution and operated only in such manner as to avoid pulling exccjs mortar to the surface. The entire top of the lift for a depth c;i about 30 cm ( or 1 ft ) shall be thoroughly vibrated. Particular care s.lall be taken in making keyways and shear grooves. Where a raised key is required, the form shall be filled to overflowing and a platform vibratox used to compact the concrete and bond the key to the body of the lift. 22

IS : 457 - 1957 4.11.4.2 Form vibrators shall be permitted-only for special purpose specified under 4.11.1.3 and extreme care shall be exercised to avoid pumping air into the concrete. 4.11.5 Surface Voids - Large voids or air pockets, which may be left in the permanently exposed faces of the structure by vibration, shall be removed systematically spading the face in the following manner. Wherever practicable;-a motor-driven, slowly revolving, square steel rod shall be held in a vertical position and moved slowly back and forth in short intervals along the entire face. Care shall be taken to avoid prolonging such spading to the point of leaving excess mortar in the face. 4.12 Depositing Concrete Under Water

4.12.1 Concrete shall not be deposited under water, if it is practicable to unwater the area and place the concrete in the regular manner. If it is found necessary to deposit any concrete under water, the method, equipment, materials and mix shall first be approved by the engineer-incharge. Concrete shall not be placed in running water. 4.12.1.1 No concrete shall be placed in water colder than 2C ( or 35F ). When the water temperature is below 7C ( or 45F ), the temperatrue of the concrete when deposited shall be between 15 to 25C The difference between the temperature of water and (or 60 to 80F). temperature of concrete shall in no case exceed 5C ( or 40F). The cement content shall be not less than 390 kg of cement per cu m ( or 658 lb of cement per cu yd) of concrete. The limits for the slump shall be 10 cm and 18 cm ( or 4 in and 7 in ), the actual slump being decided by the engineer-in-charge. 4.12.1.2 Cofferdams or forms in running water .shall be sufficiently tight to reduce the velocity of the water to less than 0.3 cu m ( or 10 cu ft ) per minute through the space to be filled with concrete. Cofferdams or forms in still water shall be sufficiently tight to prevent the loss of mortar. Pumping or bailing shall not be conducted while the concrete is being deposited, and within 24 hours after placing of the concrete. 4.12.2 Methods of Depositing Under Water-Concrete shall be deposited continuously until it is brought to the required height. While &positing, the top surface shall be keGt as nearly level as possible and the formation of seams shall be avoided. The methods to be used for depositing concrete under water shall bc one of the followinga) Tremie - When concrete is deposited under water by means of a rremie, the top section of the tremie shall be a hopper large enough to hold one entire batch of the mix or the entire centents of the 23

IS : 457 - 1957 transporting bucket when one is used. The trcmic pipe shall be not less than 20 cm ( or 8 in ) in diameter and shall be large enough to allow free flow of concrete and strong enough to withstand the external pressure of the water in which it is suspended, even if a partial vacuum sl~ould develoij inside the! pipe. Flanged steel pipe of adequate strength to sustain the greatest length and weight required for the job should preferably be used. A separate lifting device shall bc provided for each tremic pipe with its hopper at the upper end. Unless the rower end of the pipe is equipped with an approved automatic check valve, the upper end of the pipe shall be plugged with a wadding of gunny sacking or other approved material, before delivering the concrete to the tremie pipe through the hoppei. The plug of sacking or other material is forced out at the bottom end of the pipe by filling the pipe with concrete. It is necessary to raise slowly the tremic in order to cause iI uniform flow of the concrete, but care shall be taken not to empty the tremie SW that water enters above the concrete in the pipe. At all times, .after the placing of concrete is started and until all the concrete is placed. the lower end of thcb tremip pipe shall be below the top surface of t!le plastic concrete. This causes the concrete to build up from below instead of flowing out over the surface and If the charge in the tremie is avoids formation of laitancc layers. lost while depositing, the tremic shall be raised above the concrete surface, and unless sealed by a check valve it shall be re-plugged at the top end, as at the beginning, before being refilled for depositing concrete. b) Drop bottom bucket - The top of the bucket shall be open. The bottom doors shall open freely downward and outward when tripped. The bucket shall bc filled completely and lowered slowly to avoid backwash. It shall not be dumped until it rests on the surface upon which the concrete is to be deposited and when discharged shall be withdrawn slowly until well above the concrete. 4 Bugs - Bags of at least 0.03 cu m ( or 1 cu ft ) capacity of jute or other coarse cloth shall be filled about two-thirds full of concrete, the spare end turned under so that bag is square ended and securely tied. They shall be placed carefully in header and stretcher courses so that the whole mass is interlocked. Bags used for this purpose.shall be free from deleterious materials. 4.12.3 10 mini&e the formation of laitance, great care shall be exercised not to disturb the conc.rete while it is being deposited. 4.12.4 If it is necessary iu raise the water after placing the concrete, the level shall be brought up slowly without creating any waves or commotion tending to wash away ctimet;t or to disturb the fresh concrete in any way. 24

IS : 457 - 1957 4.12.5 Concrete Exposed to Corrosive Water or Soils - Special cements shall be specified to be used in concrete to be deposited under these conditions. Extreme care shall be taken to secure maximum density and durability. The placing of any block shall continue without interruption until the concrete is at least 45 cm ( or 18 in ) above the ground water level. The corrosive waters or soils shall not touch the concrete during placement or for at least 72 hours thereafter. 4.13 Weather Conditions

4.13.1 Concrete operations shall be temporarily suspended during excessively hot, cold, or inclement weather, or whenever conditions are such that the concrete cannot be properly placed and cured. 4,.13.2 During freezing weather, all aggregates shall be free from ice, snow, heavy frost and frozen lumps. Whenever the temperature is likely to fall below -7C ( or 20F) within the subsequent 48 hours, concreting opeiations shal-1 be suspended unless provision has been made to protect the concrete from freezing. Under such circumstances, the water used for mixing shall bc heated and the temperature of concrete shall be kept at not less than 10C ( or 50F) for at least 72 hours after placement. .4.13.3 During hot weather no concrete shall be deposited when the temperature within the forms is more than 50C ( or 120F ). Whenever ncccssary, exposed surfaces of fresh or green concrete sha!l be shaded from the direct rays of the sun and protcctedagainst premature setting or drying by being cured under cortinuous fine spray of water 4.13.4 During continued rainy weather or heavy downpours, all freshly placed concrete shall hc covrrcd and protected against surface wash. Special precautions shall bc taken to prevent the formation of lean scams or sand streaks. Mortar coats for bonding construction joints as specificd under 4.9.1, 4.9.1.1 and 4.10.5 shall not be placed or left exposed if the rain is tending to increase the water-cement ratio of the mortar. Under no conditions shall concrete bc placed in a pool or a sheet of water. The top of all badly washed or streaked surfaces shall be removed and wasted bpfore depositing the next course. 4.14 Curing and Protection protected against injury. Eqosed protected against heating and drying Concrete shall, in after placement. periodically) moist for not less than be cured in the same way as other 25

4.14.1 All concrete shall be finished surfaces of concrete shall be from the sun for at least 72 hours general, be kept continuousiy ( not 14 days. Construction joints shall

1s : 454 - 1957 concrete and shall also, if practicable, be kept moist for at least 72 hours prior to the placing of additional concrete upon the joint. Horizontal and approximately horizontal surfaces shall be cured by sprinkling or by covering with damp sand, or by the use of wet sacks which satisfactorily retain the required amount of water for curing purposes. Where damp sand or sack cover is used for curing, it shall be completely removed later. Water curing shall be used on all concrete in dams and shall be applied by means of sprays or sprinklers to cover the entire area of the concrete. Forms shall be kept sprinkled until removal. Concrete shall not be disturbed by workmen walking on it or by storing materials on the surface or otherwise for at least 10 hours after placing. 4.14.2 In special cases, such as powerhouses, the use of an approved, properly-applied sealing compound on limited areas shall be permitted. The curing compound shall be of the surface membrance type which shall thoroughly seal the concrete surface. Curing compound shall not be used on joints where bonding is required. The concrete surface shall be thoroughly wetted before applying the compound. All surfaces covered with curing compound shall be protected from trafhc or injury of the sealing coat until expiration of the curing period. All methods used for curing shall leave the concrete free from any discolouration or damage to the concrete. 4.15 Repair of Concrete -Repair of all impcrfcctions of the concrete surfaces necessary to p-~~**pp surfaces that conform to the requirements shalI be completed as soon = practicable after removal of forms and whereever possible within 24 hours after tire removal of forms. Fins shall be neatly removed from surfaces for which finishes F2 and F3 ( see 4.16.2 ) are required. Concrete that is damaged from any cause, and concrete that is honey-combed, fractured, or otherwise defective, and concrete, which because of cxccssive surface clepressions, has to be excavated and built up to bring the surf;lce to the prescribed lines, shall be removed and replaced with dry-1)atching mortar. Where bulges and abrupt irregularities protrude outside the reqnirecl limits and where it is required to finish the surfaces with iinishes F2 and F3, the protrusions shall be reduced by bush-hammering and grinding so that the surfaces are brought within the required limits. Drypack filling shalt he used for holes having at le,ast one surface dimension not greater than the hole depth, for holes left by removal of fasteners from the ends of ,form tie rods, for grout pipe recesses, and for narrow slots cut for repair of cracks. Filling of holes left by the removal of fasteners from the ends of the tie rods in surfaces for which Fl finish is specified, shall not be required. Dry-patching mortar shall consist of one part of cement to two parts of sand by volume, and just enough water to hold the ingredients together. The mortar shall be placed in layers of 2.5 cm (or 1 in ) each layer thoroughly tamped, an? the finishing layer shall bc smoothened to form the surface continuous with 26

IS : 457 - 1957 .the surface of the holes and shall be sound and free from shrinkage and surrounding concrete. All tilling shall be bonded rightly hollow areas after the fillings have been cured and have dried. 4.16 Finiehea and Finishin@ cracks to the

4.16.1 Concrete surfaces shall be tested where necessary to deter mine whether surface irregularities are within the specified limits. Surface irregularities are classified as abrupt oi *gradual . Offsets caused by displaced or misplaced form sheathing or lining or form sections, .or by loose knots in forms or otherwise defective timber forms shall be considered as abrupt irregularities, and shall be tested by direct measurement. All other irregularities shall be considered as gradual irregularities, and tested by use of a template, con&sting of a straight edge or the equivalent thereof for curved surfaces. The length of the template shall be 150 cm ( or 5 ft ) for testing of formed surfaces and 300 cm ( or 10 ft ) for testing of unformed surfaces. 4.16.2 Formed Surfaces - The finish shall be of the following four classes: for formed concrete surfaces

cl

Finish Fl - Finish Fl shall apply to formed surfaces upon which or against which backfill or concrete is to be placed. The surfaces require no treatment after removal of forms except removal and repair of defective concrete and the specified curing. Correction of surface irregularities shall be done only for depressions which when measured as described under 4.16.1 exceed 2.5 cm ( or 1 in ). Finish F2 - Finish F2 shall apply to all permanently exposed formed surfaces for which finishes F3 and F4 arc not specified. Surfaces for which finish F2 is specified will need no filling of pits or sack rubbing and no grinding other than that needed for repair of surface imperfections. Surface irregularities, measured as described under 4.16.1 shall not exceed 0.5 cm ( or t in ) for abrupt irregularities and 1 cm ( or 4 in ) for graclual irregularities. Finish F3 -Immediately after removal of forms from surfaces designated for F3 finishes, all required patching, clean up and correction of major imperfections shall bc completed and the surfaces shall be given a sack-rubbed mortar finish in the following manner: The surfaces shall be thoroughly wetted and permitted to approach surface dryness before starting the sack rubbing. The surfaces shall be finished in areas sufficiently small to prevent complete drying of any part before the sack rubbing is completed for that area: The mortar usecl for the sack rubbing shall consist of one pa@ of cement to two parts, by volume, of sand passing through IS Sieve 100, and enough water so that the consistency 27

IS

. rw

- 1957
of the mortar is that of thick cream. The mortar shall be rubbed thoroughly over the area with clean burlap or a spon_ge rubbed float, completely filling all pits and irregularities. Wllile the mix in the 1~01~sis still plastic, a mixture Of the dry ingr~die~~ts of tilt: mortar in the same proportions shaJ1 he rubbed Over the area. After the mortar ha5 stiffened adequately to prevent smearing, but bcforc it llas hartlcned, the exctkss mortar shall he rrrr,Ovcd by rubbing with clean burlap. After the final sack rubbing, a ligiir fog spraying shall hc applied to the contctl surface, the moisture th,us applictl being just sufficient to damp the surface without

allowing water to run down the face cl tllc bvalls. All sack-rubbed arcas shall be kept continuously damp for at least 72 hours after the final sack rubbing, or until completion of the curing period for the concrctc. When measured as describcd under 4.16.1, abrupt irrcgularitics shall not exceed 0.5 cm ( or 4 in ) for irrcgularitics parallel to thr direction of flow, and 0.25 cm ( or 4 in ) far irregularities in other direction. Gradual irrcgularitics shall not cxccctl 0.5 cm ( or i in ). Irregularities rxcceding these limitc< shall hc rcducctl by grinding on a bevc~l of 1 to 20 ratio of hcigll t to lcq$h.
d) Fiaisll FS - Finish F4 shall apply to formed surfaces where allsorptivc form lining is used. Surfaces provided by absorptive form lining shall not I>(, ruhbcd or trcatcd in any way except for cleaning by wire IKllshing ant1 grinding off thin fins or small projections.

4.16.3 lJ~$~nzcrl Sur~~tces -The C~CLWSof finish! for unformed consurfaces arc tlcsign;~trtl by the symbols Ul, U2 and U3. Interior Sursnrfaccs shall IX, Jop~d for drainage where shown On the drawings. faces \vhiclI \voultl IIC exposed to the weather and, which would normally Unless the use of otllcr slopes or be levcbl, sil;dl IX sloped for drainage. level surfaces is spccitied, narrow surfaces, such as tops of walls and curbs, shall bc sloped approxim;ltely 3 cm per metrc ( or $ in per ft ) of width border surfaccbs, such as walks, roadways, platforms, and tlecks shall be sloped approximately 1.5 cm p&r metre ( Or ) in per ft ). The classes of finish to IX applied shall bc as follows: a) I;iltish (rl ( screeded finish ) .- shall apply to unformed surtaccs that are to 1~ covered by backfill or by concretcb and surfaces of subfloors which will bc covered by concrete floor topping. Finish U1 is also used as tlkc first stagr for Finishes U2 and U3. Finishing operations shall consist of sufficient levelling and screeding to produce even uniform surfaces. Surface irregularities, measured as dcscribcd under 4.16.1 shall not exceed 1 cm ( or ) in ). surlaces b) Finish U2 (jEo&d $nish) - shall apply to unformed not permanently concealed by backfill or concrete or unformed surfaces for which Finshcs Ul and U3 are not specified, and shall
crete

28

IS : 457 - 1957 include floors. of sumps, tops of walls, parking areas, parapet walls, sdrfaces of gutters, sitlcwalks :md outside entrance slabs. Finish U2 is also used as the second stngc for Finish U3. Floating may be performed by use of hand- or power-driven equipment. Floating shall bc started as soon as the screeded surface has stiffened sufficiently, and shall IX, tl:c> minimum necessary to produce a surface that is frc,c from srrcccl marks and is uniform in If Finish II3 ih to bc al~l~lic~:l,floating shall be continued texture. until a small amount of mortar \\itllout excess water is brought to the surface, so as to permit cffcctivi: trowelling. Surface irregularities, measured as tlcscribcd under 4.16.1 shallkot exceed O-5 cm ( or $ in ). Joints and etlgcs of gutters, sidewalks, entrance slabs, and other joints ant! cclgcs shall be tooled where necessary. c) Finish U3 ( trowelled jinish ) -- shall apply to unformed surfaces, such as slabs to be covcrtxtl with built-up roofing or membrane water-proofing and stair treads. \Thcn the floated surface has hardened suf?iciently to prcvcnt exctss of fine material from being drawn to the surface. steel trowelling shall he started. Steel trowelling shall be performed with firm pressure, so as to flatten the sandy texture df the floated surface and produce a dense uniform surface, free from blemishes and trowel marks; light steel trowelling will be permissible on surfaces of slabs to be covered with built-up roofing or membrane waterproofing, in which light trowel marks are not considered objectionable. Surface irregularities measured as described under 4.16.1 shall not exceed 0.5 cm (or & in).

5. FORMS

FOR

CONCRETE

5.1 General-Forms shall I)r usrd whcrcvrr nrcessary to confine conAll exposed conrrtstc surfaces having slopes crete and shape it as required. Where of one to one or stccpcr shall I )t formed, u111css othc;rwist~ clirectcd. the character of the natural material cut into to receive a concrete structure is such that it can be trimmed to the prcscrihed lines, the use of forms shall not be r:~cluiretl. The forms sl~all Ilave sufficient strength and rigidity to hold the concrete ant1 to witllstand the nrcessary pressure, ramming, and vibration Lvithont excessive deflection from the prescribed lines. The surfaces of all forms in contact with the concrete shall be clean, rigid, tight and smooth. Suitable tleviccs shall be used to hold corners, adjacent ends, and edges of nanels or other forms together in accurate alignment. 5.1.1 manently Metal forms or metal-lined forms shall be permitted exposed surfaces only when an entire surface is to 29 for perbe built

IS : 457 - 1957
completely with such forms. Curved and special forms shall be of a character that would give smooth concrete surfaces. They shall be so designed and constructed as not to warp or spring during erection or placing concrete. Forms to be used more than once shall be maintained in, serviceable condition, and shall be thoroughly clean and smooth before being Tensed. Where metal sheets are used for lining forms. thr sheets shall be placed and maintained on the forms with the minimum amount of wrinkles, bumps, or other imperfections. The use of sheet m&l tc) correct impcrfections in the lining of timber faced forms for surfaces that arc to bt* permanently exposed to view shall not be permitted. \Vhcre ply\vood is used for form lining, the joints between the sheets shall b(: smooth a11t1 as perfect as practicable, and no patching of the plywood shall be permitted for permanently exposed surfaces. Minor imperfections in the plywood shall be corrected by the use of plastic wood, secured firmly in place and sandpapered smooth after it has hardened. 5.2 Absorptive Form bng - Absorptive form lining, \vhcre directed to be used, shall be of the type and quality approved ly the engineer-inThe form lining shall be highly absorptive to ai:- and water, and charge. through its absorptive capacity be able to eliminate voids, pits and other common defects from the concrete surface. The lining shall he readily rcmovable from the concrete without damage to the surface. It shall produce a dense co:lcmte surface of uniform and satistactorv texture a:ld The lining itself and any treatment employed in its manufactttre coiour. shall not discolour the concrete nor interfere with the IJormal chemical The backing to which absorptive lining is attached reaction of the cement. shall be sufficiently smooth, even and free from cracks, knot holes, and other imperfections tci avoid unevenness in the finished surface. The lining shall be ill sheets of uniform length and kvidth. Location and direction of the joints shall be approved by the tneitlccr-ill-charge. The joints between sheets shall be fitted smoothly and accurately. and patching shall be avoided. Edges shall be brought to light co11tact, t jut shall not be Cutting and trimming shall 1)~ trut: and shall bc pressed tightly together. done with tools ~41 adapted to this work so that sharp, smooth, square edges are produced. Tl~e lining shall be attached to the forms in such a Nails or tacks, manner that it is held securely and smoothly in place. and shall be driven flush. if used, shall be spaced in uniform. pattern, Dents and hammer marks in the surface of the lining shall be avoided. After the lining has been attached to the form, the joints shall be rubbed Where absorptive with a smooth tool to press down any projecting fibres. form lining is in contact with the face of a previous pour, care shall be used in setting and sufficient pressure shall be applied in tightening form anchors to produce continuity and evenness at the face, free from offsets, sand The lining shall be kept dry and shall streaks, and other irregularities. not be reused.

30

IS : 457 - 1957 5.3 Form Ties -The use of metal rods or other similar devices embedded in the concrete for holding forms shall be permitted if the ends of the rods are omitted or subsequently removed to a depth of not less than 5 cm ( or 2 in ) from the surface of the concrete without injury to the concrete, provided that for walls subjected to water pressure on one side and required to be watertight, the rods shall not be taken through the wall. Complete removal of embeddedbds shall not be permissible. Removal of embedded fasteners on the ends of the rods shall be done so as to leave holes of regular shape for reaming. All holes left by the removal of fasteners from the ends of the rods shall be immediately reamed with suitable toothed reamers so as to leave the surfaces of the holes clean and rough and completely filled with dry patching mortar, and the surface Uire ties shall be pershall be finished to match the adjacent concrete. mitted only where specifically approved, and shall be cut off fhsh with the surface of the concrete after the forms are removed. Wire ties shall not be used where permanently exposed finished surfaces are required. 5.4 Erection of Forms - Before placing concrete, the surfaces of all forms, except those lined with absorptive form lining, shall be oiled with a suitable non-staining oil, and, immediately before concrete is placed, precautions shall be taken to see that all forms are in proper alignment and that all form anchors and ties are thoroughly secure and tight. Special care shall be- taken to oil thoroughly the form strips for narrow grooves so as to prevent swelling of the forms and consequent damage to the concrete prior to or during the removal of forms. Where forms for continuous surfaces are placed in successive units, the forms shall fit tightly uver the completed surface so as to prevent leakage of mortar from the concrete and to maintain accurate alignment of the surface. Care shall be taken to -see that the construction joints formed are smooth, free from sharp deviations, projections, or edges. Particular attention shall be given in setting and tightening the form, so that the construction joint surfaces are plumb and accurately aligned. 5.5 Removal of i!wms - Removal of forms shall never be started until the concrete has thoroughly set and has aged to give it sufficient strength to carry twice its own wtiight plus the live load which is likely to come on the structure during the course of construction. The length of time, the forms would remain in place, shall be decided with reference to weather conditions, slope and position of the structure or structural member and the nature and amount of dead and live loads. 55.1 In no case should forms be removed until there is assurance that their removal is possible without chipping, spalling or defacing the concrete surface. Furthermore, heavy loads shah not be permitted until after the concrete has reached its designed strength. All forms shall be entirely removed from a lift to permit inspection before the forms for the next lift are set. 31

IS : 457 - 1957 6. CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

6.1 Location of Joints - The location and type of all construction joints shall be shown on the drawings, and no other joints or type of joints shall be built unless specifically approved by the competent authority.
6.2 Horizontal Joints - The stipulations of 4.10.5 for cleaning masonry joints and bonding ne\v concrete to old shall apply to all horizontal construction joints. Keyways or dowels for resistance to shear shall be At least 2 hours carefully formed and placed as shown on the drawings. shall elal~ after depositing concrete in columns or supporting walls beAll joints shall be finished fore placing the concrete in the floor system. to present a sharp level, straight line in the exposed face. 6.3 Vertical Joints-Vertical construction joints essentially the same care as other exposed surfaces. the adjoining sections of masonry shall be complete, tailed on the drawings. shall be built with The break between unless otherwise de-

6.4

Water-tight

Joints

6.4.1 Whcrc horizontal construction joints are subject to water pressure, special care shall be taken to bond the next lift of concrete. The consistency of the concrete shall be carefully controlled so as to avoid sand streaking; and after compaction no free water shall show anywhere along the joint. The surface shall be carefully cured as specified under 4.15 and shall IX protcctcd from mechauical injury. Before placing the next lift, the joint shall hc cleaned and prel)arcd as sljccified under 4.10.5.
6.4.2 In casting vertical joints reqnired to be water-tight, care shall be taken not to injure or displace the grout pipine \vatcr stops, or seals called for on tile tlrawirlgs. 6.5 for and fied

Emergency Joints -- Vvhcrcvcr plncirlg is interrnptctl long enough the concrete to take its final set. the working face shall be so formed lini~lrctl as to provide union with subscqucnt \\,ork equal to that spccifor regular construction joints.

7. TESTS 7.1 Field Tests - Field tests of all concrete being placed shall be regularly conducted. In general, as a reliable indication of other physical properties, the quality of the concrete being produced shall be judged by a comparison of the compressive strengths developed within a given period. 32

IS : 457 - 1957 7.2 Laboratory Test.- A properly equipped testing laboratory to control the quality of the concrete shall be operated on the work site. The laboratory shall be fully equipped with apparatus for conductipg all the usual physical tests for concrete. The compression-testing machme shall have a capacity of not less than 100 metric tonnes ( or 100 tons ) and shall be capable of applying the test load at a uniform rate of application. 7.3 Test Records - A complete An accurate daily record shall be strength, water-cement ratio and concrete placed in each part of the record shall be kept of all operations. made of the location, mix, compressive other physical data pertaining to the structure.

7.3.1 The density, durability, imperviousness, generation and loss of heat, expansion and other physical characteristics of the concrete shall be tested as often as may be requi;ed to maintain the required properties. 7.4 Test Pieces-In general, not less than one sample shall be taken from approximately each 380 cu m ( or 500 cu yd ) of mass concrete and from 190 cu m ( or 250 cu yd) of reinforced concrete placed and for each class of concrete deposited in any one days run. Three cylinders or test beams shall be made from each sample. The normal number of coutrol specimens, however, may be changed at the discretion of the engineer-incharge. Samples for compression test shall be taken in the field in accordance with Appendix E of *IS : 456-1957. All specimens shall be moulded immediately after the sample.is taken. They shall be stored in a protected place under a moist condition at 27 f 2C ( or 81 f 4F ) without being disturbed or moved for at least 24 hours after being zast. 7.4.1 For standard 15 x 30 cm ( or 6 x 12 in ) cylinders, all aggregate having a maximum dimension of more than 4 cm ( or 14 in ) shall be removed by wet-screening the sample just before moulding the test pieces. For large cylinders, the maximum size of aggregate left in the sample shall not be more than one-fourth the diameter of the cylinder. Occasional specimens as large as can be tested in the field laboratory shall be cast without removing any aggregate. Such specimens shall be tested to establish the relation between unscreened and normally screened samples. The corrective factor thus determined shall be applied to the tested strength of screened specimens in recording the average daily unit strength of the concrete placed in the structure. 7.4.2 For dams and other large structures, all field specimens .shall be finally cured under m&t conditions at a constant temperature of 27 f 2C ( or 81 f 4F ) and at 85 percent relative humidity. For small jobs where a moist room is not available, the specimens shall be cured in accordance with the standard methodg of making znd storing compression test specimens in the field.
l Seared revisionin 196%

33

IS : 457 - 1957 i.4.3 Age of Specimeras - kegular tests shall be run at the age of 7 and 28 days, with occasional tests of representative specimens at 14 days and at 3. 6 and 12 months. 7.5 Compression Tests

7.5.1 For compression tests, the regular size of cylinder and cubes and the manner of moulding, capping and testing the specimens shall be in accordance with Appendices B and E of *IS: 456-1957 except that an approved method of vibration may be used for compacting the concrete. 7.5.2 Wherever required, representative 15 cm ( or 6 in ) cores shall be drilled from the completed structure and shall be prepared, capped and tested in accordance with Appendix B. The ultimate compressive strength and soundness of such specimens shall be compared with the results of similar fests on standard test cylinders taken from the same run. 7.6 Flexure Tests - For flexure tests, the size and shape of specimens and the manner of moulding and testing shall be in accordance with Appendix C. 7.7 Failure to Meet Requirements - Should the test specimens fail to show the desired uniform quality and characteristics, the directions given by the engineer-in-charge to improve such concrete, shall be strictly followed.

APPENDIX
(Clause
DETERMINATION VEE-BEE A-l. SCOPE

A 4.5 )
OF CONCRETE METHOD BY

OF CONSISTENCY CONSISTOMETER

A-l.1 This appendix crete using a V<+Bec for transforming, by conical frustum into a A-2. A-2.1 APPARATUS The Vee-Bee

deals with the determination of consistency of conConsistometrr, which determines the time required a concrete specimen in the shape cf a vibration, cylinder.

Consistometer

( see Fig. 1 ) consists support;

of:

a) A vibrator table resting b) ;1 metal pot;

upon elastic

34

IS : 457 - 1957 c) A sheet metal cone, open at both ends; and d) A standard iron rod. A-2.2 The vibrator table ( G ) is 380 mm long and 260 mm wide and is supported on rubber shock absorbers at a height of about 305 mm above floor level. Thz table is mounted on a base ( K ) which rests on three rubber feet, and is equipped with an electricallv operated vibrometer mounted under it operating on either 65 volts ox 220 volts, three phase, 50 cycles alternating current. A sheet mmtal cone ( B ) open at both ends is p!aced in the metal pot ( A ) and the metal pot is fixed on to the vibrator table by means of two wing-nuts (H ). The sheet metal cone is 30 cm high and its bottom diameter is 20 cm and top diameter 10 cm. A swivel arm holder ( M ) is fixed to the base and into this is telescoped another swivel arm ( N ) with funnel ( D ) and guide-sleeve ( E ). The swivel arm can be readily detached from the vibrating table. The graduated rod ( J ) is fixed on to the swivel arm and at the end of the graduated arm a

Frc.1

VEX-l3m

CONSISTOMETER.

TYPE VHR

3s

IS:457-1957 glass disc ( C ) is screwed. The graduation of the scale on the rod records the slumps of the concrete cone in ccntimetres and the v&me of concrete after vibration of the cone in the pot. The standard iron rod is 20 mm in diameter and 500 mm in length. The electrical equipment mounted on the base of the consistometer cox,ists of a fixed plug and connector for

IS : 457 - 1957 the electric supply cable, plug and socket contacts for the detachable cable connected to the vibrometer and a control switc!). A photograph of the apparatus under operation is given in Fig. 2. ~-3. PROCEDURE A-3.1 A slump test as described in Appendix G of *IS: 456-1957 is perThe glass formed in the sheet metal cylindrical pot of the consistometer.

4
VEE-BEE

IO

DEGREES

FIG.3 RELATION BETWEEN SLUMP IN CM AND VEE-BEE DEGREES

*Second revision in 1964.

37

IS : 457 - 1957 disc attached to the swivel arm is moved and is placed just on top of the slump cone in the pot and before the cone is lifted up the position of the concrete cone is noted by adjusting the glass disc attached to the swivel arm. ? he cone is then lifted up and the slump is noted on the graduated rod by lowering the glass disc on top of the concrete cone. The electrical vibrator is then switched on and the concrete is allowed to spread out in the pot. The vibration is continued until the whole concrete surface uniformly adheres to the glass disc as indicated in Fig. 2 and the time taken for this to be attained is noted with a stop-watch. The time is recorded in seconds. i-4. RESULT in Vee-Bee of the degrees

A-4.1 The consistency of the concrete is expressed which are equal to the time in seconds under A-3.1. A-4.2 The required slump scale given in Table II. is obtained on the basis

consistency

A-4.2.1 The curve in Fig. 3 indicates the relationship between slump in cm and the degrees covered by the consistency scale given in Table Il.
TABLE CONSISTENCY M&t earth
NUMDEX

II
OP

CONSISTENCY

SCALE
CHAR.XTERISTICS

VEE-UER

DEGP.EES

40 to 25 to 20 20 to IS to 10

Very dry

IO

to 7 ta c

Plastic Semi-fluid

5 to 4 to 3 3 to 2 to 1

Fluid

More fluid than 1

Particles 01 coarse aggregate in the concrete are Risk of adhesive, but concrete does not clot. segregation. Concrete has the consistency of yery stiff porridge, forms a stiff mound when dumped, and barely tends to shake or roll itself to form an almust horizontal surface when conveyed for a long time in, say, a wheel-barrow Concrete has the consistency of stiff porridge, forms a mound when dumped, and shakes or rolls itself to form a horizontal surface when conveyed for a long time in, say, a whcclbarrow. Co!xrcte can be shaped into a ball bctwccn the palms of the hands an? adheres to the skin. Concrete cannot be rolled int(l a haK1 between the palms of the hands, but spreads out even though slowly and without affecting the cohesion of the constituents so that segregation does not occur. Concrete spreads uut rapidly and segrcgatlon takes place.

38

JS : 457 - 1957

APPENDIX ( Clause 7.5.2 j

METHOD B-l. SCOPE

I3

OF SECURING HARDENED SPECIMENS CONCRETE FROM THE STRUCTURE

OF

B-l.1 This method covers the procedure for securing, preparing and testing specimens of hardened concrete from structures and pavements. B-2. PRECAUTIONS I

B-2.1 A specimen to be tested for stretlgth shall not be removed from the structure until the concrete has become hard enough to permit its removal without disturbing the bond between the mortar and the coarse rn genera1 the concrete shall be 14 days old before the speciaggregate. mens are removed. Specimens that show abnormal defects or that have been damaged in removal shall not be used. E-3. APPARATUS B-3.1 Core Drill - A core drill shall be used for securing cylindrical core specimens. For specimens taken perpendicular to a horizontal surface, a diamond drill shall he used. B-3.2 Saw -. A saw shall be used for securing beam specimens from the structure or pavements for flcxural strength tests. The saw shall have a diamond or silicon carbide cutting edge and shall have adjustments that will permit cutting specimens which conform to the dimensions prescribed under B-4.2. B-4. !WECIMENS B-4.1 Core Specimen - A core specimen for the determination of pave mrnt thickness shall have a diamet-r of at least 10 cm (or 4 in ). A core specimen for the determination of compressive strength shall have a diameter at least three times the maximum nominal size of the coarse aggregate used in the concrete, and in no case shall the final diameter of the specimen be less than twice the maximum nominal size of the coarse aggre.gate. The length of the specimen, when capped, shall be, as nearly as practicable, twice its drameter. 39

IS : 457 - 1957 B-4.2 Beam Specimen - A bcsm specm~cn for the determination of flexural strength. in general, shall iia.ve a cross-section of 15 X 15 cm (or 6 x 6 in ). The specimen shall be at least 53 cm ( or 21 in ) in length but when two tests for flexural strength are desired for one beam specimzn, it shall be at least 84 cm ( or 33 in ) in length.
NoTE - In mauy ca.&s, the width shall be governed hy the thickness ot the slab. particularly with prisms cut from pavement slal=. by the size of the coarse aggregate and the depth

B-5.

PROCEDURE

B-5.1 Core Drilling - A core specimen taken perpendicular to a horizontal surface shall bc located, when possible, so that its axis is pcrpendicular to the bed of the concrete as originally placed. A specimen taken perpendicular to a vertical surface, or perpendicular to a surface with a batter, shall be taken from near the middle of a unit of deposit. i.e., 380 cu m ( or 500 cu yd ) of mass concrete and from 190 cu m (or 250 cu yd) of reinforced concrete placed in any one days run. B-5.2 Slab Removal - A sufficiently large slab shall be removed so that the desired test spccimcns may be secured without the inclusion of any concrete whicll has been cracked, spalled, undercut, or otherwise damaged. B-5 3 Beam Sawing - The sawing operation shall be so performed that the concrete will not bc weakened by shock or by heating. The sawed surfaces shall bc smooth, plant, parallel. and free from steps, ridges and grow ves. Care si~all be taken in handling sawecl beam specimens to avoid chipping or cracking. B-6. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

B-6.1 End Preparation--Core specimens to be tested in compression shall have ends that arc essentially smooth. perpendicular to the axis, and of the same diamctcr as the body of the specimen. The ends of spccimcns wh,ich huvo projections of 0.5 cm ( or b_in ) or more above the normal plane, or which dcp;Lrt from pcrpcn~licularity to the axis by more than 5 dcgrccs, or whose&uuctcr dcparts.from the me;ln by more than O-25 cm ( or & in ) shall bc salved or tooled until they conform to these tolerances. B-6.2 Moisture Conditioning - Test specimens shall be completely submerged in water at room temperature for 40 to 48 hours immediately prior to the compression test. Specimens shall be tested promptly after removal from water storage. During the period between removal from the water storage and testing, the specimens shall be kept moist by covering with a wet burlap or blanket. They shall be tested in a moist condition. 40

IS : 457 - 1957 B-6.3 CappinB - Before making specimen shall he capped in order pendix E of IS: 456-1957. the compression test, the ends of the to meet the requirements given in Ap-

B-6.4 Measurement-Prior to testing, the length of the caplcd spctcimen shall be measured to the nearest 0.25 cm ( or 0.1 in j and its average diamder determined to the nearest 0.25 cm ( or O-1 in ) from two mt*asnrcments taken at right angles near the ccntre of the length. B-6.5 Calculation and Report - lhc direction of the npl)lication of the load with referen& to direction of compaction of the concrctc, in tlie The compressive strength of rach sprscimcm structure shall he reported. shall be calculated in kg per ~q cm ( or lb per sq in ) hasetl on ttle average If the ratio of lengtll to diamctcr of LI specidiameter of the speciinen. men is appreciably less than two, allowance for the ratio of length to diaT meter shall be made by multiplying the compressive strength hy the applicable correction factor given in the following table. Values not given in the table shall be deterinined by interpolation. RATIO ok LENGTH 0~ CYLINDER TO DIAMETER 1.75 l-50 1.25 1.10 l-00 0.75 0.50 STRENGTH CORRECTION FACTOR 0.98 0.96 o-94 0.90 0.8: 0.70 0.50

APPliNDIX ( Clause 7.6 )

FLEXURAL C-l. SCOPE STRENGTH BEAM WITH

OF CONCRETE (USING THIRD-POINT LOADING )

SIMPLE

C-l.1 This method of test covers the procedurr for determining the flexural strength of concrete by the use of a simplc~ hram with third-point loading. C-2. APPARATUS

C-2.1 The third-point loading method shall be used in making flexurc tests of concrete employing bearing blocks which sha!l iusure that forces 41

IS : 457 - 1957 applied to the- beam are vertical only and applied without A diagram of an apparatus which accomplishes this purpose Fig. 4. eccentricity. is shown in

NOTE-Sometimes methods of load application other than the one described in this appendix are used in the field. If such methods are used, the results should he correlated with those obtained with the method descrikd in this appendix. HEAD OF TESTING STEEL BALL

TEST CYLINDRICAL OR LINE BEARING OVER FULL WIDTH OF SPECIMEN STEEL BED ROD

SPECIMEN

STEEL OF TESTING

BALL

Fw.4

DIAGRAMMATIC VIEW OF APPARATUS FOR FLEXURE TEST OF CONCRETE BY THIRDPOOINT LOADING METHOD

C-2.2 Apparatus for making flexure tests of concrete should be designed to incorporate the following principles: a) The distance between supports and points of load application should remain constant for a given apparatus; b) The load should be applied normal to the loaded surface of the beam and in such a manner as to avoid eccentricity of loading; c) The direction of the reactions shdd be parallel to the direction of the applied load at all times during the test; d) The load should bc aeplied at a uniform rate and in such a manner IS to avtiid shock; and e) The ratio of distance between point of load application and nearest reaction to the depth of the beam should be not less than one, 42

IS : 457 - 1957 C-2.2.1 The directions of loads and reactions may be maintained parallel by judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and flexure plates. Eccentricity of loading can be avoided by use of spherical or roller bearings. C-3. TEST SPECIMEN shall have a span as nearly as practicable three

C-3.1 The test specimen times its depth as tested. C-4. PROCEDURE

C-4.1 The test specimen shall be turned on its side with respect to its The load-applying position as moulded and centred on the bearing blocks. blocks shall be brought in contact with the upper surface at the third point If full contact is not obtained between the specibetween the supports. men and the load-applying blocks and the supports, due to the surfaces of the specimen being out of plane, the surfaces of the specimen where they are in contact with the blocks or supports shall be capped to meet The load may be the requirements given in Appendix E of*IS: 456-1957. applied rapidly up to approximately 50 percent of the breaking load, after which it shall be applied at such a rate that the increase in extreme fibre stress does not exceed 10 kg per sq cm ( or 150 lb per sq in ) per minute. c-5. MEASUREMENT OF SPECIMENS AFTER TEST ES.1 Measurements to the nearest 0.25 cm ( or O-1 in ) shall be made to determine the average width and average depth of the specimen at the section of failure. C-6. CALCULATIONS

C-6.1 If the fracture occurs within the middle third of the span length, the modulus of rupture shall be calculated as follows:

R =
where

PC
bd

P = modulus of rupture in kg per sq cm square inch ), R = maximum applied load indicated by the in kg (or lb), c = span length in cm ( or in ), b = average width of specimen in cm ( or in d = average depth of specimen in cm ( or in

( or pounds

per

testing machine

), and ).

Non - Weight of the bram ir not included in the above calculation.

*Second revbfoa fu1964.

43

1s : 457 - 1957 C-6.2 If the fracture occurs outside the middle third of the span length by not more than 5 percent of the span length, the modulus of rupture shall be calculated as follows: R where a = distance between line of fracture and the nearest support measured along the ccntrc line of the bottom surface of the he:m in cm ( or in.) :LIH~other symbols have the same significance as given urltlcr C-6.1. C-6.3 If the fracture occurs outside the middle tltirtl by more than 5 percent of the span length, the results discarded. C-7. C-7.1 REPORT The report shall include the following; 0.25 cm ( or 0.1 in ) of the span length of the test shall be
bd

?!?_

number, 4 Identification Average width to the nearest b)

4 Average depth to the nearest 0.25 cm ( or O-1 in ), 4 Span length in centimetres or inches, e) Maximum applied load in kilograms or pounds, f j Modulus of rupture calculated to the nearest O-4 kg per sq em (or 5 lb per sq in ), Defects in specimen, and iit) 11)Age of specimen.

44