Important Notice: PHYSICS 5054 GCE O Level 2007

PHYSICS 5054
GCE O Level
2007

IMPORTANT NOTICE

University of Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) in the UK and USA

University of Cambridge International Examinations accepts entries in the UK and USA only from
students registered on courses at CIE registered Centres.

UK and USA private candidates are not eligible to enter CIE examinations unless they are
repatriating from outside the UK/USA and are part way through a course leading to a CIE
examination. In that case a letter of support from the Principal of the school which they had
attended is required. Other UK and USA private candidates should not embark on courses leading
to a CIE examination.

This regulation applies only to entry by private candidates in the UK and USA. Entry by private
candidates through Centres in other countries is not affected.

Further details are available from Customer Services at University of Cambridge International
Examinations.

Exclusions
This syllabus must not be offered in the same session with any of the following syllabuses:

0625 Physics
0652 Physical Science
0653 Combined Science
0654 Co-ordinated Sciences (Double)
5124 Science (Physics, Chemistry)
5125 Science (Physics, Biology)
5129 Combined Science
5130 Additional Combined Science

You can find syllabuses and information about CIE teacher training events on the CIE
Website (www.cie.org.uk).

GCE Ordinary Level

PHYSICS (5054)

2007

NOTES

Information for Teachers
This booklet relates to examinations taken in the year printed on the cover. It is the normal
practice of CIE to print and distribute a new version of this booklet each year. Centres should
receive copies well in advance of them being required for teaching purposes.
Teachers who are about to teach syllabuses in this booklet for the first time should obtain and
study the relevant past examination papers and Subject Reports.
Any queries relating to this booklet should be addressed to CIE Customer Services.
Nomenclature
The proposals in Signs, Symbols and Systematics (The Association for Science Education
Companion to 5-16 Science, 1995) will generally be adopted.
It is intended that, in order to avoid difficulties arising out of the use of l as the symbol for litre, use
of dm
3
in place of l or litre will be made.
Units, significant figures
Candidates should be aware that misuse of units and/or significant figures, i.e. failure to quote
units where necessary, the inclusion of units in quantities defined as ratios or quoting answers to
an inappropriate number of significant figures, is liable to be penalised.

Copies of syllabuses, past papers and Examiners' reports are available on CD-ROM and
can be ordered using the Publications Catalogue, which is available at www.cie.org.uk
under Qualifications & Diplomas Order Publications.

PHYSICS 5054 O LEVEL 2007
1
PHYSICS
5054
GCE Ordinary Level/School Certificate
INTRODUCTION

This syllabus is designed to have less emphasis on purely factual material, but a much greater
emphasis on the understanding and application of physical concepts and principles. This
approach has been adopted in recognition of the need for students to develop skills that will be of
long-term value in an increasingly technological world.
AIMS
The aims of the science curricula are the same for all students. These are set out below and
describe the educational purposes of an O level/School Certificate course in Physics. They are
not listed in order of priority.
The aims are to:
1. provide, through well-designed studies of experimental and practical science, a worthwhile
educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond
this level and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge
1.1 to become confident citizens in a technological world, able to take or develop an
informed interest in matters of scientific import;
1.2 to recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its
applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life;
1.3 to be suitably prepared for studies beyond O Level in pure sciences, in applied
sciences or in science-dependent vocational courses.
2. develop abilities and skills that
2.1 are relevant to the study and practice of science;
2.2 are useful in everyday life;
2.3 encourage efficient and safe practice;
2.4 encourage effective communication.
3. develop attitudes relevant to science such as
3.1 concern for accuracy and precision;
3.2 objectivity;
3.3 integrity;
3.4 enquiry;
3.5 initiative;
3.6 inventiveness.
2
4. stimulate interest in and care for the local and global environment.
5. promote an awareness that
5.1 the study and practice of science are co-operative and cumulative activities, that are
subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and
limitations;
5.2 the applications of sciences may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual,
the community and the environment
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
The skills appropriate to Physics may, for convenience, be broadly categorised as follows:
A Knowledge with understanding
B Handling information and solving problems
C Experimental skills and investigations

A description of each of these categories is given below:
A Knowledge with understanding
Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge with understanding in relation to:
1. scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories;
2. scientific vocabulary, terminology, conventions (including symbols, quantities and units);
3. scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety;
4. scientific quantities and their determination;
5. scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental
implications.
The subject content defines the factual knowledge that candidates may be required to recall and
explain. Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define,
state, describe, explain or outline. (See the glossary of terms in this syllabus.)
B Handling information and solving problems
Students should be able - using visual, aural and written (including symbolic, diagrammatic,
graphical and numerical) information - to:
1. locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources, including everyday
experience;
2. translate information from one form to another;
3. manipulate numerical and other data;
4. use information to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences;
5. present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships;
6. make predictions and hypotheses;
7. solve problems.
3
C Experimental skills and investigations
Students should be able to:
1. follow instructions;
2. carry out techniques, use apparatus, handle measuring devices and materials effectively and
safely;
3. make and record observations, measurements and estimates with due regard to precision,
accuracy and units;
4. interpret, evaluate and report upon observations and experimental data;
5. identify problems, plan and carry out investigations, including the selection of techniques,
apparatus, measuring devices and materials;
6. evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.
Testing of assessment objectives
The skill areas listed under B also form the Assessment Objectives which the examination is
designed to test. Such assessment objectives cannot readily be fully specified in the syllabus
content. One reason is that questions testing skills in physics may be based on information (given
in the question paper) which is unfamiliar to the candidates or on everyday experience. In
answering such questions, candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within
the syllabus and apply them in a logical manner.
Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: predict,
suggest, calculate, or determine. (See the glossary of terms in this syllabus.)
Weighting of Assessment Objectives
Theory Papers (Papers 1 and 2)
A Knowledge with understanding, approximately 65% of the marks with approximately 30%
allocated to recall.
B Handling information and solving problems, approximately 35% of the marks.
Practical Assessment (Papers 3 and 4)
This is designed to test appropriate skills in C Experimental skills and investigations, and will
carry 20% of the marks for the subject.
4
SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT
Candidates are required to enter for Papers 1, 2 and either Paper 3 or Paper 4.
Paper Type of Paper Duration Marks
1 Multiple Choice 1 h 40
2 Theory 1 h 45 min 75
3 Practical Test 2 h 30
4 Alternative to Practical (written) 1 h 30
Paper 1 Theory (1 h, 40 marks)
This will consist of 40 compulsory multiple choice items of the direct choice type. These
questions will involve 4 response items.
Paper 2 Theory (1 h, 45 min, 75 marks) consisting of two sections
Section A will carry 45 marks and will consist of a number of compulsory structured questions of
variable mark value.
Section B will carry 30 marks and will consist of 3 questions. Each question will carry 15 marks.
Candidates will be required to answer 2 questions from Section B.
There will be no compulsory questions set on Section 25 of the syllabus, i.e. Electronics
systems - printed in italics. Questions set on topics within Section 25 will appear only in
Paper 2 and will always be set as an alternative within a question.
Paper 3 Practical Test (2 h, 30 marks) consisting of two sections
Section A will contain 3 compulsory questions, each carrying 5 marks and each of 20 minutes
duration.
Section B will contain one question carrying 15 marks and of one hour's duration.
Paper 4 Alternative to Practical (1 h, 30 marks)
A written paper consisting of compulsory short-answer and structured questions designed to test
familiarity with laboratory practical procedures.

5
SUBJECT CONTENT
Students are expected to have adequate mathematical skills to cope with the curriculum.
The attention of teachers is drawn to the publication Signs, Symbols and Systematics, The ASE
Companion to 5 -16 Science, Association for Science Education, 1995.
Reference should also be made to the summary list of symbols, units and definitions of quantities
in this syllabus. Throughout the course, attention should be paid to showing the relevance of
concepts to the student's everyday life and to the natural and man-made world.
Certain learning outcomes of the syllabus have been marked with an asterisk (*) to indicate the
possibility of the application of IT.
SECTION I GENERAL PHYSICS
1. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
Content
1.1 Scalars and vectors
1.2 Measurement techniques
1.3 Units and symbols
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define the terms scalar and vector.
(b) determine the resultant of two vectors by a graphical method.
(c) list the vectors and scalars from distance, displacement, length, speed, velocity, time,
acceleration, mass and force.
(d) describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate accuracy using tapes,
rules, micrometers, and calipers using a vernier as necessary.
(e) describe how to measure a variety of time intervals using clocks and stopwatches.
(f) recognise and use the conventions and symbols contained in Signs, Symbols and
Systematics, Association for Science Education, 1995.
SECTION II NEWTONIAN MECHANICS
2. Kinematics
Content
2.1 Speed, velocity and acceleration
2.2 Graphical analysis of motion
2.3 Free-fall
6
Learning Outcomes
(a) state what is meant by speed and velocity.
(b) calculate average speed using distance travelled/time taken.
(c) state what is meant by uniform acceleration and calculate the value of an acceleration
using change in velocity/time taken.
(d) discuss non-uniform acceleration.
(e) *plot and *interpret speed-time and distance-time graphs.
(f) *recognise from the shape of a speed-time graph when a body is
(1) at rest,
(2) moving with uniform speed,
(3) moving with uniform acceleration,
(4) moving with non-uniform acceleration.
(g) calculate the area under a speed-time graph to determine the distance travelled for
motion with uniform speed or uniform acceleration.
(h) state that the acceleration of free-fall for a body near to the Earth is constant and is
approximately 10 m/s
2
.
(i) describe qualitatively the motion of bodies with constant weight falling with and without
air resistance (including reference to terminal velocity).
3. Dynamics
Content
3.1 Balanced and unbalanced forces
3.2 Friction
3.3 Circular motion
Learning Outcomes
(a) state Newton's third law.
(b) describe the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on a body.
(c) describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body.
(d) do calculations using the equation force = mass x acceleration.
(e) explain the effects of friction on the motion of a body.
(f) discuss the effect of friction on the motion of a vehicle in the context of tyre surface, road
conditions (including skidding), braking force, braking distance, thinking distance and
stopping distance.
7
(g) describe qualitatively motion in a circular path due to a constant perpendicular force,
including electrostatic forces on an electron in an atom and gravitational forces on a
satellite. (F = mv
2
/r is not required.)
(h) discuss how ideas of circular motion are related to the motion of planets in the solar
system.
4. Mass, Weight and Density
Content
4.1 Mass and weight
4.2 Gravitational fields
4.3 Density
Learning Outcomes
(a) state that mass is a measure of the amount of substance in a body.
(b) state that mass of a body resists change from its state of rest or motion.
(c) state that a gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to
gravitational attraction.
(d) calculate weight from the equation weight = mass x gravitational field strength.
(e) explain that weights, and therefore masses, may be compared using a balance.
(f) describe how to measure mass and weight by using appropriate balances.
(g) describe how to use a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of a liquid or solid.
(h) describe how to determine the density of a liquid, of a regularly shaped solid and of an
irregularly shaped solid which sinks in water (volume by displacement).
(i) make calculations using the formula density = mass/volume.
5. Turning Effect of Forces
Content
5.1 Moments
5.2 Centre of mass
5.3 Stability
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe the moment of a force in terms of its turning effect and relate this to everyday
examples.
(b) state the principle of moments for a body in equilibrium.
8
(c) make calculations using moment of a force = force x perpendicular distance from the
pivot and the principle of moments.
(d) describe how to verify the principle of moments.
(e) describe how to determine the position of the centre of mass of a plane lamina.
(f) describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability of
simple objects.
6. Deformation
Content
6.1 Elastic deformation
Learning Outcomes
(a) state that a force may produce a change in size and shape of a body.
(b) *plot, draw and interpret extension-load graphs for an elastic solid and describe the
associated experimental procedure.
(c) *recognise the significance of the term "limit of proportionality" for an elastic solid.
(d) calculate extensions for an elastic solid using proportionality.
7. Pressure
Content
7.1 Pressure
7.2 Pressure changes
Learning Outcomes
(a) define the term pressure in terms of force and area, and do calculations using the
equation pressure = force/area.
(b) explain how pressure varies with force and area in the context of everyday examples.
(c) describe how the height of a liquid column may be used to measure the atmospheric
pressure.
(d) explain quantitatively how the pressure beneath a liquid surface changes with depth and
density of the liquid in appropriate examples.
(e) describe the use of a manometer in the measurement of pressure difference.
(f) describe and explain the transmission of pressure in hydraulic systems with particular
reference to the hydraulic press and hydraulic brakes on vehicles.

9
(g) describe how a change in volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is
caused by a change in pressure applied to the gas.
(h) do calculations using p
1
V
1
= p
2
V
2

SECTION III ENERGY AND THERMAL PHYSICS
8. Energy Sources and Transfer of Energy
Content
8.1 Energy forms
8.2 Major sources of energy
8.3 Work
8.4 Efficiency
8.5 Power
Learning Outcomes
(a) list the different forms of energy with examples in which each form occurs.
(b) state the principle of the conservation of energy and apply this principle to the conversion
of energy from one form to another.
(c) state that kinetic energy E
k
=
1
/
2
mv
2
and that potential energy E
P
= mgh and use these
equations in calculations.
(d) list renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
(e) describe the processes by which energy is converted from one form to another, including
reference to
(1) chemical/fuel energy (a re-grouping of atoms),
(2) hydroelectric generation (emphasising the mechanical energies involved),
(3) solar energy (nuclei of atoms in the Sun),
(4) nuclear energy,
(5) geothermal energy,
(6) wind energy.
(f) explain nuclear fusion and fission in terms of energy releasing processes.
(g) do calculations using the mass-energy equation E = mc
2
.
(h) describe the process of electricity generation and draw a block diagram of the process
from fuel input to electricity output.
(i) discuss the environmental issues associated with power generation.
(j) calculate work done from the formula work = force x distance moved in the line of
action of the force.
(k) calculate the efficiency of an energy conversion using the formula efficiency = energy
converted to the required form/total energy input.
10
(l) discuss the efficiency of energy conversions in common use, particularly those giving
electrical output.
(m) discuss the usefulness of energy output from a number of energy conversions.
(n) calculate power from the formula power = work done/time taken
9. Transfer of Thermal Energy
Content
9.1 Conduction
9.2 Convection
9.3 Radiation
9.4 Total transfer
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe how to distinguish between good and bad conductors of heat.
(b) describe in molecular terms how heat transfer occurs in solids.
(c) describe convection in fluids in terms of density changes.
(d) describe the process of heat transfer by radiation.
(e) describe how to distinguish between good and bad emitters and good and bad absorbers
of infra-red radiation.
(f) describe how heat is transferred to or from buildings and to or from a room.
(g) state and explain the use of the important practical methods of heat insulation for
buildings.
10. Temperature
Content
10.1 Principles of thermometry
10.2 Practical thermometers
Learning Outcomes
(a) explain how a physical property which varies with temperature may be used for the
measurement of temperature and state examples of such properties.
(b) explain the need for fixed points and state what is meant by the ice point and steam
point.
(c) discuss sensitivity, range and linearity of thermometers.
11
(d) describe the structure and action of liquid-in-glass thermometers (including clinical) and
of a thermocouple thermometer, showing an appreciation of its use for measuring high
temperatures and those which vary rapidly.
11. Thermal Properties of Matter
Content
11.1 Specific heat capacity
11.2 Melting and boiling
11.3 Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe a rise in temperature of a body in terms of an increase in its internal energy
(random thermal energy).
(b) define the terms heat capacity and specific heat capacity.
(c) calculate heat transferred using the formula thermal energy = mass x specific heat
capacity x change in temperature.
(d) describe melting/solidification and boiling /condensation in terms of energy transfer
without a change in temperature.
(e) state the meaning of melting point and boiling point.
(f) explain the difference between boiling and evaporation.
(g) define the terms latent heat and specific latent heat.
(h) explain latent heat in terms of molecular behaviour.
(i) calculate heat transferred in a change of state using the formula thermal energy = mass
x specific latent heat.
(j) describe qualitatively the thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases.
(k) describe the relative order of magnitude of the expansion of solids, liquids and gases.
(l) list and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal
expansion.
(m) describe qualitatively the effect of a change of temperature on the volume of a gas at
constant pressure.
12. Kinetic Model of Matter
Content
12.1 States of matter
12.2 Molecular model
12.3 Evaporation
12
Learning Outcomes
(a) state the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases.
(b) describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases, relating their
properties to the forces and distances between molecules and to the motion of the
molecules.
(c) describe the relationship between the motion of molecules and temperature.
(d) explain the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules.
(e) describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more energetic molecules from the
surface of a liquid.
(f) describe how temperature, surface area and draught over a surface influence
evaporation.
(g) explain that evaporation causes cooling.
SECTION IV WAVES
13. General Wave Properties
Content
13.1 Describing wave motion
13.2 Wave terms
13.3 Wave behaviour
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes and springs
and by experiments using a ripple tank.
(b) state what is meant by the term wavefront.
(c) define the terms speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude and do calculations
using velocity = frequency x wavelength.
(d) describe transverse and longitudinal waves in such a way as to illustrate the differences
between them.
(e) describe the use of a ripple tank to show
(1) reflection at a plane surface,
(2) refraction due to a change of speed at constant frequency.
(f) describe simple experiments to show the reflection and refraction of sound waves.
13
14. Light
Content
14.1 Reflection of light
14.2 Refraction of light
14.3 Thin converging and diverging lenses
Learning Outcomes
(a) define the terms used in reflection including normal, angle of incidence and angle of
reflection.
(b) describe an experiment to illustrate the law of reflection.
(c) describe an experiment to find the position and characteristics of an optical image formed
by a plane mirror.
(d) state that for reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection and use
this in constructions, measurements and calculations.
(e) define the terms used in refraction including angle of incidence, angle of refraction and
refractive index.
(f) describe experiments to show refraction of light through glass blocks.
(g) do calculations using the equation sin i /sin r = constant.
(h) define the terms critical angle and total internal reflection.
(i) describe experiments to show total internal reflection.
(j) describe the use of optical fibres in telecommunications and state the advantages of their
use.
(k) describe the action of thin lenses (both converging and diverging) on a beam of light.
(l) define the term focal length.
(m) *draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of real and virtual images of an object by a
lens.
(n) define the term linear magnification and *draw scale diagrams to determine the focal
length needed for particular values of magnification (converging lens only).
(o) describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass and in a camera, projector and
photographic enlarger and draw ray diagrams to show how each forms an image.
(p) draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images in the normal eye, a short-sighted
eye and a long-sighted eye.
(q) describe the correction of short-sight and long-sight.
14
15. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Content
15.1 Dispersion of light
15.2 Properties of electromagnetic waves
15.3 Applications of electromagnetic waves
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe the dispersion of light as illustrated by the action on light of a glass prism.
(b) state the colours of the spectrum and explain how the colours are related to frequency/
wavelength.
(c) state that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same high speed in air and state the
magnitude of that speed.
(d) describe the main components of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(e) discuss the role of the following components in the stated applications:
(1) radiowaves- radio and television communications,
(2) microwaves- satellite television and telephone,
(3) infra-red- household electrical appliances, television controllers and intruder alarms,
(4) light- optical fibres in medical uses and telephone,
(5) ultra-violet- sunbeds, fluorescent tubes and sterilisation,
(6) X-rays, hospital use and engineering applications,
(7) gamma rays and their use in medical treatment.
16. Sound
Content
16.1 Sound waves
16.2 Speed of sound
16.3 Ultrasound
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe the production of sound by vibrating sources.
(b) describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves and describe compression and
rarefaction.
(c) state the approximate range of audible frequencies.
(d) explain why a medium is required in order to transmit sound waves and describe an
experiment to demonstrate this.
15
(e) describe a direct method for the determination of the speed of sound in air and make the
necessary calculation.
(f) state the order of magnitude of the speeds of sound in air, liquids and solids.
(g) explain how the loudness and pitch of sound waves relate to amplitude and frequency.
(h) describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo.
(i) describe the factors which influence the quality (timbre) of sound waves and how these
factors may be demonstrated using a CRO.
(j) define ultra sound.
(k) describe the uses of ultra sound in cleaning, quality control and pre-natal scanning.
SECTION V ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
17. Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Content
17.1 Laws of magnetism
17.2 Magnetic properties of matter
17.3 Electromagnetism
Learning Outcomes
(a) state the properties of magnets.
(b) describe induced magnetism.
(c) state the differences between magnetic, non-magnetic and magnetised materials.
(d) describe electrical methods of magnetisation and demagnetisation.
(e) describe the plotting of magnetic field lines with a compass.
(f) state the differences between the properties of temporary magnets (e.g. iron) and
permanent magnets (e.g. steel).
(g) describe uses of permanent magnets and electromagnets.
(h) explain the choice of material for, and use of, magnetic screening.
(i) describe the use of magnetic materials in audio/video tapes.
(j) describe the pattern of the magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and in
solenoids and state the effect on the magnetic field of changing the magnitude and
direction of the current.
(k) describe applications of the magnetic effect of a current in relays, circuit-breakers and
loudspeakers.
16
18. Static Electricity
Content
18.1 Laws of electrostatics
18.2 Principles of electrostatics
18.3 Applications of electrostatics
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by friction.
(b) explain that charging of solids involves a movement of electrons.
(c) state that there are positive and negative charges and that charge is measured in
coulombs.
(d) state that unlike charges attract and like charges repel.
(e) describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force.
(f) state the direction of lines of force and describe simple field patterns.
(g) describe the separation of charges by induction.
(h) discuss the differences between electrical conductors and insulators and state examples
of each.
(i) state what is meant by "earthing" a charged object.
(j) describe examples where charging could be a problem e.g. lightning
(k) describe examples where charging is helpful e.g's photocopier and electrostatic
precipitator.
19. Current Electricity
Content
19.1 Current
19.2 Electromotive force
19.3 Potential difference
19.4 Resistance
Learning Outcomes
(a) state that a current is a flow of charge and that current is measured in amperes.
(b) do calculations using the equation charge = current x time.
(c) describe the use of an ammeter with different ranges.
17
(d) explain that electromotive force (e.m.f.) is measured by the energy dissipated by a
source in driving a unit charge around a complete circuit.
(e) state that e.m.f. is work done/charge.
(f) state that the volt is given by J/C.
(g) calculate the total e.m.f. where several sources are arranged in series and discuss how
this is used in the design of batteries.
(h) discuss the advantage of making a battery from several equal voltage sources of e.m.f.
arranged in parallel.
(i) state that the potential difference across a circuit component is measured in volts.
(j) state that the p.d. across a component in a circuit is given by the work done in the
component/charge passed through the component.
(k) describe the use of a voltmeter with different ranges.
(l) state that resistance = p.d./current and use the equation resistance = voltage/current in
calculations.
(m) describe an experiment to measure the resistance of a metallic conductor using a
voltmeter and an ammeter and make the necessary calculations.
(n) discuss the temperature limitation on Ohm's Law.
(o) *use quantitatively the proportionality between resistance and the length and the cross-
sectional area of a wire.
(p) calculate the net effect of a number of resistors in series and in parallel.
(q) describe the effect of temperature increase on the resistance of a resistor and a filament
lamp and draw the respective sketch graphs of current/voltage.
(r) describe the operation of a light-dependent resistor.
20. D.C. Circuits
Content
20.1 Current and potential difference in circuits
20.2 Series and parallel circuits
Learning Outcomes
(a) *draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell, battery or a.c. mains), switches (closed
and open), resistors (fixed and variable), light dependent resistors, lamps, ammeters,
voltmeters, magnetising coils, bells, fuses, relays, light-emitting diodes and rectifying
diodes.
(b) state that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same, and use this in
calculations.
(c) state that the sum of the potential differences in a series circuit is equal to the potential
difference across the whole circuit and use this in calculations.
18
(d) state that the current from the source is the sum of the currents in the separate branches
of a parallel circuit.
(e) do calculations on the whole circuit, recalling and using formulae including R = V/I and
those for potential differences in series, resistors in series and resistors in parallel.
21. Practical Electricity
Content
21.1 Uses of electricity
21.2 Dangers of electricity
21.3 Safe use of electricity in the home
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe the use of electricity in heating, lighting and motors.
(b) do calculations using the equations power = voltage x current, and energy = voltage x
current x time.
(c) Calculate the cost of using electrical appliances where the energy unit is the kWh.
(d) state the hazards of damaged insulation, overheating of cables and damp conditions.
(e) explain the use of fuses and circuit breakers and fuse ratings and circuit breaker
settings.
(f) explain the need for earthing metal cases and for double insulation.
(g) state the meaning of the terms live, neutral and earth.
(h) describe how to wire a mains plug.
(i) explain why switches, fuses and circuit breakers are wired into the live conductor.
22. Electromagnetism
Content
22.1 Force on a current-carrying conductor
22.2 The d.c. motor
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe experiments to show the force on a current-carrying conductor, and on a beam
of charged particles, in a magnetic field, including the effect of reversing (1) the current,
(2) the direction of the field.
(b) state the relative directions of force, field and current.
(c) describe the field patterns between currents in parallel conductors and relate these to the
forces which exist between the conductors (excluding the Earth's field).
19
(d) explain how a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect and
that the effect is increased by increasing (1) the number of turns on the coil (2) the
current.
(e) discuss how this turning effect is used in the action of an electric motor.
(f) describe the action of a split-ring commutator in a two-pole, single coil motor and the
effect of winding the coil onto a soft-iron cylinder.
23. Electromagnetic Induction
Content
23.1 Principles of electromagnetic induction
23.2 The a.c. generator
23.3 The transformer
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe an experiment which shows that a changing magnetic field can induce an e.m.f.
in a circuit.
(b) state the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
(c) state that the direction of a current produced by an induced e.m.f. opposes the change
producing it (Lenz's Law) and describe how this law may be demonstrated.
(d) describe a simple form of a.c. generator (rotating coil or rotating magnet) and the use of
slip rings where needed.
(e) *sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator.
(f) describe the structure and principle of operation of a simple iron-cored transformer.
(g) state the advantages of high voltage transmission.
(h) discuss the environmental and cost implications of underground power transmission
compared to overhead lines.
24. Introductory Electronics
Content
24.1 Thermionic emission
24.2 Simple treatment of cathode-ray oscilloscope
24.3 Action and use of circuit components
Learning Outcomes
(a) state that electrons are emitted by a hot metal filament.
(b) explain that to cause a continuous flow of emitted electrons requires (1) high positive
potential and (2) very low gas pressure.
20
(c) describe the deflection of an electron beam by electric fields and magnetic fields.
(d) state that the flow of electrons (electron current) is from negative to positive and is in the
opposite direction to conventional current.
(e) describe in outline the basic structure and action of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (detailed
circuits are not required).
(f) describe the use of a cathode-ray oscilloscope to display waveforms and to measure
p.d.'s and short intervals of time (detailed circuits are not required).
(g) explain how the values of resistors are chosen according to a colour code and why
widely different values are needed in different types of circuit.
(h) discuss the need to choose components with suitable power ratings.
(i) describe the action of thermistors and light-dependent resistors and explain their use as
input sensors.
(j) describe the action of a variable potential divider (potentiometer).
(k) describe the action of a capacitor as a charge store and explain its use in time delay
circuits.
(l) describe the action of a reed switch and reed relay.
(m) explain the use of reed relays in switching circuits.
(n) describe and explain circuits operating as light-sensitive switches and temperature
operated alarms (using a reed relay or other circuits).
(o) state the meaning of the terms processor, output device and feedback.
25. Electronic Systems
Content
25.1 Switching and logic circuits
25.2 Bistable and astable circuits
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe the action of a bipolar npn transistor as an electrically operated switch and
explain its use in switching circuits.
(b) state in words and in truth table form, the action of the following logic gates, AND, OR,
NAND, NOR and NOT(inverter).
(c) state the symbols for the logic gates listed above (American ANSI Y 32.14 symbols will
be used).
(d) describe the use of a bistable circuit.
(e) discuss the fact that bistable circuits exhibit the property of memory.
(f) describe the use of an astable circuit (pulse generator).
(g) describe how the frequency of an astable circuit is related to the values of the resistive
and capacitative components.
21
SECTION VI ATOMIC PHYSICS
26. Radioactivity
Content
26.1 Detection of radioactivity
26.2 Characteristics of the three types of emission
26.3 Nuclear reactions
26.4 Half-life
26.5 Uses of radioactive isotopes including safety precautions
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe the detection of alpha-particles, beta-particles and gamma-rays by appropriate
methods.
(b) state and explain the random emission of radioactivity in direction and time.
(c) state, for radioactive emissions, their nature, relative ionising effects and relative
penetrating powers.
(d) describe the deflection of radioactive emissions in electric fields and magnetic fields.
(e) explain what is meant by radioactive decay.
(f) explain the processes of fusion and fission.
(g) describe with the aid of a block diagram one type of fission reactor for use in a power
station.
(h) discuss theories of star formation and their energy production by fusion.
(i) explain what is meant by the term half-life.
(j) make calculations based on half-life which might involve information in tables or shown
by decay curves.
(k) describe how radioactive materials are handled, used and stored in a safe way.
(l) discuss the way in which the type of radiation emitted and the half-life determine the use
for the material.
(m) discuss the origins and effect of background radiation.
(n) discuss the dating of objects by the use of
14
C.
22
27. The Nuclear Atom
Content
27.1 Atomic model
27.2 Nucleus
Learning Outcomes
(a) describe the structure of the atom in terms of nucleus and electrons.
(b) describe how the Geiger-Marsden alpha-particle scattering experiment provides
evidence for the nuclear atom.
(c) describe the composition of the nucleus in terms of protons and neutrons.
(d) define the terms proton number (atomic number), Z and nucleon number (mass number),
A.
(e) explain the term nuclide and use the nuclide notation
A
Z
X to construct equations where
radioactive decay leads to changes in the composition of the nucleus.
(f) define the term isotope.
(g) explain, using nuclide notation, how one element may have a number of isotopes.
23
RESOURCE LIST
Teachers may find reference to the following books helpful.
Breithaupt, J Key Science - Physics (Stanley Thornes) 0 7487 1674 2
Dobson, K The Physical World (Nelson) 0 17 438409 2
Duncan, T GCSE Physics (Third edition) (John Murray) 0 7195 5301 6
Nuffield Co-ordinated Sciences Physics (Longman) 0 582 09396 1
Pople, S Explaining Physics (GCSE edition) (OUP) 0 19 914272 6
These titles represent some of the texts available in the U.K. at the time of printing this booklet.
Teachers are encouraged to choose texts for class use which they feel will be of interest to their
students and will support their own teaching style.

Teachers may also find the following electronic resources useful.

Focus Educational Software, available from www.focuseducational.com
Crocodile Physics, available from www.crocodile-clips.com
Absorb Physics for GCSE, available from www.crocodile-clips.com

24
SUMMARY OF KEY QUANTITIES,
SYMBOLS AND UNITS
Students should be able to state the symbols for the following physical quantities and, where
indicated, state the units in which they are measured. Students should be able to define those
items indicated by an asterisk (*).
Quantity Symbol Unit
length l, h ... km, m, cm, m
area A m
2
, cm
2
volume V m
3
, cm
3

weight W N*
mass m, M kg, g, mg
time

t h, min, s, ms
density*

g/cm
3
kg/m
3

speed* u, v km/h, m/s, cm/s
acceleration a m/s
2
acceleration of free fall g
force* F, P. . . N
moment of force*

Nm
work done W, E J*, kWh*
energy E J
power* P W*
pressure* p, P Pa*, N/m
2

atmospheric pressure

use of millibar
temperature , t : T C: K
heat capacity C J/, C J/K
specific heat capacity* c J/(gC), J/(g K)
latent heat L J
specific latent heat* l J/kg, J/g
frequency* f Hz
wavelength*
m, cm
focal length f m, cm
angle of incidence i degree ()
angles of reflection, refraction r degree ()
critical angle c degree ()
potential difference */voltage V V* mV
current* I A, mA
charge

C, A s
e.m.f.* E V
resistance R

25
PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT
Scientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. It is therefore important that an assessment
of a candidate's knowledge and understanding of Physics should include a component relating to
practical work and experimental skills. Two alternative means of assessment are provided: a
formal practical test and a written alternative-to-practical paper. These are outlined in the Scheme
of Assessment. Both papers assess the skills outlined in Assessment Objective C.
Paper 3 - Practical Test
Introduction
This paper is designed to assess a candidate's competence in those practical skills which can
realistically be assessed within the context of a formal test of limited duration. The best
preparation for this paper is for candidates to pursue a comprehensive course in practical Physics
throughout the time during which they are being taught the theoretical content. It is not expected
that all the experiments and exercises will follow the style of the Practical Test, but candidates
should regularly be made aware of the points Examiners will be looking for when marking this
paper (see below).
The questions in the Practical Test will seek to cover most of the Objectives outlined above. In
particular, candidates should be prepared to make measurements or determinations of physical
quantities such as mass, length, area, volume, time, current and potential difference. Candidates
should be aware of the need to take simple precautions for safety and/or accuracy. The questions
will not necessarily be restricted to topics in the curriculum content. The test does not involve the
use of textbooks, nor will candidates need access to their own records of laboratory work carried
out during the course. Candidates will be required to follow instructions given in the question
paper, and to write their answers in a separate printed answer booklet. Candidates may use an
electronic calculator, which complies with the current version of the Regulations: alternatively,
Mathematical tables may be used. Examiners assume that an electronic calculator will be used
when they are setting the papers and judging the length of time required for each question.
Apparatus Requirements
Instructions are sent to Centres several months in advance of the date of the Practical Test. Every
effort is made to minimise the cost to Centres by designing experiments around basic apparatus
which should be available in most school Physics laboratories. For guidance, a list of the items
used in recent papers is included at the end of this section. It is not intended to be exhaustive, but
should be taken as a guide to the requirements.
It is intended that candidates should have 20 minutes with the apparatus for each of the three
questions in section A and 60 minutes with the apparatus for the question in Section B.
Candidates may be instructed as to the order in which they are to attempt the questions. To
reduce the number of sets of apparatus required, a circus' arrangement may be used for
Section A, and some candidates may be told to do Section B first. Please note the requirement to
provide a seating plan of each stage of the examination, as indicated on the instructions. It is
essential that candidates are warned of these arrangements in advance. Spare sets of apparatus
must be available to allow for breakage and malfunction. Supervisors should check every set of
apparatus before the date of the paper, once access to the question paper is allowed. Should any
significant deviations from the specified apparatus be necessary, the Product Manager at CIE
must be consulted well in advance of the date on which the paper is set, by fax or e-mail. For
some Centres, communication must be through the appropriate Ministry of Education. Specimen
results must be provided in the envelope which is sent to the Examiner containing the scripts.
26
Apparatus

12 V, 24 W filament bulb
ammeter FSD 1 A, or 1.5 A *
beaker 100 cm
3
, 250 cm
3
, 1 litre
Blu-tack
boiling tube, 150 mm x 25 mm
card
cells, 1.5 V
connecting leads
crocodile clips
d.c. power supply - variable to 12 V
G- clamp
half-metre rule
lens, converging f = 15 cm
low voltage (2.5 V) filament bulbs in holders
masses, 50g, 100g
measuring cylinder 100 cm
3
, 250 cm
3

metre rule
microscope slides
mirror, plane, 50 mm x 10 mm

newton meter, max. reading 1.0 N
nichrome wire 28 swg (0.38 mm diameter),
30 swg (0.32 mm diameter)
pendulum bob
pin board
pivot (to fit a hole in metre rule)
plastic or polystyrene cup, 200 cm
3
Plasticene
protractor
resistors, various
retort stand, boss and clamp
Sellotape
springs
stopwatch reading to 0.1 s or better
switch
thermometer -10 C - 110 C (by 1 C)
thread
tracing paper
voltmeter FSD 1 V, 5 V *
wooden board
* Digital multimeters may be suitable as a flexible, low-cost alternative to both ammeters and
voltmeters.
General marking points
Setting up apparatus
Candidates will be expected to be able to follow written instructions for the assembly and use of
apparatus, for example, an electrical circuit or ray-tracing equipment. They may be expected to
make a sensible choice of measuring instrument.
Taking readings
During the course of their preparation for this paper, candidates should be taught to observe the
following points of good practice, which often feature in the mark scheme.
A measuring instrument should be used to its full precision. Thermometers are often marked with
intervals of 1 C. It is appropriate to record a reading which coincides exactly with a mark as, for
example, 22.0C, rather than as a bald 22C. Interpolation between scale divisions should be to
better than one half of a division. For example, consider a thermometer with scale divisions of
1C. A reading of 22.3 C might best be recorded as 22.5 C, since 0.3 is nearer 0.5 than 0.
That is, where a reading lies between two scale marks, an attempt should be made to interpolate
between those two marks, rather than simply rounding to the nearest mark. The length of an
object measured on a rule with a centimetre and millimetre scale should be recorded as 12.0 cm
rather than a bald 12 cm, if the ends of the object coincide exactly with the 0 and 12 cm marks. A
measurement or calculated quantity must be accompanied by a correct unit, where appropriate.
Candidates should be able to make allowance for zero errors.
Recording readings
A table of results should include, in the heading of each column, the name or symbol of the
measured or calculated quantity, together with the appropriate unit. Solidus notation is expected.
Each reading should be repeated, if possible, and recorded. (This is particularly true in section B.)
The number of significant figures given for calculated quantities should be the same as the least
number of significant figures in the raw data used.
A ratio should be calculated as a decimal number, or two or three significant figures.
27
Drawing graphs
A graph should be drawn with a sharp pencil. The axes should be labelled with quantity and unit.
The scales for the axes should allow the majority of the graph paper to be used in both directions,
and be based on sensible ratios, e.g. 2 cm on the graph paper representing I or 2 or 5 units of the
variable (or 10, 20 or 50, etc.). Each data point should be plotted to an accuracy of better than one
half of one of the smallest squares on the grid. Points should be indicated by a small cross or a fine
dot with a circle drawn around it. Large dots are penalised. Where a straight line is required to be
drawn through the data points, Examiners expect to see an equal number of points either side of the
line over its entire length. That is, points should not be seen to lie all above the line at one end, and
all below the line at the other end. The gradient of a straight line should be taken using a triangle
whose hypotenuse extends over at least half the length of the candidate's line. Data values should
be read from the line to an accuracy better than one half of one of the smallest squares on the grid.
The same accuracy should be used in reading off an intercept. Calculation of the gradient should be
to two or three significant figures. Candidates should be able to determine the intercept of the graph
line. Candidates should also be able to take readings from the graph by extrapolation or
interpolation.
Conclusion
Candidates should be able to indicate how they carried out a specific instruction and to describe the
precautions taken in carrying out a procedure. They should be able to explain the choice of a
particular piece of apparatus. They should also be able to comment on a procedure and suggest an
improvement.
Paper 4 - Alternative to Practical Paper
This paper is designed for those Centres for whom the preparation and execution of the Practical
Test is impracticable. The Alternative to Practical Paper consists of four or five questions relating to
practical Physics: candidates answer on the question paper. The best preparation for this paper is a
thorough course in experimental Physics. This cannot be emphasised enough. Candidates are
unlikely to demonstrate their full potential on this paper unless they have become fully familiar with
the techniques and apparatus involved by doing experiments for themselves. Questions may involve
the description of particular techniques, the drawing of diagrams, or the analysis of data. The
Examiners expect the same degree of detail as for Paper 3 and candidates should be taught to
adopt practices which satisfy the same general marking points. In addition, candidates should be
able to draw, complete and label diagrams of apparatus and to take readings from diagrams of
apparatus given in the question paper. Where facilities permit, demonstration experiments by the
teacher can be very useful in the teaching of particular techniques, and can be the source of useful
data for candidates to analyse.
28
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN PHYSICS
PAPERS
It is hoped that the glossary will prove helpful to candidates as a guide, although it is not
exhaustive. The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not only with respect to the number of
terms included but also to the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should appreciate that
the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context. They should also note that the number
of marks allocated for any part of a question is a guide to the depth of treatment required for the
answer.
1. Define (the term(s) . . . ) is intended literally. Only a formal statement or equivalent
paraphrase, such as the defining equation with symbols identified, being required.
2. ExplainlWhat is meant by ... normally implies that a definition should be given, together with
some relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned, especially
where two or more terms are included in the question. The amount of supplementary
comment intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.
3. State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer
that can be obtained by inspection'.
4. List requires a number of points with no elaboration. Where a given number of points is
specified, this should not be exceeded.
5. Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main
points of the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to
particular experiments. In the former instance, the term usually implies that the answer
should include reference to (visual) observations associated with the phenomena. The
amount of description intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.
6. Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.
7. Deduce implies that candidates are not expected to produce the required answer by recall but
by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may
be wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted in an earlier part of the
question.
8. Suggest is used in two main contexts. It may either imply that there is no unique answer or
that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a novel situation, one that
formally may not be in the syllabus.
9. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be
shown.
10. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable
measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor.
11. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is
obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a
standard formula, e.g. the Young modulus, relative molecular mass.
12. Show is used when an algebraic deduction has to be made to prove a given equation. It is
important that the terms being used by candidates are stated explicitly.

29
13. Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity
concerned. Candidates should make such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary
about points of principle and about the values of quantities not otherwise included in the
question.
14. Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need
only be qualitatively correct. However, candidates should be aware that, depending on the
context, some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having
an intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value. On a sketch graph it is essential
that candidates clearly indicate what is being plotted on each axis.
Sketch, when applied to diagrams, implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable:
nevertheless, care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important
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