Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast He was a cartoonist for the NY Times and drew many famous political

cartoons including one of Boss Tweed. The cartoon showed condemning evidence on the corrupt ring leader and he was jailed shortly afterwards. Horace Greely In 1872 the Republicans renominated Grant and some of the reform-minded Republicans left their party, creating the Liberal Republican Party and nominated Greely, editor of the New York Tribune. The Democrats also nominated him. There was much mudslinging involved in this election and Greely lost, in more ways than one. Along with the loss of the presidency, Greely lost his job, his wife, and his mind within one month of the election. Roscoe Conkling Conkling was the leader of a group of Republicans called the Stalwarts. These people loved the spoils system and supported it wherever it was threatened. They were opposed by the Half-Breeds, led by James G. Blaine. Conkling, a senator from NY, and Blaines infighting caused the nomination of the politically neutral Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876. James G. Blaine Champion of the Half-Breeds, a political machine of the Republican Party. A congressman from Maine; very good with people. Was candidate for Pres. In 1884 for the Rep., however, other R ep., like the Mudwamps, wouldnt support him. They considered him a political villain. Became secretary of state during Garfields admin. And tried to persuade Garfield towards the Half-Breed political machine. Samuel Tilden A New York Lawyer who rose to fame by bagging big boss Tweed, a notorious New York political boss in NY. Tilden was nominated for President in 1876 by the Democratic party because of his clean up image. The election was so close that it led to the compromise of 1877. Even though Tilden had more popular votes the compromise gave presidency to the Republicans and allowed the Democrats to stop reconstruction in the South. Charles J. Guiteau In 1881 Charles J. Guiteau shot President Garfield in the back in a Washington railroad station. Guiteau allegedly committed this crime so that Arthur, a stalwart, could become President. Guiteaus attorneys used a plea of insanity, but failed and guiteau was hanged for murder. After this event politics began to get cleaned up with things like the Pendleton Act. Hard or Sound Money The metallic or specie dollar is known as hard money. It was extremely important during the late 1860s and early 1870s, especially during the Panic of 1873. It was in opposition with greenbacks, or folding money. The issuing of the Greenbacks was overdone and the value depreciated causing inflation and the Panic of 1873. Hard money advocates looked for the complete disappearance of the Folding money. Gilded Age The Guilded Age was a period in US History c1869-1889 that seemed alright on the outside but was politically corrupt internally. This period, although tainted by various political schemes, led to the development of many new industries. Bloody-Shirt The slogan bloody-shirt was a strong campaign slogan used by Republicans in the presidential elections of 1868. It was used to blame the Democrats for the Civil War which cost the lives of many Americans. This was the first time that the Civil War was used in a presidential election. It was also a great exa mple of the political mudslinging of the era. Tweed Ring A group of people in NY City who worked with and for Burly Boss Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. The ring supported all of his deeds. The NY Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed the ring did not last. These people, the Bosses of the political machines, were very common in America for that time. Credit Mobilier Scandal A railroad construction company that constisted of many of the insiders of the Union Pacific Railway. The company hired themselves to build a railroad and made incredible amounts of money from it. In merely one year they paid dividends of 348 percent. In an attempt to cover themselves they paid key congressmen and even the VP stocks and large dividends. All of this was exposed in the scandal of 1872. Whiskey Ring In 1875 Whiskey manufacturers had to pay a heavy excise tax. Most avoided the tax, and soon tax collectors came to get their money. The collectors were bribed by the distillers. The Whiskey Ring had robbed the treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues. The scandal reached as high as the personal secretary to P Grant.

Resumption Act It stated that the government would discontinue greenbacks from circulation and agree to the redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879. Crime of '73 When Congress stopped the colnage of the silver dollar against the will of the farmers and westerners who wanted unlimited coinage of silver. With no silver coming into the federal government, no silver money could be produced. The whole event happened in 1873. Westerners from silver-mining states joined with debtors in demanding the return to the Dollar of Our Daddies. This demand was essentially a call for inflation, which was solved by contraction (reduction of the greenbacks) and the Treasurys accumulation of gold. Bland-Allison Act This act was a compromise concerning the coinage of silver designed by Richard P. Bland. It was put into effect in 1878. The act stated that the Treasury had to buy and coin between $2 and $4 million worth of silver bullion each month. The government put down hopes of the inflationists when it brought only the legal minimum. Half-Breed A half-breed was a republican political machine, headed by James G. Blane c1869. The Half-breeds pushed republican ideals and were almost a separate group that existed within the party. Compromise of 1877 During the electoral standoff in 1876 between Hayes (Republican) and Tilde (Democrat). The Compromise of 1877 meant that the Democrats reluctantly agreed that Hayes might take office if he ended reconstruction in the South. Civil Service Reform It set up a Civil Service Commission, chaired with administering open competitive examinations to applicants for posts in the classified service. The people were forced, under law, to take an exam before being hired to a governmental job position. (Reforming civil service by erasing corruption, etc.) Pendleton Act This is what some people called the Magna Carta of civil-service reform. It prohibited, at least on paper, financial assessments on jobholders. It created a merit system of making appointments to government jobs on the basis of aptitude rather than the spoils system. "Billion Dollar" Congress The 51st Congress, which had a billion dollars in surplus to use. They paid Civil War veterans with the Pension Act of 1890, which payed crippled veterans and got rid of the surplus problem. Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? The Republicans nominated General Grant for the presidency in 1868. The Republican Party supported the continuation of the Reconstruction of the South, while Grant stood on the platform of just having peace. The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868. The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain. Jim Fisk and Jay Gould devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869. On Black Friday, September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell gold from its reserves. Boss Tweed employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk NY of as much as $200 million. (Tweed Ring). Tweed was eventually put into prison. A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration. In addition to members of the general public being corrupt, members of the federal government also participated in unethical actions. The Credit Moblier scandal erupted in 1872 when Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Moblier construction company

and then hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning high dividends. When it was found out that government officials were paid to stay quiet about the illicit business, some officials were censured. The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872 Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley 4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate? In response to disgust of the political corruption in Washington and of military Reconstruction, the Liberal Republican Party was formed in 1872. The Liberal Republican Party met in Cincinnati and chose Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate for the election of 1872. The Democratic Party also chose Greely as their candidate. The Republican Party continued to put its support behind P. Grant. Grant won the election of 1872. The Liberal Republicans caused the Republican Congress to pass a general amnesty act in 1872; removing political disabilities from most of the former Confederate leaders. Congress also reduced high Civil War tariffs and gave mild civil-service reform to the Grant Admin. Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? Over-speculating was the primary cause of the Panic of 1873; too much expansion had taken place. Too many people had taken out loans of which they were unable to pay back due to the lack of profit from where they had invested their money. Due to popular mistrust of illegitimate dealings in the government, inflation soon depreciated the value of the greenback. Supported by advocates hof hard money, the Resumption act of 1875 required the government to continue to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and to redeem all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879. The coinage of silver dollars was stopped by Congress in 1873 when silver miners began to stop selling their silver to the federal mints- miners could receive more oney for the silver elsewhere. The Treasury began to accumulate gold stocks against the appointed day of the continuation of metallic money payments. This policy, along with the reduction of greenbacks, was known as contraction. When the Redemption Day came in 1879 for holders of greenbacks to redeem the greenbacks for gold, dew did; the greenbacks value had actually increased due to its reduction in circulation. The republican hardmoney policy had a political backlash and helped to elect a democratic house of Reps in 1874. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine 6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? Throughout most of the Gilded Age (a name given to the 30 years after the Civil War era by Mark Twain), the political parties in government had balanced out. Few signifigant economic issues separated the Democrats and the Repbulicans. Repbulican voters tended to stress strict codes of personal morality and believed that the government should play a role regulating the economic and the moral affairs of society. They were found in the MidWest and Northeast. Many Republican votes came from the Grand Army of the Republic, a politically active fraternal organization of many Union veterans of the civil War. Democrats were immigrant Lutherans and roman Catholics who believed in toleration of differences in an imperfect world. They also opposed the government imposing a single moral standard on the entire society. Democrats were found in the South and in the northern industrial cities. A Stalwart faction led by Roscoe Conkling supported the system of swapping civil-servant jobs for votes. (Giving someone a job if they vote for a specific party/cause Spoils System). Opposed to the Stalwarts were the Half-Breeds, led by James G. Blaine. The main disagreement between the two groups was over who would give the jobs to the people who voted in their favor. The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt? Congress passed a resolution that reminded the country, and Grant, of the 2-term tradition of presidency after Grant was speculating about running for a 3rd term. The Republicans chose Rutherford B. Hayes as their presidential candidate for the election of 1876. The Democrats chose Samuel J. Tilden. In the election, Tilden won the popular vote, but was 1 vote shy from winning the Electoral College. The determining electoral votes would come from 3 states, Louisiana, S. Carolina, and Florida who had each sent 2 sets of ballots to congress, one with the Democrats victorious and the other with the Republicans victorious; there was no winner in these states. It was necessary to find the true political party winner of the states, although it was unknown whou would judge the winner of the states because the P. of the Senate was a Republican and the Speaker of the House was a Democrat. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans?

The Electoral Count Act (Compromise of 1877), passed by Congress in 1877, set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men selected from the Senate, HoR, and the Supreme Court. It was made to determine the party which would win the election. The committee finally agree determinted without opening the ballots from the 3 disputed stress, that the Republicans ahd been victorious in the sidputed ballots from the free states, giving the Repbulicans the Pres. The Democrats were outraged at the outcome, but agreed thatRepbulican Hayes could take office if he withdrew the federal troops from the Louisiana and S. Carolina. With the Hayes-Tilden Deal, the Republican party abandoned its commitment to racial equality. The civila rights act of 1875 supposedly guaranteed equal accomodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection. The Surpeme Court ended up ruling most of the Act unconstitutional, declaring the 14th amendment only prohibited government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals. Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes 1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as hostiles. Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. . Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull One of the leaders of the Sioux Tribe. He was a medicine man as wily as he was influential. He became a prominent Indian leader during the Sioux Wars from 1876-1877. (The war was touched off when a group of miners rushed into the Black Hills of South Dakota in 1875.) The well-armed warriors at first proved to be a superior force. During Custers Last Stand in 1876, Sitting Bull was making medicine while another Indian, Crazy Horse, led the Sioux. When more whites arrived at the Battle of Little Big Horn, Sitting Bull and the other Sioux were forced into Canada. George A. Custer HE was a general during the Sioux war. He was the namesake of Custers Last Stand, where he faced Crazy Horse and Sitting Bulls forces, but was unfortunately defeated. Chief Joseph He was chief of the Nez Perce Indians of Idaho. People wanting gold trespassed on their beaver river. To avoid war and to save his people, Chief Joseph tried retreating to Canada with his people. They were cornered 30 miles from safety and he surrendered in 1877. Sioux Wars The Sioux Wars lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and the white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custers forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the Battle of Little Big Horn. Many of the Indians were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender. Ghost Dance A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn then into White Citizens. IT did little good. Dawes Severalty Act 1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individuals out of the Indians, attempted to assimilate the Indian Pop. Into that of the Am. Battle of Wounded Knee A group of white christian reformists who tried to bring Christian beliefs onto the Indians. Fearing the Ghost Dance, American troops were called to go with the reformists. While camping outside of an Indian reservation a gun was fired and the troops stormed the reservation killing Indian men, women, and children. Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry 1. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans. In the West, whites spread diseases to the Indians, as well as endangering the food supply (game). To appease the tribes, the gov. agreed to sign peace treaties with several chiefs at Fort Laramie in 1851 and Fort Atkinson in 1853.

Receding Native Americans Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 2. How was the West "won?" When the Whites brought their disease, invaded the land, and introduced alcohol. Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: Buffalo Bill Cody 3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand? After the civil War, over 15 million bison grazing the western plains. By 1885, fewer than 1000 were left after the bison had been slaughtered for their tounges, hides, or for amusement. The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans? They made things like the Dawes Severalty act of 1881, which traded an Indian identity for an American one. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators 5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West? In 1858, new found minerals like gold attracted diggers, who rushed to places like Comstock Lode and Nevada. This new discovery also allowed the US Treasury to resume specie payments in 1879. Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people? As more and more whites entered the plains, they began hunting all the buffalo, but wasting most of it. Thus, this excess hunting slowly starved the Plains Indians of their major source of food: Buffalo. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok 7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's? The transcontinental railroad and refridgerated cars helped transporting meat become a viable method. Thus, the Long Drive involved cowboys driving herds of cattle to the nearest railroad terminal to sell them, over unfenced land. The Farmers Frontier Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden 8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a decent life on the plains? Yes and no. Small farmers were able to get land for cheap, but this land was often unfarmable and hit by natural disasters, and had no water. The Far West Comes of Age Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone 9. What were some milestones in the closing of the West? The Great West experience tremendous population growth from the 1870s to the 1890s. Colorado was admitted as a state in 1876 after the Pike Peaks gold rush. In 1889-1890, the Republican congress, seeking more Rep. electoral and congressional votes, admitted 6 new states: ND, SD, MT, WA, ID, and WY. Utah was admitted in 1896, after the Mormon Church formally banned polygamy in 1890. Many Sooners illegally entered the District of Oklahoma. On April 22, 1889, the district was opened to the public and thosusands came. In 1907, Oklahoma was admitted as the Sooner State. The Fading Frontier Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington 10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States? In 1890, the superintendent of the census announced that for the first time, a frontier line was no longer evident; all the unsettled areas were now broken up by isolated bodies of settlement. Western migration may have actually caused urban employers to maintain wage rates high enough to discourage workers from leaving to go farm the West. Cities of the West began to grow as failed farmers, failed miners, and unhappy easterners sought fortune in cities. After 1880, the area from the Rockies to the Pacific coast was the most urbanized region in US, measured by the percentage of people living in cities. Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nations economy would be built.

2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by Social Darwinism where the strong win in business. 3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the little mans interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul. 4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective). Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies Government Loan. Transcontinental Railroad Made by Chinese in the West and Irishmen in the East. It was the largest construction of its time and was supported by Vanderbilt. Cornelius Vanderbilt Founder of Tenn.s Vanderbilt U. Had little edu, but made a shipping-land transit across Nicaragua after gold rush. Jay Gould Speculator who laid down railroad tracks to force a rival line into buying it at inflated prices. He dealt in buying and selling railroads, watered his stock, and milked his assets. Interstate Commerce Commission Est. ICC- monitors the business operation of carriers, transporting goods and people between states- created to regulate railroad prices. Vertical Integration It was pioneered by tycoon Andrew Carnegie. This is combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. This makes supplies more reliable and improves efficiency. In controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production. Horizontal Integration A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth. Trusts A trust is an economic tool devised in the late 1800s. It was pioneered by men such as Carnegie and Rockefeller. IT was supposed to get rid of competition. One powerful company will have control of the stocks of many smaller companies in the same line of business, creating a monopoly. The monopoly allows price-fixing and benefits all companies involved. Trusts were outlawed in the early 1900s. J.P. Morgan He was a banker who financed the reorganizations of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the US Steel Co. Sherman Anti-Trust Act An 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the US. Yellow Dog Contracts These were contracts where employees had to promise not to join unions. Often they were intimidated into these contracts. Blacklists These were lists of names of troublemaking employees which warned employers to not hire them. Haymarket Square incident On May 1886, a series of events took place thatresulted in 4 dead laborers and 7 dead coppers. Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: Land grants 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads?

Congress advanced liberal money loans to 2 favored cross-continent companies, since building a railroad transcontinentally was so difficult and expensive. Thus, many railroads were built and efficiency went up. At the same time, the railroads often overtook land, so this displaced ssoms summers. Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford 2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built. IT was commissioned by Congress in 1862 to build a transcontinental railroad from Nebraska to the West. Often, workers hada to fight off Indians. Stanford, and Huntington were amongthose who financed the operation. They used 2 contruction companies, the Union Pacific Railwoad and Central PAcfiific railroad. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill 3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. There was a total of 5 transcontinental railroads bild: Northern Pacific, Atchinson, Great Northern, etc. they were all over and connected for a everywere, so their influence was everywhere as well. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars 4. What technological improvements helped railroads? The stell rail and the standard gauge of track width. The Steel rail was much stronger and safer. Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones 5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole? Industrialization was continued, and made a domestic market. There was a lot of corruption, such as stock watering and bribed high officials to keep them quiet. Wrongdoing in Railroading Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools 6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of? They were guilty of bribery, corruption, excessive buying and selling for profit, and monopolies, just to name a few. Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission 7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation? Yes, since it protected the people from monopolies and trusts. Miracles of Mechanization Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison 8. What factors made industrial expansion possible? Industrial expansion grew exponentially. People could use more natural resources, with various elements at their disposal. The Railroad greatly increased expansion as well as telephones. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits? Tycoons gathered and circumvented their competition, with vertical and horizontal integration to create a monopoly. The Supremacy of Steel Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process 10. Why was steel so important for industrialization?

Steel was king during the Ind. Era. Nearly every aspect of society used it. The US soon outdistanced foerighn aother nations who bugged them, eventually making 1/3 of the world Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan 11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan. Andrew Carnegie was the Steel King and didnt like monopolies. JP Morgan was for banking and railroads, and Cernegie was forced to ask Morgan for help, who screwed him over. He later focuse d on charities. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Know: Kerosene 12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy? He made the Standard Oil Company of 1870, forming a monopoly. He also made multiple Truths. The Gospel of Wealth Know: Social Darwinism 13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth? They used things like the Gospel of Wealth and claimed that it was their duty to be rich; Sometimes they would say it was so they could help the people.

Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act 14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts? The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 and strikes. The South in the Age of Industry 15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing? Not really, they were the last one to industrialize and used less desparate workers who werent willing to do anything for pay. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans. Working American scould now buy things they could never buy before, and everyone standard of living improved. Women began to be more independent and getting jobs. Factory manufacturing was the top wage in the nation for the lower classes. In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town 17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? Employees did not have relationships with their bosses, and machines were replacing the old ones, and the people were tired of protests. They were all desperate for money and went to wherever it was. Labor Limps Along Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor 18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor. The Nat. Labor Union was a public organization, whereas the Knights of Labor were a secret organization. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: Haymarket Square 19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor? Haymarket Square, where Chicago cops approached a meeting against corruption. A bomb blew and many were killed. Afterwards, the Knights were blamed for the incident and lost public support. Also, it had skilled and unskilled workers, and when the unskilled striked, they were easily replaced, thus stopping a lot of unskilled from joining. The AF of L to the Fore

Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop 20. How was the AFL different from previous unions? THE AFL had self-governing independent national unions. They wanted better wages, hours, and working conditions. They liked to use the walkout and the boycott. Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly 21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas? They were both conservative and revolutionary in their ideas. They were conservative in that they did not allow Chinese to join their ranks and wanted to get anything they could out of capitalism [Gomper], and revolutionary in that they wanted to promote a toilersutopia where labor controlled labor, not by bosses (of course this failed) [Powderly]. Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America? It is more possible for the common man to improve his status in industrial America. Traditional values have more or less drifted away, so there wont be as many racist sentiments. Also, there is a trend of many of the wealthy being self -made, and the burgeoning amount of jobs that needed to be filled increased the numbers of improvements. Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti -immigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacks Washington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl. Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley A lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. Served as a general secretary of the Nat. Consumers League. Led the women of Hull House into a successful lobby in 1893 for an Illinois antisweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor. A leader in womens activism and social reform. Mary Baker Eddy She founded the Church of Christ (Christian Science) in 1879. Preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sicknesses. (No need for a doc, if you have enough faith you can heal yourself). She wrote a widely purchased book, Science and Health with a key to the Scriptures. William James A philosopher on the Harvard faculty, he wrote the Principles of Psychology, The Will of to Believe, Varieties of Religious Experience, and Pragmatism, and from 1842-1910 he helped to express the philosophy of the nation. Henry George He was a hournalist-author and an original thinker. He saw poverty at its worst in India and wrote the classic Progress and Poverty. This book in 1879 broke into the best-seller lists. He believed that the pressure of a growing population with a fixed supply of land pushed up property values. Horatio Alger A popular writer of the Post-civil War time Period. Alger was a Puritan New Englander who wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction during his career; the famous rags to riches theme. Mark Twain He was Americas most popular author, but also renowned platform lecturer. He lived from 1835 to 1910. Used romantic type literature with comedy to entertain his audiences. In 1873, along with the help of Charles dudley Warner he wrote The Gilded Age. This is why the time period is called the Gilded Age. The greatest contribution he made to american literature was the way he captured the frontier realism and humor through the dialect his characters use. Nativism A philosophy in which you hate immigrants and have much patriotism. Philanthropy Philanthropy is when wealthy millionaires give back some of the money they have earned to benefit society. The money

would be sent to benefit the libraries, the arts, and the colleges. An example of two of the mist famous philanthropists would be Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. Social Gospel Preached by many people in the 1880s and said that due to the social environment poor people sometimes could not help their situation. This caused some churches to get involved in helping the poor, but some disagreed and didnt think that they should be helped because it wasnt their fault. Settlement House A house where immigrants came to live upon entering the US. At Settlement houses, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. They first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the womens and labor movements. Women's Christian Temperance Union Organized in 1874 and the white ribbon was the symbol of purity; led by Frances E. Willard; the league was for prohibition. 1919 the 18th Amendment was passed for national prohibition-was only a temporary solution. Eighteenth Amendment In 1919 this amendment did away with all liquor, making it illegal. Chapter #25: Identifications The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? By 1890, NY, Chicago, and Philadelphia all had a population greater than 1 million. Louis Sullivan contributed to the development of the skyscraper. City limits were extended outward by electric trolleys. People were attracted to the cities by amenities such as electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones. Trash became a large problem in cities due to throwaway bottles, boxes, bags, and cans. The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants? The New Immigrants of the 1880s came from Southern and Eastern Europe. They came from countries with little history of democratic government, where people had grown accustomed to harsh living conditions. Some Americans feared that the New Immigrants would not assimilate to life in their new land. They began asking if the nation had become a melting pot or a dumping ground. Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers? Immigrants left their native countries because there was no room in Europe. The population of Europe nearly doubled in the century after 1800 due to abundant supplies of fish and grain from America and the widespread cultivation of Europe. America fever caught on in Europe as the United States was portrayed as a land of great opportunities. Persecutions of minorities in Europe sent many fleeing immigrants to the US. Many immigrants never intended to stay in Am for good, and a large number returned home with money. Those immigrants who stayed in the US struggled to preserve their traditional culture. Makers of America: The Italians Know: Birds of Passage, padron 4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America? They attempted to retain their culture by remaking Italy in where they lived. Many intended to leave after making money, but they still rebuilt their old lives there. Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? In return for votes, political bosses would give immigrants jobs and shelter immediately, as well as food. They also provided education, public services, and legal protection. Narrowing the Welcome Mat Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty 6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty? The words implied that all were welcome, especially the poor, yet the rich ended up taking advantage of them and trying to kick them out. This was especially true for immigrants, who were often poor themselves. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA

7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? Religion provided relief for the urban poor, who suffered in the slums. They also provided food, education, services, and other necessities. Darwin Disrupts the Churches Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, 8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches? Published in 1859 by Darwin, On the Origin of Species stated that humans had slowly evolved from lower forms of life. They theory of evolution cast serious doubt on the idea of religion. Conservatives stood firmly in their beliefs of God and religion, while Modernists flatly refused to accept the Bible in its entirety. The Lust for Learning Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua 9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War? During this time period, public education and the idea of tax-supported elementary schools and high schools were gathering strength. Teacher-training schools, called normal schools, experienced great expansion after the Civil War. The New immigration in the 1880s and the 1890s brought new strength to the private Catholic parochial schools, which were fast becoming a major part of the nations education structure. Public schools excluded millions of adults. Crowded cities generally provided better educational facilities than the old one-room rural schoolhouses. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. The South lagged far behind other region sin public education, and African Americans suffered the mist. The leading champion of black education was ex-slave booker T. Washington. He taught in 1881 at the black normal and industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama. His self-help approach to solving the nations racial problems was labeled Accomodationist because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy. Washington avoided the issue of social equality. George Washington Carver taught and researched at Tuskegee Inistutte in 1896. He became an internationally famous agricultural chemist. Black leaders, including Dr. W. E. B. du Bois, attacked Booker T. Washington because Washington condemned the black race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority. Du Bois helped to form the Nat. Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP) in 1910. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act 11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase? Female and black colleges shot up after the civil War. The MOrill Act of 1862, passed after the Southern States had seceded, provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education. The Hatch Act of 1887 extended the Morill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land grant colleges. Millionaires and tycoons donated generously to the educational system. Johns Hopkins U, founded in 1876, maintained the nations first high-grade graduate school. The March of the Mind Know: William James 12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800s. Cut-and-dried, the old classical curriculum in the colleges was on the way out, as the new industrialization brought insistent demands for practical courses and specialized training in the sciences. Due to new scientific gains, public health increased. William James made a large impact in psychology through his numerous writings. In his most famous work, Pragmatism (1907), he colorfully described Americas greatest contribution to the history of philosophy- the truth was to be tested, above all, by the practical consequences of an idea, by action rather than theories. The Appeal of the Press Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? When newspapers were able to be easily made, people like Pulitzer and Hearst attempted to bring in readers with shocking scandals in big bold print, presstituting the business. The cheaper production rates allowed newspapers to be mass=produced, but now they had to be friendly to all, lest someone complains and the newspapers get a lawsuit. Apostles of Reform Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy 14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time? Magazines partially satisfied the public appetite for good reading. Possibly the most influential journal of all was the NY Natino. Started in 1865 by Edwin L. Gdokin, it crusaded militantly for civil-service reform, honesty in gov, and a moderate tariff. Henry

George, another journalistic author, wrote the book Progress and Poverty in 1879, which attempted to solve the association of progress with poverty. Postwar Writing Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson 15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain. As literacy increased, so did book reading. Dime Novels were short books that usually told of wild stories of the West. General Lewis Wallace wrote the novel, Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ, to combat Darwinism. Horation Alger was a Puritan-driven New Englander who wrote more than 100 volumes of juvenile fiction involving NY newsboys in 1866. Literary Landmarks Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser. 16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common? In novel writing, the romantic sentiment of a youthful era was giving way to the crude human comedy and drama of the world. In 1899, feminist Kate Chopin wrote about adultery, suicide, and womens ambitions in The Awakening. Mark Twain was a journalist, humorist, satirist, and opponent of social injustice. He recaptured the limits of realism and humor in the authentic American dialect. Bret Harte was also an author of the West, writing in California of gold-rush stories. William Dean Howells became the editor in chief of the prestigious Boston-based Atlantic Monthly. He wrote about ordinary people and about contemporary, and sometimes controversial, social themes. By 1900, portrayals of modern-day life and social problems were the literary order of the day. The New Morality Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock 17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality? Victoria Woodhull wrote the periodical, Woodhull and Clafins Weekly in 1872, which proclaimed her belief in free love. Anthony Comstock made a life-long war on the immoral. The Comstock Law censored immoral material from the public. Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? Urban life launched the era of divorce. People in the cities were having fewer children because more children would mean more mouths to deed. Women were growin gmroe independent in the urban environment. Feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy. In 1890, the Nat. Am. Woman Suffrage Association was founded. The re-born suffrage movement and other womens organization excluded black women. Ida B. Wells helped to launch the black womens club movement, which led to the establishment of the NACW in 1896. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's? Liquor consumption had increased in the days of the Civil War and had continued to flourish afterwards. The Nat. Prohibition Party was formed in 1860. The Womans Christian Temperance Union was formed in 1874 by militant women. The Anti-Saloon League was sweeping new states into prohibiting alcohol, and in 1919, the Nat. Pro. Amendment (18th) was passed. Artistic Triumphs Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus SaintGaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition 20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?" Music and portrait painting was gaining popularity. The phonograph, invented by Thomas Edison, enabled the reproduction of music by mechanical means. The Business of Amusement Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith 21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900? The circus, arising to American demand for fun, emerged in the 1880s. Baseball was also emerging as the national pastime, and in the 1870s a pro league was formed. The move to spectator sports was exemplified by football. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith.

Chapter #23.2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes 1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislatorspass something that will get me reelected. 2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out. Chapter #23.2 Guided Reading Questions The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South Know: Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson 1. Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513. As Reconstruction had ended in the South, white Dems resumed their political power on the South and began to exercise their discrimination upon blacks. Blacks were forced into sharecropping and tenant farming. Through the croplien system, small farmers who rented out land form the plantation owners were kept in perpetual debt and forced to continue to work for the owners. Eventually, state-level legal codes of segregation known as Jim Crow Laws were enacted. The Southern states also enacted literacy reqs, voterregistration laws, and poll taxes to ensure the denial of voting for the Ss Black population. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Souths Segregation in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896), declaring that separate byt equal facilities for blacks were legal under the 14th amendment. Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act 2. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? Following the panic of 1873 and the resulting depression, railroad workers went on strike after their wages were but by P. Hayes. The strike failed, exposing the weakness of the labor movement. Masses of immigrants came to the US in hopes of finding riches, but many were dismayed when they found none. They either returned home or remained in Am and faced crazy hardships. People of the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic troubles to the hated Chinese workers. To appease the, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, halting Chinese immigration in Am. Garfield and Arthur Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883 3. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act? Because P. Hayes was despised by his own Rep. Party, James A. Garfield was chosen as the P candidate for the 1880 election. His VP was Chester A Arthur, a former stalwart. The Democrats chose Civil war hero Winfield Scott. Garfield won the 1880 election, but was assassinated by Guitaeau at a Washington railroad station. Guitaeau, claiming to be a stalwart, shot the president claiming that the Conklgingites would now get all the good jobs now that Arhtur was P. the death of Garfield shocked Politicians into reforming the Spoils system. The reform was supported by P. Arthur, shocking his critics. The Pendleton Act of 1883 made campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the civil service commisiion to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examination. It was basically made to stop political corruption. The civil service reform forced politicains to gain support and funds from big-business leaders. The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884 Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion 4. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884. The Republicans chose James g. Blaine as their presidential candidate for the election of 1884. The Democrats chose Grover Cleveland. Cleveland was a very honest and admirable man. Cleveland won 1884. Old Grover" Takes Over 5. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would." Questions were raised abouth whter the Dems could be trusted. Cleveland implanted mostly Dems and denied the people support. The Grand Army got vetoed by him on many unfair pensions. Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff 6. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs? There was a surplus from a high tariff, so Cleveland wanted a lower one to give the people cheaper prices. This lower tariff of 1887 really screwed up the nations economy and Cleveland ended up feeling the burn. Benjamin Harrison became the Rep candidate of 1888. After a fight between tariffs, Harrison beat Cleveland, even though Cleveland had the more popular votes.

The Billion Dollar Congress Know: Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 7. Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers. Farmers were forced to buy expensive products and sell their own cheaply.\ The Drumbeat of Discontent Know: Populists 8. What was the most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform? Defend your answer with evidence. The Populist platform favored policies that favored farmers and blacks. At the same time, they faced the losing side of championing too good to be true ideologies too soon. Cleveland and Depression Know: Grover Cleveland, Depression or 1893, William Jennings Bryan, Sherman Silver Purchase Act 9. What could Cleveland have done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil? HE could have limited the rate at which new paper currency was backed up by gold. He could also have reversed the Silver Act Purchase of 1893. Cleveland Breeds a Backlash Know: Wilson Gorman Tariff 10. Is the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the forgettable presidents a fair one? Explain. Yes, as the Republicans caused many of the Democratic presidents to be ousted faster. Also, big bosses had more influence and thus drove the course of the country more than these P.s did. Chapter #26.2 Agricultural Revolution and Populism Big Picture Themes 1. Miners looking for silver and/or gold fled to Colorado and Nevada seeking quick fortune. A few found it, the vast majority didnt. 2. Cattle became king in Texas as cowboys drove herds north to the Kansas railroads and reaped quick money. 3. Farmers struggled out west due to several problems: weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops. 4. The farmers struggles led to the Peoples (or Populist) Party. This party sought cheap money (or silver m oney) in order to create inflation and thus make it easier to pay off debts. Chapter #26:2 Identifications Joseph F. Glidden 1874 invented a superior type of barbed wire and in 1883 the co. was producing 600 miles of the product each day; the barbed wire was used against trespassing cattle. James B. Weaver He was a general during the Civil War. He was chosen as the presidential candidate of the Populist party. He was a Granger with an apt for public speaking. He only ended up getting 3% of the popular votes which was a big number for a third party candidate. Oliver H. Kelly An energetic Mason from Minnesota. Kelly was the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandrys leading spirit. The Granges primary objectives were to stimulate the minds of the farm people by social, educational, and fraternal activities. The Grange was organized in 1867. Kelly had picnics, musical events, and lectures trying to appeal to enough of the farm people to reach his goals of self-improvement. Mary Elizabeth Lease Mary Lease became well known during the arly 1890s for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation. Comstock Lode In 1859, a great amount of gold and silver was discovered in the Nevada. The fifty-niners rushed to Nevada in their own hopes of getting rich, which caused Nevada to become a state. It provided 3 electoral votes for Pres. Lincoln.

Long Drive The Long Drives took place in the 1880s in the Western plain states- Cattle ranchers needed a way to easily transport their cattle to eastern cities- Cowboys would round up a lot of cattle and drive them to areas near railroad stations - Most of these drives went from Southern Texas up to Kansas. Homestead Act this law, passed in 1862, stated that a settler could acquire up to 160 acres of land and be paid a minimal fee of $30.00 just for living on it for five years and settling it. A settler could acquire it for only 6 months and pay $1.25 an acre. This was important because previous land was being sold for profit and now it was basically being given away. About a half a million families took advantage of this offer. Unfortunately it was often too good to be true and the land was ravaged by drought and hard to cultivate. Patrons of Husbandry The Patrons of Husbandry was a group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as the Grange. It was a group with colorful appeal and many passwords for secrecy. The Grange was a group of farers that worked for improvement for the farmers. Granger Laws During the late 1800s an organization of farmers, called the Grange, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charge by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation. These laws that were passed, but eventually reversed, are referred to as the Granger Laws. Farmers' Alliance This was the first national organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist Party. The Farmers Alliance sponsored social gatherings, were active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroads and manufacturers. Populists A political group which began to emerge in 1891. They gained much support from farmers who turned to them to fight political unfairness. They used a progressive platform. James b. Waver ran as their presidential candidate in 1892. They had an impressive voter turnout. They were also known as the Peoples party. Jacob S. Coxey HE was the leader of Coxeys army, a group of unemployed wo rkers who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for gov. relief. The gov. arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington. Williams Jennings Bryan The 3-time candidate for president of the Democratic Party. Nominated because of support from the Populist party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in Am. History. He later served Woodrow Wilson as Secretary of the State from 1913-1915. Bimetallism Use of two metals, gold and silver, for currency as America did with the Bland-Allison Act and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Ended in 1900 with the enactment of the Gold Standard Act. Free Silver This was a call for the inflation of free silver coinage by desperate, destitute farmers. This move would have increased the prices for farm products and reduce the farmers debt. Depression of 1893 Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Led to the Pullman Strike.

Cross of Gold Speech this was a speech made by Wiliams Jenning Bryan, who was against a gold standard and led the Democratic Gold bugs. Chapter #26.2 Guided Reading Questions The Farm Becomes a Factory Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine 1. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry." High Prices prompted farmers to concentrate on growing single cash crops, such as wheat or corn, and use their profits to buy produce at the general store and manufactured goods in town. The speed of harvesting wheat dramatically increased in the 1870s by the invention of the twine binder and then in the 1880s by the combine. The mechanization of farms brought about the idea that farms were outdoor grain factories. Deflation Dooms the Debtor Know: Deflation 2. What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century? The farmers of the West became attached to the one-crop economy wheat or corn- and were in the same lot as the southern cotton farmers. The price of their product was determined in an unprotected world market by the world output. In 1870, the lack of currency in circulation forced the price of crops to go down. Thousands of farms had mortgages, with the mortgage rates rising ever higher. Unhappy Farmers 3. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers? The soil was getting horrible, there were droughts forcing farmers to stop and sell their goods for cheap, especially because of the world market with its world outputs. Meanwhile, they had to buy expensive goods from a tariff-market in their own home turf. Corporations controlled all of them, until much later in the 20th century. The Farmers Take Their Stand Know: The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver 4. How did the Grange attempt to help farmers? They tried to help farmers by trying to get them to socialize and band together to protest the unfariness against them. They also entered politics to make Granger Laws, which benefited the general public. Prelude to Populism Know: The Farmers Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease 5. What steps did the Farmers Alliance believe would help farmers? They called for the nationalization of railroads, telephones, and the telegraph; instituting a graduated income tax; and creating a new federal sub-treasury; free silver. Coxeys Army and the Pullman Strike Know: Coxeys Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company 6. Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike? The Panic of 1893 strengthened the Populists Stance that farmers and laborers were being mistreated by an oppressed econ. And pol. System. Gneral Jacob S. Coxey set out for Washington in 1894 with a demand that the government relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program. Eugene V. Debs helped to organize the AM. Railway Union. The Pullman strike of 1894 was started when the Pullman Palace Car Co. cut wages. Debs was imprisoned for not ceasing the strike. Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan Know: Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech 7 Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain. The Republican candidate for the election of 1896 was William McKinley. Marcus Alonzo Hanna led the Rep. P. campaign. Hanna felt that the prime function of gov. was to aid business. The Rep. platform supported the gold standard. The Dem. Candidate was Williams Jennings Bryan. The platform demanded inflation through the unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 ounces of silver to 1o ounce of gold; meaning that the silver in a dollar would be worth about 50 cents. Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders Know: Fourth Party System 8. The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincolns victories in 1860 and 1864. Explain. Voters changed, and instead of money, focused on internal stability. The Eastern voters went mostly for McKinley, since they needed their jobs, not inflation. Thus the era of the Frouth party system was born.

Republican Standpattism Enthroned Know: Dingley Tariff Bill 9. Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president? The Dingley Tariff Bill, passed in 1897, proposed a new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits. The panic of 1893 had passed and rep. politicians claimed cred for bringing prosperity to the nation. The Gold Standard Act of 1900 provided that paper currency be redeemed freely in gold. Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really Won? Know: Frederick Jackson Turner 10. Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain That the American character was most formed in the wilderness, since there was so much development there.