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com
Application
Note
The relative merits of ITU-G recommendations G.821,
G.826 and M2100 are discussed and their implementa-
tion in the 284X and 285X instruments are described
ITU-T G.826 and M.2100 Error Analysis
Implementation in 284X and 285X
series digital analyzers
Introduction
ITU-T recommendation G.821 has been in use for many
years for assessing the error performance of 64 kbit/s
ISDN channels, but has a number of drawbacks when
used at higher rates such as 2048 kbit/s and above. Since
the introduction of G.821 there have been vast changes
in digital network infrastructures with the introduction of
transport systems such as SDH (Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy) and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). As a conse-
quence ITU-T has developed recommendations which are more
appropriate for higher rate data, namely G.826 and M.2100.
G.826 is suitable for measurements at 2048 kbit/s and above for
a variety of transport systems, and is essentially block based.
M.2100 establishes performance limits for bringing into service
and maintenance of PDH digital links.
RECOMMENDATION G.821 REVIEW
In order to appreciate G.826 and M.2100 it is useful to review the
key parameters of G.821 which were developed for testing the
error performance of 64 bit/s digital links in terms of performance
parameters related to performance objectives. The three basic
parameters are:
Errored Seconds (ES)
Any second which contains an error.
Severely Errored Seconds (SES)
Any second during which the error ratio exceeds 10-3.
Degraded Minutes (DM)
Any minute during which the error ratio exceeds 10-6.
There is also the concept of Available and Unavailable time. Time
is normally Available, and Unavailable time starts when the error
ratio exceeds 10-3 for ten consecutive seconds. It terminates
when the error ratio is less than 10-3 for ten consecutive sec-
onds, signifying the restart of Available time.
Since these parameters apply to 64 kbit/s, Annex D of G.821
defined a method by which the % ES parameter could be scaled
for measurements at higher bit rates such as 2048 kbit/s, a tech-
nique which many regarded as not being entirely satisfactory.
G.821 measurements using the above parameters are made out-
of-service normally for qualifying a digital link prior to putting into
service. They do not lend themselves to in-service monitoring for
checking degradation of link performance.
RECOMMENDATION G.826
This recommendation was developed to be generic, and applica-
ble to digital paths at or above primary rate. They could be based
on traditional Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH),
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), or other transport networks
such as cell based ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).
Conformance to G.826 would in most cases mean that the
requirements of G.821 would be met. In addition the parameter
definitions are block based which means that both out-of-service
and in-service measurements can be made, a distinct advantage
over G.821. For example CRC4 errors can be monitored in-serv-
ice for newer 2048 kbit/s systems and expressed in terms of
G.826 parameters.
G.826 Event and Parameter Definitions
Events
There are four events which become the basis of G.826 parame-
ters:
Errored Block (EB)
A block in which one or more bits are in error. This can be a CRC
block or some other block such as parity.
Errored Second (ES)
Any second during which an errored block occurs. There may
also be other events which cause Errored Seconds called anom-
alies and defects which will be considered later.
Severely Errored Seconds (SES)
Any second which contains 30% errored blocks or one or
more defects.
Background Block Error (BBE)
An errored block which is not part of a SES.
Parameters
The above events are processed to give the following parameters,
and are expressed only for Available time. Examples of Available
and Unavailable time are shown below.
Example of available/unavailable time for a single direction
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Example of Available/Unavailable time for a bidirectional path
Errored Second Ratio (ESR)
The ratio of ES to total seconds.
Severely Errored Second Ratio (SESR)
The ratio of SES to total seconds.
Background Block Error Ratio (BBER)
The ratio of BBE to total seconds.
Anomalies and Defects
As well as errors in blocks such as CRC, other events such as
frame alignment word errors and loss of signal are made to con-
tribute towards ES and SES. Anomalies cause an ES, and defects
a SES. Where anomalies are occurring at a high rate, crossing a
threshold value per second may also cause a SES. For a PDH path
such as 2048 kbit/s, the following applies:
Anomalies
Errored frame alignment word.
Errored Block (EB)
Defects
Loss of signal
AIS (Alarm Indication Signal)
Loss of frame alignment
Where the path under test is not block based, then a subset of the
anomalies is used to estimate the G.826 performance.
Error Performance Objectives
End to end objectives
The end-to-end error performance objectives are defined for a
27500 km Hypothetical Reference Path (HRP) comprising
National and International digital sections. The objectives vary
depending on the transmission rate, and are shown below for
2048 kbit/s.
G.826 Parameter HRP Objective
ESR 0.04
SESR 0.002
BBER 2 x 10
-4
*
* This is relaxed to 3 x 10
-4
for systems prior to 1996.
Allocation of end to end objectives
The objectives are allocated between the National and
International portions as follows.
Hypothetical reference path
National Portion Allocation
Each national portion is allocated a fixed block allowance of
17.5% of the end-to-end objective plus a distance based alloca-
tion of 1% per 500 km calculated as below:
Distance < 1000 km 1000 km 1200
km < 1200 km
Multiplier 1.5 1500 km fixed 1.25
The calculated distance is then rounded up to the nearest 500
km. For example, for a national portion length of 100 km the allo-
cation would be:
Fixed allocation 17.5%
100 km x 1.5 = 150 km 1%
rounded up to 500 km at 1% per 500 km
Total 18.5%
The G.826 parameter limits would therefore be 18.5% of the HRP
objectives:
G.826 Parameter HRP Objective 100 km national portion
ESR 0.04 0.0074
SESR 0.002 0.00037
BBER 2 x 10-4 3.7 x 10-5
When a satellite link is included the total allowance is 42%.
International Portion Allocation
Each international portion is allocated a fixed block allowance of
2% per intermediate country plus 1% per terminating country, of
the end to end objective, plus a distance based allocation of 1%
per 500 km calculated as for the national portion, subject to a
minimum total allocation of 6%. The total allocation becomes
35% when a satellite link is included.
RECOMMENDATION M.2100
M.2100 provides limits for bringing into service and maintenance
of PDH international digital links, paths and systems from 64kbit/s
to 140 Mbit/s. Both in-service and out-of-service measure-
ments are catered for. The objectives include error performance
given in Recommendations G.821 and G.826.
The basic parameters which are used to assess error perform-
ance are ES and SES, defined as:
ES Any second with 1 bit errors.
SES Any second with a bit error rate of 10-3.
Similarly, as for G.826, anomalies and defects also come into play
for initiating ES and SES events. Tables B.2to B.6 of M.2100 define
anomalies and defects and their relation to ES and SES for each
PDH rate up to 140 Mbit/s. For example the following is an extract
from table B.2 for 2048 kbit/s with CRC4. This shows the various
parameters and overhead bits that are monitored or detected to
initiate ES and SES events. Most events give an indication of the
state of the line being monitored (receive direction) while the E
and Abits are the remote ends indication of the state of the trans-
mit line (send direction). This enables the overall path status to be
assessed.
Anomaly Anomalies and Interpretation Interpretation
and defect defects in 1 for receive for send
derivation second direction direction
CRC4 1 LOF ES + SES -
E-bits 1 LOS ES + SES -
FAS 1 AIS ES + SES -
A-bit 1 CRC error ES -
805 CRC errors ES + SES -
1 E-bit - ES
805 E-bits - ES + SES
1 RDI - ES + SES
Error Performance Objectives
End-to-end Reference Performance Objectives (RPO)
Errored Second (ES)
Bit Rate ES RPO Comments
64 kbit/s 4% Based on M.1340 (G.821 is 8%)
2 Mbit/s 2% Based on 50% of G.826 value
8 Mbit/s 2.5% Based on 50% of G.826 value
34 Mbit/s 3.75% Based on 50% of G.826 value
140 Mbit/s 8% Based on 50% of G.826 value
Severely Errored Second (SES)
Bit Rate SES RPO Comments
64 kbit/s 0.1% Based on G.821 value
2 Mbit/s 0.1% Based on G.826 value
8 Mbit/s 0.1% Based on G.826 value
34 Mbit/s 0.1% Based on G.826 value
140 Mbit/s 0.1% Based on G.826 value
M.2100 Reference Performance Objectives (RPO)
The RPOs for M.2100 are 40% of the end-to-end RPO shown
above for 64 kbit/s, and 63% for the higher PDH rates.
Allocation of end-to-end objectives
Allocation is done on a similar principle to that for G.826, except
that different routing factors (multipliers) are applied to the route
lengths. A number of route length ranges carry different alloca-
tions and depend on type of route, such as terrestrial, satellite,
optical and non-optical undersea cable.
Performance Limits for Bringing Into Service (BIS)
When the RPO has been calculated for the link or path to be test-
ed, Bringing Into Service limits can be calculated on the basis of
a BIS objective which is two times better than the RPO, the differ-
ence being known as the ageing margin. Two limits, S1 and S2,
relative to the BIS objective are then used for testing. These lim-
its can be calculated from formulae shown in paragraph 6 of
M.2100, but for convenience tables are provided to enable the
limits to be read for ES and SES, depending on bit rate, path allo-
cation (RPO) and duration of test.
BIS Limits and Conditions
Implementation in 285X Series
When the limits have been calculated for each of the G.826
parameters for the length and type of link to be tested, these lim-
its can be programmed into the instrument on the TEST-MENU,
Performance G.826 Limits page. In the page shown below the
limits for ESR, SESR and BBER are those calculated above for a
100 km national digital section. Each of the parameters is inde-
pendently controllable for activation of the threshold alarm. The
forward path contribution to the overall path performance can
also be enabled or disabled as required. A threshold for %
Unavailable seconds is included for convenience, although this
does not form part of the G.826 or M.2100 recommendations.
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The G.826 results are displayed and compared to the thresholds
with an alarm being shown if the thresholds are enabled. This can
also be a print event, if selected. In addition the top line message
is shown on all pages to highlight the alarm condition, with the
detail shown as below.
Indication that BBER
threshold limit has been
exceeded
Set up of limits and display for M.2100 is shown in the sample
screens below.
Implementation in 284X Series
Implementation in 284Xseries is consistent with that in the 285X
series, the main differences being in the displays. The thresholds
are set in the G.826 and M.2100 THRESHOLDS pages, which also
show the current and history status as to whether the parameters
have exceeded the thresholds. The thresholds can also be acti-
vated or deactivated. The value for each of the parameters is
shown on the MAJOR ERROR RESULTS page.
Conclusions
Both 285X and 284X provide implementations of ITU-T
Recommendations G.826 and M.2100, which, together with the
traditional G.821 capability, offer the error performance measure-
ments required for the full range of PDH bit rates from 64 kbit/s
to 140 Mbit/s. Full programmability of parameter threshold limits,
with the ability to report threshold alarms both on-screen and as
part of Autoprint routines, eases the burden on network installa-
tion and maintenance engineers.
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Part No. 46891/853, Issue 2, 07/05
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