317

COPs OF R718 IN COMPARISION WITH OTHER MODERN REFRIGERANTS

A.Kilicarslan
1
and N. Mller
2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Corum Engineering Faculty, Gazi University, 19030 Corum, Turkey,
kilicarslan@gazi.edu.tr
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2455 Engineering Building, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, USA,
mueller@egr.msu.edu
ABSTRACT
Water as a refrigerant (R718) is compared with
other modern refrigerants (R717, R290 R134a,
R12, R22, and R152a) regarding refrigeration
capacity and COP (coefficient of performance).
A computer program simulating a theoretical
vapor compression refrigeration cycle was
developed to calculate COPs, compression
ratios, and discharge temperatures of the
refrigerants from the compressor. The effects of
temperature lift, which is the temperature
difference between condenser and evaporator,
and polytropic efficiency are also investigated. It
is shown that for evaporator temperatures above
20C and small temperature lifts (5K), R718 gives
the highest COP, assuming exactly the same
cycle parameters. For medium temperature lifts
(2025K), this evaporator temperature is above
35C, whereas for even greater temperature lifts
it decreases again. Furthermore this evaporator
temperature at which R718 gives a greater COP
than the other refrigerants decreases with
increasing values of polytropic efficiency
INTRODUCTION
Water as a refrigerant is one of the oldest
refrigerants being used for refrigeration
applications down to freezing because of its easy
availability and excellent thermodynamics and
chemical properties. Beside these advantages,
there are technical challenges that result from its
high specific volume at low temperatures,
necessary high pressure ratios across the
compressor, and resulting high compressor outlet
temperature. These challenges have been
overcome by designing and manufacturing
special compressors for water vapor
compression applications.
Water vapor compression applications have
been classified according to the compressor type
used in the refrigeration cycle, which include
single and multistage centrifugal, multistage
axial, Roots, liquid ring, cycloid, and jet/ejector
compressors Wight et al. [1]. Most of the studies
in the literature have been based on the
applications in which centrifugal compressors
have been used Madsboll et al.[2]; Elovic and
Holmes [3]; Madsboll and Minds [4]; Albring [5];
Albring and Heinrich [6]; Koren and Ophir [7];
Albring and Heinrich [8]; Mller [9]. Madsboll et
al.[2] have presented the applications based on
the production of vacuum ice and water chiller
where the swept volume is very large (50 m
3
/s -
360 m
3
/s) in which centrifugal compressors are
used to meet the requirements. A centrifugal
compressor having very large volume flow rate
and high pressure ratios with very thin and light
radial blades has been designed and developed
to produce ice slurries Elovic and Holmes [3].
Madsboll and Minds [4] have designed a new
cooling system in which a centrifugal compressor
is used to compress water vapor addressing
environmental concerns, especially the
Greenhouse effect. They also have described
the results of computer simulation comparing
water with other refrigerants. Centrifugal
compressors having a suction volume 0.5 m
3
/s
and 5 m
3
/s have been used in a refrigeration
system that was designed for demonstration and
experimental purposes Albring [5]. Centrifugal
compressors have also been studied in a two-
stage heat pump application and were also
classified with respect to the pressure ratio
across the compressor Albring and Heinrich [6]
Koren and Ophir [7] have given information about
the application of water vapor technology for
commercial applications such as ice machines
and chillers in which centrifugal compressors
have been used to compress the water vapor.
Design specifications for the centrifugal
compressors that are employed in water chiller
application have been presented Albring and
Heinrich [8] A design algorithm for an advanced
centrifugal compressor has also been created by
Mller [9].
There have been a few studies about axial
compressors and their applications Paul [10-11].
Claiming advantages over centrifugal
compressors like smaller size, insensitivity to
liquid droplet erosion and the possibility of
building several stages on a single shaft, axial
compressors have been projected for vapor
compression refrigeration applications ranging
from 150 kW to 3000 kW Paul [10]. An example
study of applying a six-stage axial compressor
has been presented by Paul [11].
CMES
1
-04
Proceedings of the First Cappadocia International Mechanical Engineering
Symposium
14-16 July 2004, Cappadocia, Turkey
Code: AKI
318
Roots and liquid ring compressors have not
been widely used in water-vapor compressor
applications. Some advantages including smaller
size, easy construction, low noise level, and
reasonable price, etc. have been reported for ring
compressors by Hackensellner and Jurisch [12].
Stene [13] has given information about special
projects related to Roots and liquid ring
compressors.
There have been several studies in the
literature including the theory and
experimentation involving cycloid compressors
and jet ejectors Madsboll et al. [2]; Grazzini and
Albero [14]; Sheer and Mitchley [15]; Nyvad and
Elefsen [16]; Huang [17].
Furthermore, there have been some studies in
which water as a refrigerant has been compared
with other refrigerants in some aspects including
COP, refrigeration capacity, compression ratio,
and compressor outlet temperature. By means of
a computer program, which has been developed
to determine the thermodynamic properties of
some working fluids used in vapor compression
refrigeration cycle, water has been compared
with other refrigerants de Rossi and Mastrullo
[18]. The study also has shown that water and
ammonia are the best choices regarding the
latent enthalpy. Orshoven et al. [19] have
compared water as a refrigerant with other
refrigerants including R12, R22, R502, and R717
in respect to COP by using several commercial
programs. They have used a simple refrigeration
cycle model consisting of assumptions of no
pressure drop through the cycle, no subcooling
between the condenser outlet and expansion
valve, and no superheating between evaporator
outlet and compressor inlet. Madsboll and
Elefsen [20] have compared cooling plants using
water as a refrigerant with traditional NH
3
cooling
plants by means of a dynamic computer model
that they developed. They also mentioned that
energy saving in the cooling plant with water as
refrigerant is 50% more as it is compared with
traditional NH
3
cooling plants. By using a
numerical simulation model, Chen [21] has
analyzed a thermal storage system of an air-
conditioning system with water as a refrigerant
and also compared the COPs of R718 (water)
and R22 under different evaporator and
condenser temperatures.
The objective of the present study is to
compare water as a refrigerant (R718) with the
refrigerants R717 (ammonia), R12, R22, R134a,
R152a, and R290 (propane). The comparison is
based on coefficient of performance (COP)
obtained by the refrigerant in the refrigeration
cycle, and various cycle parameters: specific
volume, pressure ratio, and discharge
temperature. The effects of temperature lift and
polytropic efficiency on the COPs are also
investigated. For this study, a computer code was
developed to calculate COPs, pressure ratios,
compressor outlet temperatures of the
refrigerants, and evaporator temperatures above
which water as a refrigerant has a higher COP
than the other refrigerants. A commonly
available refrigerant library was used to calculate
the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants.
THERMODYNAMIC MODEL
The model used to compare water as a
refrigerant with R717, R290, R134a, R12, R22,
and R152a is based on a theoretical vapor
compression refrigeration cycle consisting of
compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion
valve, and evaporator. This refrigeration cycle is
shown in Fig.1.
In this theoretical vapor compression cycle, the
refrigerant enters the compressor at state 1 at
low pressure, low temperature, and saturated
vapor state. From state 1 to 2, the refrigerant is
compressed by the compressor and is
discharged at state 2 at high pressure, high
temperature, and superheated vapor condition.
At state 2, it enters the condenser where it rejects
heat to the environment.
Fig.1. Schematic of one stage vapor compression
refrigeration system
It leaves the condenser at state 3 at high
pressure and saturated liquid state. From state
3, the refrigerant enters the expansion valve
where its pressure is reduced in a throttling
process from high pressure (condenser pressure)
to low pressure (evaporator pressure). After this
it is at state 4 and enters the evaporator where it
absorbs heat from the refrigerated space; and it
leaves the evaporator at low pressure, low
temperature, and saturated vapor state. In the
theoretical cycle, it is also assumed that there is
no superheating in the suction line, no subcooling
in the liquid line and no pressure drop throughout
the cycle.
Figure 2 shows a pressure-enthalpy diagram
with the above described states for the theoretic
simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
Evaporator
Condenser
Comp.
1
2 3
4
Suction line
Discharge line Liquid line
TEV
w
com
q
r
q
c
Evaporator
Condenser
Comp.
1
2 3
4
Suction line
Discharge line Liquid line
TEV
w
com
q
r
q
c
319
Fig.2. P-h diagram of a simple vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle
Also, it is assumed that steady-state and
uniform- flow conditions exist in all elements of
this simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle
and changes in kinetic, potential energies, and
heat loss from the compressor are neglected.
Therefore, specific work of compression w
comp
for
the compressor can be written as
1 2
h h w
comp
= (1)
where h
1
and h
2
are the enthalpies of refrigerant
at compressor inlet and exit, respectively. The
refrigerants are simulated as ideal gases during
compression process. Hence the specific work of
compression can also be expressed by
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
1
1
1
K
K
e
c
is
p
comp
P
P
T c
w

(2)
where P
c
, P
e
, T
1
are condenser pressure,
evaporator pressure, and the temperature at
compressor inlet, respectively; while
is
is the
isentropic efficiency of the compressor, c
p
, and K
are constant pressure specific heat and specific
heat ratio of the refrigerant. Isentropic efficiency
of the compressor can be expressed in terms of
polytropic efficiency
p
, pressure ratio and
specific heat ratio
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

1
1
1
p
K
K
e
c
K
K
e
c
is
P
P
P
P

(3)
During the throttling process in the expansion
valve, it is assumed that there is no heat transfer
to the environment, which results in
4 3
h h = (4)
The refrigeration capacity of the cycle can be
calculated from the rate of enthalpy change in the
Evaporator
( )
4 1
h h q
r
= (5)
where q
r
is the specific refrigeration load of the
refrigeration cycle. The coefficient of
performance (COP) of the refrigeration cycle is
then calculated by
comp
r
w
q
COP = (6)
Based on the above model, a computer
program was developed calculating COPs for all
refrigerants and their absolute differences to
those COPs obtained for R134a. Further
compressor outlet temperature, pressure ratio,
and the temperatures at which water as a
refrigerant (R718) gives a better COP than other
refrigerants. The computer code uses a
commonly available data bank for various
refrigerant properties: P, T, h, and s.
For the investigations, three parameters were
primarily varied or held constant. These are the
evaporator temperature T
e
; temperature lift TD,
which is the temperature difference between
condenser and evaporator; and the polytropic
efficiency of the compressor
p
.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
With the computer code the evaporator
temperature was increased from 0C to 45C
while the temperature lift and polytrophic
efficiency were held constant. Absolute COP
values (and their absolute differences to the
COPs of R134a) of the refrigerants were
determined as a function of evaporator
temperature. This has been performed with
different temperature lifts between 5K and 30K
and polytropic efficiencies between 0.5 and 0.9.
Figure 3 shows the variation of COP
abs
(the
absolute difference between the COP of the
refrigerant and the COP of the reference
refrigerant R134a) versus evaporator
temperature for different TD values and constant
polytropic efficiency. While the COP of R134a
(COP
R134a
) is given by the right ordinate, the
absolute COPs for the other refrigerants can be
calculated by adding COP
abs
from the left ordinate
to COP
R134a
.
P
c
P
e
T
c
T
e
T=cons.
s=cons.
P
h
320
TD=5K, n
p
=0.9
-1.5
-0.56
0.38
1.32
2.26
3.2
0 10 20 30 40 50
Te (C)
C
O
P
a
b
s
47
48.2
49.4
50.6
51.8
53
C
O
P
1
3
4
a
R12 R22
R290 R152a
R717 R718
R134a
a)
TD=10K, n
p
=0.9
-0.85
-0.32
0.21
0.74
1.27
1.8
0 10 20 30 40 50
Te (C)
C
O
P
a
b
s
23
23.48
23.96
24.44
24.92
25.4
C
O
P
1
3
4
a
R12 R22
R290 R152a
R717 R718
R134a
b)
TD=30K, n
p
=0.9
-0.45
-0.1
0.25
0.6
0.95
1.3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Te (C)
C
O
P
a
b
s
6.9
6.96
7.02
7.08
7.14
7.2
C
O
P
1
3
4
a
R12 R22 R290
R152a R717 R718
R134a
c)
Fig.3.COP
abs
as a function of evaporator
temperature for different TD values a)
TD=5K,
b) TD=10K, c) TD=30K
For the shown temperature range, with
increasing evaporator temperature, the COP
abs
of
the refrigerants increases except those of R22
and R290. As shown in Fig. 3c, for a high
TD=30K, the COP of 134a also decreases at
evaporator temperature above 23C.
Furthermore, R718 shows the steepest increase
in COP
abs
for all TD ranges in Fig. 3, which
shows the potential for higher economic benefits
than with other refrigerants if the evaporator
temperature can be raised. As TD values
decrease, the temperature range at which R718
shows the best COP spreads out to low
temperatures. The evaporator temperatures
above which COP
abs
of R718 is higher than that
of the other refrigerants are
34C for TD=30K, 30C for TD=10K, and 20C for
TD=5K. Below these evaporator temperatures,
R717 produces a better COP. However, despite
the fact that ammonia does not deplete the ozone
layer (ODP=0) and does not directly contribute to
the greenhouse effect, it still has a sharp, rank
smell, is toxic, and is explosive in certain
mixtures with air. Water (R718) is free of these
serious disadvantages. For certain operating
conditions at the lower evaporator temperatures,
R718 still has advantageous over some of the
refrigerants. For example, above 9C and for
TD=5K, COP values of R718 are better than
R12, R22, R290, and R134a.
As TD increases, the pressure ratio increases
and, in turn, the compressor power.
Simultaneously, with increasing pressure ratio
the refrigeration effect decreases. These actions
together result in a reduced coefficient of
performance for all refrigerants as can be seen
by comparing the plots in Fig. 3.
The variation of COP
abs
values with respect to
the evaporator temperature for three different
polytropic efficiencies and constant TD=20K is
shown in Fig. 4. Isentropic efficiency is mainly a
function of pressure ratio and polytropic
efficiency. Isentropic efficiency can be
determined as a function of the compressor outlet
temperature as the pressure ratio is held
constant at constant evaporator temperature. As
polytropic efficiency increases at constant
evaporator temperature, compressor power and
compressor outlet temperature decreases. The
COP of the cycle increases. Comparing the plots
in Fig. 4 for constant TD, at a constant
evaporator temperature value, in other words, for
constant evaporator and condenser
TD=20K, n
p
=0.5
-0.9
-0.64
-0.38
-0.12
0.14
0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50
Te (C)
C
O
P
a
b
s
5.76
5.84
5.92
6
6.08
6.16
C
O
P
1
3
4
a
R12 R22
R290 R152a
R717 R718
R134a
a)
321
TD=20K, n
p
=0.7
-0.8
-0.46
-0.12
0.22
0.56
0.9
0 10 20 30 40 50
Te (C)
C
O
P
a
b
s
8.32
8.448
8.576
8.704
8.832
8.96
C
O
P
1
3
4
a
R12 R22
R290 R152a
R717 R718
R134a
b)
TD=20K, n
p
=0.9
-0.9
-0.46
-0.02
0.42
0.86
1.3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Te (C)
C
O
P
a
b
s
11
11.16
11.32
11.48
11.64
11.8
C
O
P
1
3
4
a
R12 R22
R290 R152a
R717 R718
R134a
c)
Fig.4. COP
abs
as a function of evaporator
temperature for different
p
values a)

p
=0.5, b)
p
=o.7, c)
p
=0.9
temperature (no change in refrigeration capacity),
COP of all the refrigerants increases as
polytropic efficiency n
p
increases. R718 still
shows the steepest increase in COP values
between any two successive polytropic
efficiencies (0.5-0.7 or 0.7-0.9) as it is compared
with other refrigerant. This shows that for R718
that requires high pressure ratio, the
development of high quality compressors with
high
p
pays off the most. As n
p
increases, the
temperature range at which R718 has
advantages over the other refrigerants increases.
For a TD=20K, the evaporator temperatures,
above which the calculated COP
abs
of R718 is
higher than those of the other refrigerants, are
45C for n
p
=0.5, 39C for n
p
=0.7, and 33C for n
p
=0.9, knowing that such a temperature lift is a
least favorable for R718 as shown further below.
The increase of refrigerant temperature at the
compressor outlet (discharge temperature T
2
)
with increasing evaporator temperature is shown
in Fig. 5 for a temperature lift TD=20K and a
polytropic efficiency n
p
=0.9.
TD=20K, n
p
=0.9
22
35.6
49.2
62.8
76.4
90
0 10 20 30 40 50
Te (C)
T
2
(
C
)
80
92.4
104.8
117.2
129.6
142
T
2
R
7
1
8
(
C
)
R12 R22
R134a R290
R152a R717
R718
Fig.5. Discharge temperature versus evaporator
temperature
The compressor-outlet temperature of water
(R718) is given from the right ordinate in Fig. 5.
R134a gives the lowest compressor-outlet
temperature, while R718 gives the highest. The
temperatures of R134a, R290, and R12 are very
close to each other. The high compressor-outlet
temperature of water is mainly due to the high
pressure ratios, which require high compressor
work. This disadvantage can be reduced by
designing special compressors and applying
suitable cooling methods like intercooling for
multistage compressors. As mentioned above,
this has been realized with centrifugal
compressors for water vapor compression
applications.
TD=20K, n
p
=0.9
1.5
1.62
1.74
1.86
1.98
2.1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Te (C)
P
R
1.6
2.052
2.504
2.956
3.408
3.86
P
R
R
7
1
8
R12 R22
R134a R290
R152a R717
R718
Fig.6. Pressure ratio as a function of evaporator
temperature
Figure 6 shows the cycle pressure-ratio
versus evaporator temperature for a temperature
lift TD=20K and polytrophic efficiency n
p
=0.9 .
The high pressure ratio for R718 is shown on the
right ordinate. When the evaporator temperature
increases, the evaporator pressure increases, as
does the condenser pressure too, because of
322
constant temperature lift. But the ratio of the
increase in evaporator pressure to that of
increase in condenser pressure is always greater
than 1. Therefore, the ratio of condenser
pressure to the evaporator pressure decreases
with increasing evaporator temperature. R290
has the lowest pressure ratio, while R718 has the
highest pressure ratio. R22 and R12 as well as
R134a and R152 respectively show almost the
same pressure ratios in the lower mid range in
Fig. 6.
Table 1 summarizes the evaporator
temperatures above which the theoretical cycle
calculation gives a higher COP for R718 than for
the other considered refrigerants for a polytropic
efficiency n
p
=0.9 and temperature lifts
TD=540K.
Table 1. Evaporator temperatures above which R718
gives a better COP than R290, R22, R134a,
R12, R152a, R717. TD=540K.and.
n
p
=0.9.
Evaporator Temperature (C)
R718
TD R290 R22 R134a R12 R152a R717
5K 0 3 6 7 12 20
10K 7 10 14 16 23 29
15K 10 14 16 20 26 33
20K 11 15 16 21 26 35
25K 11 15 15 20 26 35
30K 10 14 14 19 25 34
35K 8 13 11 17 23 33
40K 6 11 9 15 21 32
CONCLUSIONS
Water as a refrigerant (R718) is compared with
current refrigerants including R717, R290,
R134a, R12, R22, and R152a by using a created
computer code for calculations of a simple vapor
compression refrigeration cycle
The computed results show that the use of
water as a refrigerant can result in a higher
coefficient of power (COP) than if the other
refrigerants are used. From the presented
results, it can be concluded that for evaporator
temperatures above 35C the highest COP can
always be obtained with R718. The COP is then
even greater than if R717 (ammonia) were used.
Also, at lower evaporator temperatures the
use of water can result in a higher COP than if
other refrigerants were used. This is especially
true if the temperature lift (temperature difference
between condenser and evaporator) is either
relatively small (
<
~
<
~
10K) or if it is relatively high
(
>
~
>
~
30K). The temperature range at which R718
gives a better COP than other refrigerants
increases with increasing values of polytropic
compressor efficiency. This encourages very
much the further development of high quality
compressors for R718.
The disadvantages of water as a refrigerant
are its high specific volume, the required high
pressure ratio, and the resulting high compressor
outlet temperature. It has been demonstrated
that these technical challenges can be overcome
with specifically developed compressors,
especially multi-stage turbo compressors with
intercoolers between stages. While in todays
world a high COP is a key target, it is not the only
value that decides the choice of the refrigerant.
Environmental parameters like ozone depletion
potential (ODP) and global warming potential
(GWP) become more and more restrictive.
Further price and safety properties of refrigerants
are also heavily taken into consideration. In all
these aspects, water is the superior refrigerant.
NOMENCLATURE
COP coefficient of performance
c
p
constant pressure specific heat
(kJ/kgK)
h
1
specific enthalpy of refrigerant at the
compressor outlet (kJ/kg)
h
2
specific enthalpy of refrigerant at the
compressor outlet valve (kJ/kg)
h
3
specific enthalpy of refrigerant at the
condenser outlet (kJ/kg)
h
4
specific enthalpy of refrigerant at the
evaporator inlet (kJ/kg)
K ratio of constant specific heats

is
isentropic efficiency of the compressor

p
polytropic efficiency of the compressor
q
c
condenser capacity (kJ/kg)
q
r
refrigeration capacity (kJ/kg)
P pressure (kPa)
PR pressure ratio
s specific entropy (kJ/kgK)
R ideal gas constant (kJ/kgK)
T temperature (C)
T
2
compressor outlet temperature (C)
TD temp. lift (Temperature difference
between condenser and evaporator)(K)
w specific work (kJ/kg)
Subscripts
c condenser
comp compressor
e evaporator
323
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