1

EG-210 Tutorial Sheet No. 2 (2013) Answers

The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Cyclic Processes

1) (a) Steam enters a horizontal pipe operating at steady state with a specific enthalpy of 3000
kJ/kg and a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s. At the exit, the specific enthalpy is 1700 kJ/kg. If
there is no significant change in kinetic energy from inlet to exit, determine the rate of heat
transfer between the pipe and its surroundings, in kW.

Answer
Diagram of system:



Starting with the general energy balance for open systems:

| | ) ( ) ( ) ( 0
2
2
2
1 2
1
2 1 2 1
v v z z g h h m W Q
S
+ + + =

No work is done (W
S
= 0) and ignoring potential and kinetic energy,

) ( 0
2 1
h h m Q + =

) (
1 2
h h m Q =

kJ/kg 650 ) 3000 1700 ( 5 . 0 = = Q
[5 marks]

(b) Steam enters a well-insulated turbine operating at steady state at 4 MPa with a specific
enthalpy of 3015.4 kJ/kg and a velocity of 10 m/s. The steam expands to the turbine exit
where the pressure is 0.07 MPa, specific enthalpy is 2431.7 kJ/kg, and the velocity is 90 m/s.
The mass flow rate is 11.95 kg/s. Neglecting potential energy effects, determine the power
developed by the turbine, in kW.

Answer


Starting with the general energy balance for open systems:
h
1
= 3000 kJ/kg
m = 0.5 kg/s
h
2
= 1700 kJ/kg
m = 0.5 kg/s
2

| | ) ( ) ( ) ( 0
2
2
2
1 2
1
2 1 2 1
v v z z g h h m W Q
S
+ + + =

We are told the turbine is well insulated, therefore Q = 0 and we also assume PE change is
zero, giving:

| | ) ( ) (
2
2
2
1 2
1
2 1
v v h h m W
S
+ =

We know m = 11.95 kg/s, then;

| | kW 6927 1000 / ) 90 10 ( ) 7 . 2431 4 . 3015 (
2 2
2
1
= + = m W
S

[5 marks]

(c) Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state with a mass flow of 10 kg/min, a specific
enthalpy of 3100 kJ/kg, and a velocity of 30 m/s. At the exit, the specific enthalpy is 2300
kJ/kg and the velocity is 45 m/s. The elevation of the inlet is 3 m higher than at the exit. Heat
transfer from the turbine to its surroundings occurs at a rate of 1.1 kJ per kg of steam flowing.
Let g = 9.81 m/s
2
. Determine the power developed by the turbine, in kW.

Answer


Starting with the general energy balance for open systems:

| | ) ( ) ( ) ( 0
2
2
2
1 2
1
2 1 2 1
v v z z g h h m W Q
S
+ + + =

Re-arranging gives:
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
1 2
1
2 1 2 1
v v z z g h h
m
Q
m
W
S
+ + + =

Therefore:

kJ/kg 37 . 798 1000 / ) 45 30 ( ) 1000 / 3 81 . 9 ( ) 2300 3100 ( 1 . 1
2 2
2
1
= + + + =
m
W
S


Now m = 10 kg/min = 0.1667 kg/s, so:

W
S
= 0.1667 798.37 = 133.09 kJ/s = 133.09 kW
[5 marks]
3

(d) Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at 1 atm with a specific enthalpy of 290
kJ/kg and exits at a higher pressure with a specific enthalpy of 1023 kJ/kg. The mass flow
rate is 0.1 kg/s. If the compressor power input is 77 kW, determine the rate of heat transfer
between the compressor and its surroundings, in kW. Neglect kinetic and potential energy
effects and assume the ideal gas model.

Answer


Starting with the general energy balance for open systems:

| | ) ( ) ( ) ( 0
2
2
2
1 2
1
2 1 2 1
v v z z g h h m W Q
S
+ + + =

Ignoring potential and kinetic energy, and re-arranging gives;

) (
1 2
h h m W Q
S
+ =

kW 7 . 3 ) 290 1023 ( 1 . 0 77 = + = Q
[5 marks]

(e) A pump delivers water through a hose terminated by a nozzle. The exit of the nozzle has a
diameter of 2.5 cm and is located 4 m above the pump inlet pipe, which has a diameter of 5.0
cm. The pressure is equal to 1 bar at both the inlet and the exit, and the temperature is
constant at 20 C. The magnitude of the power input required by the pump is 8.6 kW and the
acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s
2
. The specific volume of water at 20 C and 1 bar is
1.0018 10
-3
m
3
/kg. Determine the mass flow rate delivered by the pump in kg/s.

Answer

4

Starting with the general energy balance for open systems:

| | ) ( ) ( ) ( 0
2
2
2
1 2
1
2 1 2 1
v v z z g h h m W Q
S
+ + + =

Assuming that heat transfer is negligible (Q = 0) and as the input and output water conditions
are the same (h
1
= h
2
), then;

| | ) ( ) ( 0
2
2
2
1 2
1
2 1
v v z z g m W
S
+ + =

Now assuming that the water is incompressible the velocity of water can be calculated using:

A volume specific m v / =

So

m m v 5102 . 0 ) 4 / 05 . 0 /( 10 0018 . 1
2 3
1
= =

t

m m v 04085 . 2 ) 4 / 025 . 0 /( 10 0018 . 1
2 3
2
= =

t

| | 1000 / ) ) 04085 . 2 ( ) 5102 . 0 (( 1000 / ) 4 ( 81 . 9 ) 6 . 8 ( 0
2 2
2
1
m m m + + =

m m 03924 . 0 10 9524 . 1 6 . 8 0
3 3
=



Solving for m gives;

m = 15.98 kg/s
[5 marks]





















5

2) (i) The data listed below are claimed for a power cycle operating between hot and cold
reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K, respectively. For each case, determine whether the cycle
operates reversibly, operates irreversibly, or is impossible.
(a) Q
h
= 600 kJ, W
eng
= 300 kJ, Q
c
= 300 kJ
(b) Q
h
= 400 kJ, W
eng
= 280 kJ, Q
c
= 120 kJ
(c) Q
h
= 700 kJ, W
eng
= 300 kJ, Q
c
= 500 kJ
(d) Q
h
= 800 kJ, W
eng
= 600 kJ, Q
c
= 200 kJ

Answer
For each process first check the first law balance: W
eng
= Q
h
- Q
c
and if OK then check that:

For a reversible process:
c
c
h
h
T
Q
T
Q
=

For an irreversible process:
c
c
h
h
T
Q
T
Q
<

For an impossible process:
c
c
h
h
T
Q
T
Q
>

a) First Law: W
eng
= Q
h
- Q
c
300 = 600 300 First law OK so,

6 . 0
1000
600
= =
h
h
T
Q
1
300
300
= =
c
c
T
Q
therefore
c
c
h
h
T
Q
T
Q
< so process is irreversible

b) First Law: W
eng
= Q
h
- Q
c
280 = 400 120 First law OK so,

4 . 0
1000
400
= =
h
h
T
Q
4 . 0
300
120
= =
c
c
T
Q
therefore
c
c
h
h
T
Q
T
Q
= so process is reversible

c) First Law: W
eng
= Q
h
- Q
c
300 700 500 First law violated so process impossible

d) First Law: W
eng
= Q
h
- Q
c
600 = 800 200 First law OK so,

8 . 0
1000
800
= =
h
h
T
Q
66 . 0
300
200
= =
c
c
T
Q
therefore
c
c
h
h
T
Q
T
Q
> so process is impossible
[4 marks]

(ii) A reversible power cycle operating between hot and cold reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K,
respectively, receives 100 kJ by heat transfer from the hot reservoir for each cycle of
operation. Determine the net work developed in 10 cycles of operation, in kJ.

Answer
First calculate the efficiency of the heat engine using;

6

7 . 0
1000
300
1 1 = = = q
h
c
T
T


The efficiency can also be calculated using:

h
eng
Q
W
= = q
input heat
output net work


So,

W
eng
= q Q
h
= 0.7 100 = 70 kJ

For 10 cycles power generated is:

Net work = no cycles W
eng
= 10 70 = 700 kJ
[3 marks]

(iii) In a heat-treating process, a 1-kg metal part, initially at 1075 K, is quenched in a tank
containing 100 kg of water, initially at 295 K. There is negligible heat transfer between the
contents of the tank and their surroundings. The metal part and water can be modeled as
incompressible with specific heats 0.5 kJ/kg K and 4.2 kJ/kg K, respectively. Determine (a)
the final equilibrium temperature after quenching, in K, and (b) the amount of entropy
produced within the tank, in kJ/K.

Answer
First write the equation describing the energy change of the metal in cooling from 1075 K to
T.

Q
met
= mC
p
AT = 1 0.5 (1075 T) = 0.5 (1075 T)

Next, write the equation describing the energy change of the water in being heated from 295
C to T.

Q
wat
= mC
p
AT = 100 4.2 (T 295) = 420 (T 295)

Applying first law heat balance:

Q
wat
= Q
met


420 (T 295) = 0.5 (1075 T)

T = 295.93 K

Calculate the entropy change of the copper,

K / kJ 645 . 0
1075
93 . 295
ln 5 . 0 1 ln
1
2
=
(

=
(

=
T
T
mC S
p met


7

Calculate the entropy change of the water,

K / kJ 322 . 1
295
93 . 295
ln 2 . 4 100 ln
1
2
=
(

=
(

=
T
T
mC S
p wat


Calculate the overall entropy change,

K / kJ 677 . 0 322 . 1 645 . 0 = + = + A = A
wat met T
S S S
[6 marks]

(iv) Propane at 0.1 MPa, 20 C enters an insulated compressor operating at steady state and
exits at 0.4 MPa, 90 C Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects, determine (a) the
power required by the compressor, in kJ per kg of propane flowing. (b) the rate of entropy
production within the compressor, in kJ/K per kg of propane flowing. Data supplied: at 0.1
MPa, 20 C h
propane
= 517.6 kJ/kg and s
propane
= 2.194 kJ/kg K, at 0.4 MPa, 90 C h
propane
=
639.2 kJ/kg and s
propane
= 2.311 kJ/kg K,

Answer


Starting with the general energy balance for open systems:

| | ) ( ) ( ) ( 0
2
2
2
1 2
1
2 1 2 1
v v z z g h h m W Q
S
+ + + =

As the compressor is insulated Q = 0 and neglecting PE and KE, gives;

2 1
h h
m
W
S
=

kg / kJ 6 . 121 2 . 639 6 . 517 = =
m
W
S


Starting with the entropy balance:

gen j j i i
k
k
S s m s m
T
Q
+ + =

0

As the mass flow is constant and Q is zero then;

8

gen
S s s m + = ) ( 0
2 1


K kJ/kg 117 . 0 194 . 2 311 . 2
1 2
= = = s s
m
S
gen

[3 marks]

(v) The pressurevolume diagram of a Carnot power cycle executed by an ideal gas with
constant specific heat ratio is shown below. Show that V
4
V
2
= V
1
V
3




Answer
As step 1 2 occurs at a constant temperature which is higher than step 3 to 4 then,

T
1
= T
2
= T
h
and T
3
= T
4
= T
c


For an isothermal change:
(

= =
1
2
ln
V
V
RT W Q therefore;

For step 1 to 2:
(

=
1
2
12
ln
V
V
RT W
h


For step 3 to 4:
(

=
3
4
34
ln
V
V
RT W
c


The cycle efficiency is given by:

h
c
in
T
T
Q
W W
=
+
= = 1
in energy
net work
34 12
q

9

h
c
h
c h
T
T
V
V
RT
V
V
RT
V
V
RT
=
(

+
(

1
ln
ln ln
1
2
3
4
1
2


h
c
h
c
T
T
V
V
RT
V
V
RT
=
(

1
ln
ln
1
1
2
4
3


h
c
h
c
T
T
V
V
T
V
V
T
=
(

1
2
4
3
ln
ln


Therefore,

(

=
(

1
2
4
3
ln ln
V
V
V
V


(

=
(

1
2
4
3
V
V
V
V


V
3
V
1
= V
4
V
2

[6 marks]



















10

3) A heat engine cylinder contains 0.1 kg of air. The engine is assumed to operate on a Carnot
cycle comprising the following four processes:

- Step A-B: Isothermal expansion at 1000 K during which the volume of the air is
doubled.
- Step B-C: Adiabatic expansion until the temperature of the air reaches 350 K and the
pressure 1 bar.
- Step C-D: Isothermal compression of the air at 350 K.
- Step D-A: Adiabatic compression until the air temperature reaches 1000 K and the
cycle is complete.

Assuming that air behaves as an ideal gas and given the following data (specific heat capacity
of air in a constant volume process C
V
= 0.7175 kJ kg
-1
K
-1
; Gas constant for air R = 0.2867
kJ kg
-1
K
-1
), then

a) Sketch the cycle on a P-V diagram.
b) What is the maximum pressure achieved in the cycle?
c) Show that the volume of air is halved during the isothermal compression.
d) Calculate the work done during each of the adiabatic processes.
e) Calculate the heat and thus work effects for each of the isothermal processes.
f) Determine the net work done per cycle.
g) Confirm the cycle efficiency matches the prediction given by q = 1 (T
c
/T
h
)

[25 marks]

Answer:
a)

[4 marks]

b) Step B-C is an adiabatic expansion from T
B
=1000 K to T
C
= 350 K, P
C
= 1 bar, therefore;

1


|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
B
C
B
C
P
P
T
T

11

Re-arranging

1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
C
B
C B
T
T
P P

Now

C
P
= C
V
+ R = 0.7175 + 0.2867 = 1.0042 kJ kg
-1
K
-1


So,

1.3996
0.7175
1.0042
= = =
V
P
C
C


Resulting in:

bar 53 . 39
350
1000
1
1 3996 . 1
3996 . 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

B
P

As air behaves as an ideal gas:

P
A
V
A
= P
B
V
B


Also, V
B
= 2V
A
, so;

P
A
V
A
= 39.53 2 V
A


P
A
= 79.06 bar
[6 marks]

c) For adiabatic compression from T
D
= 350 K to T
A
= 1000 K, P
A
= 79.06 bar, then

1


|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
D
A
D
P
P
T
T


1 3996 . 1
06 . 79 1000
350
1.3996
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
D
P


bar 00 . 2
1000
350
06 . 79
1 3996 . 1
3996 . 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

D
P
For an ideal gas:
P
D
V
D
= P
C
V
C


V
D
= P
C
V
C
/ P
D
= 1 V
C
/ 2 = 0.5V
C

[5 marks]
12

d) Step B-C: Adiabatic expansion;

W
BC
= m C
V
(T
B
T
C
) = 0.1 0.7175 (1000 350) = 46.64 kJ

Step D-A: Adiabatic compression;

W
DA
= m C
V
(T
D
T
A
) = 0.1 0.7175 (350 1000) = -46.64 kJ
[3 marks]

e) Step A-B: Isothermal expansion at 1000 K

kJ 87 . 19
53 . 39
06 . 79
ln 1000 0.2867 0.1 ln + =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
B
A
h AB AB
P
P
mRT W Q

Step C-D: Isothermal compression at 350 K

kJ 96 . 6
2
1
ln 0 35 0.2867 0.1 ln =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
D
C
c CD CD
P
P
mRT W Q
[3 marks]

f) Net work;

W
net
= W
AB
+ W
BC
+ W
CD
+ W
DA
= 19.87 + 46.64 6.96 46.64 = 12.91 kJ
[2 marks]

g) Efficiency is given by

65 . 0
87 . 19
91 . 12
= = = = q
AB
net
in
net
Q
W
Q
W


Check;

65 . 0
1000
350
1 1 = = = q
h
c
T
T

[2 marks]













13

4) At the Bear Point refinery complex on the St Lawrence Seaway between Canada and the
USA, the process waste gas is being considered as a thermal energy source for raising steam
to generate electrical power in an energy park associated with the refinery. The preliminary
design of a Rankine Cycle steam turbine power plant is being considered to make use of this
thermal energy. In the proposed design, steam is to be supplied from a boiler to the turbine
inlet at a pressure of 15 MPa and temperature of 600 C whilst the exhaust pressure from the
turbine is 10 kPa. The exhaust mixture is passed through a condenser and then pumped back
to the boiler. The power plant is assumed to be a closed system.

a) Draw a block flow diagram of the proposed power plant and a general Temperature-
Entropy diagram of the cycle, labelling the appropriate points.
[6 marks]

b) Calculate the operational data for the steam/water after each step of the cycle, namely:
temperature, pressure, quality, specific enthalpy, specific entropy. State any assumptions you
make.
[12 marks]

c) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
[2 marks]

d) Determine the flow rate of water/steam required to produce 60 MW.
[2 marks]

e) What methods could be employed to improve the thermal efficiency of the cycle?
[3 marks]

Answer
a) Diagram:



Boiler
Turbine
Compressor
(pump)
Heat
exchanger
P
1
= 10 kPa 1
P
2
= 15 MPa 2
3 P
3
= 15 MPa
T
3
= 600C
4 P
4
= 10 kPa
Q
c

Q
h

W
out

W
in

14


[6 marks]

b) Assumptions:
- Pump and turbine are isentropic
- P
2
= P
3
= 15 MPa
- T
3
= 600C
- P
4
= P
1
= 10 kPa
- The working fluid is completely condensed to a liquid in the condenser
- Kinetic and potential energy changes are zero

Known Data:

State T (C) P (kPa) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg K) x
1 ? 10 ? ? ?
2 ? 15000 ? ? ?
3 600 15000 ? ? ?
4 ? 10 ? ? ?

At State 3:
P
3
= 15 MPa = 150 bar and T
3
= 600 C. From the Steam Tables we can see that this situation
corresponds to superheated steam (i.e. the water is all vapour and the quality of the steam, x,
is equal to 1) so:

h
g3
= h
3
= 3581 kJ/kg s
g3
= s
3
= 6.677 kJ/kg K

At State 4:
The turbine is isentropic so the water/steam mixture at State 4 has an entropy of:

s
4
= s
3
= 6.677 kJ/kg K

T
s
1
2
3
4
P = 10 kPa
P= 15 MPa
T
3
= 600
o
C
15

The steam has been condensed in the turbine to a mixture of water and steam at a pressure of
P
4
= 10 kPa = 0.1 bar and a temperature of T
4
= 45.8 C (this temperature is from the given
pressure and Steam Tables). At these conditions:

s
f4
= 0.649 kJ/kg K s
fg4
= 7.5 kJ/kg K s
g4
= 8.149 kJ/kg K
h
f4
= 192 kJ/kg h
fg4
= 2392 kJ/kg h
g4
= 2584 kJ/kg

If we let the quality of steam (fraction of water as steam) = x, then:

s
mix
= x s
g
+ (1 x) s
f


Now:
s
4
= x s
g4
+ (1 x) s
f4


6.677 = 8.149 x + 0.649 (1 x)

x = (6.677 0.649) / (8.149 0.649) = 0.804

Also
h
mix
= x h
g
+ (1 x) h
f


so,
h
4
= x h
g4
+ (1 x) h
f4


h
4
= (0.804 2584) + [(1 0.804) (192)]

h
4
= 2115.2 kJ/kg

At State 1:
The pressure is P
1
= 10 kPa = 0.1 bar and the temperature T
1
= 45.8 C, therefore from Steam
Tables:

h
f1
= 192 kJ/kg h
fg1
= 2392 kJ/kg h
g1
= 2584 kJ/kg
s
f1
= 0.649 kJ/kg K s
fg1
= 7.5 kJ/kg K s
g1
= 8.149 kJ/kg K

Here we need to make an assumption that steam/water mixture from State 4 is condensed
down to just water at State 1 (so quality of steam, x, at State 1 = 0). This is a common
assumption in Rankine cycles as it makes pumping of the fluid easier. Therefore:

h
1
= 192 kJ/kg s
1
= 0.649 kJ/kg K

We are also given the specific volume of liquid water at 10 kPa = 0.00101 kg/m
3
in the
question. Therefore:

State T (C) P (kPa) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg K) x
1 45.8 10 192 0.649 0
2 ? 15000 ? ? ?
3 600 15000 3581 6.677 1
4 45.8 10 2115.2 6.677 0.804

16

At State 2:
The pump work is given by:
1 2 1 2 in
h h ) P P ( W = = v

kJ/kg 15.1 J/kg 15139.9 ) 10000 15000000 ( 00101 . 0 W
in
= = =

Therefore the enthalpy at pump outlet:
h
2
= W
in
+ h
1


h
2
= 15.1 + 192 = 207.1 kJ/kg

This process is also isentropic so:

s
2
= s
1
= 0.649 kJ/kg

From the steam tables, saturated liquid water at P = 15 MPa has T
S
= 342.1 C, h
f
= 1610 kJ /
kg, s
f
= 3.685 kJ / kg K, which are greater than conditions at position [2] so water is
subcooled, giving:

T
2
= 45.8 C P
2
= 15 MPa h
2
= 207.1 kJ / kg s
2
= 0.649 kJ / kg K x = 0

Giving:

State T (C) P (kPa) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg K) x
1 45.8 10 192 0.649 0
2 45.8 15000 207.1 0.649 0
3 600 15000 3581 6.677 1
4 45.8 10 2115.2 6.677 0.804
[12 marks]

c) We now have all the information we need to calculate the cycle efficiency.

Heat into Boiler:
Q
h
= h
3
h
2
= 3581 207.1 = 3373.9 kJ/kg

Heat removed by condenser:
Q
c
= h
4
h
1
= 2115.2 192 = 1923.2 kJ/kg

Turbine work:
W
out
= h
3
h
4
= 3581 2115.2 = 1465.8 kJ/kg

Pump work (already calculated):
W
in
= 15.1 kJ/kg

Cycle efficiency:

h
in out
h
net
Q
W W
Q
W
= = q

17

42998 . 0
9 . 3373
1 . 15 8 . 1465
Q
W
h
net
=

= = q

Therefore the cycle efficiency is:

q = 43 %
[2 marks]

d) Net work output = 60 MW:

Net work output = mass flow rate (W
out
- W
in
)
= mass flow rate ((h
3
- h
4
) - (h
2
- h
1
))
60 MW = mass flow rate ((h
3
- h
4
) - (h
2
- h
1
))

mass flow rate = 60000/((3581 2115.2) - (207.1 - 192)) = 41.36 kg/s
[2 marks]

e) Thermal efficiency can be improved by:
(a) Lowering the condensing pressure (lower condensing temperature, lower T
c
)
(b) Superheating the steam to higher temperature
(c) Increasing the boiler pressure (increase boiler temperature, increase T
h
)
[3 marks]



























18

5) Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapour-compression refrigeration cycle
that communicates thermally with a cold region at -4C (minus four) and a warm region at
24C. Saturated vapour enters the compressor at -4C and saturated liquid leaves the
condenser at 24C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.2 kg/s.

a) Draw a block flow diagram of the proposed refrigeration plant and explain how the
refrigeration cycle works.
[5 marks]

b) Draw a Temperature-Entropy diagram of the cycle, labelling the appropriate points.
[2 marks]

c) Calculate the operational data for the refrigerant after each step of the cycle, namely:
temperature, pressure, quality, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. State any assumptions
you make.
[10 marks]

d) Calculate the compressor power, in kW.
[2 marks]

e) Calculate the refrigeration capacity, in kW.
[2 marks]

f) Determine the coefficient of performance of the ideal vapour-compression refrigeration
cycle.
[2 marks]

g) Determine the coefficient of performance of an ideal Carnot refrigeration cycle operating
at the same conditions.
[2 marks]

Answer:
a) Diagram:


19

Process 12: Isentropic compression of the refrigerant from state 1 (usually from a saturated
vapour) to the condenser pressure at state 2 (usually a superheated vapour).
Process 23: Heat transfer from the refrigerant as it flows at constant pressure through the
condenser. The refrigerant exits at state 3 (usually as a saturated liquid).
Process 34: Throttling process from state 3 (usually as a saturated liquid) to a two-phase
liquidvapour mixture at state 4. This occurs at constant enthalpy.
Process 41: Heat transfer to the refrigerant as it flows at constant pressure through the
evaporator to complete the cycle.
[5 marks]

b)

[2 marks]

c) Assumptions:
- The compressor is isentropic.
- The condenser and evaporator operate at constant pressure.
- The working fluid is completely condensed to a liquid in the condenser
- The compressor and expansion valve operate adiabatically.
- Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
- T
3
= 24C
- T
1
= T
4
= -4C

Known Data:

State T (C) P (bar) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg K) x
1 -4 ? ? ? 1
2 ? ? ? ? 1
3 24 ? ? ? 0
4 -4 ? ? ? ?

At State 1:
We have a saturated vapour at T
1
= -4 C. To get the other properties at this condition is a
straightforward look-up in the Saturated Refrigerant 134a Temperature table:

h
1
= h
g @ -4C
= 244.90 kJ/kg

20

s
1
= s
g @ -4C
= 0.9213 kJ/kg K

P
1
= P
@ -4C
= 2.5274 bar

At State 2:
At state 2 we have a superheated vapour. The pressure of this vapour is the pressure
according to the temperature of the liquid coming from the condenser i.e. the pressure when T
= 24C. From the Saturated Refrigerant 134a Temperature table this pressure is:

P
2
= P
@ 24C
= 6.4566 bar

The compressor is isentropic so the refrigerant at State 2 has an entropy of:

s
2
= s
1
= 0.9213 kJ/kg K

In order to calculate the enthalpy and temperature at state 2 we now need to use the tables for
the properties of the Superheated Refrigerant 134a. However, we have a problem as there is
no exact table for a pressure of 6.4566 bar, hence we need to use the tables at 6 and 7 bar and
perform a double interpolation as follows.

First we need to generate a new T-h-s table for superheated vapour at a pressure of 6.4566
bar. We will do this by interpolating h and s data at each temperature data point i.e. T
sat
,
30C, 40C, 50C etc. as far as is necessary.

We already know that when at P = 6.4566 bar, T
sat
= 24C, so now we can interpolate h and s
as follows:

) (
) (
) (
6 4566 . 6
6 7
6 @ 7 @
6 @ 4566 . 6 @ bar bar
bar bar
T bar T bar
T bar T bar
P P
P P
h h
h h
sat sat
sat sat

+ =

From tables:

h
g @ 7 bar Tsat
= 261.85 kJ/kg
h
g @ 6 bar Tsat
= 259.19 kJ/kg

so

kg / kJ 40 . 260 ) 6 4566 . 6 (
) 6 7 (
) 19 . 259 85 . 261 (
19 . 259
4566 . 6 @
=

+ =
sat
T bar
h

Doing the same for the enthalpy;

) (
) (
) (
6 4566 . 6
6 7
6 @ 7 @
6 @ 4566 . 6 @ bar bar
bar bar
T bar T bar
T bar T bar
P P
P P
s s
s s
sat sat
sat sat

+ =

From tables:

s
g @ 7 bar Tsat
= 0.9080 kJ/kg
21

s
g @ 6 bar Tsat
= 0.9097 kJ/kg
so

K kg / kJ 9089 . 0 ) 6 4566 . 6 (
) 6 7 (
) 9097 . 0 9080 . 0 (
9097 . 0
4566 . 6 @
=

+ =
sat
T bar
s

Repeat the calculations for the higher temperatures until the value of s
@6.4566 bar
exceeds s
2
. So
the next calculation is at T = 30C.

) (
) (
) (
6 4566 . 6
6 7
C 30 6 @ C 30 7 @
C 30 6 @ C 30 4566 . 6 @ bar bar
bar bar
bar bar
bar bar
P P
P P
h h
h h

+ =




From tables:

h
g @ 7 bar 30C
= 265.37 kJ/kg
h
g @ 6 bar 30C
= 267.89 kJ/kg

so

kg / kJ 74 . 266 ) 6 4566 . 6 (
) 6 7 (
) 89 . 267 37 . 265 (
89 . 267
C 30 4566 . 6 @
=

+ =
bar
h

Doing the same for the enthalpy;

) (
) (
) (
6 4566 . 6
6 7
C 30 6 @ C 30 7 @
C 30 6 @ C 30 4566 . 6 @ bar bar
bar bar
bar bar
bar bar
P P
P P
s s
s s

+ =




From tables:

s
g @ 7 bar 30C
= 0.9197 kJ/kg
s
g @ 6 bar 30C
= 0.9388 kJ/kg

so

K kg / kJ 9301 . 0 ) 6 4566 . 6 (
) 6 7 (
) 9388 . 0 9197 . 0 (
9388 . 0
30 4566 . 6 @
=

+ =
bar
s

Hence we have already exceeded s
2
and our superheated refrigerant table at P = 6.4566 bar
reads:

Enthalpy
kJ kg
-1

Entropy
kJ kg
-1
K
-1

T
C
h
g


s
g


24 260.40 0.9089
30 266.74 0.9301

22

We now move onto the second part of the interpolation to calculate T
2
and h
2
at s
2
= 0.9213
kJ/kg K. Using the table generated we get:

) (
) (
) (
9089 . 0 9213 . 0
9089 . 0 9301 . 0
9089 . 0 @ 9301 . 0 @
9089 . 0 @ @ 2
2
s s
s s
T T
T T
s s
s s

+ =
= =
=


C 5 . 27 ) 9089 . 0 9213 . 0 (
) 9089 . 0 9301 . 0 (
) 24 30 (
24
2
@ 2
=

+ =
s
T

and

) (
) (
) (
9089 . 0 9213 . 0
9089 . 0 9301 . 0
9089 . 0 @ 9301 . 0 @
9089 . 0 @ @ 2
2
s s
s s
h h
h h
s s
s s

+ =
= =
=


kg / kJ 11 . 264 ) 9089 . 0 9213 . 0 (
) 9089 . 0 9301 . 0 (
) 40 . 260 74 . 266 (
40 . 260
2
@ 2
=

+ =
s
h

Summarizing

h
2
= 264.11 kJ/kg
s
2
= 0.9213 kJ/kg K
P
2
= 6.4566 bar
T
2
= 27.5 C

At State 3:
We have a saturated liquid at T
3
= 24 C. Again this becomes a straightforward read off from
the Saturated Refrigerant 134a Temperature table:

h
3
= h
f @ 24C
= 82.90 kJ/kg

s
3
= s
f @ 24C
= 0.3113 kJ/kg K

P
3
= P
@ 24C
= 6.4566 bar

At State 4:
The throttle valve is isenthalpic, hence:

h
4
= h
3
= 82.90 kJ/kg

T
4
= T
1
= -4C

P
4
= P
@-4C
= 2.5274 bar

The refrigerant is a two-phase liquidvapour mixture at a temperature of -4C. At these
conditions:

h
f4
= h
f @ -4C
= 44.75 kJ/kg h
g4
= h
g @ -4C
= 244.90 kJ/kg

23

If we let the quality of refrigerant (fraction of refrigerant as vapour) = x, then:

h
mix
= x h
g
+ (1 x) h
f


Now:
h
4
= x h
g4
+ (1 x) h
f4


82.90 = 244.90 x + 44.75 (1 x)


x = (82.90 44.75) / (244.90 44.75) = 0.1906

We can now calculate the entropy using:

s
f4
= s
f @ -4C
= 0.1777 kJ/kg K s
g4
= s
g @ -4C
= 0.9213 kJ/kg K

and s
mix
= x s
g
+ (1 x) s
f


s
4
= x s
g4
+ (1 x) s
f4


s
4
= (0.1906 0.9213) + [(1 0.1906) (0.1777)]

s
4
= 0.3194 kJ/kg

Results:

State T (C) P (bar) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg K) x
1 -4 2.5274 244.90 0.9213 1
2 27.5 6.4566 264.11 0.9213 1
3 24 6.4566 82.90 0.3113 0
4 -4 2.5274 82.90 0.3194 0.1906

[10 marks]

d) Calculate the compressor power

W
in
= m (h
2
h
1
) = 0.2 (264.11 244.90) = 3.842 kW
[2 marks]

e) The refrigeration capacity

Q
c
= m (h
1
h
4
) = 0.2 (244.90 82.90) = 32.4 kW
[2 marks]

f) The coefficient of performance
43 . 8
842 . 3
4 . 32
= = =
in
c
W
Q
COP
[2 marks]

24



g) Carnot COP
61 . 9
)] 4 ( 273 [ ) 24 273 (
)] 4 ( 273 [
=
+ +
+
=

=
C H
C
T T
T
COP
[2 marks]