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Tutorial 1 - Introduction

This document provides an overview of networking transmission standards and exercises to analyze key metrics like frame formats, data rates, throughput, and processing requirements. It examines Ethernet LAN standards, SONET/SDH WAN transmission, and encapsulating IP packets over ATM/AAL5 over SONET. For Ethernet, it calculates minimum/maximum throughput rates and packet processing budgets. For SONET, it analyzes frame formats, overhead, and efficiency of carrying IP over ATM cells. Finally, it determines throughput and processing cycles needed for different size packets on a 40G STM-256 SONET link.

Uploaded by

Bobby Beaman
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views

Tutorial 1 - Introduction

This document provides an overview of networking transmission standards and exercises to analyze key metrics like frame formats, data rates, throughput, and processing requirements. It examines Ethernet LAN standards, SONET/SDH WAN transmission, and encapsulating IP packets over ATM/AAL5 over SONET. For Ethernet, it calculates minimum/maximum throughput rates and packet processing budgets. For SONET, it analyzes frame formats, overhead, and efficiency of carrying IP over ATM cells. Finally, it determines throughput and processing cycles needed for different size packets on a 40G STM-256 SONET link.

Uploaded by

Bobby Beaman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SoCP Tutorial

Introduction

SoCP Tutorial 1
To give you an idea of the environment in which networking devices are situated, we will investigate some key figures of current LAN/WAN transmission standards.

Exercise 1: IEEE 802.3 / Ethernet II LAN


a) Sketch the frame format of a plain IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet II frame including the lengths of all header/payload fields! What are the minimum/maximum frame and payload lengths? b) Consider the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet speed. What is the maximum sustainable payload transmission rate when using minimum/maximum payload fields lengths? Consider that the specification also requires an inter-frame gap of 12 bytes! c) What are the minimum/maximum payload transmission rates for 1 Gbit/s Ethernet and 10 Gbit/s Ethernet? d) For the dimensioning of packet processing infrastructure, the maximum packet rate is an important figure. Derive the numbers for the 100 Mbit/s, 1 Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s variants of Ethernet. How many cycles can you spend processing per frame, if your circuit runs at 200 MHz?

Solution 1:
a) Ethernet II (DIX; DEC, Intel, Xerox): PRE 7 56 SFD DA 1 8 6 48 SA 6 48 Type Data 2 16 46-1500 368-12000 FCS IFG 4 32 12 96 bytes bit

Minimum frame: 72 (64) byte, 46 byte payload, (ratio: 63.9%, 54.7% w/ IFG) Maximum frame: 1526 (1518) byte, 1500 byte payload, (ratio: 98.3%, 97.5%) IEEE 802.3, identical except for Type, which is Length (2 bytes) => 802.2 SNAP as additional protocol necessary b) Mimimum frame size (w/IFG): 84 byte=672 bit per frame Frame rate: 100 Mbit/s / 672 bit/frame = 148,809.5 frames/s Data rate: 148,809.5 frames/s * (46*8) bit/frame = 54.76 Mbit/s see ratio! Maximum frame size: 100 Mbit/s / 12304 bit/frame * 12000 bit/frame = 97.53 Mbit/s 1 Institute for Integrated Systems, Technische Universitt Mnchen, 2013

SoCP Tutorial c) 1 Gbit/s: same frame format, constant overheads => scaling to 975.3 Mbit/s (@ max frame size) and 547.6 Mbit/s (@ min frame size) 10 Gbit/s: still same overheads => 9.753 Gbit/s (@ max frame size) 5.476 Gbit/s (@ min frame size)

Introduction

d) 100 Mbit/s: 100 Mbit/s / (84*8) bit/frame = 148,810 frames/s => IAT: 6.72 s 1 Gbit/s: 1000 Mbit/s / (84*8) bit/frame = 1,488,100 frames/s => IAT: 672 ns 10 Gbit/s: 10 Gbit/s / (84*8) bit/frame = 14,880,952 frames/s => IAT: 67.2 ns Processing budget in cycles for a 200 MHz circuit (5 ns): 100 Mbit/s: 1,344 cycles, 1 Gbit/s: 134 cycles, 10 Gbit/s: 13 cycles

Exercise 2: SONET/SDH and IP over AAL5/ATM over SONET


a) Sketch the frame format of an STM-1 SDH frame! Derive the total and payload data rates! b) What is the total overhead of a plain SDH transmission using STM-1 frames? How does it scale, when we move to STM-64? c) Among other possibilities, IP over ATM/AAL5 over SONET/SDH is a popular way for transporting IP packets over high-speed links in the backbone network. Determine the efficiency of ATM AAL5 transmission of a 40 byte, 46 byte and 1500 byte TCP/IP packet. d) Now you want to transmit IP packets (encapsulated in ATM/AAL5) over an STM256 (40Gbit/s) SDH link. What is the maximum throughput assuming transmission of 40 byte and 1500 byte packets respectively? e) Assume, that the SDH and ATM/AAL5 layers are terminated by respective framers in a Router line card. What is the instruction budget in clocks per packet, if we have a pipelined NP processor core with 16 processors running at 800 MHz each?

2 Institute for Integrated Systems, Technische Universitt Mnchen, 2013

SoCP Tutorial

Introduction

Solution 2:
a)
9 byte 1 byte 260 byte

OAM

P O H

Payload

9 rows

Total: 270*9*8 bit / 125 s = 155.520 Mbit/s Payload: 260*9*8 bit / 125 s = 149.760 Mbit/s b) 10*9*8 / 270*9*8 = 3.7% for STM-1 10*9*8*64 / 270*9*8*64 = 3.7% for STM-64 c) ATM-Cell:
5 byte Header 48 byte Payload

AAL5 PDU, which is sent in subsequent ATM cell payload sections:


(N*48-8) byte Payload Padding (if needed) 8 byte AAL5 Trailer

40 byte TCP/IP packet: AAL5 PDU contains 40B packet+8B trailer and fits into one 53B ATM cell => 40B/53B = 75.47% 46 byte TCP/IP packet (could come from an Ethernet frame): AAL5 PDU contains 46B packet+42B padding+8B trailer and fits into 2 ATM cells => 46B/106B = 43.40% 1500 byte TCP/IP packet: AAL5 PDU contains 1500B packet+28B padding+8B trailer and fits into 32 ATM cells => 1500B/(32*53B)=88.44% d) STM-256 payload rate: 256*260*9*8 bit/125 s = 38.338560 Gbit/s The payload is now filled with 40 byte or 1500 byte encapsulated payloads (efficiency from c)): 40 byte: 75.47% * 38.338560 Gbit/s = 28.93 Gbit/s 1500 byte: 88.44% * 38.338560 Gbit/s = 33.91 Gbit/s 3 Institute for Integrated Systems, Technische Universitt Mnchen, 2013

SoCP Tutorial e) Processor clock period: 1/800 MHz = 1.25 ns 40 byte packets: coming in at 28.93 Gbit/s from the framers Time budget: 40*8 bit / 28.93 Gbit/s = 11.06 ns per packet 16 processors: 16*floor(11.06 ns/1.25 ns)=128 cycles 1500 byte packets: coming in at 33.91 Gbit/s from the framers Time budget: 1500*8 bit / 33.91 Gbit/s = 353.88 ns per packet

Introduction

16 processors: 16*floor(353.88 ns/1.25 ns)=4,528 cycles, which is far more relaxed than for the 40B packets!

4 Institute for Integrated Systems, Technische Universitt Mnchen, 2013

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