Coding and Modulation Techniques Enabling Multi-Tb/s Optical Ethernet
Coding and Modulation Techniques Enabling Multi-Tb/s Optical Ethernet
Coding and Modulation Techniques Enabling Multi-Tb/s Optical Ethernet
(1)
Coding and Modulation Techniques Enabling
Multi-Tb/s Optical Ethernet
Ivan B. Djordjevic
University of Arizona, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; E-mail: ivan@email.arizona.edu
171
MW1 (Invited)
1:30 PM 2:00 PM
978-1-4244-8939-8/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE
where |
i,d
denotes the dth coordinate (d=1,,D) of the ith
signal-constellation point, the set {u
1
,,u
D
} represents the
set of D=2MN orthogonal bases functions, where factor two
comes from two orthogonal polarization states, N denotes the
number of orthogonal OAM eigenstates and M basis
functions are defined as
u
m
(nT)=exp[j2t(m-1)nT/T
s
] (m=1,,M) (2)
where T
s
is the symbol duration, and T is the sampling
interval, related to symbol duration by T=T
s
/U, with U being
the oversampling factor. (In Eq. (1), C
D
denotes the
normalization factor.) The EE signal constellation coordinates
are split into N groups of 2M-coordinates per each OAM
mode. The 2M-coordinates of each group are used as input of
2M-dimesnional modulator, composed of two polarization-
multiplexed M-dimensional modulators. (Alternatively, one
2M-dimensional modulator can be used.) The M signal-
constellation point coordinates after up-sampling are passed
through corresponding discrete-time (DT) pulse-shaping
filters of impulse responses h
m
(n)=u
m
(nT), whose outputs are
combined together into a single complex data stream. After
separation of real and imaginary parts and digital-to-analog
conversion (DAC), the corresponding Re- and Im-parts are
used as inputs to I/Q modulator.
On receiver side, we first perform OAM mode-
demultiplexing, with OAM-demux block outputs representing
the projections along N OAM states. The nth OAM projection,
which is a 2M-dimensional signal, is used as input to the
polarization-beam splitter (PBS). The x-polarization (y-
polarization) signal, being itself an M-dimensional signal, is
used as input to the balanced coherent detector. After coherent
detection we recover Re- and Im-parts, which are after analog-
to-digital conversion (ADC) combined into a single complex
data stream. The same complex data stream is applied to the
inputs of M matched filters of impulse responses h
m
(n)= u
m
(-
nT). The corresponding outputs after re-sampling represent
projections along basis functions u
m
. At this point all 2MN-
coordinates of EE D-dimensional signal constellations are
estimated, and corresponding coordinate estimates
(representing the projections along D-basis functions) are
forwarded to the D-dimensional a posteriori probability
(APP) demapper, which calculates symbol log-likelihood
ratios (LLRs). From symbol LLRs we calculate the bit
likelihoods needed for LDPC decoding. For more details
about this scheme an interested reader is referred to [3].
The spectral efficiency of this hybrid D-dimensional
scheme, where D=2MN, is
-dim. constellation
2 2
PDM-QAM
2 QAM 2 QAM
log log
2log 2log
D D
E
E
S L D L
S M M
= =
(3)
times better than that of polarization-division-multiplexed
(PDM) QAM scheme. In (3), with M
QAM
we denoted the
QAM signal constellation size. Therefore, for the same
number of amplitude levels per dimension (M
QAM
=L
2
), the
spectral efficiency of the proposed scheme is (D/4)-times
better than that of PDM-QAM. The aggregate data rate (per
single wavelength) is determined by
2
2 s
ch. bits ch. sym. info. bits
log ( ) ,
ch. sym. s ch. bits
MN
L R r (4)
where r is the code rate, which is assumed to be equal for
LDPC codes at each level, and R
s
is the symbol rate. As an
illustrative example, by setting L=4, M=8, R
s
=50 GS/s, and
r=0.8, the aggregate data rate of 1.28 Tb/s per single OAM
mode is obtained. By varying the number of OAM modes up
to ten, the total aggregate data rate can be increased up to
fantastic 12.8 Tb/s per single wavelength. The numerical
results will be presented at the conference.
IV. EE GENERALIZED OFDM (EE-GOFDM)
The key idea behind the coded generalized OFDM (GOFDM)
[4] scheme is to increase the number dimensions over which
the signal constellation is defined in order to realize optical
transmission systems that are not only spectrally more
efficient but also more immune to channel impairments. We
call this scheme as a generalization of OFDM since we
consider the N orthogonal subcarriers of OFDM as a set of N
basis functions. The N-dimensional signal constellation is
obtained by using the concept outlined in Sec. II. We depicted
in Figs. 2(top) and (bottom) the transmitter and receiver
configurations for EE-GOFDM scheme. As it can be seen in
Fig. 2, when operated at the symbol rate of R
s
the GOFDM
scheme provides 2R
s
log
2
(L
N
) bits per second aggregate bit
rate, where the coefficient of two comes from the polarization-
multiplexing. As an illustrative example, when the symbol rate
is set to R
s
=25 GS/s (50 GS/s) and N=10, L=4 are used, the
aggregate bit rate reaches 1 Tb/s (2 Tb/s).
IFFT
Cyclic extension
insertion and
P/S conversion
LPF
LPF
DAC
DAC
Source
channels
(x-pol.)
1
b
Interleaver
bxn
b
N-dim.
symbols LDPC encoder
r=k / n
LDPC encoder
r=k / n
to fiber
Ix
LDPC-coded EE-GOFDM
EE N-dim.
mapper
4Dmodulator
Qx
Iy Qy
1
b
.
.
.
LDPC
decoder 1
.
.
.
N-dim. APP
Demapper
and
Bit LLRs
Calculator
Extrinsic LLRs
LDPC
decoder b
From
SMF
Local
Laser
PBS
PBS
LPF
LPF
ADC
ADC
FFT
Balanced coherent
detector (x pol.)
Cyclic extension
removal and
and S/P conversion
Balanced coherent
detector (y pol.)
Fig. 2 EE-GOFDM architecture: (top) Tx and (bottom) Rx configurations.
The common denominator of EE multidimensional CM
schemes described above is the employment of rate-adaptive
quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes in FEC, which can adapt FEC
strength based on channel conditions. The idea is to deliver
data with target BER regardless of the destination.
REFERENCES
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multidimensional coded-modulations enabling multi-Tb/s optical
transport, Opt. Express, accepted for publication.
[4] I. B. Djordjevic, M. Arabaci, L. Xu, T. Wang, Generalized OFDM
(GOFDM) for ultra-high-speed optical transmission, Opt. Express, vol.
19, no. 7, pp. 6969-6979, 2011.
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multiband-OFDM for beyond 1.4 Tb/s serial optical transmission, Opt.
Express, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 876-882, 2011.
[6] I. B. Djordjevic, M. Arabaci, L. Xu, T. Wang, Spatial-domain-based
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Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 6845-6857, 2011.
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