1

CMES -04
Proceedings of the First Cappadocia International Mechanical Engineering
Symposium
14-16 July 2004, Cappadocia, Turkey
Code: AKI

COPs OF R718 IN COMPARISION WITH OTHER MODERN REFRIGERANTS

A.Kilicarslan1 and N. Müller2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Corum Engineering Faculty, Gazi University, 19030 Corum, Turkey,
kilicarslan@gazi.edu.tr
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2455 Engineering Building, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, USA,
mueller@egr.msu.edu

have been used Madsboll et al.[2]; Elovic and

Holmes [3]; Madsboll and Minds [4]; Albring [5];
ABSTRACT Albring and Heinrich [6]; Koren and Ophir [7];
Water as a refrigerant (R718) is compared with Albring and Heinrich [8]; Müller [9]. Madsboll et
other modern refrigerants (R717, R290 R134a, al.[2] have presented the applications based on
R12, R22, and R152a) regarding refrigeration the production of vacuum ice and water chiller
capacity and COP (coefficient of performance). where the swept volume is very large (50 m3/s -
A computer program simulating a theoretical 360 m3/s) in which centrifugal compressors are
vapor compression refrigeration cycle was used to meet the requirements. A centrifugal
developed to calculate COPs, compression compressor having very large volume flow rate
ratios, and discharge temperatures of the and high pressure ratios with very thin and light
refrigerants from the compressor. The effects of radial blades has been designed and developed
temperature lift, which is the temperature to produce ice slurries Elovic and Holmes [3].
difference between condenser and evaporator, Madsboll and Minds [4] have designed a new
and polytropic efficiency are also investigated. It cooling system in which a centrifugal compressor
is shown that for evaporator temperatures above is used to compress water vapor addressing
20˚C and small temperature lifts (5K), R718 gives environmental concerns, especially the
the highest COP, assuming exactly the same Greenhouse effect. They also have described
cycle parameters. For medium temperature lifts the results of computer simulation comparing
(20…25K), this evaporator temperature is above water with other refrigerants. Centrifugal
35˚C, whereas for even greater temperature lifts compressors having a suction volume 0.5 m3/s
it decreases again. Furthermore this evaporator and 5 m3/s have been used in a refrigeration
temperature at which R718 gives a greater COP system that was designed for demonstration and
than the other refrigerants decreases with experimental purposes Albring [5]. Centrifugal
increasing values of polytropic efficiency compressors have also been studied in a two-
stage heat pump application and were also
INTRODUCTION classified with respect to the pressure ratio
Water as a refrigerant is one of the oldest across the compressor Albring and Heinrich [6]
refrigerants being used for refrigeration Koren and Ophir [7] have given information about
applications down to freezing because of its easy the application of water vapor technology for
availability and excellent thermodynamics and commercial applications such as ice machines
chemical properties. Beside these advantages, and chillers in which centrifugal compressors
there are technical challenges that result from its have been used to compress the water vapor.
high specific volume at low temperatures, Design specifications for the centrifugal
necessary high pressure ratios across the compressors that are employed in water chiller
compressor, and resulting high compressor outlet application have been presented Albring and
temperature. These challenges have been Heinrich [8] A design algorithm for an advanced
overcome by designing and manufacturing centrifugal compressor has also been created by
special compressors for water vapor Müller [9].
compression applications. There have been a few studies about axial
Water vapor compression applications have compressors and their applications Paul [10-11].
been classified according to the compressor type Claiming advantages over centrifugal
used in the refrigeration cycle, which include compressors like smaller size, insensitivity to
single and multistage centrifugal, multistage liquid droplet erosion and the possibility of
axial, Roots, liquid ring, cycloid, and jet/ejector building several stages on a single shaft, axial
compressors Wight et al. [1]. Most of the studies compressors have been projected for vapor
in the literature have been based on the compression refrigeration applications ranging
applications in which centrifugal compressors from 150 kW to 3000 kW Paul [10]. An example
study of applying a six-stage axial compressor
has been presented by Paul [11].

317
 Roots and liquid ring compressors have not investigated. For this study, a computer code was
been widely used in water-vapor compressor developed to calculate COPs, pressure ratios,
applications. Some advantages including smaller compressor outlet temperatures of the
size, easy construction, low noise level, and refrigerants, and evaporator temperatures above
reasonable price, etc. have been reported for ring which water as a refrigerant has a higher COP
compressors by Hackensellner and Jurisch [12]. than the other refrigerants. A commonly
Stene [13] has given information about special available refrigerant library was used to calculate
projects related to Roots and liquid ring the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants.
compressors.
There have been several studies in the THERMODYNAMIC MODEL
literature including the theory and The model used to compare water as a
experimentation involving cycloid compressors refrigerant with R717, R290, R134a, R12, R22,
and jet ejectors Madsboll et al. [2]; Grazzini and and R152a is based on a theoretical vapor
Albero [14]; Sheer and Mitchley [15]; Nyvad and compression refrigeration cycle consisting of
Elefsen [16]; Huang [17]. compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion
Furthermore, there have been some studies in valve, and evaporator. This refrigeration cycle is
which water as a refrigerant has been compared shown in Fig.1.
with other refrigerants in some aspects including In this theoretical vapor compression cycle, the
COP, refrigeration capacity, compression ratio, refrigerant enters the compressor at state 1 at
and compressor outlet temperature. By means of low pressure, low temperature, and saturated
a computer program, which has been developed vapor state. From state 1 to 2, the refrigerant is
to determine the thermodynamic properties of compressed by the compressor and is
some working fluids used in vapor compression discharged at state 2 at high pressure, high
refrigeration cycle, water has been compared temperature, and superheated vapor condition.
with other refrigerants de’ Rossi and Mastrullo At state 2, it enters the condenser where it rejects
[18]. The study also has shown that water and heat to the environment.
ammonia are the best choices regarding the
latent enthalpy. Orshoven et al. [19] have
compared water as a refrigerant with other
Suction line
refrigerants including R12, R22, R502, and R717 Evaporator
in respect to COP by using several commercial 4 1
programs. They have used a simple refrigeration
TEV qr Comp. w com
cycle model consisting of assumptions of no
pressure drop through the cycle, no subcooling
between the condenser outlet and expansion 3 2

valve, and no superheating between evaporator Liquid line Condenser Discharge line
outlet and compressor inlet. Madsboll and
Elefsen [20] have compared cooling plants using qc
water as a refrigerant with traditional NH3 cooling
plants by means of a dynamic computer model Fig.1. Schematic of one stage vapor compression
that they developed. They also mentioned that refrigeration system
energy saving in the cooling plant with water as
refrigerant is 50% more as it is compared with It leaves the condenser at state 3 at high
traditional NH3 cooling plants. By using a pressure and saturated liquid state. From state
numerical simulation model, Chen [21] has 3, the refrigerant enters the expansion valve
analyzed a thermal storage system of an air- where its pressure is reduced in a throttling
conditioning system with water as a refrigerant process from high pressure (condenser pressure)
and also compared the COPs of R718 (water) to low pressure (evaporator pressure). After this
and R22 under different evaporator and it is at state 4 and enters the evaporator where it
condenser temperatures. absorbs heat from the refrigerated space; and it
The objective of the present study is to leaves the evaporator at low pressure, low
compare water as a refrigerant (R718) with the temperature, and saturated vapor state. In the
refrigerants R717 (ammonia), R12, R22, R134a, theoretical cycle, it is also assumed that there is
R152a, and R290 (propane). The comparison is no superheating in the suction line, no subcooling
based on coefficient of performance (COP) in the liquid line and no pressure drop throughout
obtained by the refrigerant in the refrigeration the cycle.
cycle, and various cycle parameters: specific Figure 2 shows a pressure-enthalpy diagram
volume, pressure ratio, and discharge with the above described states for the theoretic
temperature. The effects of temperature lift and simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
polytropic efficiency on the COPs are also

318
 During the throttling process in the expansion
P T=cons. valve, it is assumed that there is no heat transfer
to the environment, which results in
s=cons. h3 = h4 (4)
Pc Tc
The refrigeration capacity of the cycle can be
calculated from the rate of enthalpy change in the
Evaporator
Te
Pe
q r = (h1 − h4 ) (5)

h where qr is the specific refrigeration load of the

refrigeration cycle. The coefficient of
performance (COP) of the refrigeration cycle is
Fig.2. P-h diagram of a simple vapor- then calculated by
compression refrigeration cycle
Also, it is assumed that steady-state and qr
COP = (6)
uniform- flow conditions exist in all elements of wcomp
this simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle
and changes in kinetic, potential energies, and
Based on the above model, a computer
heat loss from the compressor are neglected.
program was developed calculating COPs for all
Therefore, specific work of compression wcomp for
refrigerants and their absolute differences to
the compressor can be written as
those COPs obtained for R134a. Further
compressor outlet temperature, pressure ratio,
wcomp = h2 − h1 (1) and the temperatures at which water as a
refrigerant (R718) gives a better COP than other
where h1 and h2 are the enthalpies of refrigerant refrigerants. The computer code uses a
at compressor inlet and exit, respectively. The commonly available data bank for various
refrigerants are simulated as ideal gases during refrigerant properties: P, T, h, and s.
compression process. Hence the specific work of For the investigations, three parameters were
compression can also be expressed by primarily varied or held constant. These are the
evaporator temperature Te; temperature lift TD,
which is the temperature difference between
  K −1 
  
c p T1  Pc  condenser and evaporator; and the polytropic
− 1
K 
wcomp =   (2) efficiency of the compressor ηp.
η is  Pe 

 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
With the computer code the evaporator
where Pc, Pe, T1 are condenser pressure, temperature was increased from 0˚C to 45˚C
evaporator pressure, and the temperature at while the temperature lift and polytrophic
compressor inlet, respectively; while η is is the efficiency were held constant. Absolute COP
isentropic efficiency of the compressor, cp, and K values (and their absolute differences to the
are constant pressure specific heat and specific COPs of R134a) of the refrigerants were
heat ratio of the refrigerant. Isentropic efficiency determined as a function of evaporator
of the compressor can be expressed in terms of temperature. This has been performed with
different temperature lifts between 5K and 30K
polytropic efficiency η p , pressure ratio and and polytropic efficiencies between 0.5 and 0.9.
specific heat ratio Figure 3 shows the variation of COPabs (the
absolute difference between the COP of the
K −1 refrigerant and the COP of the reference
 Pc  K refrigerant R134a) versus evaporator
  temperature for different TD values and constant
η is =  Pe  (3) polytropic efficiency. While the COP of R134a
  K −1


  (COPR134a) is given by the right ordinate, the
 Pc   Kη p


  absolute COPs for the other refrigerants can be
 P  − 1 calculated by adding COPabs from the left ordinate
 e   to COPR134a.
 

319
 TD=5K, np =0.9
shows the best COP spreads out to low
3.2
R12 R22
53 temperatures. The evaporator temperatures
R290 R152a above which COPabs of R718 is higher than that
2.26 51.8
R717 R718 of the other refrigerants are
R134a

COP134a
COPabs

1.32 50.6
34˚C for TD=30K, 30˚C for TD=10K, and 20˚C for
0.38 49.4 TD=5K. Below these evaporator temperatures,
R717 produces a better COP. However, despite
-0.56 48.2 the fact that ammonia does not deplete the ozone
layer (ODP=0) and does not directly contribute to
-1.5 47 the greenhouse effect, it still has a sharp, rank
0 10 20 30 40 50
smell, is toxic, and is explosive in certain
Te (C)
mixtures with air. Water (R718) is free of these
a) serious disadvantages. For certain operating
conditions at the lower evaporator temperatures,
TD=10K, np=0.9 R718 still has advantageous over some of the
1.8 25.4 refrigerants. For example, above 9˚C and for
R12 R22
R290 R152a TD=5K, COP values of R718 are better than
1.27 24.92
R717 R718 R12, R22, R290, and R134a.
R134a
As TD increases, the pressure ratio increases
COP134a
COPabs

0.74 24.44
and, in turn, the compressor power.
0.21 23.96 Simultaneously, with increasing pressure ratio
the refrigeration effect decreases. These actions
-0.32 23.48
together result in a reduced coefficient of
-0.85 23 performance for all refrigerants as can be seen
0 10 20 30 40 50 by comparing the plots in Fig. 3.
Te (C) The variation of COPabs values with respect to
the evaporator temperature for three different
b) polytropic efficiencies and constant TD=20K is
shown in Fig. 4. Isentropic efficiency is mainly a
TD=30K, np=0.9 function of pressure ratio and polytropic
1.3 7.2
R12 R22 R290 efficiency. Isentropic efficiency can be
R152a
R134a
R717 R718 determined as a function of the compressor outlet
0.95 7.14
temperature as the pressure ratio is held
constant at constant evaporator temperature. As
COP134a
COPabs

0.6 7.08
polytropic efficiency increases at constant
0.25 7.02 evaporator temperature, compressor power and
compressor outlet temperature decreases. The
-0.1 6.96
COP of the cycle increases. Comparing the plots
-0.45 6.9
in Fig. 4 for constant TD, at a constant
0 10 20 30 40 50 evaporator temperature value, in other words, for
Te (C) constant evaporator and condenser
c)
TD=20K, np=0.5
0.4 6.16
Fig.3.COP abs as a function of evaporator
temperature for different TD values a) 0.14 6.08
TD=5K,
COP134a

b) TD=10K, c) TD=30K
COPabs

-0.12 6

For the shown temperature range, with

-0.38 5.92
increasing evaporator temperature, the COPabs of R12 R22
the refrigerants increases except those of R22 -0.64
R290 R152a
5.84
R717 R718
and R290. As shown in Fig. 3c, for a high R134a
TD=30K, the COP of 134a also decreases at -0.9 5.76
evaporator temperature above 23˚C. 0 10 20 30 40 50

Furthermore, R718 shows the steepest increase Te (C)

in COPabs for all TD ranges in Fig. 3, which a)
shows the potential for higher economic benefits
than with other refrigerants if the evaporator
temperature can be raised. As TD values
decrease, the temperature range at which R718

320
 TD=20K, np=0.7 TD=20K, np=0.9
0.9 8.96 90 142

0.56 8.832 76.4 129.6

COP 134a
COP abs

0.22 8.704

T2R718 (C)
62.8 117.2

T 2(C)
-0.12 8.576
49.2 104.8
R12 R22
-0.46 R290 R152a 8.448 R12 R22
R717 R718 35.6 R134a R290 92.4
R134a R152a R717
-0.8 8.32 R718
0 10 20 30 40 50 22 80
Te (C) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Te (C)
b)

Fig.5. Discharge temperature versus evaporator

TD=20K, np=0.9 temperature
1.3 11.8

0.86 11.64 The compressor-outlet temperature of water

(R718) is given from the right ordinate in Fig. 5.
COP134a
COPabs

0.42 11.48 R134a gives the lowest compressor-outlet

temperature, while R718 gives the highest. The
-0.02 11.32
temperatures of R134a, R290, and R12 are very
-0.46
R12 R22
11.16
close to each other. The high compressor-outlet
R290 R152a
R717 R718 temperature of water is mainly due to the high
R134a
-0.9 11 pressure ratios, which require high compressor
0 10 20 30 40 50 work. This disadvantage can be reduced by
Te (C) designing special compressors and applying
c) suitable cooling methods like intercooling for
multistage compressors. As mentioned above,
Fig.4. COPabs as a function of evaporator this has been realized with centrifugal
temperature for different ηp values a) compressors for water vapor compression
ηp=0.5, b) ηp=o.7, c) ηp=0.9 applications.
temperature (no change in refrigeration capacity),
COP of all the refrigerants increases as TD=20K, np=0.9
polytropic efficiency np increases. R718 still 2.1
R12 R22
3.86
shows the steepest increase in COP values R134a R290
between any two successive polytropic 1.98 R152a R717 3.408
R718
efficiencies (0.5-0.7 or 0.7-0.9) as it is compared
with other refrigerant. This shows that for R718 1.86 2.956
PR R718
PR

that requires high pressure ratio, the

development of high quality compressors with 1.74 2.504

high ηp pays off the most. As np increases, the

1.62 2.052
temperature range at which R718 has
advantages over the other refrigerants increases.
1.5 1.6
For a TD=20K, the evaporator temperatures,
0 10 20 30 40 50
above which the calculated COPabs of R718 is
higher than those of the other refrigerants, are Te (C)
45˚C for np=0.5, 39˚C for np =0.7, and 33˚C for np
=0.9, knowing that such a temperature lift is a Fig.6. Pressure ratio as a function of evaporator
least favorable for R718 as shown further below. temperature
The increase of refrigerant temperature at the
compressor outlet (discharge temperature T2) Figure 6 shows the cycle pressure-ratio
with increasing evaporator temperature is shown versus evaporator temperature for a temperature
in Fig. 5 for a temperature lift TD=20K and a lift TD=20K and polytrophic efficiency np=0.9 .
polytropic efficiency np=0.9. The high pressure ratio for R718 is shown on the
right ordinate. When the evaporator temperature
increases, the evaporator pressure increases, as
does the condenser pressure too, because of

321
constant temperature lift. But the ratio of the compressor efficiency. This encourages very
increase in evaporator pressure to that of much the further development of high quality
increase in condenser pressure is always greater compressors for R718.
than 1. Therefore, the ratio of condenser The disadvantages of water as a refrigerant
pressure to the evaporator pressure decreases are its high specific volume, the required high
with increasing evaporator temperature. R290 pressure ratio, and the resulting high compressor
has the lowest pressure ratio, while R718 has the outlet temperature. It has been demonstrated
highest pressure ratio. R22 and R12 as well as that these technical challenges can be overcome
R134a and R152 respectively show almost the with specifically developed compressors,
same pressure ratios in the lower mid range in especially multi-stage turbo compressors with
Fig. 6. intercoolers between stages. While in today’s
Table 1 summarizes the evaporator world a high COP is a key target, it is not the only
temperatures above which the theoretical cycle value that decides the choice of the refrigerant.
calculation gives a higher COP for R718 than for Environmental parameters like ozone depletion
the other considered refrigerants for a polytropic potential (ODP) and global warming potential
efficiency np=0.9 and temperature lifts (GWP) become more and more restrictive.
TD=5…40K. Further price and safety properties of refrigerants
are also heavily taken into consideration. In all
Table 1. Evaporator temperatures above which R718 these aspects, water is the superior refrigerant.
gives a better COP than R290, R22, R134a,
R12, R152a, R717. TD=5…40K.and. NOMENCLATURE
np=0.9. COP coefficient of performance
cp constant pressure specific heat
Evaporator Temperature (˚C) (kJ/kgK)
R718 h1 specific enthalpy of refrigerant at the
TD R290 R22 R134a R12 R152a R717 compressor outlet (kJ/kg)
5K 0 3 6 7 12 20 h2 specific enthalpy of refrigerant at the
compressor outlet valve (kJ/kg)
10K 7 10 14 16 23 29
h3 specific enthalpy of refrigerant at the
15K 10 14 16 20 26 33 condenser outlet (kJ/kg)
20K 11 15 16 21 26 35 h4 specific enthalpy of refrigerant at the
25K 11 15 15 20 26 35 evaporator inlet (kJ/kg)
30K 10 14 14 19 25 34 K ratio of constant specific heats
35K 8 13 11 17 23 33 ηis isentropic efficiency of the compressor
ηp polytropic efficiency of the compressor
40K 6 11 9 15 21 32
qc condenser capacity (kJ/kg)
qr refrigeration capacity (kJ/kg)
P pressure (kPa)
CONCLUSIONS PR pressure ratio
Water as a refrigerant (R718) is compared with s specific entropy (kJ/kgK)
current refrigerants including R717, R290, R ideal gas constant (kJ/kgK)
R134a, R12, R22, and R152a by using a created T temperature (ºC)
computer code for calculations of a simple vapor T2 compressor outlet temperature (ºC)
compression refrigeration cycle TD temp. lift (Temperature difference
The computed results show that the use of between condenser and evaporator)(K)
water as a refrigerant can result in a higher w specific work (kJ/kg)
coefficient of power (COP) than if the other
refrigerants are used. From the presented Subscripts
results, it can be concluded that for evaporator c condenser
temperatures above 35˚C the highest COP can comp compressor
always be obtained with R718. The COP is then e evaporator
even greater than if R717 (ammonia) were used.
Also, at lower evaporator temperatures the
use of water can result in a higher COP than if
other refrigerants were used. This is especially
true if the temperature lift (temperature difference
between condenser and evaporator) is either
relatively small (< 10K) or if it is relatively high
~
( > 30K). The temperature range at which R718
~
gives a better COP than other refrigerants
increases with increasing values of polytropic

322
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