Organisms reproduce through different modes including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction methods include vegetative reproduction observed in potatoes, fission seen in single-celled Protococcus algae, budding in yeast, spore formation in molds, and regeneration in hydra, starfish and earthworms. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and gametes. Representative sexual reproduction methods include conjugation in protists and molds, and more complex processes in plants and animals. The document discusses and provides examples of various reproduction modes to understand how different organisms reproduce and ensure the continuity of life.
Organisms reproduce through different modes including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction methods include vegetative reproduction observed in potatoes, fission seen in single-celled Protococcus algae, budding in yeast, spore formation in molds, and regeneration in hydra, starfish and earthworms. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and gametes. Representative sexual reproduction methods include conjugation in protists and molds, and more complex processes in plants and animals. The document discusses and provides examples of various reproduction modes to understand how different organisms reproduce and ensure the continuity of life.
Organisms reproduce through different modes including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction methods include vegetative reproduction observed in potatoes, fission seen in single-celled Protococcus algae, budding in yeast, spore formation in molds, and regeneration in hydra, starfish and earthworms. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and gametes. Representative sexual reproduction methods include conjugation in protists and molds, and more complex processes in plants and animals. The document discusses and provides examples of various reproduction modes to understand how different organisms reproduce and ensure the continuity of life.
The beginning of a new life is truly a remarkable event. The sight of a butterfly emerging from its pupa, a chick making its way out of the cracked shell, or a germinating seed slowly pushing through the soil can leave one fascinated. The ability of an organism to produce a new life is one of the characteristics that distinguishes living things from nonliving things. This ability is called reproduction.
In the previous modules, you have already begun to explore the diversity of organisms. These organisms bring about the continuation of their own kind through reproduction. And although these organisms have different methods of reproduction, every method leads to the beginning of a new life.
This module will discuss the different modes of reproduction in representative plants, animals, and microorganisms. Investigations are included in this module to help you understand the different ways that organisms reproduce and differentiate the offspring resulting from each mode of reproduction.
What are the different modes of reproduction? How can we use this knowledge in growing plants?
Suggested time allotment: 5 to 6 hours MODULE 4
Grade 7 Science: Living Things and Their Environment 2 Reproduction: The Continuity of Life MODES OF REPRODUCTION
All living things die eventually. So in order to continue their own kind, organisms must reproduce. Organisms reproduce in different ways.
I. Asexual Reproduction
There are several ways by which organisms reproduce asexually. In the following activity, let us examine how potatoes reproduce.
Activity 1 Can you grow new plants from eyes?
A potato tuber is a food storage organ. How does it reproduce?
Objectives
After you have performed this activity, you should be able to:
a) describe how potatoes reproduce. b) explain what vegetative reproduction is. c) describe the advantages of propagating plants using vegetative reproduction.
Materials Needed
1 potato 5 big cans filled with garden soil (you may use big cans of powdered milk) Trowel Knife
Procedure
1. Examine the potato. Can you see depressions? These are the eyes or buds.
Figure 1. Potato eyes.
potato eye (bud)
Grade 7 Science: Living Things and Their Environment 3 Reproduction: The Continuity of Life
2. Cut the potato into pieces with each piece having an eye. Observe how the cut pieces look.
3. Set aside the cut pieces for 2-3 days. Draw and describe how the cut pieces look after 3 days.
4. After 3 days, plant each piece in a can, about 10-cm deep. Set the tuber so that the eye points upward.
Q1. Can you give a reason why you have to plant the cut pieces with the eye pointing upward?
5. Set aside the cans in a shady area. Water the soil everyday to keep it moist. Q2. How many eyes from each potato were you able to get?
Q3. How many new shoots grew from each potato eye you planted?
Q4. What is the advantage of using this type of propagation?
6. Report the progress of your work to your teacher. Discuss your work in class.
After this activity, you may transplant the potato plants in your school garden. You may harvest the potatoes within 10 weeks. Check how many potatoes you can harvest from one plant.
The activity that you have performed shows how potatoes are propagated vegetatively. From a single potato, several new potato plants can be produced.
Vegetative reproduction is a kind of asexual reproduction where a new individual, known as the offspring, is produced from a single parent. The offspring resulting from asexual reproduction is genetically identical with its parent.
Aside from buds, many economically important plants can be grown through the propagation of roots, stems, and even leaves. The kalanchoe, a medicinal plant, can reproduce through its leaves (Figure 2). Plantlets can grow around the leaf margin.
Grade 7 Science: Living Things and Their Environment 4 Reproduction: The Continuity of Life
Do you know other examples of plants that can be propagated through vegetative reproduction?
Why do we use vegetative propagation to grow plants? Vegetative propagation results in growing plants faster than growing plants from seeds. Vegetative reproduction also ensures that the offspring will be very much like the parent plant.
Let us look at other types of asexual reproduction.
Activity 2 Can one become two? While walking to school, have you noticed greenish growth on barks of trees or on slippery concrete walkways? What could this organism be? Let us observe closely what organism this might be.
Objectives
After you have performed this activity, you should be able to:
a) describe how Protococcus reproduce. b) explain what fission is. c) infer the characteristics of the offspring of Protococcus.
Materials Needed
Scalpel or blade Microscope slide Figure 2. Plantlets grow around the leaf margins of the Kalanchoe.
Grade 7 Science: Living Things and Their Environment 5 Reproduction: The Continuity of Life Cover slip Microscope Tap water in clean bottle Dropper
Procedure
Preparation for Activity
1. Look for barks of trees, stones, rocks, moist flower pots that have greenish growth. 2. Get the greenish growth by scraping the sides. 3. Soak the scrapings in water overnight to separate the soil particles and debris from the microorganisms.
Day 1
1. Put a small amount of scraping on a slide. 2. Add a drop of water. 3. With 2 dissecting needles, carefully tease or separate the scraping and mix it with the water. 4. Gently place a cover slip on the slide. Examine the scraping under the low power objective.
Look for a cell similar to the figure below.
5. Show your teacher the Protococcus cell that you have located. 6. Protococcus reproduces by dividing. Dividing cells are separated by a wall-like structure. Look for Protococcus cells that are dividing. 7. Shift to high power objective. Q5. Draw the dividing Protococcus cells that you have identified.
This type of asexual reproduction is called fission. The cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. Each daughter cell continues to grow until it becomes as large as the parent cell. Figure 3. Protococcus is a round single-celled green alga.
Grade 7 Science: Living Things and Their Environment 6 Reproduction: The Continuity of Life
Q6. Research on other examples of unicellular organisms that reproduce through fission.
Budding
Budding is another type of asexual reproduction. Yeast, hydra, and sponges reproduce this way. Figure 4 shows how yeast, a microorganism used in baking, reproduces by budding. In budding, a new individual may form as an outgrowth of the parent. The outgrowth separates from the parent and becomes a new individual.
Spore formation
Have you seen a piece of bread with mold growing on it? The black, round structure at the tip of a stalk is called a spore case which contains the spores. When the spore case opens, the tiny spores are released and may be carried by wind or water. Once the spore lands on a favourable environment, it develops into a new organism. Under the microscope, a bread mold with a spore case looks like the one in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Budding in yeast.
Figure 4. Bread mold spore case
spore case stalk
Grade 7 Science: Living Things and Their Environment 7 Reproduction: The Continuity of Life Formation of spore is another type of asexual reproduction common among mold.
Regeneration
Animals can also reproduce by regeneration. Did you know that when a hydra is cut into pieces, each piece grows into a new hydra? Also, when starfishes and earthworms are cut into two pieces, each part can develop into a new individual.
II. Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction that involves two parents. Parents produce reproductive cells called gametes through a type of cell division called meiosis. Meiosis will be discussed in detail in Grade 8.
Gametes from the two parents unite in a process called fertilization. The fertilized cell is referred to as a zygote which develops into a new organism.
Organisms reproduce sexually in a number of ways. Let us take a look at the different ways how representative microorganisms, plants, and animals reproduce sexually.
Conjugation
Protists and simple plants undergo sexual reproduction by a process called conjugation. Some organisms that reproduce by conjugation are Paramecium, Spirogyra, and mold.
Figure 5. Each arm of a starfish can regenerate into a complete new starfish.
Grade 7 Science: Living Things and Their Environment 8 Reproduction: The Continuity of Life Paramecium is a unicellular organism commonly found in fresh and marine water containing decaying organic matter. When a Paramecium conjugates, two individuals come closer and get attached to each other in the mouth region for a time. Changes happen in the nuclei of each Paramecium. There is an exchange of nuclear contents. After the nuclear exchange, the two organisms separate. Paramecium also reproduces by fission or cell division. It conjugates only when there is little food, or when the temperature of the environment is low.
In the black mold, neighboring hyphae develop branches which grow toward each other. A sex cell is walled off at the end of each branch. The two cells combine to form a single cell called a zygote. The zygote grows a thick wall around itself for protection against unfavorable environmental conditions. The rest of the mold may die. But the zygote can develop into a new mold plant when conditions become favorable .
Spirogyra is a green, filamentous algae which can reproduce sexually by conjugation. A bridge forms between two cells of two Spirogyra filaments lying side by side. The contents of one cell pass into the other cell through the bridge, emptying the other cell. The contents of both cells combine in the other cell and form the zygote. This zygote is able to secrete a substance that forms a wall around itself for protection against unfavorable environmental conditions. When conditions become suitable for growth and development, the zygote grows into a new Spirogyra plant.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
The flower is the reproductive organ in flowering plants. Flowers have structures that produce the gametes necessary for reproduction. Let us take a look at the parts of a gumamela flower.
Activity 3 Structure of a Gumamela Flower
Objectives
After you have performed this activity, you should be able to:
(a) distinguish the male and the female reproductive structures of a gumamela flower (b) describe the function of each structure in reproduction.
Grade 7 Science: Living Things and Their Environment 9 Reproduction: The Continuity of Life Materials Needed
2 gumamela flowers (1 fresh and 1 withered) 1 gumamela bud Hand lens Scalpel or Razor blade
Procedure
1. Examine the entire flower and the part of its stem.
Q6. Describe how the flower is attached to the stem.
2. Examine the bud, an unopened flower. Identify the sepals.
Q7. What is the function of the sepals in the unopened flower?
3. Remove the sepals and petals. The most important reproductive parts remain. Touch the stigma in a relatively fresh opened flower, in a bud and in a withered one.
Q8. On which flower does the stigma feel sticky?
Q9. Why do you think the stigma is sticky?
4. Cut through the ovary and examine the parts with a hand lens.
Q10. How many compartments do you find?
5. Touch the tip of a stamen or tap it lightly over a piece of white paper. The powdery materials at the tips are made up of pollen grains. Sperm cells are produced inside these grains.
6. Take a whole flower. Measure the distance between a pollen grain on a stamen and the ovary where the ovule is.
Q11. How do you think pollen grains reach the pistil?
Pollination and fertilization in seed plants are two different and separate events. Pollination brings together the gametes of a flower and it occurs when a pollen grain of the right kind lands on the stigma of the pistil. Each pollen forms a tube that grows down through the pistil and reaches the ovule in the ovary. One of the nuclei in the pollen tube unites with the egg nucleus in the ovule to form a zygote. The other sperm nucleus
Grade 7 Science: Living Things and Their Environment 10 Reproduction: The Continuity of Life combines with another bigger nucleus in the ovule which develops into the endosperm.
Sexual Reproduction in Humans and Animals
Humans (and all animals that reproduce sexually) have cells called gametes. Gametes are formed during meiosis and come in the form of sperm (produced by males) or eggs (produced by females). When conditions are right, sperm and egg unite in a process known as fertilization. The resulting fertilized egg, or zygote, contains genes from both parents.
Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
In asexual reproduction, a single organism is the sole parent and the offspring is genetically identical to the parent.
In sexual reproduction, two parents produce offspring that have unique combinations of genes. Offspring of sexual reproduction differ genetically from their siblings and both parents. Summary
1. Organisms must reproduce to continue their own kind. 2. There are two major modes of reproduction: asexual and sexual reproduction. 3. Asexual reproduction gives rise to offspring that are identical to the parents. 4. Individuals that reproduce through sexual reproduction need two parents, a male and a female, that produce egg cell and sperm cell. 5. Sexual reproduction gives rise to offspring that are a combination of the traits from its parents. References
Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J. B. (2009). Biology (8th edition). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
Hwa, K. S., Sao-Ee, G., & Luan, K. S. (2010). My pals are here! 6A science. (International Ed.). Singapore: Marshall Cavendish.
Philippines. Department of Education. (2009). Science and Technology II textbook. (Rev. ed.). Pasig City: Instructional Materials Development Corporation.