"T" Test: DR - Shovan Padhy DM1 Yr (Senior Resident) Dept. of CP & T NIMS, Hyderabad
"T" Test: DR - Shovan Padhy DM1 Yr (Senior Resident) Dept. of CP & T NIMS, Hyderabad
"T" Test: DR - Shovan Padhy DM1 Yr (Senior Resident) Dept. of CP & T NIMS, Hyderabad
Dr.Shovan padhy
DM 1st yr (Senior Resident)
Dept. Of CP & T
NIMS , Hyderabad
Overview
• Background
• Different versions of t-test
• Main usage of t-test
• t-test v/s z-test
• Assumptions of t-test
• Examples
Background
• The t-statistic is robust (it is reasonably reliable even if assumptions are not
fully met.)
Applications of t test
• The one sample t-test measures whether the mean amount of time it took
the experimental group to complete the task varies significantly from the
hypothesized 3 minutes value.
Equation for a one-sample t-test
Example
• 10 individuals had taken an exam and we want to test whether their
scores, all together, are significantly different from the score of 100.
• The independent sample t-test consists of tests that compare mean value(s)
of continuous-level (interval or ratio data), in a normally distributed data.
• The independent sample t-test compares two means.
• The independent samples t-test is also called unpaired t-test/ two sample t
test.
• It is the t-test to be used when two separate independent and identically
distributed variables are measured.
• Eg: 1. Comparision of quality of life improved for patients who took drug
Valporate as opposed to patients who took drug Levetiracetam in
myoclonic seizures.
• 2.Comparasion of mean cholesterol levels in treatment group with
placebo group after administration of test drug.
Assumptions
To test the null hypothesis that the two population means, μ1 and μ2, are
equal:
• 1. Calculate the difference between the two sample means, x ̄1 − x 2̄ .
• 2. Calculate the pooled standard deviation: sp
• 3. Calculate the standard error of the difference between the means:
• 4. Calculate the T-statistic, which is given by T = x 1̄ − x 2̄ /S E (x ̄ 1 − x ̄ 2 )
• This statistic follows a t-distribution with n1 + n2 − 2 degrees of freedom.
• 5. Use tables of the t-distribution to compare your value for T to the t n1+n2−2
distribution. This will give the p-value for the unpaired t-test.
Equation for the independent
samples t-test
•The independent-Samples t-test procedure compares means
for two groups of cases.
Example
• Suppose we have to compare the mean value of two groups, one with 7
subjects and the other with 5 subjects .
• These were their scores:
• A paired t-test is used to compare two population means where you have
two samples in which observations in one sample can be paired with
observations in the other sample.
• A comparison of two different methods of measurement or two different
treatments where the measurements/treatments are applied to the same
subjects.
• Eg: 1.pre-test/post-test samples in which a factor is measured before and
after an intervention,
• 2.Cross-over trials in which individuals are randomized to two
treatments and then the same individuals are crossed-over to the alternative
treatment,
• 3.Matched samples, in which individuals are matched on personal
characteristics such as age and sex,
Paired t test