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LINEAR PROGRAMMING
A. The concept of linear inequalities. Exercise 1 : Shade the region for the following inequalities. (a)
x2

(b)

y 3

x O
x2

y 3

(c)

x0

(d) y

yx
y

(e)

y. x

(f) y

yx
y

(f)

y. x 4

(f) y

y 2x 5

x O O

Exercise 2 : Find the linear inequalities that satisfies the shaded region. (a) y 8
yx 8

(b)

y 3
yx

2y x

2 O 8

x
x 4y 8

3
yx 3

x0 Inequalities : (i)..

Inequalities : (i).. (ii) (iii) (d) y

yx8 (ii)
x 4y 8 (iii)

(c)

y
yx

4
(4,2)

x O

Inequalities : (i).. Inequalities : (i).. (ii) (iii) (ii) (iii) (iv)

16.3 Notice that

(a) A solid line ( ) is used for an inequality which involves the sign or and a dashed line ( ) is used for an inequality which involves the sign > or <. (b) When the given inequality is ax by c 0 or ax by c 0 the region below the straight line ax by c 0 should be shaded. However, this condition is only true when the coefficient of y on the left hand side is positive B. Problem interpretation and the formation of the relevant equations or inequalities The table below shows the mathematical expressions for the different inequalities used. Mathematical Expressions y greater than x
y less than x y not more than x y not less than x

a b c d e f g h g h i j k l m n o p

Inequality yx
yx

yx yx
x y k yk yk y kx

The sum of x and y is not more than k The minimum value of y is k The maximum value of y is k
y is at least k times the value of x

y is greater than 2 times of x y is less than or equal to 3x y is less than x+6 x is at least two times of y The maximum value of 2x+y is 12 The minimum value of 4x+3y is 25 The ratio of x to y is not more than 2:3 y is not less than 4x7 The ratio of x to y is at most 3:4 The ratio between y and x is not less than 2:3

Exercise 3. 1 The cost of a book is 50 cents and that of a pen is RM 1.30. A student wants to buy x books and y pens with the following conditions. I : II : III: At least 3 pens must be bought. The total number of books and pens bought must not be more than 12. The amount of money spent is at most RM10.

Write down the three inequalities other than x 0 and y 0 that satisfy all the above conditions. Answer :

2 A transport company delivers vegetables and flowers using lorries and vans. Each lorry carries 40 boxes of flowers and 50 boxes of vegetables. Each van carries 20 boxes of flowers and 40 boxes of vegetables. In a day, the company uses x lorries and y vans. The following conditions must be satisfied. I II III The total number of boxes of flowers must be less or equal to 800. The total number of boxes of vegetables must be at least 600. The number of vans must not be more than two times the number of lorries used.

Write down three inequalities other than x 0 and y 0 that satisfy all the above conditions. Answer :

A factory employs skilled and semi-skilled workers. An amount of RM64000 is used to pay the monthly salaries of the workers. The monthly salary of a skilled worker and semi-skilled worker is RM1200 and RM800 respectively. Semi-skilled workers exceed skilled workers by 1 at least 10 persons. The minimum number of skilled workers is of the number of semi-skilled 7 workers. Given that x represents the number of skilled workers and y represents the number of semiskilled workers, write down three inequalities other than x 0 and y 0 , that satisfy all of the above conditions.

Answer : .

To solve problems on linear programming using the graphical method

Step 1 : Interpret the problem and form the equation or inequalities. Step 2 : Construct the region which satisfies the given inequalities. Step 3 : Determine the maximum value or minimum value ax by from the graph by choose the possible point of the maximum or minimum and substitute into the equation k ax by

Example 2 : A whole sale company plans to sell cakes and biscuits in packets. Every packet A contains 100 pieces of cakes and 80 pieces of biscuits. Whereas every packet B contains 60 pieces of cakes and 120 pieces of biscuits. To gain profit, the company has to fulfill the following conditions:

I: II: III:

Cakes being sold must not exceed 6600 pieces. Biscuits being sold must not less than 4800 pieces.

The total number of packet B must be at least 2 times of the total number of packet A. If x and y represent packet A and packet B respectively, state three inequalities other than x 0 and y 0, that satisfy all the above conditions. [3 marks] (a) By using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on both axes, draw and shade the region R that satisfies the conditions above. [3 marks] (b) Based on your graph, answer the following questions: (i) Find the range of the number of packet B that is sold if the number of packet A being sold is 15. For each packet A and packet B being sold, the company will make a profit of RM 50 and RM 25 respectively. Calculate the maximum profit that the company will gain. [4 marks]

(ii)

ANSWER :
(a) 100x + 60y 6600 80x + 120y 4800 y 2x (b) construct a table in order to draw the straight lines : 100x + 60y = 6600 x y 0 110 66 0

80x + 120y = 4800 x y y = 2x x y 0 0 40 80 0 40 60 0

Draw one of the 3 lines correctly and shade the region (i) draw a straight line x = 15 30 y 85 (ii) Substitute point (30,60) in to the equation Maximum profit= 50(30) + 25(60) Maximum profit = RM3000

Graph for example 2(b):

110 y = 2x 100 5x + 3y = 330

90

80

70

60

(30, 60)

50

40

30

2x + 3y = 120

20

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Exercise 4 : Solve the following.

1. An institution offers two computer courses, P and Q. The number of participants for course P is x and for course Q is y . The enrolment of the participants is based on the following constraints: I : The total number of participants is not more than 100. II : The number of participants for course Q is not more than 4 times the number of participants for course P. III : The number of participants for course Q must exceed the number of participants for course P by at least 5. (a) Write down three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0 , that satisfy all of the above constraints. (b) By using a scale of 2 cm to 10 participants on both axes, construct and shade the region R that satisfies all the above constraints. (c) By using your graph from (b), find (i) the range of the number of participants for course Q if the number of participants for course P is 30. (ii) the maximum total fees that can be collected if the fees per month for courses P and Q are RM50 and RM60 respectively.

ANSWER :

Answer : (c) (i) x 30,35 y 70 (ii) RM 5800

2. Encik Samad sells two types of fried noodles. A pack of plain noodles uses 120 g of prawns and 300 g of beef, while the special fried noodles uses 240 g of prawns and 200 g of beef. Encik Samad has 8.4 kg of prawns and 12 kg beef to make x packs of plain noodles and y packs of special noodles. The number of packs for plain noodles cannot be more than two times the number of special noodles. (a) Write down 3 inequalities other than x 0 and y 0 , that satisfy all of the above constraints. (b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units for x axis and 2 cm for 5 units for the y axis , draw all the three lines for the inequalities. , construct and shade the region R that satisfies all the above constraints. (c) Use the graph in (b) to answer the following questions : (i) If Encik Samad fries the special noodles 10 packs more than the plain noodles, state the maximum packs of plain noodles and maximum number of special noodles cooked. (ii) What is the maximum profit obtained if a pack of plain noodles and a pack of special noodles cost RM5 and RM7 each. ANSWER :

Answer : c(i)

Plain noodles = 16 packs Special noodles = 26 packs (c)(ii) RM 281

3.

A whole sale company plans to sell cakes and biscuits in packets. Every packet A contains 100 pieces of cakes and 80 pieces of biscuits. Whereas every packet B contains 60 pieces of cakes and 120 pieces of biscuits. To gain profit, the company has to fulfill the following conditions: I: II: III: Cakes being sold must not exceed 6600 pieces. Biscuits being sold must not less than 4800 pieces. The total number of packet B must be at least 2 times of the total number of packet A.

(a) If x and y represent packet A and packet B respectively, state three inequalities other than x 0 and y 0, that satisfy all the above conditions.

(b) By using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on both axes, draw and shade the region R that satisfies the conditions above. (c) Based on your graph, answer the following questions: (iii) Find the range of the number of packet B that is sold if the number of packet A being sold is 15. For each packet A and packet B being sold, the company will make a profit of RM 50 and RM 25 respectively. Calculate the maximum profit that the company will gain.

(iv)

ANSWER :

Answer : c(i)

30 y 85 (ii) Maximum profit = RM3000

4.

The Super Taste Catering Company received an order for a wedding dinner. They will be serving chicken and beef to all the guests. It is estimated that one kilogram of chicken can be shared by 6 people and one kilogram of beef can be shared by 4 people. The price of one kilogram of chicken and beef is RM 5.00 and RM 10.00 respectively. The catering company has the following conditions: (i) The number of guest invited should not exceed 1200 people. (ii) Allocation to buy chicken and beef should not exceed RM 2000.00. (iii) The weight of chicken (kg) should not exceed double the weight (kg) of beef. Assume that the catering company buys x kg of beef and y kg of chicken. (a) Write one inequality for each condition given above other than x 0 and y 0.

(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 25 kg on both axes, construct the graph that satisfies all the three inequalities and shade the region R which satisfies all of the above conditions. (c) Use your graph in 15(b) to find

(i) the range of weight (kg) of beef which can be bought by the company if it intends to buy 100 kg of chicken. (ii) If the Super Taste Catering Company spends RM 1500.00 for the wedding dinner, what is the maximum weight (kg) of chicken can be bought? ANSWER :

Answer : (c) (i) 50 y 150 (ii) maximum weight = 150 kg

5.

A factory produces two types of pencils, P and Q. It produces x units of pencil P and y unit pencil Q per day. The time taken to produce a pencil P is 2 minutes and a pencil Q is 8 minutes. The production of the pencils per day is subject to the following constraints : I : The maximum number of pencil P produced is 270. II : The total time allocated for producing the pencils is at least 800 pencils. III : Three times the number of pencil Q produced is not more than four times the number of pencil P produced. (a) Write three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0 , satisfy the constraints given.

(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 50 pencils on both axes, construct the graph that satisfies all the three inequalities and shade the region R which satisfies the conditions given (c) If the profit for a pencil P is RM 5 and the profit for a pencil Q is RM20, find the profit made by the factory. ANSWER :

Answer : (c) RM 8500

6.

A club wants to take students for a trip. Given x boys and y girls are joining the trip. The number of students is based on the following constraints : I : The total number of students should be at least 20. II : The sum of twice the number of boys and three times the number of girls is at most 120. III : The club subsidies RM3 for a boy and RM2 for a girl. The total expenditure is at most RM 120. (a) Write three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0 , satisfy the constraints given.

(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 10 students on both axes, construct the graph that satisfies all the three inequalities and shade the region R which satisfies the conditions given (c) (i) If there are 30 boys, find the maximum number of girls that can go for the trip. (ii) Calculate the amount of subsidy needed for the number of students in (c)(i) ANSWER :

Answer : (c(i) 15 girls (ii) RM 120

7.

A bakery makes two types of biscuits M and N. A unit of biscuits M takes 1 hour to prepare and 20 minutes to bake while a unit of biscuits N takes 20 minutes to prepare and 40 minutes to bake. In a day, the bakery can make x units of biscuit M and y units of biscuits N according the following conditions : I : The maximum preparation time is 12 hours. II : The total time to bake is at least 6 hours. III : The number of units of a biscuits N to the biscuits M is in the ratio not more than 2:1. (a) Write three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0 , satisfy the constraints given.

(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 2 biscuits on the x-axis and 2 cm to 5 biscuits on the y-axis, construct the graph that satisfies all the above conditions and shade the region R. (c) Based on the graph in (b) , answer the following questions. (i) Find the minimum and maximum number of units biscuit N made if 8 units of biscuits M on a certain day.. (ii) The bakery earns a profit of RM20 and RM16 respectively for each unit of biscuits M and N sold. Find the maximum profit possible. ANSWER :

Answer : c(i) Minimum = 5 biscuits Maximum = 12 biscuits (ii) RM 376

8.

Table 8 shows the time taken to make a shirt and a pair of trousers for a pair of school uniform. School uniform Shirt Trousers Time of completion (minutes) 10 20

Table 8 A tailor shops sell x shirt and y pairs of trousers in a week. The shop must sell a minimum of 10 pieces of shirts or pairs of trousers in a week to be viable for business. The maximum working time of a tailor in week is 800 minutes. The ratio of trousers to shirts is greater or equal to 1:2.

(a) Write three inequalities, other than x

0 and y

0 , satisfy the above conditions.

(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 10 units on each axis, draw a graph and the region as R which satisfies all the above conditions.. (c) Find the maximum profit obtained if the profit for selling a shirt and a pair of trousers is RM5 and RM3 respectively. ANSWER :

Answer : c) RM 260

9.

Table 9 shows the time taken by machine G and machine H to produce the toys of model P and Model Q.

Model P Q

Machine G (minutes) 8 18 Table 9

Machine H (minutes) 5 8

The factory had fixed the following constraints : I : Machine G to operate at least 720 minutes in a day. II : Machine H to operate not more than 800 minutes in a day. III : The ratio of the number of toys of model Q to the number of toys of model P is not more than 5:8. Assume that the factory produced x toys of model P and y toys of model Q. (a) Write one inequality for each condition given above other than x 0 and y 0.

(b) By using a scale of 2 cm to 20 toys on the x-axis and 2 cm to 10 toys on the y-axis, draw the graph of the three inequalities and shade the region R which satisfies all of the above conditions. (c) Based on your graph, find

(i) the maximum and the minimum number of toys of model P that can be produced if 25 toys on model Q had been produced. (ii) the maximum of sales that can be obtained by the factory if the selling price of a toy of model P and a toy of model Q are RM 10 and RM30 respectively. ANSWER :

Answer : c(i) Minimum = 40 toys Maximum = 120 toys (ii) Maximum sales = RM 2 300

10.

Given that x and y represent the number of male and female trainees for a new intake of a teacher training college. The intake of the college depends of the following conditions : I : The number of female trainees exceed the number of male trainees at most by 300. II : The minimum number of female trainees is 100. III : The total number of the candidates should not more than 500. (a) Write three inequalities other than x 0 and y 0 which satisfies the above conditions .

(b) By using a scale of 2 cm to hundred workers on both axes, draw the graph of the three inequalities and shade the region R which satisfies all of the above conditions. (c) Based on your graph, find

(i) the maximum hostel fees collected if the hostel fees for the teacher is RM20 for a male trainee and RM40 for a female trainee. (ii) the maximum fees collected given that it has 200 male trainees. ANSWER :

Answer : c(i) RM 18 000 (ii) RM 16 000

11. The Mathematics Society of a school is selling x souvenirs of type A and y souvenirs of type B in a charity project based on the following constraints : I II : : The total number of souvenirs sold must not exceed 75. The number of souvenirs of type A sold must not exceed twice the number of souvenirs of type B sold. The profit gained from the selling of a souvenir of type A is RM9 while the profit gained from the selling of a souvenir of type B is RM2. The total profit must not be less than RM200.

III

(a)

Write down three inequilities other than x 0 dan y 0 which satisfy the above constraints. Hence, by using a scale of 2 cm to 10 souvenirs on both axes, construct and shade the region R which satisfies all the above constraints. By using your graph from (b), find (i) the range of number of souvenirs of type A sold if 30 souvenirs of type B are sold. (ii) the maksimum which may be gained.

(b)

(c)

ANSWER :

(c)

(i)

16 number of A type souvenirs sold 45