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Assignment 1 Research Methodology

The document discusses different statistical tests used in research methodology including single group Z and t-tests, Student's t-test, t-tests of independence, and nonparametric chi-square tests. These tests are used to determine if sample data reflects a population or if two groups are statistically different based on a treatment.

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57 views

Assignment 1 Research Methodology

The document discusses different statistical tests used in research methodology including single group Z and t-tests, Student's t-test, t-tests of independence, and nonparametric chi-square tests. These tests are used to determine if sample data reflects a population or if two groups are statistically different based on a treatment.

Uploaded by

becbellary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 1 Research methodology

Submitted to Prof. S G Patil Department of Business Administration Rani Channamma University Belagavi

Submitted by MohammedJaved Kalburgi Research scholar

Single Group Z and T-Tests


The basic goal of these simple tests is to show that the distributions of the given data under examination are not produced by chance and that there is some systematic pattern therein. Main point is to show the mean of a sample is reflective of the population. Salkinds text skips a discussion of single group/sample T-Tests. Recall that a Z-score can measure the location of a given value on a normal distribution, which can be expressed as a probability. A Z-Test uses the normal distribution to obtain a test statistic based on some data that can be compared with a sampling distribution of chance, which is an abstract construction drawn from the data. This is parameter estimation, which is an inference of a sample based on a population of data. But because we do not often know the population variance, 2, we estimate a single point estimate or value (sample mean). However, this sample mean may vary greatly from the real population mean, . This error is called sampling error. A confidence interval is set up to estimate . This is a range of values that is likely to include the value of the population mean (at the center of the interval). The larger the sample, the more the sample mean should equal the population mean, but there may be some error within the confidence interval. How far is the from ?

Students T-Test
Problem: We may not know the mean and variance of some populations, which means we cannot do a Z-Test. In this case, we use a T-test, Students T to be specific, for use with a single group or sample of data. Again, this is when we are not looking at different groups but a sample of data as an entirety. We will next examine differences in groups.

One uses this test when the population variance is unknown, as is usually the case in the social sciences. The standard error of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is estimated. A t distribution (not normal curve, more platykurtic but mean=0) is used to create confidence intervals, like critical values. Very similar to the Z distribution by assuming normality. Normality is obtained after about 100 data observations. Basic rule of parameter estimation: the higher the obs (N) of sample the more reflective of overall population.

The t formula

y y Sy N 1

CI Y t / 2 (S y / N 1)
For =.05 and N=30 , t =2.045

T-Tests of Independence

Used to test whether there is a significant difference between the means of two samples. We are testing for independence, meaning the two samples are related or not. This is a one-time test, not over time with multiple observations. Useful in experiments where people are assigned to two groups, when there should be no differences, and then introduce Independent variables (treatment) to see if groups have real differences, which would be attributable to introduced X variable. This implies the samples are from different populations (with different ).

This is the Completely Randomized Two-Group Design. For example, we can take a random set of independent voters who have not made up their minds about who to vote for in the 2004 election. But we have another suspicion: H1: watching campaign commercials increases consumption of Twinkies (snackie cakes), or 1 2 Null is 1= 2

After one group watches the commercials, but not the other, we measure Twinkie in-take. We find that indeed the group exposed to political commercials indeed ate more Twinkies. We thus conclude that political advertising leads to obesity.

Nonparametric Test of Chi2 Used when too many assumptions are violated in T-Tests: Sample size to small to reflect population Data are not continuous and thus appropriate for parametric tests based on normal distributions. Chi2 is another way of showing that some pattern in data is not created randomly by chance. Chi2 can be one or two dimensional. Again, the basic question is what you are observing in some given data created by chance or through some systematic process?

(O E ) 2 E O observedfrequency

E exp ectedfrequecy
The null hypothesis we are testing here is that the proportion of occurrences in each category are equal to each other. Our research hypothesis is that they are not equal. Given the sample size, how many cases could we expect in each category (n/#categories)? The obtained/critical value estimation will provide a coefficient and a Pr. that the results are random.

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