Java Programming

Fundamentals:
Student Guide

prosofttraining

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Copyright 2002, All rights reserved.

Java Programming Fundamentals

Developers
Ken Cohen and Gregg Frosti

Contributors
James E. Roos, James Stanger, Ph.D., and Vartan Nazarian

Editors
Susan M. Lane and David Oberman

Publishers
Joseph Flannery and Joseph A. Servia

Project Managers
David De Ponte and Todd Hopkins

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iv

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Table of Contents
Course Description............................................................................................................................x
ProsoftTraining Courseware ..............................................................................................................x
Course Objectives ...........................................................................................................................xii
Classroom Setup .............................................................................................................................xii
System Requirements .....................................................................................................................xii
Conventions and Graphics Used in This Book ................................................................................xiv
Lesson 1: Java Runtime Environment .......................................................................................... 1-1
Pre-Assessment Questions ................................................................................................................ 1-2
The Java Virtual Machine.................................................................................................................. 1-3
The Java 2 Software Development Kit ................................................................................................ 1-4
Java Comments ................................................................................................................................ 1-4
Lesson 1 Review ................................................................................................................................ 1-7
Lesson 2: Data Types, Variables and Operators ............................................................................. 2-1
Pre-Assessment Questions ................................................................................................................ 2-2
Data Types ........................................................................................................................................ 2-3
Declaring Variables ........................................................................................................................... 2-3
Variable Scope .................................................................................................................................. 2-4
Casting ............................................................................................................................................. 2-5
Operators.......................................................................................................................................... 2-6
Automatic Casting............................................................................................................................. 2-8
Lesson 2 Review .............................................................................................................................. 2-10
Lesson 3: Control Statements ....................................................................................................... 3-1
Pre-Assessment Questions ................................................................................................................ 3-2
Code Blocks ...................................................................................................................................... 3-3
Conditional Statements ..................................................................................................................... 3-3
Iterative Statements (Loops) .............................................................................................................. 3-5
Assertions ......................................................................................................................................... 3-8
Lesson 3 Review .............................................................................................................................. 3-13
Lesson 4: Methods ........................................................................................................................ 4-1
Pre-Assessment Questions ................................................................................................................ 4-2
Java Methods.................................................................................................................................... 4-3
Return Statements ............................................................................................................................ 4-3
Calling a Method ............................................................................................................................... 4-4
Parameters........................................................................................................................................ 4-4
Pass by Value.................................................................................................................................... 4-4
Overloading....................................................................................................................................... 4-5
Lesson 4 Review ................................................................................................................................ 4-7
Lesson 5: Arrays............................................................................................................................ 5-1
Pre-Assessment Questions ................................................................................................................ 5-2
What Is an Array? ............................................................................................................................. 5-3
Initializing an Array........................................................................................................................... 5-3
Objects.............................................................................................................................................. 5-4
Using an Array .................................................................................................................................. 5-4
Passing an Array to a Method ............................................................................................................ 5-5
Garbage Collection ............................................................................................................................ 5-5
Command Line Parameters ............................................................................................................... 5-6
Hashing ............................................................................................................................................ 5-7
Lesson 5 Review .............................................................................................................................. 5-10
Lesson 6: Classes and Objects ....................................................................................................... 6-1
Pre-Assessment Questions ................................................................................................................ 6-2
Object-Oriented Programming ........................................................................................................... 6-4
What Is an Object? ............................................................................................................................ 6-4
Instance and Class Members............................................................................................................. 6-5
Abstraction ....................................................................................................................................... 6-8
Object References.............................................................................................................................. 6-8

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Lesson 6 Review .............................................................................................................................. 6-11

Lesson 7: Inheritance.................................................................................................................... 7-1
Pre-Assessment Questions ................................................................................................................ 7-2
What Is Inheritance? ......................................................................................................................... 7-4
Overriding Methods ........................................................................................................................... 7-5
Overridden Methods and Variables .................................................................................................... 7-6
Lesson 7 Review ................................................................................................................................ 7-8
Lesson 8: Constructors ................................................................................................................. 8-1
Pre-Assessment Questions ................................................................................................................ 8-2
What Is a Constructor? ..................................................................................................................... 8-3
Using Constructors ........................................................................................................................... 8-3
The Keyword this...............................................................................................................................8-4
Constructor Process .......................................................................................................................... 8-6
Constructors and Callbacks .............................................................................................................. 8-6
String and StringBuffer ...................................................................................................................... 8-8
Wrapper Classes ............................................................................................................................. 8-10
Lesson 8 Review .............................................................................................................................. 8-15
Lesson 9: Interfaces and Abstract Classes..................................................................................... 9-1
Pre-Assessment Questions ................................................................................................................ 9-2
What Is an Interface? ........................................................................................................................ 9-4
Polymorphism ................................................................................................................................... 9-5
What Is an Abstract Class?................................................................................................................ 9-8
Lesson 9 Review .............................................................................................................................. 9-10
Lesson 10: Packages and Access Modifiers.................................................................................. 10-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 10-2
Introduction to Packages and Access Modifiers................................................................................ 10-3
Packages ......................................................................................................................................... 10-3
Access Modifiers.............................................................................................................................. 10-4
Java 2 Application Programming Interface....................................................................................... 10-4
Encapsulation ................................................................................................................................. 10-5
Lesson 10 Review ............................................................................................................................ 10-8
Lesson 11: Swing Components .................................................................................................... 11-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 11-2
What Is the AWT?............................................................................................................................ 11-3
What Is Swing? ............................................................................................................................... 11-4
Basic Swing Components ................................................................................................................ 11-4
Swing Containers .......................................................................................................................... 11-15
JavaBeans .................................................................................................................................... 11-19
Lesson 11 Review .......................................................................................................................... 11-20
Lesson 12: Layout Managers ....................................................................................................... 12-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 12-2
What Is a Layout Manager? ............................................................................................................. 12-5
FlowLayout ..................................................................................................................................... 12-5
GridLayout ...................................................................................................................................... 12-6
BorderLayout................................................................................................................................... 12-7
BoxLayout ....................................................................................................................................... 12-8
Combining Layouts ....................................................................................................................... 12-11
Lesson 12 Review .......................................................................................................................... 12-15
Lesson 13: Graphics in Java........................................................................................................ 13-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 13-2
Graphics Class ................................................................................................................................ 13-3
Color Class ...................................................................................................................................... 13-8
Font Class ....................................................................................................................................... 13-9
Lesson 13 Review .......................................................................................................................... 13-12

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Lesson 14: The Event Delegation Model...................................................................................... 14-1

Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 14-2
What Is an Event? ........................................................................................................................... 14-3
JDK 1.0 Event Handling.................................................................................................................. 14-3
SDK 1.2 Event Handling.................................................................................................................. 14-4
Lesson 14 Review .......................................................................................................................... 14-13
Lesson 15: Inner Classes ............................................................................................................. 15-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 15-2
What Is an Inner Class? .................................................................................................................. 15-3
Inner Classes for Event Handling .................................................................................................... 15-3
Lesson 15 Review ............................................................................................................................ 15-6
Lesson 16: Java Applets .............................................................................................................. 16-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 16-2
Programming Applets ...................................................................................................................... 16-3
Applets and Web Browsers .............................................................................................................. 16-3
Converting an Application into an Applet......................................................................................... 16-9
Converting an Applet into an Application....................................................................................... 16-11
Lesson 16 Review .......................................................................................................................... 16-14
Lesson 17: Exceptions................................................................................................................. 17-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 17-2
What Is an Exception?..................................................................................................................... 17-4
Handling Exceptions ....................................................................................................................... 17-5
Creating User-Defined Exceptions ................................................................................................... 17-8
Exception Handling Tips.................................................................................................................. 17-9
Exceptions and Inheritance ........................................................................................................... 17-10
Lesson 17 Review .......................................................................................................................... 17-11
Lesson 18: Creating Threads and Thread Methods ...................................................................... 18-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 18-2
What Are Threads?.......................................................................................................................... 18-3
How Operating Systems Handle Multitasking .................................................................................. 18-3
Types of Threads in Java ................................................................................................................. 18-3
Creating Threads............................................................................................................................. 18-4
Thread Methods .............................................................................................................................. 18-7
Lesson 18 Review .......................................................................................................................... 18-12
Lesson 19: Thread Synchronization ............................................................................................ 19-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 19-2
What Is Thread Synchronization? .................................................................................................... 19-3
Thread Racing ................................................................................................................................. 19-3
Synchronized and the Object Monitor .............................................................................................. 19-4
Thread Race Condition .................................................................................................................... 19-4
Sophisticated Thread Synchronization............................................................................................. 19-7
Stopping, Suspending and Resuming Threads ............................................................................... 19-10
Deadlocks ..................................................................................................................................... 19-13
Lesson 19 Review .......................................................................................................................... 19-15
Lesson 20: Streams and Serialization ......................................................................................... 20-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 20-2
What Is a Stream?........................................................................................................................... 20-3
InputStream, OutputStream, Reader and Writer ................................................................................ 20-3
Files ................................................................................................................................................ 20-4
Stream Classes of java.io.* .............................................................................................................. 20-6
Serialization .................................................................................................................................. 20-12
Lesson 20 Review .......................................................................................................................... 20-17
Lesson 21: Networking in Java.................................................................................................... 21-1
Pre-Assessment Questions .............................................................................................................. 21-2
What Is Networking? ....................................................................................................................... 21-3
Connecting Computers Across the Internet...................................................................................... 21-3

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Networking Classes of java.net.* ...................................................................................................... 21-5

The Java Client/Server Model.......................................................................................................... 21-6
Building the EchoServer .................................................................................................................. 21-6
Multithreading Your Client/Server Example .................................................................................. 21-10
Lesson 21 Review .......................................................................................................................... 21-15
Appendixes.....................................................................................................................Appendixes-1
Glossary ............................................................................................................................. Glossary-1
Index .......................................................................................................................................Index-1
Supplemental CD-ROM Contents.................................................. Supplemental CD-ROM Contents-1

List of Labs
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab

1-1: Compiling and running your first Java program ...................................................................... 1-5
2-1: Using primitive variables and operators................................................................................... 2-9
3-1: Using while and for loops ........................................................................................................ 3-8
4-1: Writing methods in Java ......................................................................................................... 4-6
5-1: Using arrays in Java ............................................................................................................... 5-9
6-1: Creating your own classes in Java........................................................................................... 6-9
7-1: Implementing inheritance in Java ........................................................................................... 7-6
8-1: Building constructors in Java ............................................................................................... 8-13
9-1: Using interfaces and polymorphism in Java ............................................................................ 9-9
10-1: Using encapsulation, accessors and mutators in Java ......................................................... 10-6
11-1: Creating basic Swing components ..................................................................................... 11-18
12-1: Creating sophisticated layouts in Java .............................................................................. 12-13
13-1: Drawing to a JFrame ......................................................................................................... 13-10
14-1: Implementing a WindowListener for event handling in Java............................................... 14-10
15-1: Event-enabling your Java drawing application .................................................................... 15-5
16-1: Converting a Java application into an applet ..................................................................... 16-12
18-1: Creating a threaded digital clock in Java ........................................................................... 18-11
19-1: Enhancing the digital clock with advanced thread techniques in Java ............................... 19-13
20-1: Creating a simple word processor in Java.......................................................................... 20-16
21-1: Building a client/server chat system ................................................................................. 21-13

List of Figures
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

1-1: Java development cycle....................................................................................................... 1-4

2-1: Casting rules chart ............................................................................................................. 2-6
4-1: Value of myInteger following initialization.......................................................................... 4-4
4-2: Value of method local variable tmpInt ................................................................................ 4-5
5-1: Default values stored in myIntArray .................................................................................. 5-3
5-2: Values stored in myIntArray following initialization............................................................ 5-4
5-3: Two references to same array .............................................................................................. 5-5
5-4: Lost array reference ............................................................................................................ 5-6
5-5: Hashing .............................................................................................................................. 5-7
6-1: tmpEmp variable ................................................................................................................. 6-9
7-1: Hierarchy of classes ............................................................................................................ 7-6
10-1: Access levels ................................................................................................................... 10-4
10-2: Object encapsulation ...................................................................................................... 10-6
11-1: Portion of Swing API and relation to AWT ........................................................................ 11-5
11-2: Output of ImageIconStuff............................................................................................. 11-7
11-3: Output of JButtonStuff ................................................................................................ 11-8
11-4: New output of JButtonStuff is same ............................................................................. 11-9
11-5: Output of JLabelStuff ................................................................................................ 11-10
11-6: Output of JScrollBarStuff......................................................................................... 11-10
11-7: Output of JTextFieldStuff......................................................................................... 11-11
11-8: Output of JTextAreaStuff........................................................................................... 11-12
11-9: Output of JScrollPaneStuff....................................................................................... 11-13
11-10: Output of JFileChooserStuff ................................................................................... 11-15
11-11: Output of JFrameStuff .............................................................................................. 11-16

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Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
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Figure
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Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

11-12: Output of JFrameStuff with JButton ........................................................................ 11-17

11-13: Output of JPanelStuff .............................................................................................. 11-18
12-1: FlowLayout resized ........................................................................................................ 12-5
12-2: Output of FlowLayoutStuff........................................................................................... 12-6
12-3: Output of GridLayoutStuff........................................................................................... 12-7
12-4: Example of BorderLayout regions .................................................................................. 12-7
12-5: Output of BorderLayoutStuff ....................................................................................... 12-8
12-6: Output of BoxLayoutStuff............................................................................................. 12-9
12-7: Output of BoxLayoutStuff with struts....................................................................... 12-10
12-8: Output of BoxLayoutStuff with glue .......................................................................... 12-11
12-9: Example of a sophisticated layout ................................................................................. 12-11
12-10: Output of NestedLayoutStuff ................................................................................... 12-12
12-11: Sophisticated GUI model ............................................................................................. 12-13
13-1: AWT class hierarchy (Graphics section).......................................................................... 13-4
13-2: Coordinate system for positioning graphics ..................................................................... 13-4
13-3: Output of PaintingStuff .............................................................................................. 13-6
13-4: Output of PaintingStuff with rectangle ........................................................................ 13-8
13-5: Output of PaintingStuff with colors............................................................................. 13-9
13-6: Output of PaintingStuff with fonts ............................................................................ 13-10
13-7: JFrame model ............................................................................................................... 13-10
14-1: Interface with JButtons and JTextArea ......................................................................... 14-8
14-2: Sources and event types generated................................................................................ 14-11
15-1: Drawing application ........................................................................................................ 15-5
16-1: JApplet class hierarchy ................................................................................................. 16-3
16-2: Output of MyJApplet ...................................................................................................... 16-7
16-3: Output of MyApplication ............................................................................................ 16-10
16-4: Output of MyJApplet after conversion from application ................................................ 16-11
16-5: Output of MyJApplet after conversion to application..................................................... 16-12
17-1: Exception class hierarchy.............................................................................................. 17-5
17-2: Overridden method ....................................................................................................... 17-10
18-1: Main thread .................................................................................................................... 18-4
18-2: Thread states .................................................................................................................. 18-8
18-3: DigitalClock interface ................................................................................................ 18-11
19-1: Deadlock....................................................................................................................... 19-13
20-1: Wrapper streams .......................................................................................................... 20-10
20-2: Word processor GUI ...................................................................................................... 20-16
21-1: Connecting Computer A to Computer B .......................................................................... 21-4
21-2: Client GUI..................................................................................................................... 21-13

List of Tables
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

2-1: Primitive data types in Java.................................................................................................. 2-3

2-2: Default values for class variables in Java.............................................................................. 2-5
2-3: Relational operators in Java ................................................................................................. 2-7
8-1: Common methods of String ................................................................................................ 8-9
8-2: Primitive data types and wrapper classes............................................................................ 8-11
16-1: Methods inherited from the Applet class.......................................................................... 16-8
18-1: Methods used to control single thread .............................................................................. 18-7
20-1: Methods of File class ...................................................................................................... 20-4
20-2: Useful stream classes ....................................................................................................... 20-6
21-1: Well-known ports and their protocols ............................................................................... 21-4
21-2: Common networking classes............................................................................................. 21-5

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Course Description
The Java Programming Fundamentals course teaches you how to write Java applications and applets. You
will learn the Java language mechanics found in other programming languages, such as variables,
iterations, control statements, methods and arrays. You will also discuss object-oriented theory as it
relates to Java. You will create Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) for both applications and applets,
emphasizing components, layouts, and graphics. The course concludes with an in-depth study and
implementation of the SDK 1.2 event delegation model, an essential element in further Java studies. You
will also complete a course-long project to create an operational client/server messaging system.
Upon completion of this course, you will be experienced in writing Java applications and applets. We
recommend and will frequently refer you to another excellent Java resource, David Flanagan's Java in a
Nutshell. Students who plan to pursue the jCert Level I Certification or the Sun Java Programmer
certification are encouraged to study the CIW Sun Certified Java Programming Exam Preparation Guide
when preparing for the exams.

Length
Java Programming Fundamentals is a 30-hour course.

Series
Java Programming Fundamentals is a single course representing the CIW Java Programming series. This
series is part of the Master CIW Enterprise Developer track as well as the jCert Initiative. For students
interested in the jCert certification or the Sun Java Programmer certification, we recommend the CIW Sun
Certified Java Programmer Exam Preparation Guide.
The Java Programming Fundamentals course is also part of the CIW Web Developer series. For more
information, please visit the www.CIWcertified.com Web site.

Prerequisites
Students must have a basic knowledge of programming fundamentals before taking this course.

ProsoftTraining Courseware
This coursebook was developed for instructor-led training and will assist you during class. Along with
comprehensive instructional text and objectives checklists, this coursebook provides easy-to-follow
hands-on labs and a glossary of course-specific terms. It also provides Internet addresses needed to
complete some labs, although due to the constantly changing nature of the Internet, some addresses may
no longer be valid.
The student coursebook is organized in the following manner:

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! course title
" table of contents
# list of labs
# list of figures
# list of tables
" lessons
# lesson objectives
# pre-assessment questions
# narrative text
$ graphics
$ tables and figures
$ warnings
$ tech notes
# labs
$ graphics
$ tables and figures
$ warnings
$ tech notes
# lesson summary
# lesson review
" appendixes
" glossary
" index
" supplemental CD

When you return to your home or office, you will find this coursebook to be a valuable resource for
reviewing labs and applying the skills you have learned. Each lesson concludes with questions that review
the material. Lesson review questions are provided as a study resource only and in no way guarantee a
passing score on CIW exams.
The course is available as either an academic or a learning center/corporate version. Each of these
versions has an instructor book and student books. Check your book to verify which version you have,
and whether it is an instructor or student book. Following is a brief discussion of each version.

Academic: Designed for students in an academic classroom environment; typically taught over a
quarter (10-week) or semester (16-week) time period. Example syllabi are included on the instructor
CD-ROM. The instructor's book and CD-ROM contain all answers, as well as activities (pen-andpaper-based labs), optional labs (computer-based labs), quizzes, a course assessment, and the
accompanying handouts for the instructor to assign during class or as homework. No answers exist
in the student book or on the student CD-ROM. Students will have to obtain answers from the
instructor.

Learning Center or Corporate: Designed for students in a learning center/corporate classroom

environment; typically taught over a one- to five-day time period (depending on the length of the
course). An example implementation table is included on the instructor CD-ROM. Similar to the
academic version, the instructor's book and CD-ROM contain all answers, as well as activities (penand-paper-based labs), optional labs (computer-based labs), quizzes, a course assessment, and the
accompanying handouts for the instructor to assign during class or as homework. However, the
student CD-ROM contains answers, including those to the pre-assessment questions, labs, review
questions, activities, optional labs, quizzes and course assessment.

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Course Objectives
After completing this course, you will be able to:
%

Describe the Java Runtime Environment (JRE).

Use Java variables, control statements, methods and arrays.

Discuss object-oriented theory, including abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism.

Describe method overloading and overriding.

Use Java static and instance members.

Create Java constructors.

Identify the differences between instance and class members.

Use Java abstract classes and interfaces.

Use Java Strings and StringBuffers.

Describe Java packages and accessibility.

Use the Java Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) and Swing components central to SDK 1.2.

Use the SDK 1.2.x event delegation model.

Define applets and the applet life cycle.

Throw exceptions.

Create threads.

Use streams.

Create network applications in Java.

Classroom Setup
Your instructor has probably set up the classroom computers based on the system requirements listed
below. Most software configurations on your computer are identical to those on your instructor's
computer. However, your instructor may use additional software to demonstrate network interaction or
related technologies.

System Requirements
Hardware
The following table summarizes the hardware requirements for all courses in the CIW program. Each
classroom should be equipped with enough personal computers to accommodate each student and the
instructor with his or her own system.

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Note: The CIW hardware requirements are similar to the lowest system requirements for Microsoft
implementation (Level 1 requirements) except that CIW requires increased hard disk space (8 GB) and RAM
(128 MB). This comparison may be helpful for the many training centers that implement CIW and are also
CTEC because personnel at these centers are familiar with the Microsoft hardware specifications.

CIW hardware specifications

Greater than or equal to the following

Processor

Intel Pentium II (or equivalent) personal computer with

processor speed greater than or equal to 300 MHz

L2 cache

256 KB

Hard disk

8-GB hard drive

RAM

At least 128 MB

CD-ROM

32X

Network interface card (NIC)

10BaseT or 100BaseTX (10 or 100 Mbps)

Sound card/speakers

Required for instructor's station, optional for

student stations

Video adapter

At least 4 MB

Monitor

15-inch monitor

Network hubs

Two 10-port 10BaseT or 100BaseTX

(10 or 100 Mbps) hubs

Router

Multi-homed system with three NICs

(Windows NT 4.0/2000 server)*

* Must meet universal CIW hardware requirements.

Software
The recommended software configurations for computers used to complete the exercises in this book are
as follows.

Microsoft Windows 98/Me/XP, Windows 2000, Red Hat Linux 7.x or later, or any operating system
with an available Java 2 SDK

Sun Java 2 Software Development Kit (SDK), Standard Edition, version 1.2 or later

Netscape Navigator 6 or higher

Connectivity
The minimum requirement is a networked classroom with TCP/IP installed. Each computer should have
its own IP address, or have local loop-back capability (IP 127.0.0.1). Internet connectivity is not required,
but it is helpful.

Supplemental CD-ROM
Each coursebook includes a supplemental CD-ROM. The files on the CD-ROM are important, as they are
referenced and used throughout the course. Because the labs will explicitly refer to the CD-ROM, the
instructor and students will access and load these files during class.

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Conventions and Graphics Used in This Book

The following conventions are used in Prosoft coursebooks.
Terms

Technology terms defined in the margins are indicated in bold the first time they
appear in the text. Not every word in bold is a term requiring definition.

Lab Text

Text that you enter in a lab appears in bold. Names of components that you access
or change in a lab also appear in bold.

Notations

Notations or comments regarding screenshots, labs or other text are indicated in italic
type.

Program Code or
Commands

Text used in program code or operating system commands appears in the Lucida
Sans Typewriter font.

The following graphics are used in Prosoft coursebooks.

Tech Notes point out exceptions or special circumstances that you may find when
working with a particular procedure. Tech Notes that occur within a lab are
displayed without the graphic.

Tech Tips offer special-interest information about the current subject.

Warnings alert you about cautions to observe or actions to avoid.

This graphic signals the start of a lab or other hands-on activity.

Each lesson summary includes an Application Project. This project is designed to

provoke interest and apply the skills taught in the lesson to your daily activities.
Each lesson concludes with a summary of the skills and objectives taught in that
lesson. You can use the Skills Review checklist to evaluate what you have learned.

'

This graphic indicates a line of code that is completed on the following line.

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1Lesson 1:
Java Runtime
Environment
Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
%

Identify the differences between stand-alone applications and applets.

Describe the role of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Create a simple Java program.

Use Java comments.

Compile and execute a Java program.

Describe the differences between *.java and *.class files.

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Java Programming Fundamentals

Pre-Assessment Questions
1.

What type of files are generated by the javac compiler?

a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

Which of the following employs the Java syntax for a multiline comment?
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.

Text files
*.java files
*.class files
*.exe files

// This is a comment.
/* This is a comment */
/** This is a comment */
/** This is a comment. **/

What benefit does the use of a virtual machine provide to Java developers?

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1-3

The Java Virtual Machine

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed at Sun Microsystems that is
widely known for its portability. This platform independence makes Java ideal for
Internet development. The Internet connects a wide variety of hardware and software
systems. Java can be used to create a single program that will operate the same on many
platforms. Even if you have never programmed using Java before, you are probably
familiar with Java applets. Applets are small Java programs that can only be executed
from within a Web browser. A Web site employing an applet will provide the same
compiled program to Web browsers on all platforms. Java can also be used to create
stand-alone applications.

applet
A small Java
program that must
be run from a Web
browser.
Java Virtual
Machine (JVM)
The artificial
computer that runs
Java programs.
class
A type of container
into which all Java
code must be
placed. Also, the
template or
blueprint for an
object.
method
A procedural part of
a class that contains
executable Java
statements.

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) gives Java its platform independence. One of the
primary design goals of the Java language is to enable the same code to run on any
platform. The JVM is a software program that behaves like an entire computer. By using
this artificial computer on different computer platforms (UNIX, Win32, Macintosh, and so
forth), you can reuse programs without creating a version for each platform. Your Java
programs will always run on a JVM. A Java program can be run on any platform for
which a JVM is available.
You will begin writing a simple program by defining a class. A class is a type of container
into which all Java code must be placed. You need not be familiar with classes already;
you will learn more about them in a later lesson. A class consists of a name and a pair of
curly braces to contain the body of the class. By convention, the class name should start
with a capital letter as in the following example:
class HelloWorld
{
}

When you write a stand-alone application, the Java Virtual Machine must know where to
begin executing the code. To begin executing code, the JVM looks for and calls a special
method by the name of public static void main(String[] args). The JVM uses
this method to begin executing your program. Study the following code example:
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

This program is complete. Note that Java programs are case-sensitive; the word Class is
not read the same as class. You must save the program with your text editor as
HelloWorld.java (giving it the same name as your class), and compile it using a Java
compiler. You can use the javac program if you have the Java 2 Software Development
Kit (SDK) supplied by Sun.
javac HelloWorld.java

The Java compiler converts, or compiles, your source code (saved as HelloWorld.java, a
text file) and creates a HelloWorld.class file. This *.class file is no longer a standard
text file, but a file compiled into bytecode.

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bytecode
A platform-neutral
file consisting of
bytes that the JVM
can execute.

Java Programming Fundamentals

Bytecode is another element that makes Java different from other programming
languages. Other compiled programming languages generate machine code binaries,
which are files that contain native machine language statements. To make Java portable,
the javac compiler generates bytecode. Java bytecode is composed of an instruction set
native only to the JVM. Because JVMs exist for multiple platforms, the Java bytecode is
portable. Portability, however, comes at a price: speed.
Finally, to launch your program, you must run it in a JVM. You can accomplish this by
invoking the Java interpreter java as follows:
java HelloWorld

Note that you type java HelloWorld, not java HelloWorld.class. When you enter the
proper command, the JVM will display "Hello World!" in a command line window. The
Java application development cycle is shown in Figure 1-1.

Text Editor

javac
*.java

java
*.class

Output Window

Figure 1-1: Java development cycle

The Java 2 Software Development Kit

The development platform used in this class is the Java 2 Software Development Kit
(SDK), Standard Edition, version 1.2.2 or later. The Java 2 SDK was previously known as
the Java Development Kit (JDK) 1.2. In fact, if you check your installation of the Java 2
SDK, you will find that the directory reads JDK 1.2.2. The Java 2 SDK is backwardcompatible with JDK 1.1. It contains several components, including:
The Java Runtime Environment (JRE), which provides the JVM.

The development tools and compilation libraries necessary to create Java

applications, servlets and applets. This grouping includes the Java compiler,
debugging programs, and tools to run applets without a browser.

This coursebook is written to the Java 2 specification.

Java Comments
Throughout the course, you will find it useful to add comments to your code. Java
supports three types of comments; two will be recognizable to those familiar with C or
C++, and the third type is unique to Java.
The three types of comments are as follows:

Single-line comment//

Multiline comment /* */

Javadoc comment

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/** */

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Lesson 1: Java Runtime Environment

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The following code shows examples of all three comment types:

class HelloWorld
{
/**
This is a javadoc comment. It is a multiline commment unique to Java.
If you use the javadoc utility (which comes with Java),
it will automatically create HTML-based documentation
for you. The online help that comes with the Sun SDK was
created using javadoc comments.
*/
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
// Two forward slashes indicate a single-line comment.
// Notice that each line must begin with the
// two forward slashes.
/*
This is a multiline comment. It is possible to
have multiple lines of code within this block.
*/
}
}

You will use the single-line and multiline comments similar to C++.

Lab 1-1: Compiling and running your first Java program

In this lab, you will write, compile and run your first Java program. As you finish the lab,
note the difference between the source file you write (*.java) and the bytecode that is
generated (*.class). A Java application always starts with the public static void
main(String[] args) method.
1. Editor: Create a new text file and enter the following Java code:
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

2. Editor: Save the file as HelloWorld.java.

3. Prompt: Compile HelloWorld.java to generate a *.class file. From the command
line, enter the following:
javac HelloWorld.java

4. Prompt: Execute HelloWorld. From the command line, enter the following:
java HelloWorld

5. Editor: Add another System.out.println("Hello Solar System!"); to the main

method.
6. Prompt: Compile and execute your program.

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Java Programming Fundamentals

7. (Optional) Modify the public static void main(String[] args) method in any
way you choose (for example, delete the word void). What happens?
8. (Optional) Add some comments to the file to document each step that you made while
programming this application.

Lesson Summary
Application project
When Java was originally released, it was widely praised for its platform independence.
This platform independence made Java applets possible, allowing Web site operators to
develop applications that could be downloaded and executed by any client with a
compatible browser, regardless of platform. Search the Web for at least five examples of
Java applets in which the functionality could not be easily duplicated using server-side or
client-side scripting technologies.

Skills review
Java consists of three types of programs: applications, applets, and servlets. In this
lesson, you learned that applications contain a main method. After the program is written
as a text source file (having a name *.java), the program is converted into bytecode
(having a name *.class) by the Java compiler. The compiled bytecode can be executed
using the Java interpreter. In the following lessons, you will learn the basic syntax of the
Java programming language.
Now that you have completed this lesson, you should be able to:
(

Identify the differences between stand-alone applications and applets.

Describe the role of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Create a simple Java program.

Use Java comments.

Compile and execute a Java program.

Describe the differences between *.java and *.class files.

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Lesson 1: Java Runtime Environment

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Lesson 1 Review
1.

How does a Java applet differ from a Java application?

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2.

What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?

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3.

What is a class?

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4.

What is a method?

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5.

Are Java programs case-sensitive? Give an example that describes its policy.

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6.

What is bytecode? How does it affect Java's portability?

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7.

Identify the three types of comments you can use in Java.

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8.

How does a *.java file differ from a *.class file?

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2002 ProsoftTraining All Rights Reserved.

Version 6.1