MSC SabryAbdallah
MSC SabryAbdallah
MSC SabryAbdallah
PESTICIDES IN RELATION TO
THEIR SIDE EFFECTS.
by
THESIS
In
Department of Pesticides
Faculty of Agriculture, Kafer El-Sheikh
Tanta University
(1998)
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME PESTICIDES IN RELATION
TO THEIR SIDE EFFECTS.
by
Sabry Abdel-Monem Abd-El-Aal Abd-Allah
For the degree of
M. Sc. in Pesticides.
Examiners committee Approved by
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
INTRODUCTION. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 3
1-Pesticidal efficiency against pests and their natural enemies 3
especially of vegetable crops.
1.1. Cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. 4
1.2. Aphids. 13
1.3. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. 29
1.4. Spider mites. 35
1.5. Beneficial arthropodes. 41
2- Mammalian toxicity of pesticides. 50
2.1. The effect on AChE and esterases. 51
2.2. The effect on liver function and other biochemical 63
parameters.
2.2.1. Transaminase. 64
2. 2. 2. Alkaline phosphatase 73
2. 2. 3 Cholesterol, bilirubin, total protien and albumin 78
2.3. Kidney function. 84
2.4. The effect on body weight. 86
2. 5. Histopathological studies. 91
MATERIALS AND METHODS. 95
1- Test insects. 95
1.1. The cotton leafworm: Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). 95
1.2. Aphids. 95
1.3. Spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (boisduval). 96
I
CONTENTS
II
CONTENTS
III
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
2
REVIEW
OF
LITERATURE
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4
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residual action were suggested for the control of the same pest in vegetable
plantations.
5
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6
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7
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8
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for fourth and fifth instars treated with diflubenzuron were 295 and 16
mg/liter, respectively ; for teflubenzuron, LC50` s were 42 and 7 mg/liter,
9
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Tamaron combi, Decis and Cyanox) were the leading programs, as they
induced more efficient pest control, low efficacy on predator insects and
gave high cotton yield.
10
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11
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survival) with diethyl maleate or dimethoate gave only 6.2 and 8.9%
surviving larvae, respectively. In addition, develotfourth instar larvae was
inhibited. The more stable teflubenzuron was synergized by both
compounds to a much lesser extent than diflubenzuron .None of the
synergists had a significant effect on the activity of hexaflumuron.
1.2. Aphids
12
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
13
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Shanab et al. (1983), evaluated the joint effect of six herbicides and
five insecticides on the population density of Aphis gossypii and Thrips
tabaci under field conditions. They found that the application of herbicides
alone slightly decreased the population density of both insect while
insecticide treatment greatly suppressed the infestation and all insecticides
seemed to be highly effective. In addition, it was obvious that the best
combined effect on aphids population could be obtained in the case of
pendimethalin as herbicide and cypermethrin, phosalone and triazophos as
insecticides..
14
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
15
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Hussein and Fong. (1989), found that the LC50s (in mg/ml) of
dimethoate and (in brackets) malathion were 14.8 (17.8) for Menochilus
sexmacu [Cheilomenes sexmaculata], 75.9 (95.5) for Aphis craccivora
and 206.3 (239.8) for A. gossypii. Both insecticides reduced the fecundity
16
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
and adult life span of the predator. In the presence of dimethoate, the level
of prey population was influenced by the predator-prey ratio and the
dosage of insecticide used.
17
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18
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0.5 lb/acre, and fair to poor control of both morphs at 0.25 and 0.125
lb/acre. Methomyl, endosulfan, and endocide plus (endosulfan plus
parathion) also provided effective control of both morphs. Malathion,
oxamyl, and tralomethrin provided significantly better control of the green
morph than the red morph. Micro-encapsulated methyl parathion was
totally ineffective in controlling either green or red color forms . In
laboratory tests, the residual activity of acephate provided high mortality
and a reduction in live nymphs produced for up to 14 days after application
for both morphs, although these effects were more pronounced with green
aphids.
19
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20
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21
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22
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tested were toxic to the aphids. Profenophos was highly toxic to the adult
virginoparous aphid at LC50 level. Malathion demonstrated the highest
23
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24
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and 66.17 g/g body weight for the species tested. The linyphiid spider
Erigone atra (Black wall) was the most intrinsically susceptibility predator
25
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from 480 to 65 and 69 ppm, respectively). In all cases, the highest level of
26
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synergism was achieved at the mixing ratio 2:1 Apart from malathion, all
the tested insecticide/SH777 mixtures exhibited either additive or
antagonistic effect.
27
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28
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29
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30
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effect of the insecticide against adults and newly hatched larvae from eggs
. Supracid spraying with concentration 0.2% four times at intervals of 15
days led to an increase of 8607.5 Kg/ha. in fall cucumber yield.
31
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32
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33
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insecticides and rates used had very low residual effect against B. tabaci
immature by 3 days post treatment.
34
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35
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Galecron were two formulation for the same active ingredient, however,
Galecron was nearly 1.5 times more toxic than Fundal. Cyolane was the
most effective insecticide and leptophos was the least while carbaryl
showed no toxicity. Karathan was found to be the most active fungicide
followed by benomyl and then morestan which gave the least among this
group. The two fungicides diathane M-45 and bavistin were non-toxic and
having no acaricidal activity. The higher potentation of pesticides pairs on
T. cucurbitacearum was leptophos + monocrotophos followed by cyolane
+ chlorobenzilate and then by monocrotophos + tetradifon in a descending
order.
36
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37
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plant protection than IGRs alone. The efficiency of chlorpyrifos plus IGRs
was higher at 7 and 14 days after application on aphids. The effectiveness
of tested mixtures was in general lower on T. urticae, at 21 days following
application.
38
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39
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40
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grown under plastic tunnels. They found that from all of the tested
synthetic insecticides, Reldan only exhibited a considerable potential
acaricidal effect. As a specific acaricide, Tedifol was more potent than
Kelthane against the tested mites.
41
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42
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43
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44
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; order of toxicity was: methyl parathion > dieldrin > malathion >
dimethoate > cis-permethrin > DDT > fenvalerate .
fenvalerate, dimethoate and lindane were 0.99, 3.03, 6.53 and 109.2
p.p.m., respectively. Pirimicarb showed the highest selective ratio (natural
enemies LC50 :aphid LC50) of the 4 insecticides tested. Field trials
indicated that pirimicarb at 105 g a.i./ha gave the best control of the aphid
and was the least harmful to the natural enemies, while fenvalerate at 60 g
a.i./ha was also effective in controlling the aphid and did little damage to
the natural enemies. Dimethoate at 180 g a.i./ha was effective in
controlling the aphid but was harmful to the natural enemies. Applications
of lindane at 225 g a.i./ha were harmful to the natural enemies and the
compound was not recommended for control of the aphid.
45
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46
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Hao et al. (1990) tested the eggs, 4th -instar larvae, pupae and adults
of Coccinella septempunctata with pirimicarb, phosalone and
monocrotophos at various concentrations using the leaf-soaking method.
The results showed that the eggs, larvae, pupae and adults reacted
similarly to the 3 insecticides. The toxicity index of pirimicarb and
phosalone in comparison with that of monocrotophos was 0.0483 and
0.3187, respectively., to eggs at 120h., 0.01088 and 0.4056 to 4th -instar
larvae at 24h., 0.0540 and 0.5990 to pupae at 216h., and 0.1406 and
0.0623 to adults at 24h., respectively., suggesting that pirimicarb and
phosalone were highly selective to different developmental stages of the
coccinellid.
47
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
and (Larvin liquid, Tamaron combi, Decis and Cyanox) were the leading
programs, as they induced more efficient pest control, low efficacy on
predator insects and gave high cotton yield.
level exhibited no toxicity for Coccinella but was highly toxic for
Chrysopa. Pirimicarb proved to be the most selective of the compounds
tested for the control of aphids when it was used at a concentration that
caused 50 per cent mortality as it was found to be unharmful to both
Chrysopa and Coccinella. Dimethoate, on the other hand, was fto be very
harmful and highly toxic to both Coccinella and Chrysopa adults and
would probably be destructive to those natural enemies in the field.
Laboratory evaluation indicates that both pirimicarb and malathion have
potentials for use in IPM program for vegetable pest control.
48
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
the egg stage and the 1st larval instar of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph).They
revealed that deltamethrin exhibited magnitude bad side effect against the
eggs(the LC90 was 3.35 ppm) as compared with the safest compound
kelthane-s (the LC50 was 144 ppm.). The figures of the other tested
toxicants ranged between 17.6 to 109.2 ppm .They found that also the
larval stage needed higher concentration to achieve similar mortality
percentages; LC90 values ranged between 72.2 - 1176 ppm . Ranking of
toxicity was similar to that of the ovicidal action. The LC50 for the first
instar were 20.84, 18.63, 12.75, 6.32, 12.02 and 16.49 fold more tolerant
than eggs to delta-methrin, cypermeithrin, fenvalerate, fenpropathrin,
methomyl and kelthane-s, respectively. The corresponding number of folds
based on LC90 were 20.93, 20.98, 11.67, 4.83, 8.97 and 8.17 .
49
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han the phytoselid mite E. scutalis. Moreover, atabron was more effective
on both mite species.
50
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Abbassy et al. , (1981) , studied the toxicity in hens fed single oral
doses of chlorpyrifos (32 mg/kg), and pirimiphos-methyl (35 mg/kg).
These doses produced toxic effects in hens similar to that reported for
other organophosphorus insecticides. Plasma cholinesterase (ChE)
51
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52
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53
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54
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55
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decrease in ChE when blood samples were taken at 1,3,6, 12, 24, 48 and
72hr after administration. On the other hand, subchronic toxicity through
administration of 50 and 100 ppm of methamidophos in drinking water for
90 successive days resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma ACh-
ase activity.
56
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57
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58
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The effects of single acute oral doses of 1, 2.1, and 3.5 mg/kg
oxamyl (a carbamate insecticide) on selected biochemical parameters in
male Sprague-Dawley rats was studied by Fayez and Kilgore. (1992),
They found that the compound inhibited brain and blood
acetycholinesterase significantly in the first few hours of exposure. but
there were absence of statistically significant effects between days 7 and
14 in most of the investigated parameters.
59
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more). Brain and plasma ChE inhibitions were positive, but weakly,
correlated with fenitrothion body burden.
of the three OPs towards either brain or plasma ChE activity was highly
correlated with sensitivity to acute toxicity in both neonatal and adult rats.
Additionally, under defined experimental condition, plasma ChE inhibition
may be a useful quantitative index for the degree of brain cholinesterase
following OP exposures.
60
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rats are more sensitive to acute lethality from these compounds and the
maximum tolerated dose (MTD) exposures produce extensive brain ChE
inhibition in both age groups (7 days and 80-100 days group). They could
ensure a significant inhibitor-related and age-related differences in the
duration of ChE inhibition , however, following such OP exposures.
61
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62
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63
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2.2.1. Transaminases.
64
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65
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66
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elevation in the plasma GOT and GPT when blood samples were taken at
1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72hr after administration .
67
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AChE and liver GOT and GPT levels and decreases in serum GOT and
GOT in rats receiving the pesticides
68
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These changes were related to type of insecticide used, dose and time
elapsed.
69
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70
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52.5 mg/kg B.W.) or repeated doses (1/10 LD50 21 mg/kg). They found
that there was no significant inhibitory action on GOT activity in all tested
tissues, GPT level declined in both brain and kidney tissues under various
treatment conditions.
71
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72
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five times in 10 days) elevated the GPT and GOT activities of brain and
kidney, while a reduction in liver GPT and GOT activities were observed.
2. 2. 2. Alkaline phosphatase
73
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74
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75
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(AP), when blood samples were collected at 1,3,6, 12, 24,48 and 72hr
after administration. On the other hand, subchronic toxicity through
administration of 50 and 100 ppm of methamidophos in drinking water for
90 successive days resulted in a significant increase in AP activity at both
concentrations.
76
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77
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ALKpase enzyme activity was reduced greatly in all tested tissues under
different dosing treatments. Though after 24h post treatment, its level
increased significantly in both liver, and kidney tissues.
78
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79
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80
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18%, 19%, 35% and 34%, respectively. Correspondingly in liver, the 30-
day insecticide treatment resulted in concentration of glycogen and protein
decreased 60% and 12% respectively.
81
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alpha and Sumicidin was used recording 62.50, and 62.55%, respectively,
maximum effect was shown by dosing LD100 of Sumi-alpha and Cyanox
The effects of single acute oral doses of 1, 2.1, and 3.5 mg/kg
oxamyl (a carbamate insecticide) on selected biochemical parameters in
male Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated by Fayez and Kilgore
82
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(1992), They found significant changes in serum total lipids and glucose
when oxamyl was given at 2.1 and 3.5 mg/kg, but serum protein was not
affected at any dose level.
83
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84
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base balance. This organ is also the major site of formation of hormones
that influence systemic metabolic function. A toxicological insult to kidney
could affect any or all of these functions. However, the effects usually
reported following toxic insult reflect decreased elimination of wastes, i.e.
an increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or an increase in plasma
creatinine (Punia et al. 1987 ; Dheranetra et al. 1988 ; Zidan et al. 1989
and Ogata and Izushi, 1991).
85
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86
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87
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88
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observed also an increase in liver, kidney, spleen and brain weights in rats
fed with phorate and dimethoate.
Fayez and Kilgore. (1992), studied the effects of single acute oral
doses of 1, 2.1, and 3.5 mg/kg of oxamyl on selected biochemical
parameters in male Sprague-Dawley rats. They found that the animals
exhibited significantly decreased weight gain when compared to control
animals.
Feeding of 0.1% DDT containing diet for 13-14 days to rats caused
a reduction in growth rate, which was significantly ameliorated by dietary
addition of myo-inositol. Dietary DDT increased liver weight. The
increases in liver weight due to DDT were significantly suppressed by
dietary addition of myo-inositol. In the animals without receiving DDT,
dietary myo-inositol caused no significant effect Katayama,(1993).
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decreased parallely. No changes occurred in the body tissues but for liver
which was enlarged and its protein, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and
glutamic pyruvic transaminase concentrations increased (Paul et al.,1993).
90
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weight/body weight ratio was higher than that observed in non treated
animals.
2. 5. Histopathological studies:
91
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Hanafy et al. (1991), gave groups of rats either a single large dose
of Tamaron (methamidophos) (20 mg/kg body wt) or repeated oral small
doses (2 mg/kg body wt). They found that both treatments caused
degenerative and vascular changes in the liver, kidney, heart, testis and
brain of rats.
92
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93
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94
MATERIALS
AND
METHODS
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1- Test insects:
1.1. The cotton leafworm: Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd)
1.2.Aphids:
96
MATERIALS AND METHODS
oil bean leaves on white paper, then the full mature individuals were
chosen and transferred by a fine brush to discs for treatements.
1.4. The predator, paederus alfierii (Kock):
The tested predator P. alfierii (Staphylinidae: Coleoptera) was
collected from untreated vegetable fields in Kafr - EL-Sheikh Governorate
by using an insect trap and was transferred to the laboratory. Predators
were placed in glass jars each of one littre covered with muslin. New preys
( aphis sp, eggs of Spodoptera littorals) were offered every day to the
predator to keep a constant supply of food. Predators were kept under
laboratory conditions ( temperature 252 C and 655 RH and 12 hours
daily illumination by fluorescent light) for at least 2 weeks before testing.
2-Test animals:
A pure strain of healthy white albino male and female rats were
purchased from Faculty of Medicine, Tanta Univ., and reared in the
laboratory .The animals were housed in metallic cages, provided ad libitum
with balanced ration consisted of bread, carrot and milk. Male rats of 3-4
months age and 150-180 gm weight were chosen for the experiments.
3-Pesticides
Trade name :Marshal.
Common name :Carbosulfan.
Mol. Formula :C20H32N2O3S.
Chemical name :2,3-dihydro -2,2-dimethyl benzofuran -7-yl
Structural formula
97
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CH3
OCON S N[(CH2)3CH3]2
O CH3
CH3
Formulation : W.P 25 %
Introduced by :FMC Corparation Agriculfural Chemical Group.
Philadlefhia, Pennsylvania.
N
CH3
OCON(CH3)2
Formulation :WP 50 %.
Introduced by :ICI plant protection Division. England.
98
MATERIALS AND METHODS
OCONHCH3
OCH(CH3)2
Formulation :EC 50 %.
Introduced by :Bayer, Agrochemical Division.Leverkusen, Germany.
Cl N O P(OCH3)2
Cl Cl
Formulation :EC 50 %
Introduced by :DOW. Elanco, USA.
99
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Structural formula :
S
CH3NHCOCH2SP(OCH3)2
Formulation :EC 40 %.
Introduced by :Kafr El - Zayat Company.
CHSP(OCH3)2
CO2CH2CH3
Formulation :EC 50 %
Introduced by :ISAGRO - MILANO - Italy.
100
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CH3 N N(CH2CH3)2
OP(OCH3)2
S
Formulation :EC 50 %.
Introduced by :ICI plant protection Division. England.
Br O P OCH2CH3
Cl SCH2CH2CH3
Formulation : EC 72 %.
Introduced by : CIBA. GEIGY Limited. Basle, Switzerland.
4-Laboratory-toxicity tests:-
4.1. The cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis:-
101
MATERIALS AND METHODS
leaves for 24 hrs. Three replicates were made for each concentration.
Mortality counts were recorded.
4.2. Aphids
The slide dipping technique described by El- Sayed et al. (1978) was
applied to assay the toxicity of different pesticides against aphids. A piece
of double faced scotch tape was pressed tightly to the surface of a glass
slide. Using a moist brush, ten adults (1-2 days old) were stuk to the tape
on their backs so that thier legs and antennae were free. The infested slides
were then dipped in the pesticides dilutions and gently agitated for five
seconds. Any excess of the solutions was removed using a filter paper and
kept under the same conditions of the breeding room. Four replicates were
used for each concentration. Forty of insects was also dipped in water
according to the same technique and considered as control check.
Mortality counts were recorded 24 hours following treatments. Aphids
responding to touch of a fine brush were considered alive.
4.3. Mites:
102
MATERIALS AND METHODS
5-Field studies:
Pestesides used in the laboratory were subjected to further evaluation
at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agric., Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta Univ.
during the growing season, summer 1995. A cultivated area grown with
okra and squash was divided into plots of 1/60 fed. each. Treatments were
distributed in a complete randomized block desigen with 3 replicates.
Pesticides used and their application rates are showin in Table 1.
103
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table (1): Pesticides used in the field experiment, their formulations and application
rates.
a c
%Reduction = 1- 100
b d
a = Counts in treatments after spraying.
b = Counts in treatments before spraying.
c = Counts in control before spraying at the same interval of 1, 3, 5, 7 days.
d = Counts in control after spraying.
104
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The LD50 values and thier confidence limits, were calculated as follows:
105
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Blood samples were collected in clean sterile vials, left till clotting
occurred and centrifuged at 5000 r. p. m for 15 min. The obtained sera
were separated and kept frozen till use.
8- Biochemical analysis:
The sera of treated rats were subjected to biochemical analysis that
included, total protien, non-specific esterase, cholinesterase (ChE) ,
glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(GOT), alkaline phosphatase, albumin, cholesterol, creatinine, billirubin
and uric acid.
106
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Calculation:
A sample
Serum protien concentration (g / dl) = 6
A standard
107
MATERIALS AND METHODS
insolubility of naphtholic azo dyes, it was found that , azo dyes may be
kept in a perfectly clear colloidal solution by the use of detergents. Sodium
lauryl sulphate detergent proved to be very efficient. This detergent had an
additional advantage of stopping enzymatic reaction immediately.
Reagents:
108
MATERIALS AND METHODS
109
MATERIALS AND METHODS
0.8
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
110
MATERIALS AND METHODS
20mM Na2HPO4 and the volume was completed with distilled water to
500 ml (pH 7).
Blank solution:
The blank solution was identical to substrate solution except that the
substrate (ASChI) was ommitted.
Procedure:
1- 4 ml of substrate solution were added to two tubes and 4 ml of
the blank solution to a third tube.
2- Tubes were preheated to 37°C in water bath and 50 µl of
serum sample were added.
3- O.D readings were taken at two time points 1 minute a part at
412 nm.. Thus, changes of optical density per minute (O.D/min.)
were obtained.
Calculation:
The activity in µ moles ASCh/min/mg protein was calculated by using the
following equation:
( O.D Average sample - O.D blank) fv 106
Activity =
32258 pc sv t
Where : fv = final volume (0.004 L)
pc = protein concentration (mg/ml).
sv = sample volume
t = time of incubation (1 minute).
8.4.Determination of transaminases:
The colorimetric method of Reitman and Frankel (1957) was used for the
determination of Aspartate aminotransferase (formerly Glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase GOT) and Alanine aminotranasferase (formerly,
Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, GPT) activity. Commercial kits of
111
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distilled water: 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Reagent 1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
Reagent 4 -- 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Reagent 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
The mixture of each tube was shaken well and let stand for 20
minutes at room temperature, then 10 ml of NaOH 0.4 N was added to
each tube and the contents of each tube were mixed well and let to stand
112
MATERIALS AND METHODS
for 5 minutes. The developed color was measured at 505 nm. The
standard curve was drawn by plotting the number of units/ml on the
abscissa and the optical denisty on the ordinate.
Tube No.: 1 2 3 4 5 6
GOT units/ml: 0.0 22 55 95 150 215
GPT units/ml : 0.0 25 50 83 126 ----
Measurment:
Two test tubes were set up for serum samples as following:
1- One ml of reagent 1 (GOT substrate) was pipetted into one tube and one
ml of reagent 2 (GPT substrate) was pipetted in the second tube, then the
tubes were incubated for 5 minutes at 37°C.
2- 0.2 ml of serum was added to each tube and the contents were mixed well
and incubated at 37°C for exactly one hour (GOT tube) and 30 minutes
(GPT tube), then 1 ml of reagent 3 was added to each tube. The contents of
each tube were let to stand for 20 minutes at room tepmerature.
3- After that, 10 ml NaOH 0.4 N were added to each tube and the contents
were mixed well.
4- After 5 minutes the devloped colour was measured under the same
conditions used for the standard curve.
Calculation:
The number of GOT and GPT units/ml of serum was calculated from
the standard curve as shown in figure 2 and 3.
8.5.Dtermination of alkaline phosphatase:
The method of Bessey et al (1946) were used for the determination of
alkaline phosphatase. The determination was done using commercial kits of
113
MATERIALS AND METHODS
0.5
0.4
0.3
Optical Density.
0.2
0.1
0
0 50 100 150 200
(Units/ml.)
114
MATERIALS AND METHODS
0.8
Optical Density.
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150
(Units/ml.)
115
MATERIALS AND METHODS
116
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Reagents:
Reagent(1):(Buffer): pipes buffer, pH 6.9 90mmol/l.
1 phenol 26 mmol/l.
Reagent(2): (Enzyme reagent): cholesterol oxidase 200 U/l.
cholesterol esterase 300 U/l.
4-amino phenazone 0.4 mmol/l.
Reagent (4): (Standard): cholesterol 200 mg/dl
Procedure:
1-Contents of enzyme reagent (R2) were dissolved with the corresponding
volume of buffer (R1). This working solution was stable 2 weeks at +20 to
+25 C or 8 weeks at +2 to +8 C.
2- Three tubes, sample tube, standard tube and blank tube were prepared.
10 l of reagent 4 (standard) were added in stanadard tube. 10 l of serum
were added in sample tube. 1000 l working reagent were added to all
tubes. Tubes were mixed well, incubated at: 37 C for 5 minutes and the
developed colour was measured spectrophotometrically at 546 nm.
Calculation:
sample
Cholesterol in mg / dl = standard concentration
standard
Standared concentration: 200 mg/dL.
117
MATERIALS AND METHODS
8.8.Detemination of Albumin:
The colorimetric method of Doumas and Watson (1971) as modified
by Webster (1974) was used for assaying Albumin using bromcresol
118
MATERIALS AND METHODS
8.9.Determination of creatinine:
The determination was carried out according to the method of Henry
(1974).Commercial kits of Diamond Diagnostics, Egypt, were used.The
detemination is based on the idea that creatinine in alkaline solution reacts
with picrate to form a colored complex.
119
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Reagents:
Reagent(1): Creatinine standard 2mg/dl.
Reagent(2): color reagent: picric acid 38 mmol/l.
Reagent(3):alkaline reagent: sodium hydroxide 1.2 mmol/l.
Reagent(4): equal volumes of solution 2 and 3 were mixed.
Additional reagent: Trichloro acetic acid (TCA) 1.2 mol/l.
Procedure:
1- The serum was firstly deprotenized by pipetting 1 ml of trichloroacetic
acid and 1 ml of serum into centrifuge tube. The mixture was mixed well
and centrifuged for 10 min. at 3000 r.p.m, then the clear supernatant was
porured into dry test tube.
2- Three clean and dry tubes for blank, standard and serum supernatant
were prepared. 0.5 ml of distilled water was added to the blank tube and
0.5 ml of reagent 1 was added to the standard tube. 0.5 ml of
trichloroacetic acid was added to each of blank and standard tubes while 1
ml of serum supernantant was added to serum tube.
3- For all tubes, 1 ml of reagent 4 was added to each, mixed and incubated
for 10 min. at 37 C. The absorbances of sample (A sample) and standard
(A standard) were measured against the blank at 520 nm.
Calculation:
A sample
Creatinine (mg / dl) = 2
A standard
120
MATERIALS AND METHODS
9.Histopathological studies:
121
MATERIALS AND METHODS
122
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eosin 1 gm
Alcohol (80%) 100 ml.
123
MATERIALS AND METHODS
ethanol, 95, 90, 80, and 70% ethanol. Then the slides were rinsed in
distilled water and became ready for staining. They were dipped in the
solution of Ehrilish stain for 2 minutes. The excess stain was washed in
distilled water, 70% acidic alcohol until the sections became reddish, then
treated with alkaline alcohol 70% until the sections turned blue. Then
slides were dipped in 80, 90 and 95% alcohol each for 3 minutes,
respectively, then in Eosin for a few seconds. Excess Eosin was removed
with 95% alcohol. To remove any traces of water, the slides were dipped
in absolute ethanol for 5 minutes then in a series of xylol until perfectly
clear sections were obtained. The sections were covered with Canada
balsam and glass covers were placed properly on the slides. Finally
sections were examined under the microscope. Nuclei appeared blue,
while cytoplasm had the red color.
10-Statistical analysis:-
Statistical analysis of all data was carried out according to: Duncan`s
multiple range test (Duncan, 1955.).
124
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The insecticides were evaluated for their toxicity against the cotton
leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis; three species of aphids (i.e. Aphis
gossypii, Aphis craccivora and Brevicoryne brassicae), the spider mite,
Tetranychus cinnabarinus and the predator Paederus alfierii.
126
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (2): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against Spodoptera littoralis using leaf
dipping technique.
Pesticides LC50 (ppm.) Confidence limits. Slope.
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 4855.42 3564.54 6613.79 2.66
Pirimicarb. >10000
Propoxur. >10000
Dimethoate. >10000
Table (3): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against Aphis gossypii using slide dipping
technique.
Pesticides LC50 (ppm.) Confidence limits Slope.
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 0.125 0.1043 0.15 3.87
127
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (4): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against Brevicoryne brassicae using slide
dipping technique.
Pesticides LC50 (ppm.) Confidence limits. Slope.
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 5.88 2.79 12.41 1.35
Table (5): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against Aphis craccivora using slide dipping
technique.
Pesticides LC50 (ppm.) Confidence limits. Slope.
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 34.22 24.89 47.04 1.83
128
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
6
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
carbosulfan
pirimiphos-methyl
chlorpyrifos-methyl 3
phenthoate
profenofos
0 2
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Concentration (ppm).
Fig. (4) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Spodoptera littoralis.
129
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
6
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
carbosulfan
pirimicarb
propoxur 4
pirimiphos-methyl
chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate
3
profenofos
dimethoate
0 2
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Concentration (ppm).
Fig. (5) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Aphis gossypii .
130
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
6
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
carbosulfan
pirimicarb
propoxur 4
pirimiphos-methyl
chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate
3
profenofos
dimethoate
0 2
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Concentration (ppm).
Fig. (6) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Brevicoryne brassicae.
131
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
carbosulfan
pirimicarb
propoxur
7
pirimiphos-methyl
chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate
profenofos 6
dimethoate
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
0 2
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Concentration (ppm).
Fig. (7) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Aphis craccivora.
132
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1990; Zeitoun et al. 1990; Sharma et al, 1991; Mourad, 1991 & Konar
and Rai, 1992 who showed that dimethoate was effective against aphids.
Against A. gossypii, profenofos proved to be the potent among the tested
chemicals (Zeitoun et al 1990). Dimetry and Marei, (1992). Also they
found that, profenofos was highly toxic to the cabbage aphid, B.
brassicae.Rizk and Kamel (1991) found that, chloropyrifos-methyl
proved to have an immediate effect on aphids. For pirimicarb, Zidan et al,
1988a and 1989b reported that the compound have shown to be very
effective against A. gossyppii and Schizaphi graminum aphids. However
Abdel-Wahab and Mohamed, (1992) found that profenfos was the most
potent compound against S. graminum aphid whereas pirimicarb was the
least toxic one.
Results of the present investigation show that A. gossypii was
the most susceptible species to carbosulfan. Similar results were obtained
by Shalaby et al. 1991; Halawa et al. 1992; Mourad, 1991; Shaheen et
al 1992 and Nassef, et al. 1995 who found that, carbosulfan was among
the most effective pesticides against A. gossypii.
The leaf disc dipping technique was used to evaluate the toxicity of
the tested insecticides to adults of mites Teteranychus cinnabarinus.
Results are recorded in Table (6) and probit regression lines are shown in
Fig(8). Results show that, profenofos was the most toxic compound
followed by pirimiphos-methyl and phenthoate (LC50`s: 186.54, 223.16
and 688.15 ppm, respectively). The rest of the tested insecticides showed
very weak toxicity against the spider mite. Thomson, (1983) reported that,
profenofos and phenthoate had acaricidal properties.
133
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
134
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 5494.52 3911.38 7718.44 1.48
Table (7): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against Paederus alfierii using surface
deposit technique.
Pesticides LC50 (g/cm2) Confidence limits Slope.
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 0.0062 0.00450 0.0087 2.04
135
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
Carbosulfan
Pirimicarb
Propoxur 7
Pirimiphos-methyl
Chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate
Profenfos 6
dimethoate
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
0 2
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Concentration (ppm).
Fig. (8) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Tetranychus cinnabarinus .
136
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
carbosulfan
pirimicarb
propoxur
7
pirimiphos-methyl
chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate
profenofos 6
dimethoate
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
(g/cm 2).
0 2
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Concentration
Fig. (9) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Paederus alfierii.
137
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
138
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
139
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table(8): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against certain pests and the beneficial predator, P. alfierii.
Insects S.littorals A. gossypii. A. craccivora. B.brassica. T.cinnabarinus. P. alfierii
Pesticides LC50 Toxicity LC50 Toxicity LC50 Toxicity LC50 Toxicity LC50 Toxicity LC50 Toxicity
(ppm) index. (ppm) index. (ppm) index. (ppm) index. (ppm) index. (g/cm2) index.
Carbosulfan. 4855.42 1.53 0.125 3.52 34.22 15.92 5.88 24.48 5494.52 3.3950 0.00626 44.40
Pirimicarb. >10000 0.55 0.8 17.50 31.14 2.95 48.81 16471.3 1.1325 0.10153 2.738
Propoxur. >10000 26.40 0.016 153.90 3.54 4.37 32.95 36065.2 0.51722 0.00278 100
Chloropyrifos-methyl. 74.53 100 0.11 4 8.83 61.72 1.44 100 2525.23 7.3870 0.54858 0.5027
Dimethoate. >10000 0.01 44 11.56 47.14 32.46 4.43 1079.19 17.2851 0.00393 70.73
Phenthoate. 3949.29 1.887 0.051 44.56 1632.42 0.33 15.50 9.29 688.15 27.10 0.00298 93.28
Pirimiphos-methyl. 1485.68 5.01 66.78 0.006 8.25 66.06 8.64 16.66 223.16 83.59 0.11482 2.421
Profenofos. 133.35 55.89 0.0044 100 5.45 100 2.40 60 186.54 100 0.81139 0.342
140
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 9): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the population density of cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis larvae in okra plants.
Chemical Average no. of larvae/3leaves S.D at days:-
used Before
1st 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
spray.
Carbosulfan 12.25 1.25 4.25 3.11 0.28 4.42 1.43 4.35 6.10 5.42 7.33 0.67 5.05 4.36 3.54
0.20 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.01 0.38 0.18 0.15 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.07 0.65 0.14 0.04
Pirimicarb 2.70 1.70 1.36 0.70 0.08 3.83 4.35 4.30 5.51 4.25 5.54 5.45 4.96 3.61 2.63
0.26 0.31 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.20 0.30 0.17 0.08 0.19 0.33 0.12 0.58 0.85 0.14
Propoxur 4.47 1.42 1.74 1.16 0.10 2.31 2.42 2.68 3.48 2.93 4.39 2.75 3.54 2.45 2.98
0.36 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.23 0.28 0.26 0.15 0.21 0.33 0.48 0.86 0.64 0.31
Chlorpyrifos 2.56 0.01 0.02 0.11 0.02 4.29 0.08 0.19 1.40 1.92 4.52 0.17 0.15 0.35 0.64
-methyl
0.23 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.002 0.29 0.001 0.01 0.17 0.06 0.27 0.15 0.08 0.10 0.10
Dimethoate 9.02 5.97 3.92 2.50 0.31 3.74 4.33 4.52 5.21 4.93 5.70 5.86 3.89 4.52 2.92
0.21 0.45 0.16 0.16 0.02 0.29 0.10 0.17 0.34 0.28 0.39 0.91 0.39 1.13 0.47
Phenthoate 10.23 1.19 1.52 1.43 0.18 2.67 0.80 1.03 2.43 0.96 2.33 0.45 0.60 0.85 0.85
0.36 0.08 0.25 0.18 0.01 0.21 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.13 0.14 0.26 0.13 0.12
Pirimiphos 2.63 0.25 0.51 0.41 0.05 2.34 0.34 1.28 2.03 2.36 4.79 1.25 1.80 1.45 2.21
-methyl
0.24 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.27 0.05 0.26 0.04 0.19 0.39 0.19 0.30 0.22 0.24
Profenofos 16.85 0.05 0.02 0.12 0.10 3.44 0.06 0.49 0.99 0.95 4.39 0.24 0.06 0.04 0.15
0.46 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.13 0.17 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.30 0.21 0.01 0.01 0.03
Control 9.86 4.66 3.61 2.56 0.23 3.59 4.24 4.45 5.41 4.72 5.65 6.10 4.63 3.69 2.83
0.68 0.38 0.17 0.29 0.02 0.35 0.13 0.20 0.13 0.10 0.24 0.73 0.34 0.92 0.36
* the second spray (population density just before spraying) ,** the third spray(population density just before spraying) . S.D: Standard deviation.
141
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (10): Efficiency of certain pesticides against larvae of cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis in okra plants .
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed. 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 78.34 5.13 2.19 0.35 72.17 19.95 7.845 6.21 81.59 15.73 7.28 1.42 22.66
0.00 a 0.00 a
2.17 d 0.91 a 2.56 a 0.24 a 5.51 b 8.24 b 10.13 a 7.06 a 6.95c 0.57c 1.88a 0.60a
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 0.14 3.83 9.42 2.29 8.09 8.88 0.22 5.22 2.72
0.00a 0.00a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a
0.01 a 0.26 a 0.38 a 0.14 a 0.35 a 0.13 a 0.01 a 0.45 a
Propoxur 1L. 32.78 0.05 4.09 11.29 6.40 3.52 41.97 1.59 14.54 8.30
0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a
2.36b 0.01 a 0.95 0.59 a 0.36 a 0.47 a 2.35b 0.01 a
0.16 a
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 98.88 97.52 82.65 62.79 51.07 98.33 96.4 86.95 72.7 38.65 90.72 95.11 84.57 75.96 81.52
-methyl
0.32 f 0.47 d 2.01 c 7.38 b 4.52c 0.15 d 0.43 c 1.39c 1.099c 7.76c 0.25d 2.44f 2.35+ 3.08c
Dimethoate 1L. 1.97 2.50 3.16 4.77 16.71 2.07
0.00a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a
a a
0.01 0.19 0.23 a 0.14 a 0.28 b
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 75.29 59.25 45.97 24.60 21.31 77.90 63.35 49.61 34.02 19.16 76.58 61.27 52.55 37.63 49.89
2.39 c 7.55 c 8.43 b 1.58 a 3.38b 1.53b 0.94c 2.48b 4.71b 1.65b 1.20c 1.30d 3.72b 2.52b
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 80.11 47.15 40.08 11.63 87.40 55.53 41.69 21.99 75.86 53.71 53.12 7.55 41.13
-methyl 0.00 a 0.00 a
1.70d 3.978 b 7.01 b 11.10 b 2.56 c 9.85 c 8.13 b 14.91 ab 1.81 c 11.16 d 11.10 b 13.24 a
Profenofos 0.750 L. 99.33 99.63 97.36 93.63 43.88 98.64 88.35 80.81 79.00 21.60 99.72 94.08 89.52 83.81 83.52
0.046 f 0.03 d 0.11 d 0.15e 4.31c 0.12 d 2.02 d 0.78 c 1.44 c 4.38b 0.25d 2.90f 1.18c 1.28c
L.S.D0.95 2.9791 6.9930 9.3038 28.2074 10.9737 8.1949 3.9962 8.8272 8.10106 12.9775 10.4526 5.9390 9.6575 9.8823
* the second spray. ** the third spray. S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)
142
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
20
15
Average number of insects/3 leaves
10
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 25
Time (days).
pirimiphos-methyl pirimicarb propoxur dimethoate chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate profenofos carbosulfan Control.
Fig. (10) :The average number of larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis / 3 leaves infesting okra plants.
143
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Okra and squash plants were heavily infested with the whitefly, B.
tabaci. The insect was abundantly existed on plants throughout the
examination period which lasted more than three weeks. For okra plants
results were recorded in Table (11-18) and illustrated in Fig 11-14.
From the obtained results, it is clear that, apart from pirimiphos-
methyl, profenofos and carbosulfan whose efficiency were relatively
moderate (Average % reduction ranged 64-78), the tested insecticides
were of poor efficacy. The insecticides retained their moderate toxicities
up to 9 days after spraying. On squash plants, pirimiphos-methyl,
profenofos and phenthoate were moderately effective. Although
chloropyrifos-methyl was poorly effective against whitefly on okra plants
144
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(average of % reduction: 31.49 and 35.56 for adult and immature stage,
respectively), it was of relatively high effect on immature stages of
whitefly infesting squash plants(average % reduction: 83.13). Results
showed also that, the tested insecticides varied in their efficiency
depending on the tested stage ( nymph or adult) and the type of plants
carrying the insect (i.e. okra or squash). The obtained results agreed with
those of many authors. Zeitoun et al (1990) reported that profenofos at
rate of 750 ml/F. was potent against B. tabaci on potatoes with an average
reduction of 85% . Chloropyrifos-methyl gave acceptable control to
whitefly on cucumber plants (El- Sayed and El-Ghar, 1992; Abbassy et
al, 1993). Pirimiphos-methyl achieved a good control against white flies
infesting cucumber plants in plastic houses (Abbassy et al. 1993; Zidan,
et al. 1994). On cotton plants, carbosulfan gave acceptable control to B.
tabaci (Rizk and Kamel, 1991). However, carbosulfan and pirimiphos-
methyl failed to give effective control against the whitefly on cabbage
plants (Percentages of reduction were 41 and 42 for carbosulfan and
pirimiphos-methyl, respectively) (Farrag et al. 1994). El- Maghraby, et
al. (1997) found that profenofos, pirimiphos-methyl and chloropyrifos-
methyl successfully reduced the population of various stages of the
whitefly, B. tabaci on tomato plants.
Generally, the cotton whitefly, B. tabaci is considered one of the most
serious pests attacking plants. In Egypt, it is well known as a key pest on
vegetable crops especially tomatoes and squash in traditional or protected
plantations. Some investigators attributed the increase of whitefly in the
last few years to changes in ecosystem such as intensification and
diversitification of the cropping system which has provided more hosts and
the use of broad spectrum and persistent chemicals which suppressed the
natural enemies (Darwish and Farghal 1990). On the other hand,
145
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (11): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the population density of nymphs of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in okra plants .
Chemical Average No. of nymphs/3 leaves S.D. at days:-
used Before 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
1 st
spray.
Carbosulfan 18.94 2.77 4.73 5.71 9.88 11.30 1.21 2.37 3.01 4.35 5.51 0.54 1.08 1.00 1.42
0.48 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.29 0.05 0.14 0.09 0.15 0.21 0.34 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.03
Pirimicarb 19.40 10.38 13.27 16.72 20.56 23.89 13.74 13.76 15.96 20.60 25.94 14.45 14.46 12.81 15.95
1.13 0.19 0.72 0.38 0.44 0.75 0.65 0.32 0.52 0.47 0.50 0.42 0.92 0.33 0.46
Propoxur 12.69 5.21 7.44 8.55 16.19 19.55 7.77 9.76 12.07 19.68 22.20 8.69 8.75 7.62 14.77
0.85 0.20 0.06 0.27 0.64 0.79 0.67 0.54 0.68 1.05 1.41 0.31 0.41 0.22 0.19
Chlorpyrifos 15.40 7.73 10.58 13.34 16.88 20.61 9.25 11.68 14.51 18.55 22.15 9.06 9.66 8.52 10.38
-methyl
0.73 0.24 0.36 0.53 0.29 0.75 0.10 0.77 0.40 0.82 0.04 0.50 0.17 0.23 0.13
Dimethoate 10.69 2.71 5.52 6.20 13.96 16.65 3.44 6.65 10.41 16.40 18.00 4.27 6.34 4.42 10.63
0.58 0.20 0.32 0.23 0.32 0.86 0.25 0.99 2.44 0.57 1.79 0.32 0.27 0.26 0.21
Phenthoate 11.01 6.45 8.70 12.21 15.46 17.90 9.18 11.77 14.67 18.80 21.71 12.54 12.39 11.43 14.44
0.53 0.44 0.21 0.32 0.16 0.58 0.19 0.46 0.74 0.16 0.66 0.21 0.23 0.16 0.23
Pirimiphos 26.31 0.96 3.88 9.17 12.43 14.09 0.16 2.21 4.26 5.01 6.60 0.03 0.94 1.20 1.47
-methyl
1.59 0.09 0.29 0.51 0.07 0.59 0.01 0.22 0.21 0.15 0.28 0.001 0.04 0.04 0.21
Profenofos 10.78 1.36 1.69 2.56 3.51 4.30 0.50 0.74 1.05 1.56 2.56 0.23 0.38 0.35 0.47
0.30 0.29 0.18 0.08 0.25 0.39 0.12 0.03 0.20 0.07 0.29 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.02
Control 14.68 12.56 15.91 18.76 23.43 25.82 20.56 22.87 25.83 31.10 33.65 29.29 27.73 22.25 25.88
0.18 0.29 0.32 0.27 0.78 0.66 0.78 0.29 0.40 0.79 0.75 0.28 2.10 0.72 0.53
the second spray (population density just before sprying) ,** the third spray (population density just before sprying) . S.D: Standard deviation.
146
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 12 ): Efficiency of certain pesticides against nymphs of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci i n okra plants
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed. 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 82.85 76.93 76.39 67.3 66.06 86.59 76.32 73.38 68.07 62.57 88.73 76.09 72.36 66.31 74.28
1.49 e 1.17 e 0.33ef 1.60 c 0.91d 1.49 d 1.01 e 1.17 e 1.40 d 2.47d 2.51 f 3.27 d 2.56 f 2.42 e
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 37.30 36.61 32.31 33.39 29.84 27.73 34.90 33.16 28.35 16.65 36.00 32.29 25.3 20.03 30.27
3.20 b 6.52 b 5.55 b 5.35 b 4.40c 2.58 a 2.97 b 3.14 b 2.73 c 1.19b 0.62 b 5.57 b 3.11 b 1.54 c
Propoxur 1 L. 51.75 45.75 47.03 19.71 12.33 50.13 55.04 38.28 16.43 12.89 54.88 51.98 47.93 13.27 36.96
4.92 c 3.20 c 4.89 c 8.33 a 2.68a 2.84d 4.24ef 0.97b 1.75b 2.05ab 3.94b 4.69b 4.31d 4.62a
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 41.2 36.54 32.09 31.21 23.83 43.60 35.99 29.60 25.29 17.46 53.02 47.10 41.85 39.05 35.56
-methyl
3.76 b 2.73 b 4.31 b 3.73 b 3.03b 1.88c 4.85d 2.20b 1.80c 2.83b 2.53b 0.86b 1.58c 0.87c
Dimethoate 1L. 70.23 52.28 54.5 17.97 11.32 74.02 43.64 37.22 18.12 17.17 72.45 56.97 62.67 22.66 43.66
3.00 d 1.58 d 2.80 d 5.71 a 5.06a 1.03e 4.25c 16.25b 2.49b 3.84b 4.29c 4.34c 3.00e 7.64b
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 31.45 27.01 12.96 11.85 7.51 35.55 25.79 18.10 12.73 6.94 33.57 30.69 20.31 13.48 20.57
3.53 a 2.76 a 6.15 a 5.07 a 1.5b 1.34b 0.86b 1.54a 2.57a 0.28a 2.86a 3.34a 3.40a 1.42a
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 95.70 86.35 72.62 70.32 69.51 98.56 82.3 69.69 70.41 64.03 99.41 82.67 72.46 70.89 78.92
-methyl
0.63 f 1.51 f 2.74 e 1.69 c 0.887d 0.05 e 1.50 f 2.68 e 1.99 d 1.22d 0.047g 0.13 e 2.04 f 4.93 f
Profenofos 0.750 L. 85.19 85.55 81.37 79.61 77.36 85.33 80.40 75.72 69.71 53.77 89.47 81.91 79.49 75.76 78.62
3.56 e 1.20 f 1.11 f 1.55 d 1.60e 3.98f 1.11a 2.52c 1.48d 9.65c 1.04 f 1.53 e 0.44 g 2.39 g
L.S.D 0.95 5.6527 5.3161 6.9177 8.1661 5.0488 3.8346 4.7029 10.5491 3.6093 6.927 4.5931 6.0202 4.8304 6.7199
* the second spray . ** the third spray . S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level).
147
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
35
30
20
15
10
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 25
Time (days).
pirimiphos-methyl pirimicarb propoxur dimethoate chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate profenofos carbosulfan Control.
Fig.(11): The average number of immature stage of whitefly Bemisia tabaci/ 3 leaves infesting okra plants.
148
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (13): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the population density of the adults of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in okra plants .
Chemical No of adults whitefly/3 leaves S.D. at days:-
used Before 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
1st
spray.
Carbosulfan 26.45 3.57 3.44 5.67 7.39 8.51 0.72 0.84 0.95 1.73 2.58 0.27 0.44 0.97 1.66
2.53 0.35 0.15 0.21 0.44 0.34 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.18 0.12 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08
Pirimicarb 13.90 3.45 5.34 6.45 4.39 5.61 1.09 1.67 1.25 1.69 2.59 0.62 1.35 2.43 3.32
0.88 0.15 0.29 0.19 0.34 0.28 0.04 0.27 0.14 0.21 0.20 0.03 0.05 0.18 0.2 b
Propoxur 8.61 4.53 5.57 8.10 5.33 6.74 2.03 3.54 3.67 4.11 5.150 2.30 4.59 8.39 9.13
0.15 0.18 0.21 0.09 0.29 0.14 0.05 0.18 0.27 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.12 0.39
Chlorpyrifos 11.25 4.62 5.43 11.27 7.07 8.53 1.92 3.06 4.48 5.30 6.69 2.31 4.56 11.28 11.55
-methyl
0.29 0.26 0.09 0.26 0.08 0.34 0.07 0.06 0.23 0.14 0.26 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.39
Dimethoate 7.62 0.74 0.67 3.71 3.51 3.74 0.40 0.32 1.16 1.95 2.54 0.15 0.25 2.07 3.54
0.36 0.05 0.04 0.20 0.24 0.1 d 0.23 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.12 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.32
Phenthoate 17.43 2.65 3.60 5.23 9.70 10.22 1.14 1.61 1.71 5.57 6.80 0.87 1.62 3.22 10.74
0.45 0.18 0.36 0.22 0.17 0.26 0.05 0.14 0.18 0.10 0.32 0.06 0.18 0.19 0.34
Pirimiphos 9.72 2.24 1.83 3.02 3.49 4.57 0.54 0.84 0.93 1.60 2.47 0.44 0.64 1.41 2.81
-methyl
0.46 0.15 0.06 0.08 0.43 0.32 0.05 0.02 0.09 0.18 0.42 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.58
Profenofos 16.56 2.27 2.28 4.57 4.52 4.67 0.34 0.57 0.80 1.49 2.05 0.15 0.45 1.09 1.75
0.39 0.26 0.02 0.23 0.24 0.19 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.03 0.19 0.12 0.28
Control 36.68 45.37 35.78 39.27 24.52 24.46 28.85 19.97 16.83 18.25 18.82 20.56 24.56 34.67 36.18
0.82 0.28 0.39 0.73 0.40 0.15 0.65 0.52 1.43 0.64 0.11 0.68 0.95 0.97 2.34
the second spray (population density just before sprying) ,** the third spray (population density just before sprying) . S.D: Standard deviation.
149
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 14 ): Efficiency of certain pesticides against adults of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in okra plants.
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 89.00 86.57 79.80 57.95 51.48 92.85 87.82 83.66 72.74 60.52 90.41 86.78 79.66 66.45 77.54
1.72 d 1.77 e 2.57 e 5.03 e 4.82f 0.80 e 1.93 f 2.08 d 1.93 f 3.19e 0.99 d 1.95 fig 0.40 d 2.81 d
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 79.9 60.53 56.6 52.75 39.17 83.57 63.68 67.76 59.74 40.07 78.1 59.78 49.05 33.29 58.82
0.61 c 3.40 c 2.4 c 1.27 de 6.57c 0.58 c 4.38 c 2.42 c 3.39 e 4.59d 1.73c 2.58c 0.23b 0.79d
Propoxur 1 L. 57.44 33.66 12.13 7.38 74.42 35.79 20.96 18.29 59.05 31.64 11.43 7.62 26.42
0.00 a 0.00 a
2.30 a 2.46 a 2.54 b 3.54 a 0.74 a 2.10 a 4.72 a 4.00 a 1.87 a 4.23 a 1.00 a 5.64 a
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 66.82 50.48 6.4 6.01 80.88 56.04 23.38 16.61 68.39 47.62 8.31 9.95 31.49
-methyl 0.00 a 0.00 a
1.86 b 0.89 b 3.85 a 3.31 a 1.33 b 2.13 b 6.85 a 1.34 a 1.37 b 3.58 b 4.88 a 6.57 a
Dimethoate 1L. 92.15 90.94 54.46 30.85 26.17 90.97 89.47 54.93 29.91 11.82 94.47 92.33 55.73 27.36 60.11
0.42 e 0.51 f 3.12 c 6.82 c 5.58c 5.35c 2.71f 1.52b 5.40b 2.36b 0.72 d 0.70 g 3.74 bc 7.65 ab
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 87.71 78.83 71.95 16.72 11.98 90.54 80.76 75.67 26.93 13.5 88.26 81.74 74.30 17.71 58.32
0.80 d 2.37 d 1.41 d 1.73 b 4.29b 0.60 d 1.38 de 1.98 c 0.51 b 6.05b 1.032e 2.24d 1.13d 2.987ab
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 81.39 80.66 70.95 45.95 29.16 89.93 77.32 70.21 53.08 30.05 84.01 80.46 68.95 40.71 64.48
-methyl
0.80 c 1.24 d 0.72 d 9.04 d 8.17c 0.14 d 2.12 d 4.97 c 4.54 d 7.03c 1.54d 2.62d 4.07ec 7.47d
Profenofos 0.750 L. 88.91 85.90 74.18 59.13 57.69 93.93 80.00 75.17 26.93 42.90 93.32 83.21 71.19 55.37 70.56
1.51 d 0.42 e 1.88 d 2.43 e 2.08f 1.50c 2.04ff 3.58c 0.51c 3.45d 0.99 d 2.70 ef 1.95 d 9.28 cd
L.S.D 0.95 2.4354 3.3027 4.3055 8.37924 9.9334 3.5984 4.3191 6.7884 5.9851 8.4309 2.3118 4.776 4.766 10.4726
* the second spray . ** the third spray. S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level).
150
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
50
40
20
10
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 25
Time (days).
pirimiphos-methyl pirimicarb propoxur dimethoate chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate profenofos carbosulfan Control.
Fig. (12):The average number of adult of whitefly Bemisia tabaci / 3 leaves infesting okra plants.
151
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (15 ): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the population density of nymphs of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in squash plants .
Chemical No of nymphs /leaf S.D. at days:-
used Before 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
1 st
spray.
Carbosulfan 18.88 0.01 2.46 17.35 13.93 14.71 14.71 2.66 8.21 11.45 12.39 0.16 1.61 7.21 8.46
0.72 0.01 0.32 0.34 0.50 0.63 0.63 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.53 0.02 0.25 0.05 0.32
Pirimicarb 23.78 8.55 10.95 25.31 17.32 18.80 6.60 9.69 12.35 16.34 17.15 4.00 6.28 10.47 11.53
0.71 0.37 0.44 1.13 0.85 0.71 0.24 0.60 0.20 0.20 1.19 0.70 0.20 0.24 0.57
Propoxur 37.34 17.39 29.67 53.14 37.23 38.89 19.44 33.58 33.71 43.95 44.79 17.80 27.05 37.57 42.25
1.03 2.13 0.32 0.93 1.14 0.57 0.44 0.40 0.51 0.62 0.87 0.31 0.55 1.37 0.30
Chlorpyrifos 44.27 3.12 7.26 14.78 11.91 13.41 0.64 1.82 2.74 4.51 4.89 0.22 0.67 1.04 1.29
-methyl
2.23 0.14 0.27 0.48 0.85 0.50 0.02 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.09 0.14 0.02 0.11
Dimethoate 34.65 5.55 15.03 29.59 25.61 26.94 4.10 11.63 12.79 20.70 22.64 3.61 8.06 11.51 15.48
1.15 0.37 0.95 0.57 0.90 0.33 0.95 0.74 0.71 0.25 0.52 0.29 0.29 0.16 0.45
Phenthoate 48.70 0.52 8.42 25.34 23.84 25.08 25.08 5.10 9.41 14.11 15.75 0.16 1.86 4.83 7.26
0.52 0.04 0.04 1.17 0.37 0.31 0.31 0.08 0.15 0.61 0.70 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.75
Pirimiphos 36.44 7.09 9.51 38.69 26.65 27.90 5.24 8.63 18.80 23.86 25.50 3.03 5.23 17.17 17.51
-methyl
0.84 0.12 0.08 0.89 0.70 0.51 0.20 0.28 0.63 0.62 1.01 0.12 0.23 0.63 0.33
Profenofos 22.51 0.01 4.60 8.61 10.67 11.68 11.68 2.32 2.72 5.52 6.06 0.05 1.00 1.59 2.71
1.09 0.01 0.35 0.29 0.30 0.72 0.72 0.11 0.29 0.36 0.44 0.03 0.14 0.16 0.14
Control 33.05 36.83 39.45 59.75 41.01 40.67 40.67 49.38 43.44 55.01 54.61 49.21 48.77 58.05 60.28
0.50 1.17 0.67 0.35 0.73 0.75 0.75 1.07 0.95 1.98 1.44 0.52 0.34 0.49 0.90
the second spray (population density just before sprying) ,** the third spray (population density just before sprying). S.D: Standard deviation.
152
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 16): Efficiency of certain pesticides against nymphs of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in squash plants.
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed. 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 99.97 89.05 49.10 40.43 36.67 99.40 85.05 47.69 42.38 37.19 98.56 85.37 45.20 38.00 63.26
0.05 e 1.73 e 2.61 c 4.11 b 2.08 b 0.08 f 1.87 e 2.20 c 2.31 c 3.96 b 0.23 e 2.90 d 2.62 c 5.06 b
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 67.70 61.39 41.03 41.27 35.72 68.80 57.46 38.43 35.70 32.11 73.99 58.86 42.30 38.83 49.54
2.18 b 1.46 b 4.28 b 3.41 b 3.01 b 0.23 b 4.01 b 2.96 b 1.90 b 2.17 b 5.15 b 3.74 b 5.19 c 6.38 b
Propoxur 1 L. 58.09 33.37 21.2 19.54 15.32 55.55 28.87 18.83 16.42 14.23 55.88 32.37 21.04 14.53 28.95
6.28 a 2.55 a 3.54 a 4.70 a 1.29 a 1.63 a 1.82 a 2.02 a 2.38 a 0.74 a 0.83 a 1.56 a 4.14 a 1.04 a
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 93.67 86.26 81.51 78.28 75.33 95.77 88.76 80.79 75.14 72.80 94.97 84.00 79.90 76.05 83.13
-methyl
0.06 d 0.37 de 0.76 e 1.91 d 1.83 b 0.11 e 1.86 f 2.45 e 1.39 f 2.21 e 1.89 e 3.98 d 0.63 f 2.27 d
Dimethoate 1 L. 85.63 63.6 52.73 40.42 36.75 86.51 64.48 55.56 43.19 37.43 82.27 60.16 52.13 38.04 57.06
0.50 c 3.23 b 1.99 c 0.97 b 2.01 b 2.99 c 1.86 c 2.11 d 1.02 c 1.51 1.85 c 0.75 b 1.26 d 1.69 b
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 99.03 85.52 71.21 60.54 58.15 99.97 83.26 64.85 58.39 53.21 98.1 86.74 71.10 58.25 74.88
0.08 e 0.10 de 1.45 d 0.82 c 0.75 c 0.023 f 0.45 e 0.97 d 2.18 d 2.62 c 0.62 e 0.43 d 1.53 e 3.99 c
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 82.53 78.14 41.22 41.00 37.77 83.32 74.53 36.89 36.75 31.94 86.79 76.97 36.54 37.72 55.865
-methyl
0.70 c 0.33 c 2.67 b 2.88 b 1.18 b 0.52 c 1.06 d 2.55 b 2.07 b 1.96 b 1.00 d 1.89 c 4.75 b 3.32 b
Profenofos 0.750 L. 99.97 82.84 78.79 61.69 57.84 98.55 83.61 78.08 64.87 61.19 98.99 81.51 75.3 59.47 77.34
.
0.02 e 1.92 d 1.72 e 2.94 c 0.64 c 0.16 f 0.52 e 3.66 e 4.37 e 5.18 d 0.67 e 1.167 d 1.85 ef 0.89 c
L.S.D 0.95 4.1002 3.122 4.5110 5.2239 3.0477 2.1212 3.4294 4.2850 4.1378 4.9611 3.6778 4.1636 5.5156 6.2153
* the second spray . ** the third spray . S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level).
153
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
70
60
50
30
20
10
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 25
Time (days).
pirimiphos-methyl pirimicarb propoxur dimethoate chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate profenofos carbosulfan Control.
Fig. (13):The average number of immature stage of Bemisia tabaci/ leaf infesting squash plants.
154
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (17): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the population density of adults of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in squash plants
Chemical Average no.of adults whitefly/leaf S.D. at days:-
used Before 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
spray.
Carbosulfan 6.63 5.55 6.66 9.24 8.25 10.46 5.63 5.73 6.58 7.52 8.49 5.67 4.76 5.70 4.88
0.30 0.31 0.10 0.18 0.24 0.36 0.18 0.28 0.13 0.42 0.28 0.25 0.16 0.19 0.12
Pirimicarb 5.49 3.53 6.38 9.63 9.08 10.65 4.60 7.22 8.59 10.26 12.00 5.94 8.87 10.42 9.73
0.32 0.11 0.46 0.21 0.09 0.34 0.37 0.19 0.35 0.53 0.17 0.49 0.28 0.15 0.16
Propoxur 4.57 2.56 4.28 5.66 5.50 7.32 2.64 3.78 4.45 5.43 6.62 2.79 3.55 4.05 4.09
0.33 0.21 0.36 0.16 0.19 0.44 0.29 0.05 0.15 0.43 0.24 0.28 0.04 0.18 0.40
Chlorpyrifos 4.57 1.87 5.43 8.46 7.69 8.86 2.11 5.71 7.50 9.07 9.97 2.64 6.58 8.91 8.44
-methyl
0.33 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.20 0.42 0.14 0.27 0.45 0.45 0.29 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.31
Dimethoate 3.68 1.71 4.53 6.64 6.25 6.99 2.26 4.69 5.70 7.25 8.48 3.48 6.32 7.33 7.23
0.27 0.14 0.32 0.15 0.20 0.44 0.11 0.27 0.23 0.51 0.08 0.17 0.24 0.19 0.22
Phenthoate 7.43 1.05 3.49 7.12 7.13 10.40 0.96 2.47 4.40 5.62 8.02 0.42 1.79 3.47 3.40
0.18 0.04 0.24 0.12 0.13 0.54 0.30 0.11 0.09 0.15 0.42 0.13 0.06 0.33 0.24
Pirimiphos 4.32 0.46 0.97 1.57 1.78 2.28 0.16 0.32 0.61 0.62 0.85 0.05 0.15 0.24 0.23
-methyl
0.12 0.06 0.08 0.28 0.26 0.22 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.02
Profenofos 3.97 2.44 3.35 5.06 4.49 6.56 2.51 2.89 3.80 4.62 6.53 2.73 3.33 3.26 3.65
0.13 0.16 0.16 0.05 0.22 0.13 0.07 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.05 0.24 0.10 0.12 0.25
Control 5.00 6.51 8.22 10.44 9.31 10.45 9.46 9.89 10.29 11.54 12.43 13.68 12.59 13.04 11.47
0.22 0.07 0.22 0.07 0.19 0.71 0.11 0.23 0.14 0.37 0.38 0.25 0.26 0.36 0.37
the second spray (population density just before sprying) ,** the third spray (population density just before sprying) . S.D: Standard deviation.
155
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 18 ): Efficiency of certain pesticides against adults of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in squash plants .
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed. 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 35.68 38.82 33.16 33.13 24.42 40.47 42.02 36.08 34.81 31.76 39.14 44.62 35.95 37.64 36.28
2.53 a 1.89 b 2.02 b 2.48 b 2.76b 3.87a 4.78b 3.41b 5.33c 3.67e 4.56 a 1.99 c 4.02 b 3.27 b
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 50.45 28.96 15.73 10.97 7.04 52.36 28.38 18.153 12.83 5.196 55.16 27.06 17.26 12.09 24.39
3.73 b 8.68 a 6.35 a 4.58 a 3.50a 2.32b 1.11a 1.51a 1.75b 3.89b 4.19b 3.06a 1.64a 1.611a
Propoxur 1 L. 56.75 42.97 40.46 35.33 23.32 60.18 45.38 38.26 32.87 23.92 61.80 47.06 41.65 33.12 41.65
5.83 b 3.75 b 5.35 b 2.49 b 2.48b 2.12c 2.56b 2.02bc 1.67c 1.76d 2.57c 2.29cd 0.86c 4.08b
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 68.35 26.99 10.41 8.75 6.50 73.68 31.93 14.13 7.3 5.33 75.95 34.85 14.80 7.64 27.62
-methyl
1.84 c 5.45 a 7.23 a 8.01 a 3.91a 1.37e 1.56a 1.39a 0.96a 2.61b 0.43d 2.06b 2.07a 3.03a
Dimethoate 1L. 64.36 24.68 13.153 8.49 9.05 64.29 29.05 17.14 6.01 62.71 26.50 17.62 7.64 25.05
0.00 a
0.59 c 10.19 a 7.77 a 5.11 a 2.18a 1.4d 0.49a 1.92a 1.25a 2.08 c 3.02 a 1.97 a 3.04 a
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 89.15 71.47 54.12 48.51 33.00 89.92 74.90 56.97 51.02 35.16 95.16 77.97 58.7 8.27 60.31
0.49 d 2.21 b 1.77 c 0.81 c 5.14c 2.64f 1.63d 1.30d 1.22d 0.98e 1.67e 1.58e 4.67e 0.99c
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 91.88 86.28 82.52 77.82 74.75 92.19 85.21 72.91 75.65 68.66 94.28 82.52 72.89 70.38 80.57
-methyl
0.98 d 1.45 d 3.42 d 3.80 d 1.73d 1.16 f 2.34 e 1.92 e 4.67 e 3.39f 0.43 e 0.26 f 5.39 f 4.39 d
Profenofos 0.750 L. 52.69 48.70 38.92 39.34 20.68 57.79 53.61 41.33 36.49 16.57 62.01 49.62 52.37 39.46 43.54
3.71 b 3.33 c 2.60 b 2.40 b 2.59b 1.47c 3.49c 2.46c 1.56c 1.72c 3.19 c 1.22 d 1.72 d 4.19 b
L.S.D 0.95 5.2280 9.5721 8.8129 7.3516 3.8298 3.8298 4.4842 3.6268 4.8393 4.8586 4.8423 3.6823 5.5301 5.5289
* the second spray . ** the third spray . S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)
156
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
16
14
12
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 25
Time (days).
pirimiphos-methyl pirimicarb propoxur dimethoate chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate profenofos carbosulfan Control.
Fig .(14):The average number of adult of whitefly Bemisia tabaci / leaf infesting squash plants.
157
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Aphid, A. gossypii was observed only on squash plants and was not
observed on okra plants through the experimental period. Results
pertaining the efficiency of the tested insecticides against the aphids were
recorded in Table 19, 20 and illustrated in Fig.15. From the results
obtained it is evident that, the population of aphids started with low
numbers then increased rapidly to reach a maximum of 62 aphids/leaf of
squash plant throughout the experimental period. Carbosulfan was the
most effective insecticide followed by chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb
(average percents of reduction through test period: 87.69, 84.7 and 82.86).
The least effective compounds were pirimiphos-methyl and propoxur (%
reduction: 60.29 and 56.4, respectively). However, all tested insecticides
resulted in a considerable reduction after 24 hours of spraying. The
effectiveness of the insecticides, carbosulfan, chloropyrifos-methyl and
pirimicarb lasted up to 9 days after spraying whereas that of the rest of
insecticides were reduced after 3 days. The results of the present study are
in agreement with those of many authors. Shalaby et al. (1991) found that
Marshal(carbosulfan) 25% at rate of 300 gm/fed gave exellent control for
aphids. Against the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, chloropyrifos-
methyl was the most toxic insecticide among other pesticides (El-Sayed et
al. 1991). Also Rizk and Kamel (1991) found that, chloropyrifos methyl
bioencapsulated at a rate of 400 gm/F. produced an immediate effect on
aphids after 3 days of application in comparison with chlorpyrifos-methyl
158
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
159
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (19): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii in squash plants.
Chemical Average no.of aphids/leaf S.D. at days:-
used Before 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
1 st
spray.
Carbosulfan 3.25 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.23 1.45 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.13 0.32 0.04 0.15 0.44 0.68
0.29 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.64 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.18
Pirimicarb 3.45 0.12 0.50 1.14 1.35 2.51 0.05 0.41 0.51 0.94 1.74 0.21 0.53 0.68 0.96
0.30 0.02 0.09 0.25 0.10 0.36 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.21 0.25 0.11 0.06 0.11
Propoxur 2.59 0.66 0.91 1.48 2.46 4.35 1.37 1.41 3.42 4.03 5.99 3.21 3.00 9.32 13.52
0.38 0.07 0.07 0.26 0.38 0.48 0.38 0.37 0.18 0.52 0.21 0.28 0.19 1.12 1.11
Chlorpyrifos 2.48 0.01 0.06 0.37 0.48 1.46 0.01 0.01 0.24 0.33 0.51 0.00 0.01 0.16 0.18
-methyl.
0.41 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.38 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.14
Dimethoate 2.86 0.16 0.46 1.43 1.78 3.94 0.05 0.48 1.81 2.63 3.36 0.12 0.73 3.86 4.00
0.36 0.02 0.04 0.42 0.21 0.15 0.01 0.05 0.19 0.35 0.21 0.07 0.3.9 00.6 0.47
Phenthoate 2.67 0.13 0.74 0.77 1.35 2.54 0.10 0.68 0.74 1.59 1.92 0.13 0.98 1.60 2.14
0.71 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.52 0.02 0.14 0.09 0.21 0.17 0.07 0.34 0.24 0.42
Pirimiphos 2.57 0.16 0.43 1.85 2.42 4.44 0.27 0.78 3.62 4.36 5.89 0.66 2.10 9.63 10.62
-methyl
0.14 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.36 0.61 0.05 0.19 0.32 0.15 0.51 0.06 0.35 0.87 0.84
Profenofos 4.46 0.37 1.59 2.55 3.86 7.36 0.22 2.26 4.05 6.61 8.42 0.69 3.91 8.83 12.62
0.33 0.05 0.21 0.34 0.36 0.35 0.08 0.26 0.65 0.45 0.74 0.07 0.30 0.34 0.75
Control 4.70 4.47 5.25 6.33 7.30 11.42 13.34 15.44 14.91 21.09 20.30 33.62 41.91 61.71 62.80
0.44 0.44 0.24 0.36 0.19 1.02 1.24 2.41 2.21 2.07 0.82 3.48 3.41 2.89 2.78
the second spray (population density just before sprying) ,** the third spray (population density just before sprying). S.D: Standard deviation.
160
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 20 ): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii in squash plants.
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed. 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 99.9 99.35 99.47 95.48 81.59 99.23 98.83 96.69 95.08 85.106 93.15 80.98 61.37 41.51 87.69
0.17 e 0.22 c 0.09 c 0.63 c 0.03 c 0.27 b 0.19 d 0.50 d 1.18 d 2.70 c 0.21 b 2.39 ab 7.81 dc 17.85 ab
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 96.45 87.02 75.03 74.59 69.64 98.24 88.04 84.14 79.65 60.21 92.77 85.23 87.05 81.95 82.86
0.19 d 1.08 b 7.54 b 3.99 b 6.86 bc 0.60 b 0.24 bc 3.80 cd 2.23 c 9.49 d 8.59 b 2.81 b 2.40 cd 3.79 e
Propoxur 1 L. 73.06 67.76 57.72 38.71 30.62 72.16 75.46 84.14 49.84 21.57 67.597 75.68 48.67 26.90 56.42
1.27 a 7.14 a 3.24 a 4.60a 3.36 a 11.05 a 8.82 a 3.79 a 2.36 a 12.04 a 3.73 a 2.22 a 7.78 a 8.19 a
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 99.44 97.75 88.87 87.56 75.32 99.34 99.30 86.45 86.84 78.94 99.41 98.65 88.90 89.09 84.70
-methyl
0.19 e 0.78 c 0.65 bc 0.82 c 7.25 0.61 b 0.32 d 4.62 cd 6.69 cd 8.12 c 0.74 b 1.138 c 7.57 b 6.75 c
Dimethoate 1L. 93.89 85.46 61.83 59.22 42.54 99.02 91.03 38.99 63.86 51.83 97.9b 89.38 62.09 61.38 71.32
1.37 c 2.32 b 16.01a 9.06 b 9.75 a 0.15 b 1.20 cd 9.98 d 4.72 b 2.85 b 1.10 b 5.57 b 8.25 bc 7.05 d
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 94.66 73.7 77.31 65.66 60.41 96.3 79.05 77.34 65.18 56.72 95.89 74.75 72.76 63.58 75.24
1.99cd 8.07 a 7.31 b 9.58 b 2.52 b 1.39 b 8.60 ab 1.88 c 8.19 b 5.48 b 2.31 b 10.8 ba 2.64 c 9.97 b
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 93.47 85.08 46.54 39.2 28.71 94.8 86.59 36.66 46.11 24.04 93.23 82.61 45.80 41.26 60.29
-methyl
0.91c 2.74 b 2.16 a 11.35a 11.79 a 1.17 b 4.5 abc 12.63 a 8.49 a 14.92 a 0.90b 3.45 b 8.25 a 8.84 b
Profenofos 0.750 L. 91.19 68.21 57.78 43.84 31.95 96. 3 77.24 58.1 51.23 35.46 95.08 77.30 65.29 51.49 64.32
1.85 b 3.24 a 2.70 a 9.38 a 3.13 c 1.39 b 3.59 ab 4.68 b 5.38 a 8.17 a 0.19 3.58 ab 4.16 c 1.30 b
L.S.D 0.95 2.1026 7.2736 0.0778 12.6711 11.6330 6.9109 803740 11.788 9.6188 15.4353 5.9882 8.5134 11.3677 15.8949
* the second spray . ** the third spray. S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)
161
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
70
60
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 25
Time (days).
pirimiphos-methyl pirimicarb propoxur dimethoate chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate profenofos carbosulfan Control.
Fig. (15):The average number of Aphis gossypii / leaf infesting squash plants.
162
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
considerable effect against the cotton leaf worm, These results are
important when designing a program of pest control as it is something
precious to control more than one insect at the same time particularly those
belonging to certain group (e.g. sucking pests and lepidopteran insects).
2- Both chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb were relatively of low
toxicity to the beneficial predator, Paedrus alfierii Table (8). Therefore the
two compounds (i.e. chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb) were subjected
to further evaluation for their toxicities to white rats as a mammalian test
organism aiming to detect the possible hazardous effects which might
reflect the noxious effects on human consuming edible parts of sprayed
plant or handling these insecticides during application.
163
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (21): Average % reduction of different insect pests infesting squash and okra
crops as affected by the tested pesticides.
Squash Okra
Average reduction percentage
Pes t icides A. gossypii Whitefly S. littoralis Whitefly
B. tabaci B. tabaci
Adult stage nymph stage Adult stage nymph stage
Carbosulfan 87.69 36.28 63.26 22.66 77.54 74.28
Table ( 22 ): Acute toxicity of the tested insecticides expressed (as LD50 values and
their confidence limits.) against rats.
Insesticides LD50 (mg/kg b.w) Confidence limits
Pirimicarb 70.7
164
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
165
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
These results are very important for humans consuming edible parts of
vegetables collected directly after spraying especially with pirimicarb or
for those exposing to these compounds during their handling and
application. Thus, pre-harvest periods after applying these insecticides on
vegetables should be greatly considered. Safety precautions during
application must be adopted as well. Also, growing vegetables (e.g. okra
and onion) inside or beside cotton fields, as commonly practiced by
Egyptian farmers, must be avoided where cotton plants are often subject to
massive application of pesticides.
2.2. Sub-chronic toxicities:
Rats were given daily single oral doses each equivalent to 1/10 and
1/30LD50 of chloropyrifos-methyl or pirimicarb. The treatments continued
for 30, 60, or 90 days. Moralities and clinical symptoms of toxicity were
recorded throughout the test period. After each experimental period,
animals were weighed, slaughtered and the tested biochemical parameters
were measured in serum. The effects of the tested insecticides on the
specific activities or levels of ChE, non-specific esterases, enzymes and
biomarkers of liver and kidney functions were determined. The measured
biomarkers of liver function included aspartate aminotransferase, AST
(formerly, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, GOT); alanine
aminotransferase, ALT (formerly, glutamate pyruvic transaminase, GPT);
166
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
167
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (24): The mortality percentage of rats treated with chloropyrifos methyl and
pirimicarb as daily oral doses.
Pesticides doses % mortality
168
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
169
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
170
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
each of the tested doses but GOT in general was of significant increase.
For the two doses, after 90 days the activity of GPT returned to the normal
level. This could be explained on the basis that the possible mechanism
involved in the elevation of transaminases may be due to tissue damage
(Rouiller,1964 and Korsrud et al. 1972), but if the cells of tissues are
destroyed, the source of enzyme decreases, consequently enzyme activity
decreases (Mandal et al. 1992). Transaminases are important and critical
enzymes in the biological processes. They play a role in amino acids
metabolism and biosynthesis. Consequently they are considered as specific
indicators of liver damage. GPT is more specific than GOT in this respect
(Wilkinson, 1970). Also, Hayes, (1989) reported that, the activity of
hepatic enzymes (e.g. GOT, GPT and ALP) released into the blood by the
damaged liver is one of the most useful tools in the study of hepato-
toxicity. Many investigators had measured the high transaminases
activities as indicators to liver injury (Salem et al. 1979), Abbassy et al.
1988; Abbassy et al. 1989 a & b; Ashour et al. 1989); Reena et
al.(1989); Zidan et al. 1989 and Eweis et al. (1995).
Based on the obtained results, elevated ALP, GOT and GPT
activities in chloropyrifos-methyl or pirimicarb-treated rats might be due
to hepatoxic effect of these compounds which appeared as liver
dysfunction or liver impairment. The changes of these enzymes in rats
treated for 30 days might be an early identification of liver injury
171
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (25): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on the specific activity serum ChE in male white rats.
Activities ( mole AsCI/min./mg protein) of periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
I ns e c t i c i d e s 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
4 4 4 4 4 4
Chloropyrifos-methyl 1.47 10- 10-
0.12 a 36.96 2.10 10-
0.07a 52.63 1.32 10-
0.29a 34.33 1.92 10-
0.22a 50.19 0.88 10-
0.08a 23.90 1.36 0.05a 36.95
Pirimicarb 2.87 0.45 b 71.99 3.58 0.10b 89.78 2.56 0.44b 66.77 3.17 0.40b 82.64 2.67 0.31b 72.41 3 .00 0.07b 81.30
Control. 3.99 0.15 c 100 3.99 0.15 c 100 3.83 0.18c 100 3.83 0.18c 100 3.69 0.52c 100 3.69 0.52b 100
LSD0.95 0.56 0.22 0.64 0.70 0.70 0.60
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
Table (26): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum esterases specific activity in male white rats.
Activities ( mole - naphthol/min./mg protein) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
I ns e c t i c i d e s 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
-6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6
Chloropyrifos-methyl 5.59 100.27 a 77.79 6.07 100.10 a 84.51 4.92 107.62 a 67.73 5.48100.062a 75.44 2.93 100.11a 38.83 3.70 100.09a 44.04
Pirimicarb 5.75 0.15b 80.09 6.43 0.36 a 89.54 5.62 0.11a 77.37 5.68 0.18a 78.14 3.96 0.20b 52.58 4.69 0.55 b 62.16
Control. 7.18 0.13 c 100 7.18 0.13b 100 7.27 0.06c 100 7.27 0.06 b 100 7.54 0.43c 100 7.54 0.43 c 100
LSD0.95 0.38 0.45 0.18 0.26 0.57 0.81
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
172
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100
80
60
% control.
40
20
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.( 16 ):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum ChE activity of rats.
173
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100
% control. 80
60
40
20
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(17):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum esterases activity of rats.
174
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (27): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum alkaline phosphatase activity in male white rats.
Activities (U/L.) after periods:-
Pirimicarb 121.60 6.50b 180.42 74.53 1.94a 110.58 135.33 2.20b 204.23 83.67 5.13b 126.26 71.73 10.07a 106.11 96.73 9.50b 143.10
Control. 67.40 2.12a 100 67.40 2.12a 100 66.27 8.82a 100 66.27 8.82a 100 67.60 7.21a 100 67.60 7.21a 100
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
175
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
250
200
150
% control.
100
50
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(18):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum alkaline phosphatase activity of rats.
176
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (28): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum ALT(GPT) activity of male white rats.
Activities (/ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30 LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 23.20 2.18b 64.50 25.65 4.17a 71.29 46.31 3.97b 121.13 30.34 1.41a 79.37 23.20 2.38b 61.40 32.22 1.60b 85.26
Pirimicarb 10.93 1.42a 29 21.58 1.31a 59.97 56.82 1.15c 148.64 51.06 4.55b 133.57 13.31 3.34a 35.23 20.26 0.99b 53.61
c
Control. 35.98 3.90 100 35.98 3.90b 100 38.23 5.17a 100 38.23 5.17a 100 37.79 4.94c 100 37.79 4.94b 100
LSD0.95 5.40297 6.7534 7.6290 8.10801 7.4057 6.0993
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
Table (29): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum AST(GOT) activity of male white rats.
Activities (/ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 122.10 154.69 111.73 115.07 109.52 142.75 94.06 4.57c 122.59 96.78 4.34b 129.58 98 1.56c 132.09
c c c
Pirimicarb 8.38
108.33 2.70
137.25 90.83 4.63
3.68b 111.56 63.13 2.52c 82.28 56.84 2.62a 74.08 103.91 2.57 139.14 81.65 1.02b 109.33
b
Control. 5.111.47a 100 78.93 1.47a 100 76.72 0.29b 100 76.72 0.29b 100 74.68 3.39a 100 74.68 3.39a 100
78.93
LSD0.95 11.4495 5.5271 6.0838 6.0834 7.0081 4.4658
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
177
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
160
140
120
100
% control.
80
60
40
20
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(19):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum ALT activity of rats.
178
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
160
140
120
100
% control.
80
60
40
20
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(20):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum AST activity of rats.
179
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
180
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
pirimicarb led to the same effect after 30 days only. For the duration, 90
day both insecticides significantly reduced the concentration. The results
are somewhat in parallel to those obtained by many authors. Ali and
Shakoori (1990) found that bilirubin content was increased after 15 days
in rats fed aldrin-mixed diet at doses of 2 mg and 2.5 mg/kg body wt./day.
Rats fed barley grain ( treated with meothrin at 20 and 40 p.p.m. and
storage for 60 days) for 15 days showed increase in serum bilirubin
(Mohamed et al. 1988). In contrast, Shakoori et al. (1990) found that
bilirubin was decreased 35% in rabbits treated with 6 mg/kg body weight
of bifenthrin for 30 day.
To explain the important role of bilirubin in metabolic function of
liver, Burtis and Edward (1994) reported that bilirubin, an orange-yellow
pile pigment, is produced mainly from haemoglobin that released from
senescent erythrocytes and destroyed in the reticuloendothelial cells of the
liver, spleen and bone marrow producing bilirubin. After production, in the
peripheral tissues, bilirubin is transported to the liver in association with
albumin. Bilirubin is then rapidly taken up by hepatocytes. Inside the
hepatocytes, bilirubin is rapidly conjugated with glucuronic acid to
produce bilirubin mono- and diglucuronide, which are then excreted into
bile. Once secreted into intestinal tract, bilirubin glucuronides are
hydrolyzed to the unconjugated pigment. The unconjugated bilirubin is
then reduced by the anaerobic intestinal microbial flora to a group of
tetrapyrrol compounds called urobilinogens. Up to 20% of the
urobilinogens are reabsorbed from the intestine and enter the enterohepatic
circulation. Two types of disorders result from disturbances of bilirubin
metabolism (i.e. disturbances due to effect on production, uptake, storage,
metabolism and excretion of bilirubin). The first type is referred to as
unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia jaundice where serum unconjugated
181
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
182
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (30): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum Cholesterol concentration of male white rats.
Concentration (mg/100 ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 65.51 2.19b 109.18 55.65 3.14b 92.75 64.3514.01b 104.60 65.38 4.39b 106.28 179.69 323.71 171.109.87c 308.25
c
Pirimicarb 28.41 6.53a 47.34 16.23 2.19a 27.05 39.64 3.65a 64.44 44.53 5.69a 72.38 5.17
135.91 244.85 153.368.25b 276.29
a
Control. 60.00 1.74 b
100 60.00 1.74 b
100 61.52 2.71 b
100 61.52 2.71 b 3.87
100 55.51 1.79 a
100 55.51 1.79a 100
LSD0.95 8.1886 4.8475 16.9941 8.8645 7.7305 14.9863
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
Table (31): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum Bilirubin concentration of male white rats.
Concentration (mg/100 ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 1.54 0.03c 247.98 1.04 0.12a 167.63 0.83 0.14c 133.72 0.69 0.01c 111.63 0.56 0.01b 94.55 0.47 0.02b 79.39
Pirimicarb 1.17 0.13b 187.28 1.04 0.03b 167.63 0.37 0.02a 59.88 0.53 0.03a 85.47 0.28 0.01a 47.27 0.36 0.03a 60.00
Control. 0.620.14a 100 0.62 0.14a 100 0.62 0.02b 100 0.62 0.02b 100 0.59 0.01c 100 0.59 0.01c 100
LSD0.95 0.2221 0.2164 0.1654 0.0390 0.0199 0.0520
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
183
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
350
300
250
200
% control.
150
100
50
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(21):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum cholisterol concentration of rats.
184
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
300
250
200
% control.
150
100
50
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(22):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum bilirubin concentration of rats.
185
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (32): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum Total protein concentration of male white rats.
Concentration (g/100 ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 4.36 0.05a 86.59 5.07 0.24a 100.68 4.71 0.04a 91.14 4.99 0.59a 96.63 8.33 0.11c 163.23 7.20 0.39b 141.25
Pirimicarb 4.47 0.05b 88.75 4.94 0.18a 98.10 6.14 0.11c 118.73 5.38 0.30b 104.12 6.93 0.07b 135.82 7.10 0.52b 139.21
Control. 5.04 0.04c 100 5.04 0.04a 100 5.17 0.24b 100 5.17 0.24a 100 5.10 0.20a 100 5.10 0.20a 100
LSD0.95 0.0999 0.3499 0.3015 0.8093 0.2760 0.7853
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)
Table ( 33 ): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum Albumin concentration of male white rats.
Concentration (g/100 ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 2.45 0.30a 55.55 2.61 0.30a 43.36% 6.00 0.01b 143.14 5.19 0.15b 101.30 5.23 0.84a 129.08 4.16 0.20b 119.61
Pirimicarb 2.40 0.54a 54.59% 1.91 0.29a 59.22% 5.53 0035a 131.94 4.25 0.30a 123.91 4.80 0.72a 118.51 4.84 0.18b 102.62
Control. 4.40 0.64b 100 4.40 0.64b 100 4.19 0.40a 100 4.19 0.40a 100 4.05 0.24a 100 4.05 0.24a 100
LSD0.95 1.0268 0.8786 0.6163 0.6082 1.3028 0.4124
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
186
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
200
180
160
140
% control.
120
100
80
60
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(23):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum total protein concentration of
rats.
187
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
160
140
120
100
% control.
80
60
40
20
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(24):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on albumin concentration on serum of
rats.
188
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 34): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum Creatinine concentration of male white rats.
Concentration(mg/100 ml.) after period:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 1.14 0.07a 101.09 1.25 0.03a 111.41 1.20 0.02b 111.5 1.13 0.03a 98.27 1.07 0.08a 96.39 1.13 0.21a 91.62
Pirimicarb 1.22 0.01a 108.70 1.20 0.05a 106.52 1.51 0.06c 131.21 1.35 0.09b 117.34 1.99 0.23b 160.73 1.50 0.06b 120.94
Control. 1.13 0.09a 100 1.13 0.09a 100 1.15 0.06a 100 1.15 0.06a 100 1.24 0.04a 100 1.24 0.04a 100
LSD0.95 0.1335 0.12618 0.10571 0.13050 0.27819 0.24971
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
Table (35 ): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serumUric acid concentration of male white rats.
Concentration(mg/100 ml.) after period:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 4.89 0.27b 142.71 3.93 0.22a 114.58 6.60 1.03b 201.30 4.34 0.26b 132.47 5.95 0.35c 160 4.70 0.35c 126.25
c a b a b
Pirimicarb 6.61 0.82 192.71 4.54 0.71 132.29 5.57 0.96 170.13 3.62 0.15 110.39 5.02 0.28 135 4.23 0.21b 113.75
Control. 3.43 0.21a 100 3.43 0.21a 100 3.28 0.45a 100 3.28 0.45a 100 3.72 0.21a 100 3.72 0.21a 100
LSD0.95 1.02452 0.895394 1.70145 0.16116 0.57473 0.27970
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
189
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
180
160
140
% control.
120
100
80
60
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(25):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum creatinne concentration of rats.
190
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
250
% control. 200
150
100
50
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(26):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum uric acid concentration of rats.
191
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
192
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
193
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
levels are maintained within narrow limits and its clearance may be measured as
an indicator of glomerular filtration rates (GFR) in kidney. The greater apparent
GFR found by creatinine clearance may be due to an increase in tubular secretory
activity for creatinine when plasma levels increase much above normal(Burtis
and Edward,1994).
194
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
195
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (36): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on body weight gain of male white rats.
30 day 60 day 90 day
1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
I ns e c t i c i d e s initial End body body initial End body body initial End body body initial End body body initial End body body initial End body body
body weight weight body weight weight body weight weight body weight weight body weight weight body weight weight
weight gain weight gain weight gain weight gain weight gain weight gain
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
Chloropyrifos-methyl 105.66 108.00 1.23 106.33 142.67 34.20 105.67 152.33 44.20 98.67 143.67 45.56 106 144.67 36.81 99.00 147.33 49.03
9.60 27.05a 1.63a 3.78 12.22ab 10.78a 1.15 2.89ab 4.28a 7.02 12.66a 3.89a 7.937 3.78a 6.78a 12.53 16.86a 5.68a
Pirimicarb 91.66 95.00 4.37 89.33 119.00 33.84 101.00 132.00 31.56 95.00 139.33 46.79 101.67 163.33 61.01 94.33 153.00 62.10
0.57 4.00a 3.25a 5.033 10.39a 18.03a 7.21 13.00a 20.76a 5.00 4.16a 3.79a 8.96 9.50a 7.91a 3.21 8.88a 3.88a
Control. 102.0 179.63 76.63 102.0 179.67 76.63 100 206.00 106.27 100.00 206.00 106.27 100.00 251.67 151.63 100.00 251.67 151.63
3.60 30.72b 30.24b 3.60 30.24b 33.72a 1.00 45.92b 47.93b 1.00 45.92a 47.93a 1.00 25.97b 25.32b 1.00 25.97b 25.32b
LSD0.05 47.02 43.39 39.48 45.82 55.15 60.45 55.15 55.64 32.19 31.58 30.32 37.15
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
196
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
150
100
% control.
50
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
Fig.(27):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on body weight gain of rats.
197
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
198
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and collecting ducts showed cystic dilatation of the luminae and atrophy of
the lining epithelium (Fig. 38). The changes were more prominent in rats
dosed at 1/10LD50.
For rats treated with pirimicarb at doses 1/10 or 1/30LD50 for
periods 60 or 90 days tissues of kidneys showed cloudy swelling renal
tubular epithelium and cystic dilatation of some renal tubules and
collecting duct (Fig, 39 and 40).
199
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. (29): Liver of rats treated with chloropyrifos methyl at 1/10LD50 for
90 days, as daily single oral doses. Shows cloudy swelling and
vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes. (H & E. X400).
Fig. (30): Liver of rats treated with daily single oral dose of 1/10LD50
chloropyrifos methyl for 90 days. The figure shows local areas
of lytic necrosis of the hepatocytes.(H & E. X100).
200
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. (31): Liver of rats treated with daily oral doses of 1/10LD50 pirimicarb
for 90 days. The figure shows cloudy swelling and vaculolar
degeneration of hepatocytes with dilating of some hepatic
sinusiod. (H & E. X400).
Fig.(32): Show the normal structure of kidney tissue and cells (control rats)
H & E. X400.
201
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. (33): Kidney of rats treated with daily 1/10 LD50 of chloropyrifos-
methyl for 30 days. tissue appears healthy . (H & E. X400).
Fig. (34): Kidney of rats treated with 1/30 LD50 of chloropyrifos methyl for
30 days, This section shows that renal tissue seems to be healthy
.(H & E. X400).
202
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. (35): kidney of rats treated with daily oral doses of 1/10LD50 of
pirimicarb for 30 days. Show normal view of kidney histology.
(H & E. X400).
Fig. (36): kidney of rats treated with daily oral doses of pirimcarb for 30
days. showing normal view of tissue and cells comparing with
the control one. (H & E. X400).
203
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
204
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. (39): kidney of rats treated with 1/10LD50 of pirimicarb for 90 days,
as daily single oral dose. This section shows cloudy swelling of
renal tubular epithelium. (H & E. X100).
Fig. (40): kidney of rats treated with 1/10LD50 of pirimicarb for 90 days,
as daily single oral dose. This section shows dilatation of many
of renal tubular luminae. (H & E. X100).
205
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Among eight insecticides, chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb were
found to be the most advantageous ones as protectants against certain
pests commonly attacking vegetable plants. In addition to their reasonable
efficacy against a wide range of pests, they exhibited a low toxicity to the
tested predator. Chloropyrifos-methyl was of a moderate acute toxicity.
However these insecticides may present many adverse effects to human
and animals especially after repeated exposure. Although the two
insecticides might not be nephrotoxic, they showed severe hepatotoxicity.
So, the study demonstrate the great importance of
using non chemical methods for pest control. In general if chloropyrifos-
methyl and pirimicarb have to be involved in I.P.M programs especially on
vegetable plants, repeated exposure must be avioded as possible. In this
respect, safety precautions during application, and preharvest intervals
should be greatly considered.
ENGLISH
Summary
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME PESTICIDES
IN RELATION TO THEIR SIDE EFFECTS
SUMMARY
206
SUMMARY
of 9 days. In the field, aphids Aphis gossypii and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
were mainly observed and detected on squash plants while the whitefly
and cotton leafworm S. littoralis could be observed on okra plants.
Generally the insecticides showed low effectiveness against the whitefly.
Apart from, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, phenthoate and carbosulfan
whose efficiencies to whitefly were relatively moderate, insecticides tested
were of poor efficacy. The efficiency varied depending on the tested stage
(nymphs or adults) and the type of vegetable plants carrying the insect (i.
e. squash and okra). For aphids, A. gossypii, carbosulfan was the most
effective insecticide followed by chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb
(percents of reduction through the experimental period were 87.69, 84.7
and 82.86, respectively). The least effective compounds were pirimiphos-
methyl and propoxur (% reduction: 60.29 and 56.4, respectively). Against
the cotton leafworm, profenofos and chloropyrifos-methyl had the highest
effects (% of reduction: 83.5 and 81.5 respectively).
207
SUMMARY
208
SUMMARY
insecticides showed normal kidneys but those treated for 60 days showed
degeneration of renal tissues and other alterations.
209
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ARABIC
SUMMARY
ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰉ
ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻢ ﲰﻴﺔ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﲟﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻀﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ
ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ -ﺍﳌﻦ -ﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ -ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻻﲪﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﲰﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺳﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺣﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻏﻪ .ﻭﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﰎ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳـﻪ
،ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳝﻴﺜﻮﻳﺖ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﺜﻮﻳﺖ ،ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻓﻴﻨﻮﻓﻮﺱ ،ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻣﻴﻔﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ ..ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﻧـﺴﺐ ﻫـﺬﻩ
ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﰱ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺣﻘﻠﻴﺎ ﰎ ﺃﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲰﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﺪﻩ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﻀﺎﺀ
ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺘﺺ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺩﻯ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﲰﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻫﻮ
ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﺭﺳﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﰒ ﺍﻟﱪﳝﻴﻜﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻓﻴﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳝﺜﻮﻳﺖ ﰒ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﺜﻮﻳﺖ ﰒ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﺑﲑ ﻳﻔﻮﺱ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ) (LC50ﻫﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ٠,٠٥١ ، ٠,٠١ ، ٠,٠٠٤
٠,٠٥٥ ، ٠,١٢٥ ، ٠,١١ ،ﺟﺰﺀ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻠﻴﻮﻥ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﱪﻭﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﳝﻔﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﲰﻴـﻪ
٦٦,٧٨ ، ٢٦,٤ﺟﺰﺀ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻠﻴﻮﻥ ،ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﻪ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻦ ) ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ LC50
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱃ ( .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﳌﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﺑﲑﻓﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﲰﻴﻪ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻓﻴﻨﻔﻮﺱ
ﻭﺍﻟﱪﳝﻴﻜﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﺎﻟﱪﻭﺑﻜﺴﺮ ) ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﻪ ﻫﻰ ٤,٧٣ ، ٢,٩٥ ، ٢,٤٠ ، ١,٤٤ﺟﺰﺀ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻠﻴـﻮﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱃ ( ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﳌﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻻﲪﺮ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲰﻴﻪ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻪ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﻟﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻓﻘـﺪ
ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﺑﲑﻓﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﲰﻴﻪ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻣﻴﻪ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺣﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻏﻪ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ
ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰉ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ :ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺑﻜﺴﺮ < ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﺜﻮﻳﺖ < ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳝﺜﻮﻳﺖ < ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﺳﻠﻔﺎﻥ < ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻣﻴﻔﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳـﻞ <
ﺍﻟﱪﳝﻴﻜﺎﺭﺏ < ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﺑﲑﻓﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ < ﺍﻟﱪﻓﻴﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﳝﻴﻜﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﺑﲑﻓﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ
ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﲰﻴﻪ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳊﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺭﺵ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻣﻴﻪ
ﺛﻼﺙ ﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻪ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﺭﺷﻪ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳـﻪ
ﺗﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﻀﺎﺀ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻣﻴﻪ .ﻭﺑﺼﻔﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻣـﻊ ﺃﺳـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ
ﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻣﻴﻔﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﻓﻴﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﺜﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﺳﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﲰﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺿﺪ ﻣـﻦ
ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﻪ ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﺳﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﺑﲑﻓﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ
ﻭﺍﻟﱪﳝﻴﻜﺎﺭﺏ .ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻣﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﲰﻴﻪ ﺿـﺪ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ
ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻓﻴﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﺑﲑﻓﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ .ﻭﺑﺼﻔﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻳﺘـﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ
ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺃﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺘـﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﻓﻊ ﻫـﻰ ﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﺑﲑﻓﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﳝﻴﻜﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﲔ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﻘﻴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﲰﻴﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺿﺪ ﻓﺌﺮﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﲜﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ) ( 1/10LD50 1/30 LD50ﳌـﺪﺓ
٦٠ ، ٣٠ﺍﻭ ٩٠ﻳﻮﻡ .ﻭﰱ ﺳﲑﻡ ﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺯﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ
ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﻪ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳـﻔﺎﺗﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﻮﻯ ،
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻣﻴﻨﻴﺰ ،ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﺴﺘﲑﻭﻝ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻠﻮﺭﻭﺑﲔ ،ﺍﻻﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﲑﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﱃ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ
ﺗﻌﻄﻞ ﰱ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻰ ) ﲪـﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴـﻚ ،
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺗﻴﻨﲔ ( ﻓﻠﻢ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻯ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻋﻮﻣﻠﺖ ﲜﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﳌﺪﺓ ٣٠ﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻘـﻂ .ﺃﻣـﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺑﺼﻔﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ
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ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰉ
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﱃ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ .ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻛـﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺎﺕ ﺍﳍـﺴﺘﻮﺑﺎﺛﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ
ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﰱ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻛﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻋﻮﻣﻠﺖ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﻋـﺎﺕ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺣﺘﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪﻳﻪ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ
ﺍﳍﺴﺘﻮﺑﺎﺛﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻛﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑـ 1/30 LD50ﻣﻦ
ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﳒﺎﺡ ﻭﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﺑﲑﻓﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳـﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﳝﻴﻜـﺎﺭﺏ
ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺻﻪ ﻭﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺍﻻ ﺃﻥ ﳍﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﲔ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ .ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺗﻮﺻـﻰ
ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺗﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﲔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺑﲔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﻝ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺒﻘﻴﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ
ﺍﳌﺄﻛﻮﻟﻪ.
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ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ
ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ
ـﻼﻤﺔ ------------------------------
ـﺴﻴﺩ ﺴـ
ـﺩ ﺍﻟـ
ـﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ /ﺃﺤﻤـ
ـﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟـ
٢ـ ﺍﻷﺴـ
ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴـﺩﺍﺕ
ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ـ ﻜﻔﺭ ﺍﻟـﺸﻴﺦ ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ
ﻁﻨﻁﺎ
ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
١٩٩٨ﻡ