Differential Calculus Exercise Problems

A Collection of Problems in Dierential Calculus
Problems Given At the Math 151 - Calculus I and Math 150 - Calculus I With
Review Final Examinations
Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University
2000 - 2010
Veselin Jungic Petra Menz Randall Pyke
Department Of Mathematics
Simon Fraser University
c Draft date December 6, 2011
To my sons, my best teachers. - Veselin Jungic
Contents
Contents i
Preface 1
Recommendations for Success in Mathematics 3
1 Limits and Continuity 11
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Dierentiation Rules 19
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4 Tangent Lines and Implicit Dierentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 Applications of Dierentiation 31
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 Curve Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4 Mean Value Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5 Dierential, Linear Approximation, Newtons Method . . . . . . . . . 51
i
3.6 Antiderivatives and Dierential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.7 Exponential Growth and Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.8 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates 65
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2 Parametric Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.3 Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.4 Conic Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 True Or False and Multiple Choice Problems 81
6 Answers, Hints, Solutions 93
6.1 Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.2 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.3 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.4 Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.5 Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.6 Tangent Lines and Implicit Dierentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.7 Curve Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.8 Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.9 Mean Value Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.10 Dierential, Linear Approximation, Newtons Method . . . . . . . . . 126
6.11 Antiderivatives and Dierential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.12 Exponential Growth and Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.13 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.14 Parametric Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.15 Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.16 Conic Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.17 True Or False and Multiple Choice Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Bibliography 153
Preface
The purpose of this Collection of Problems is to be an additional learning resource
for students who are taking a dierential calculus course at Simon Fraser University.
The Collection contains problems given at Math 151 - Calculus I and Math 150 -
Calculus I With Review nal exams in the period 2000-2009. The problems are
sorted by topic and most of them are accompanied with hints or solutions.
The authors are thankful to students Aparna Agarwal, Nazli Jelveh, and
Michael Wong for their help with checking some of the solutions.
No project such as this can be free from errors and incompleteness. The
authors will be grateful to everyone who points out any typos, incorrect solutions,
or sends any other suggestion on how to improve this manuscript.
Veselin Jungic, Petra Menz, and Randall Pyke
Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University
Contact address: vjungic@sfu.ca
In Burnaby, B.C., October 2010
1
2
Recommendations for Success in
Mathematics
The following is a list of various categories gathered by the Department of Mathe-
matics. This list is a recommendation to all students who are thinking about their
well-being, learning, and goals, and who want to be successful academically.
Tips for Reading these Recommendations:
Do not be overwhelmed with the size of this list. You may not want to read
the whole document at once, but choose some categories that appeal to you.
You may want to make changes in your habits and study approaches after
reading the recommendations. Our advice is to take small steps. Small changes
are easier to make, and chances are those changes will stick with you and
become part of your habits.
Take time to reect on the recommendations. Look at the people in your
life you respect and admire for their accomplishments. Do you believe the
recommendations are reected in their accomplishments?
Habits of a Successful Student:
Acts responsibly: This student
reads the documents (such as course outline) that are passed on by the
instructor and acts on them.
takes an active role in their education.
does not cheat and encourages academic integrity in others.
3
4
Sets goals: This student
sets attainable goals based on specic information such as the academic
calendar, academic advisor, etc..
is motivated to reach the goals.
is committed to becoming successful.
understands that their physical, mental, and emotional well-being inu-
ences how well they can perform academically.
Is reective: This student
understands that deep learning comes out of reective activities.
reects on their learning by revisiting assignments, midterm exams, and
quizzes and comparing them against posted solutions.
reects why certain concepts and knowledge are more readily or less read-
ily acquired.
knows what they need to do by having analyzed their successes and their
failures.
Is inquisitive: This student
is active in a course and asks questions that aid their learning and build
their knowledge base.
seeks out their instructor after a lecture and during oce hours to clarify
concepts and content and to nd out more about the subject area.
shows an interest in their program of studies that drives them to do well.
Can communicate: This student
articulates questions.
can speak about the subject matter of their courses, for example by ex-
plaining concepts to their friends.
takes good notes that pay attention to detail but still give a holistic
picture.
pays attention to how mathematics is written and attempts to use a
similar style in their written work.
pays attention to new terminology and uses it in their written and oral
work.
Enjoys learning: This student
5
is passionate about their program of study.
is able to cope with a course they dont like because they see the bigger
picture.
is a student because they made a positive choice to be one.
reviews study notes, textbooks, etc..
works through assignments individually at rst and way before the due
date.
does extra problems.
reads course related material.
Is resourceful: This student
uses the resources made available by the course and instructor such as
the Math Workshop, the course container on WebCT, course websites,
etc..
researches how to get help in certain areas by visiting the instructor, or
academic advisor, or other support structures oered through the univer-
sity.
uses the library and internet thoughtfully and purposefully to nd addi-
tional resources for a certain area of study.
Is organized: This student
adopts a particular method for organizing class notes and extra material
that aids their way of thinking and learning.
Manages his/her time eectively: This student
is in control of their time.
makes and follows a schedule that is more than a timetable of course. It
includes study time, research time, social time, sports time, etc..
Is involved: This student
is informed about their program of study and their courses and takes an
active role in them.
researches how to get help in certain areas by visiting the instructor, or
academic advisor, or other support structures oered through the univer-
sity.
6
joins a study group or uses the support that is being oered such as
a Math Workshop (that accompanies many rst and second year math
courses in the Department of Mathematics) or the general SFU Student
Learning Commons Workshops.
sees the bigger picture and nds ways to be involved in more than just
studies. This student looks for volunteer opportunities, for example as
a Teaching Assistant in one of the Mathematics Workshops or with the
MSU (Math Student Union).
How to Prepare for Exams:
Start preparing for an exam on the FIRST DAY OF LECTURES!
Come to all lectures and listen for where the instructor stresses material or
points to classical mistakes. Make a note about these pointers.
Treat each chapter with equal importance, but distinguish among items within
a chapter.
Study your lecture notes in conjunction with the textbook because it was
chosen for a reason.
Pay particular attention to technical terms from each lecture. Understand
them and use them appropriately yourself. The more you use them, the more
uent you will become.
Pay particular attention to denitions from each lecture. Know the major ones
by heart.
Pay particular attention to theorems from each lecture. Know the major ones
by heart.
Pay particular attention to formulas from each lecture. Know the major ones
by heart.
Create a cheat sheet that summarizes terminology, denitions, theorems, and
formulas. You should think of a cheat sheet as a very condensed form of lecture
notes that organizes the material to aid your understanding. (However, you
may not take this sheet into an exam unless the instructor specically says
so.)
Check your assignments against the posted solutions. Be critical and compare
how you wrote up a solution versus the instructor/textbook.
7
Read through or even work through the paper assignments, online assignments,
and quizzes (if any) a second time.
Study the examples in your lecture notes in detail. Ask yourself, why they
were oered by the instructor.
Work through some of the examples in your textbook, and compare your
solution to the detailed solution oered by the textbook.
Does your textbook come with a review section for each chapter or grouping
of chapters? Make use of it. This may be a good starting point for a cheat
sheet. There may also be additional practice questions.
Practice writing exams by doing old midterm and nal exams under the same
constraints as a real midterm or nal exam: strict time limit, no interruptions,
no notes and other aides unless specically allowed.
Study how old exams are set up! How many questions are there on average?
What would be a topic header for each question? Rate the level of diculty
of each question. Now come up with an exam of your own making and have
a study partner do the same. Exchange your created exams, write them, and
then discuss the solutions.
Getting and Staying Connected:
Stay in touch with family and friends:
A network of family and friends can provide security, stability, support,
encouragement, and wisdom.
This network may consist of people that live nearby or far away. Tech-
nology in the form of cell phones, email, facebook, etc. is allowing us to
stay connected no matter where we are. However, it is up to us at times
to reach out and stay connected.
Do not be afraid to talk about your accomplishments and diculties
with people that are close to you and you feel safe with, to get dierent
perspectives.
Create a study group or join one:
Both the person being explained to and the person doing the explaining
benet from this learning exchange.
8
Study partners are great resources! They can provide you with notes and
important information if you miss a class. They may have found a great
book, website, or other resource for your studies.
Go to your faculty or department and nd out what student groups there are:
The Math Student Union (MSU) seeks and promotes student interests
within the Department of Mathematics at Simon Fraser University and
the Simon Fraser Student Society. In addition to open meetings, MSU
holds several social events throughout the term. This is a great place to
nd like-minded people and to get connected within mathematics.
Student groups or unions may also provide you with connections after
you complete your program and are seeking either employment or further
areas of study.
Go to your faculty or department and nd out what undergraduate outreach
programs there are:
There is an organized group in the Department of Mathematics led by
Dr. Jonathan Jedwab that prepares for the William Lowell Putnam
Mathematical Competition held annually the rst Saturday in Decem-
ber: http://www.math.sfu.ca/ ugrad/putnam.shtml
You can apply to become an undergraduate research assistant in the
Department of Mathematics, and (subject to eligibility) apply for an
NSERC USRA (Undergraduate Student Research Award):
http://www.math.sfu.ca/ugrad/ awards/nsercsu.shtml
You can attend the Math: Outside the Box series which is an undergrad-
uate seminar that presents on all sorts of topics concerning mathematics.
Staying Healthy:
A healthy mind, body, and soul promote success. Create a healthy lifestyle by
taking an active role in this lifelong process.
Mentally:
Feed your intellectual hunger! Choose a program of study that suits
your talents and interests. You may want to get help by visiting with an
academic advisor: math advice@sfu.ca.
Take breaks from studying! This clears your mind and energizes you.
9
Physically:
Eat well! Have regular meals and make them nutritious.
Exercise! You may want to get involved in a recreational sport.
Get out rain or shine! Your body needs sunshine to produce vitamin D,
which is important for healthy bones.
Sleep well! Have a bed time routine that will relax you so that you get
good sleep. Get enough sleep so that you are energized.
Socially:
Make friends! Friends are good for listening, help you to study, and make
you feel connected.
Get involved! Join a university club or student union.
Resources:
Old exams for courses serviced through a workshop that are maintained by
the Department of Mathematics: http:www.math.sfu.caugradworkshops
WolframAlpha Computational Knowledge Engine:
http://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/Math.html
Survival Guide to 1st Year Mathematics at SFU:
http://www.math.sfu.ca/ugrad/guide1.shtml
Survival Guide to 2nd-4th Year Mathematics at SFU:
http://www.math.sfu.ca/ugrad/guide2.shtml
SFU Student Learning Commons: http://learningcommons.sfu.ca/
SFU Student Success Programs:
http://students.sfu.ca/advising/studentsuccess/index.html
SFU Writing for University: http://learningcommons.sfu.ca/strategies/writing
SFU Health & Counselling Services: http://students.sfu.ca/health/
How to Ace Calculus: The Streetwise Guide:
http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/ hass/Calculus/HTAC/excerpts/excerpts.html
16 Habits of Mind (1 page summary): http://www.chsvt.org/wdp/Habits of Mind.pdf
10
References:
Thien, S. J. Bulleri, A. The Teaching Professor. Vol. 10, No. 9, November
1996. Magna Publications.
Costa, A. L. and Kallick, B. 16 Habits of Mind.
http://www.instituteforhabitsofmind.com/what-are-habits-mind.
Chapter 1
Limits and Continuity
1.1 Introduction
1. Limit. We write lim
xa
f(x) = L and say the limit of f(x), as x approaches a,
equals L if it is possible to make the values of f(x) arbitrarily close to L by
taking x to be suciently close to a.
2. Limit - , Denition. Let f be a function dened on some open interval
that contains a, except possibly at a itself. Then we say that the limit of f(x)
as x approaches a is L, and we write lim
xa
f(x) = L if for every number > 0
there is a > 0 such that |f(x) L| < whenever 0 < |x a| < .
3. Limit And Right-hand and Left-hand Limits. lim
xa
f(x) = L ( lim
xa
f(x) =
L and lim
xa
+
f(x) = L)
4. Innite Limit. Let f be a function dened on a neighborhood of a, except
possibly at a itself. Then lim
xa
f(x) = means that the values of f(x) can be
made arbitrarily large by taking x suciently close to a, but not equal to a.
5. Vertical Asymptote. The line x = a is called a vertical asymptote of the
curve y = f(x) if at least one of the following statements is true:
lim
xa
f(x) = lim
xa
f(x) = lim
xa
+
f(x) =
lim
xa
f(x) = lim
xa
f(x) = lim
xa
+
f(x) =
11
12 CHAPTER 1. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
6. Limit At Innity. Let f be a function dened on (a, ). Then lim
x
f(x) = L
means that the values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to L by taking x
suciently large.
7. Horizontal Asymptote. The line y = a is called a horizontal asymptote of
the curve y = f(x) if if at least one of the following statements is true:
lim
x
f(x) = a or lim
x
f(x) = a.
8. Limit Laws. Let c be a constant and let the limits lim
xa
f(x) and lim
xa
g(x)
exist. Then
(a) lim
xa
(f(x) g(x)) = lim
xa
f(x) lim
xa
g(x)
(b) lim
xa
(c f(x)) = c lim
xa
f(x)
(c) lim
xa
(f(x) g(x)) = lim
xa
f(x) lim
xa
g(x)
(d) lim
xa
f(x)
g(x)
=
lim
xa
f(x)
lim
xa
g(x)
if lim
xa
g(x) = 0.
9. Squeeze Law. If f(x) g(x) h(x) when x is near a (except possibly at a)
and lim
xa
f(x) = lim
xa
h(x) = L then lim
xa
g(x) = L.
10. Trigonometric Limits. lim
0
sin
= 1 and lim
0
cos 1
= 0.
11. The Number e. lim
x0
(1 + x)
1
x
= e and lim
x
_
1 +
1
x
_
x
= e.
12. LHospitals Rule. Suppose that f and g are dierentiable and g
(x) = 0
near a (except possibly at a.) Suppose that lim
xa
f(x) = 0 and lim
xa
g(x) = 0 or
that lim
xa
f(x) = and lim
xa
g(x) = . Then lim
xa
f(x)
g(x)
= lim
xa
f
(x)
g
(x)
if the
limit on the right side exists (or is or ).
13. Continuity. We say that a function f is continuous at a number a if lim
xa
f(x) =
f(a).
14. Continuity and Limit. If f is continuous at b and lim
xa
g(x) = b then
lim
xa
f(g(x)) = f(lim
xa
g(x)) = f(b).
15. Intermediate Value Theorem. Let f be continuous on the closed interval
[a, b] and let f(a) = f(b). For any number M between f(a) and f(b) there
exists a number c in (a, b) such that f(c) = M.
1.2. LIMITS 13
1.2 Limits
Evaluate the following limits. Use limit theorems, not - techniques. If any of
them fail to exist, say so and say why.
1. (a) lim
x10
x
2
100
x 10
(b) lim
x10
x
2
99
x 10
(c) lim
x10
x
2
100
x 9
(d) lim
x10
f(x), where
f(x) = x
2
for all x = 10,
but f(10) = 99.
(e) lim
x10
x
2
+ 20x 100
2. lim
x4
x
2
16
x + 4
ln |x|
3. lim
x
x
2
e
4x
1 4x
4. lim
x
3x
6
7x
5
+x
5x
6
+ 4x
5
3
5. lim
x
5x
7
7x
5
+ 1
2x
7
+ 6x
6
3
6. lim
x
2x + 3x
3
x
3
+ 2x 1
7. lim
x
5x + 2x
3
x
3
+x 7
8. lim
x
3x +|1 3x|
1 5x
9. lim
u
u
u
2
+ 1
10. lim
x
1 + 3x
2x
2
+x
11. lim
x
4x
2
+ 3x 7
7 3x
12. lim
x1
+
x 1
x
2
1
13. Let
f(x) =
_
x
2
1
|x1|
if x = 1,
4 if x = 1.
Find lim
x1
f(x).
14. Let F(x) =
2x
2
3x
|2x3|
.
(a) Find lim
x1.5
+
F(x).
(b) Find lim
x1.5
F(x).
(c) Does lim
x1.5
F(x) exist? Provide a
reason.
15. lim
x8
(x 8)(x + 2)
|x 8|
16. lim
x16
x 4
x 16
17. lim
x8
3
x 2
x 8
18. Find constants a and b such that
lim
x0
ax + b 2
x
= 1.
19. lim
x8
x
1/3
2
x 8
20. lim
x
_
x
2
+ x x
_
21. lim
x
_
x
2
+ 5x
x
2
+ 2x
_
22. lim
x
_
x
2
x + 1
x
2
+ 1
_
23. lim
x
_
x
2
+ 3x 2 x
_
24. Is there a number b such that lim
x2
bx
2
+ 15x + 15 + b
x
2
+x 2
exists? If so, nd the
value of b and the value of the limit.
25. Determine the value of a so that f(x) =
x
2
+ ax + 5
x + 1
has a slant asymptote
y = x + 3.
26. Prove that f(x) =
ln x
x
has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.
27. Let I be an open interval such that 4 I and let a function f be dened on
a set D = I\{4}. Evaluate lim
x4
f(x), where x + 2 f(x) x
2
10 for all
x D.
28. lim
x1
f(x), where 2x 1 f(x) x
2
for all x in the interval (0, 2).
29. Use the squeeze theorem to show that lim
x0
+
_
xe
sin(1/x)
_
= 0.
30. lim
x0
+
_
(x
2
+ x)
1/3
sin
_
1
x
2
__
31. lim
x0
x sin
_
e
x
_
32. lim
x0
x sin
_
1
x
2
_
33. lim
x/2
+
x
cot x
34. lim
x0
1 e
x
1 x
35. lim
x0
e
x
2
cos(x
2
)
x
2
36. lim
x1
x
76
1
x
45
1
37. lim
x0
(sin x)
100
x
99
sin 2x
38. lim
x0
x
100
sin 7x
(sin x)
99
39. lim
x0
x
100
sin 7x
(sin x)
101
40. lim
x0
arcsin 3x
arcsin 5x
41. lim
x0
sin 3x
sin 5x
42. lim
x0
x
3
sin
_
1
x
2
_
sin x
43. lim
x0
sin x
x sin 4x
44. lim
x0
1 cos x
x sin x
45. lim
x
x tan(1/x)
46. lim
x0
_
1
sin x

1
x
_
47. lim
x0
x sin x
x
3
48. lim
x0
+
(sin x)(ln sin x)
49. lim
x
ln x
x
50. lim
x
ln 3x
x
2
1.2. LIMITS 15
51. lim
x
(ln x)
2
x
52. lim
x1
ln x
x
53. lim
x0
ln(2 + 2x) ln 2
x
54. lim
x
ln((2x)
1/2
)
ln((3x)
1/3
)
55. lim
x0
ln(1 + 3x)
2x
56. lim
x1
ln(1 + 3x)
2x
57. lim
2
+
ln(sin )
cos
58. lim
x1
1 x + ln x
1 + cos(x)
59. lim
x0
_
1
x
2

1
tan x
_
60. lim
x0
(cosh x)
1
x
2
61. lim
x0
+
x
x
62. lim
x0
+
x
tan x
63. lim
x0
+
(sin x)
tan x
64. lim
x0
(1 + sin x)
1
x
65. lim
x
(x + sin x)
1
x
66. lim
x
x
1
x
67. lim
x
_
1 + sin
3
x
_
x
68. lim
x0
+
(x + sin x)
1
x
69. lim
x0
+
_
x
x + 1
_
x
70. lim
xe
+
(ln x)
1
xe
71. lim
xe
+
(ln x)
1
x
72. lim
x0
e
xsin(1/x)
73. lim
x0
(1 2x)
1/x
74. lim
x0
+
(1 + 7x)
1/5x
75. lim
x0
+
(1 + 3x)
1/8x
76. lim
x0
_
1 +
x
2
_
3/x
77. Let x
1
= 100, and for n 1, let
x
n+1
=
1
2
(x
n
+
100
x
n
). Assume that
L = lim
n
x
n
exists, and calculate L.
78. (a) Find lim
x0
1 cos x
x
2
, or show that
it does not exist.
(b) Find lim
x2
1 cos x
x
2
, or show that
it does not exist.
(c) Find lim
x1
arcsin x, or show that
it does not exist.
79. Compute the following limits or state
why they do not exist:
(a) lim
h0
4
16 + h
2h
(b) lim
x1
ln x
sin(x)
(c) lim
u
u
u
2
+ 1
(d) lim
x0
(1 2x)
1/x
(e) lim
x0
(sin x)
100
x
99
sin(2x)
(f) lim
x
1.01
x
x
100
80. Find the following limits. If a limit
does not exist, write DNE. No justi-
cation necessary.
(a) lim
x
(
x
2
+x x)
(b) lim
x0
cot(3x) sin(7x)
(c) lim
x0
+
x
x
(d) lim
x
x
2
e
x
(e) lim
x3
sin x x
x
3
81. Evaluate the following limits, if they
exist.
(a) lim
x0
f(x)
|x|
given that
lim
x0
xf(x) = 3.
(b) lim
x1
sin(x 1)
x
2
+x 2
(c) lim
x
x
2
+ 4x
4x + 1
(d) lim
x
(e
x
+x)
1/x
82. Evaluate the following limits, if they
exist.
(a) lim
x4
_
1
x 2

4
x 4
_
(b) lim
x1
x
2
1
e
1x
2
1
(c) lim
x0
(sin x)(ln x)
83. Evaluate the following limits. Use
or where appropriate.
(a) lim
x1
x + 1
x
2
1
(b) lim
x0
sin 6x
2x
(c) lim
x0
sinh 2x
xe
x
(d) lim
x0
+
(x
0.01
ln x)
84. Use the denition of limits to prove that
lim
x0
x
3
= 0.
85. (a) Sketch an approximate graph of f(x) = 2x
2
on [0, 2]. Show on this
graph the points P(1, 0) and Q(0, 2). When using the precise denition of
lim
x1
f(x) = 2, a number and another number are used. Show points
on the graph which these values determine. (Recall that the interval
determined by must not be greater than a particular interval determined
by .)
(b) Use the graph to nd a positive number so that whenever |x 1| <
it is always true that |2x
2
2| <
1
4
.
1.3. CONTINUITY 17
(c) State exactly what has to be proved to establish this limit property of
the function f.
86. If f
is continuous, use LHospitals rule to show that

lim
h0
f(x +h) f(x h)
2h
= f
(x).
Explain the meaning of this equation with the aid of a diagram.
1.3 Continuity
1. Given the function
f(x) =
_
c x if x
c sin x if x >
(a) Find the values of the constant c so that the function f(x) is continuous.
(b) For the value of c found above verify whether the 3 conditions for conti-
nuity are satised.
(c) Draw a graph of f(x) from x = to x = 3 indicating the scaling used.
2. (a) Use the Intermediate Value Property to show that 2
x
=
10
x
for some
x > 0.
(b) Show that the equation 2
x
=
10
x
has no solution for x < 0.
3. Sketch a graph of the function
f(x) =
_
_
2 x
2
if 0 x < 1
5
2
if x = 1
|2 x| if 1 < x 3
1
x3
if 3 < x 5
2 + sin(2x) if 5 < x 6
2 if x > 6
Answer the following questions by TRUE or FALSE:
(a) Is f continuous at:
i. x = 1?
ii. x = 6?
(b) Do the following limits exist?
i. lim
x1
f(x)
ii. lim
x3
f(x)
(c) Is f dierentiable
i. at x = 1?
ii. on (1, 3)?
4. Assume that
f(x) =
_
2 +
x if x 1
x
2
+
5
2
if x < 1
(a) Determine whether or not f is continuous at x = 1. Justify your answer
and state your conclusion.
(b) Using the denition of the derivative, determine f
(1).
5. Give one example of a function f(x) that is continuous for all values of x
except x = 3, where it has a removable discontinuity. Explain how you know
that f is discontinuous at x = 3, and how you know that the discontinuity is
removable.
1.4 Miscellaneous
1. (a) Solve the following equation:
x+1
= e.
(b) Solve the following equation: 2
3
x
= 10.
2. Find the domain of the function f(x) =
ln(ln(ln x))
x3
+ sin x.
3. (a) What is meant by saying that L is the limit of f(x) as x approaches a?
(b) What is meant by saying that the function f(x) is continuous at x = a?
(c) State two properties that a continuous function f(x) can have, either of
which guarantees the function is not dierentiable at x = a. Draw an
example for each.
Chapter 2
Dierentiation Rules
2.1 Introduction
1. Derivative. The derivative of a function f at a number a is
f
(a) = lim
h0
f(a +h) f(a)
h
if this limit exists.
2. Tangent Line. An equation of the tangent line to y = f(x) at (a, f(a)) is
given by y f(a) = f
(a)(x a).
3. Product and Quotient Rules. If f and g are both dierentiable, then
(fg)
= f g
+g f
and
_
f
g
_
=
g f
f g
g
2
, with g(x) = 0.
4. Chain Rule If f and g are both dierentiable and F = f g is the composite
function dened by F(x) = f(g(x)), then F is dierentiable and F
is given
by F
(x) = f
(g(x)) g
(x).
5. Implicit Dierentiation. Let a function y = y(x) be implicitly dened by
F(x, y) = G(x, y). To nd the derivative y
do the following:
(a) Use the chain rule to dierentiate both sides of the given equation, think-
ing of x as the independent variable.
(b) Solve the resulting equation for
dy
dx
.
6. The Method of Related Rates. If two variables are related by an equation
and both are functions of a third variable (such as time), we can nd a relation
19
20 CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIATION RULES
between their rates of change. We say the rates are related, and we can
compute one if we know the other. We proceed as follows:
(a) Identify the independent variable on which the other quantities depend
and assign it a symbol, such as t. Also, assign symbols to the variable
quantities that depend on t.
(b) Find an equation that relates the dependent variables.
(c) Dierentiate both sides of the equation with respect to t (using the chain
rule if necessary).
(d) Substitute the given information into the related rates equation and solve
for the unknown rate.
2.2 Derivatives
1. (a) Assume that f(x) is a real-valued function dened for all real numbers x
on an open interval whose center is a certain real number a. What does
it mean to say that f(x) has a derivative f
(a) at x = a, and what is the

value of f
(a)? (Give the denition of f
(a).)
(b) Use the denition of f
(a) you have just given in part (a) to show that if

f(x) =
1
2x 1
then f
(3) = 0.08.
(c) Find lim
h0
sin
7
_
6
+
h
2
_
_
1
2
_
7
h
.
2. Let I be a bounded function on R and dene f by f(x) = x
2
I(x). Show that
f is dierentiable at x = 0.
3. Use the denition of derivative to nd f
(2) for f(x) = x +

1
x
.
4. If g is continuous (but not dierentiable) at x = 0, g(0) = 8, and f(x) = xg(x),
nd f
(0).
5. (a) State the denition of the derivative of f(x) at x = a.
(b) Using the denition of the derivative of f(x) at x = 4, nd the value of
f
(4) if f(x) =
5 x.
6. Let f be a function that is continuous everywhere and let
F(x) =
_
f(x) sin
2
x
x
if x = 0,
0 if x = 0.
2.2. DERIVATIVES 21
Use the denition of derivatives to evaluate F
(0). Your answer should be in

terms of f.
7. The function
f(x) =
_
e
x
if x 1
mx +b if x > 1
is continuous and dierentiable at x = 1. Find the values for the constants m
and b.
8. Suppose the functions F(x) and G(x) satisfy the following properties:
F(3) = 2, G(3) = 4, G(0) = 3
F
(3) = 1, G
(3) = 0, G
(0) = 0
(a) If S(x) =
F(x)
G(x)
, nd S
(3). Simplify your answer.

(b) If T(x) = F(G(x)), nd T

(c) If U(x) = ln(F(x)), nd U

9. Suppose that f(x) and g(x) are dierentiable functions and that h(x) =
f(x)g(x). You are given the following table of values:
h(1) 24
g(1) 6
f
(1) 2
h
(1) 20
Using the table, nd g
(1).
10. Given F(x) = f
2
(g(x)), g(1) = 2, g
(1) = 3, f(2) = 4, and f
(2) = 5, nd
F
(1).
11. Compute the derivative of f(x) =
x
x 2
by
(a) using the limit denition of the derivative;
(b) using the quotient rule.
12. (a) Write down the formula for the derivative of f(x) = tan x. State how
you could use formulas for derivatives of the sine and cosine functions to
derive this formula. (DO NOT do this derivation.)
(b) Use the formula given in part (a) to derive the formula for the derivative
of the arctangent function.
(c) Use formulas indicated in parts (a) and (b) to evaluate and simplify the
derivative of g(x) = tan(x
2
) + arctan(x
2
) at x =
2
. That is, you want
to compute a simplied expression for g
2
_
.
13. If g(x) = 2x
3
+ ln x is the derivative of f(x), nd
lim
x0
f(1 + x) f(1)
x
.
14. Find
lim
x0
1 + x + (1 + x)
7
2
x
.
15. Let f(x) = x
2
sin
_
1
x
_
if x = 0, and f(0) = 0. Find f
(0) (or say why it

doesnt exist.)
16. Let f(x) = 2x + cos x. Say why f(x) is an increasing function for all x. Let
g(x) = f
1
(x), and calculate g
(0).
17. Show that
d
dx
(sin
1
x) =
1
1 x
2
.
18. Suppose that f is a dierentiable function such that f(g(x)) = x, and f
(x) =
1 + (f(x))
2
. Show that g
(x) =
1
1 + x
2
.
19. If y =
x
2
+ 1
x
2
1
x
2
+ 1 +
x
2
1
, show that
dy
dx
= 2x
2x
3
x
4
1
.
20. Let f be be a function dierentiable on R and such that for all x = 2, f(x) =
x
4
16
x 2
. Find f
(4)
(2).
21. Given y =
1
x
+ cos 2x, nd
d
5
y
dx
5
. Simplify your answer.
22. Find the values of A and B that make
f(x) =
_
x
2
+ 1 if x 0
Asin x +Bcos x if x < 0
dierentiable at x = 0.
2.2. DERIVATIVES 23
23. If f and g are two functions for which f
= g and g
= f for all x, then prove

that f
2
g
2
must be a constant.
24. Show that if f and g are twice dierentiable functions (i.e. both have contin-
uous second derivatives) then (fg) = fg + 2f
+fg.
25. Find y
when y =
(x + 2)
3 ln x
(x
2
+ 1)
1/2
.
26. Find y
when y = e
4 cosh
x
.
27. Find f
(0) for the function f(x) = sin

1
(x
2
+x) + 5
x
.
28. Given
y =
1 + 2x
4
1 + 4x
6
1 + 6x . . .
100
1 + 100x
3
1 + 3x
5
1 + 5x
7
1 + 7x . . .
101
1 + 101x
,
nd y
at x = 0.
29. The following questions involve derivatives.
(a) Evaluate D
t
cos
1
(cosh(e
3t
)), without simplifying your answer.
(b) Use logarithmic dierentiation to nd y
(u) as a function of u alone, where

y(u) =
_
(u + 1)(u + 2)
(u
2
+ 1)(u
2
+ 2)
_
1/3
,
without simplifying your answer.
30. Dierentiate y = cosh(arcsin(x
2
ln x)).
31. Given y = tan(cos
1
(e
4x
)), nd
dy
dx
. Do not simplify your answer.
Find the derivatives of the following functions:
32. (a) y = e
cos x
2
(b) y = x
20
arctan x
(c) y = x
ln x
33. (a) y = e
3 ln(2x+1)
(b) y = x
2x
(c) y =
e
2x
(x
2
+ 1)
3
(1 + sin x)
5
(d) x
2
+ 2xy
2
= 3y + 4
34. (a) y = x
sinh x
(b) ln(x +y) = xy y
3
35. (a) y = sec(sinh x)
(b) e
x
+e
y
= x
e
+y
e
+e
3
36. (a) f(x) =
3x
2
+ 1
e
x
(b) g(z) = sin
z
2
+ 1
(c) f(x) = x
x
(d) h(y) =
_
cos y
y
37. (a) f(x) =
1
x +
1
x
(b) g(x) = ln(
x
2
+ 1 sin
4
x)
38. (a) f(x) = arctan(
x)
(b) f(x) = cosh(5 ln x)
39. (a) f(x) = 10
3x
(b) f(x) = x
10
tanh x
(c) f(x) = x
cos x
40. (a) f(x) = x
x
2
(b) f(x) = ln(cos 3x)
41. (a) f(x) =
(x 1)
2
(x + 1)
3
(b) f(x) = 2
2x
(x
2
+ 1)
2/3
(c) f(x) = tan
2
(x
2
)
(d) f(x) = x
arctan x
(e) Compute f
(x) where
f(x) = sinh(2x).
42. (a) f(x) = 5x + x
5
+ 5
x
+
5
x + ln 5
(b) y = x
10
tanh x
(c) y = (ln x)
cos x
43. (a) f(x) = ln(sinh x)
(b) f(x) = e
xcos x
(c) f(x) =
sin x
1 + cos x
(d) f(x) = x
x
44. (a) f(x) = g(x
3
), where g
(x) =
1
x
2
(b) f(x) = x
2
sin
2
(2x
2
)
(c) f(x) = (x + 2)
x
45. (a) y = sec
x
2
+ 1
(b) y = x
e
x
46. (a) y = x
3
+ 3
x
+x
3x
(b) y = e
5x
cosh 3x
(c) tan
1
y
x
=
1
2
ln(x
2
+y
2
)
(d) y =
x
5
e
x
3
3
x
2
+ 1
(x + 1)
4
47. (a) f(x) =
ln(x
2
3x + 8)
sec(x
2
+ 7x)
(b) f(x) = arctan(cosh(2x 3))
(c) f(x) = cos(e
3x4
)
(d) f(x) = (tan x)
ln x+x
2
(e) f(x) = (sec
2
x tan
2
x)
45
48. (a) h(t) = e
tan(
t
3
)
(b) 2y
2/3
= 4y
2
ln x
(c) f(y) = 3
log
7
(arcsin y)
49. (a) f(x) = sin
1
(x
2
+x) + 5
x
(b) g(x) = cosh
_
x+1
x
2
3
_
50. (a) f(x) =
sinh
1
(2
x
)
e
4x
+a
, a R
(b) g(x) =
(2 + cos(3x
2
))e
x
3
x
51. (a) Find
d
2
y
dx
2
if y = arctan(x
2
).
(b) y = x
x
2.3. RELATED RATES 25
2.3 Related Rates
1. A ladder 15 ft long rests against a vertical wall. Its top slides down the wall
while its bottom moves away along the level ground at a speed of 2 ft/s. How
fast is the angle between the top of the ladder and the wall changing when the
angle is /3 radians?
2. A ladder 12 meters long leans against a wall. The foot of the ladder is pulled
away from the wall at the rate
1
2
m/min. At what rate is the top of the ladder
falling when the foot of the ladder is 4 meters from the wall?
3. A rocket R is launched vertically and its tracked from a radar station S which
is 4 miles away from the launch site at the same height above sea level.
At a certain instant after launch, R is 5 miles away from S and the distance
from R to S is increasing at a rate of 3600 miles per hour. Compute the
vertical speed v of the rocket at this instant.
4. A boat is pulled into a dock by means of a rope attached to a pulley on the
dock, Figure 2.1. The rope is attached to the bow of the boat at a point 1 m
below the pulley. If the rope is pulled through the pulley at a rate of 1 m/sec,
at what rate will the boat be approaching the dock when 10 m of rope is out.
Figure 2.1: Boat, Pulley, and Dock
5. A person (A) situated at the edge of the river observes the passage of a speed
boat going downstream. The boat travels exactly through the middle of the
river (at the distance d from the riverbank.) The river is 10 m wide. When
the boat is at = 60
0
(see gure) the observer measures the rate of change of
the angle to be 2 radians/second.
?
6
w = 10 m
,
A
d
y
"
"
"
"
"
z
- ,
v
What is the speed, v, of the speed boat at that instant?
6. An airplane ying horizontally at an altitude of y = 3 km and at a speed of
480 km/h passes directly above an observer on the ground. How fast is the
distance D from the observer to the airplane increasing 30 seconds later?
7. An airplane ying horizontally at a constant height of 1000 m above a xed
radar station. At a certain instant the angle of elevation at the station is
4
radians and decreasing at a rate of 0.1 rad/sec. What is the speed of the
aircraft at this moment.
8. A kite is rising vertically at a constant speed of 2 m/s from a location at
ground level which is 8 m away from the person handling the string of the
kite.
y
z
8m
kite
x
(a) Let z be the distance from the kite to the person. Find the rate of change
of z with respect to time t when z = 10.
(b) Let x be the angle the string makes with the horizontal. Find the rate
of change of x with respect to time t when the kite is y = 6 m above
ground.
9. A balloon is rising at a constant speed 4m/sec. A boy is cycling along a
straight road at a speed of 8m/sec. When he passes under the balloon, it is
36 metres above him. How fast is the distance between the boy and balloon
increasing 3 seconds later.
10. A helicopter takes o from a point 80 m away from an observer located on the
ground, and rises vertically at 2 m/s. At what rate is elevation angle of the
observers line of sight to the helicopter changing when the helicopter is 60 m
above the ground.
11. An oil slick on a lake is surrounded by a oating circular containment boom.
As the boom is pulled in, the circular containment boom. As the boom is
pulled in, the circular containment area shrinks (all the while maintaining the
shape of a circle.) If the boom is pulled in at the rate of 5 m/min, at what
rate is the containment area shrinking when it has a diameter of 100m?
12. Consider a cube of variable size. (The edge length is increasing.) Assume that
the volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of 10 cm
3
/minute. How fast
is the surface area increasing when the edge length is 8 cm?
13. The height of a rectangular box is increasing at a rate of 2 meters per second
while the volume is decreasing at a rate of 5 cubic meters per second. If
the base of the box is a square, at what rate is one of the sides of the base
decreasing, at the moment when the base area is 64 square meters and the
height is 8 meters?
14. Sand is pouring out of a tube at 1 cubic meter per second. It forms a pile
which has the shape of a cone. The height of the cone is equal to the radius of
the circle at its base. How fast is the sandpile rising when it is 2 meters high?
15. A water tank is in the shape of a cone with vertical axis and vertex downward.
The tank has radius 3 m and is 5 m high. At rst the tank is full of water,
but at time t = 0 (in seconds), a small hole at the vertex is opened and the
water begins to drain. When the height of water in the tank has dropped to
3 m, the water is owing out at 2 m
3
/s. At what rate, in meters per second,
is the water level dropping then?
16. A boy starts walking north at a speed of 1.5 m/s, and a girl starts walking
west at the same point P at the same time at a speed of 2 m/s. At what rate
is the distance between the boy and the girl increasing 6 seconds later?
17. At noon of a certain day, the ship A is 60 miles due north of the ship B. If
the ship A sails east at speed of 15 miles per hour and B sails north at speed
of 12.25 miles per hour, determine how rapidly the distance between them is
changing 4 hours later?
18. A lighthouse is located on a small island three (3) km o-shore from the nearest
point P on a straight shoreline. Its light makes four (4) revolutions per minute.
How fast is the light beam moving along the shoreline when it is shining on a
point one (1) km along the shoreline from P?
19. A police car, approaching right-angled intersection from the north, is chasing
a speeding SUV that has turned the corner and is now moving straight east.
When the police car is 0.6 km north of intersection and the SUV is 0.8 km
east of intersection, the police determine with radar that the distance between
them and the SUV is increasing at 20 km/hr. If the police car is moving at
60 km/hr at the instant of measurement, what is the speed of the SUV?
2.4 Tangent Lines and Implicit Dierentiation
1. At what point on the curve y = sinh x does the tangent line have a slope of 1?
2. Find the point(s) on the graph y = x
3
where the line through the point (4, 0)
is tangent to y.
3. (a) Find arcsin
_
2
_
(b) Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = arcsin x when
x =
1
2
.
4. Find the equation of the line that is tangent to the graph of y =
x
1
x
at
x = 1.
5. Let C be the curve y = (x 1)
3
and let L be the line 3y +x = 0.
(a) Find the equation of all lines that are tangent to C and are also perpen-
dicular to L.
(b) Draw a labeled diagram showing the curve C, the line L, and the line(s)
of your solution to part (a). For each line of your solution, mark on
the diagram the point where it is tangent to C and (without necessarily
calculating the coordinates) the point where it is perpendicular to L.
2.4. TANGENT LINES AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 29
6. Find
dy
dx
for the curve e
y
ln(x +y) + 1 = cos(xy) at the point (1, 0).
Find
dy
dx
if:
7. x
5
+ y
5
= 5xy
8. x
y
= y
x
9. e
y
3
x
= x sinh y
10. sinh x cos y = x
2
y
11. ln(x y) = xy +y
3
12. Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve y +x ln y 2x = 0 at the point
(1/2, 1).
13. Use implicit dierentiation to answer the following:
(a) Find the tangent line to the graph of sin(x + y) = y
2
cos x at (0, 0).
(b) Show that the tangent lines to the graph of x
2
xy+y
2
= 3, at the points
where the graph crosses the x-axis, are parallel to each other.
14. The curve implicitly dened by
x sin y + y sin x =
passes through the point P = P
_
2
,

2
_
.
(a) Find the slope of the tangent line through P.
(b) Write the tangent line through P.
15. Write the equation of the line tangent to the curve sin(x + y) = xe
x+y
at the
origin (0, 0).
16. Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve xy = 6e
2x3y
at the point (3, 2).
17. (a) Find
dy
dx
for the function dened implicitly by x
2
y +ay
2
= b, where a and
b are xed constants.
(b) For the function dened in part (a) nd the values of the constants a
and b if the point (1, 1) is on the graph and the tangent line at (1, 1) is
4x + 3y = 7.
18. Let l be any tangent to the curve

x +
y =
k, k > 0. Show that the sum

of the x-intercept and the y-intercept of l is k.
19. Show that the length of the portion of any tangent line to the curve
x
2/3
+y
2/3
= 9,
cut o by the coordinate axis is constant. What is this length?
20. Let C denote the circle whose equation is (x 5)
2
+y
2
= 25. Notice that the
point (8, 4) lies on the circle C. Find the equation of the line that is tangent
to C at the point (8, 4).
21. The so called devils curve is described by the equation
y
2
(y
2
4) = x
2
(x
2
5).
(a) Compute the y-intercept of the curve.
(b) Use implicit dierentiation to nd an expression for
dy
dx
at the point (x, y).
(c) Give an equation for the tangent line to curve at (
5, 0).
22. The equation e
y
+y(x2) = x
2
8 denes y implicitly as a function of x near
the point (3, 0).
(a) Determine the value of y
at this point.
(b) Use the linear approximation to estimate the value of y when x = 2.98.
23. The equation e
y
+ y(x 3) = x
2
15 denes y implicitly as a function of x
near the point A(4, 0).
(a) Determine the values of y
and y at this point.

(b) Use the tangent line approximation to estimate the value of y when x =
3.95.
(c) Is the true value of y greater or less than the approximation in part (b)?
Make a sketch showing how the curve relates to the tangent line near the
point A(4, 0).
Chapter 3
Applications of Dierentiation
3.1 Introduction
1. Absolute Maximum and Minimum. A function f has an absolute maxi-
mum at c if f(c) f(x) for all x D, the domain of f. The number f(c) is
called the maximum value of f on D.
A function f has an absolute minimum at c if f(c) f(x) for all x D, the
domain of f. The number f(c) is called the minimum value of f on D.
2. Local Maximum and Minimum. A function f has a local maximum at c
if f(c) f(x) for all x in an open interval containing c.
A function f has a local minimum at c if f(c) f(x) for all x in an open
interval containing c.
3. Extreme Value Theorem. If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then
f attains an absolute maximum value f(c) and an absolute minimum value
f(d) at some numbers c, d [a, b].
4. Fermats Theorem. If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and f
(c)
exists, then f
(c) = 0.
5. Critical Number. A critical number of a function f is a number c in the
domain of f such that either f
(c) = 0 or f
(c) does not exist.

6. Closed Interval Method. To nd the absolute maximum and minimum
values of a continuous function f on a closed interval [a, b]:
(a) Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in (a, b).
31
32 CHAPTER 3. APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION
(b) Find the values of f at the endpoints of the interval.
(c) The largest of the values from Step 1 and Step 2 is the absolute maximum
value; the smallest of these values is the absolute minimum value.
7. Rolles Theorem. Let f be a function that satises the following three
hypotheses:
(a) f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b].
(b) f is dierentiable on the open interval (a, b).
(c) f(a) = f(b).
Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that f
(c) = 0.
8. The Mean Value Theorem. Let f be a function that satises the following
hypotheses:
(a) f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b].
(b) f is dierentiable on the open interval (a, b).
(c) =
f(b) f(a)
b a
or, equiva-
lently, f(b) f(a) = f
(c)(b a).
9. Increasing/Decreasing Test.
(a) If f
(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(b) If f
(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

10. The First Derivative Test. Suppose that c is a critical number of a contin-
uous function f.
(a) If f
changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local maximum

at c.
(b) If f
changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local minimum

at c.
(c) If f
does not change sign at c, then f has no local minimum or maximum

at c.
11. Concavity. If the graph of f lies above all of its tangent lines on an interval
I, then it is called concave upward on I. If the graph of f lies below all of its
tangents on I, it is called concave downward on I.
3.1. INTRODUCTION 33
12. Concavity Test.
(a) If f(x) > 0 for all x I, then the graph of f is concave upward on I.
(b) If f(x) < 0 for all x I, then the graph of f is concave downward on I.
13. Inection Point. A point P on a curve y = f(x) is called an inection point
if f is continuous there the curve changes from concave upward to concave
downward or from concave downward to concave upward at P.
14. The Second Derivative Test. Suppose f is continuous near c.
(a) If f
(c) = 0 and f(c) > 0 then f has a local minimum at c.

(b) If f
(c) = 0 and f(c) < 0 then f has a local maximum at c.

15. Linear Approximation. The linear function L(x) = f(a) + f
(a)(x a) is
called the linearization of f at a. For x close to a we have that f(x) L(x) =
f(a) +f
(a)(x a) and this approximation is called the linear approximation

of f at a.
16. Dierential. Let f be a function dierentiable at x R. Let x = dx be a
(small) given number. The dierential dy is dened as dy = f
(x)x.
17. Newtons Method. To estimate a solution, say x = r, to the equation
f(x) = 0:
(a) Begin with an initial guess x
1
.
(b) Calculate x
2
= x
1
f(x
1
)
f
(x
1
)
.
(c) If x
n
is known then x
n+1
= x
n
f(x
n
)
f
(x
n
)
.
(d) If x
n
and x
n
+1 agree to k decimal places then x
n
approximates the root
r up to k decimal places and f(x
n
) 0.
18. Antiderivative. A function F is called an antiderivative of f on an interval
I if F
(x) = f(x) for all x I.

19. Natural Growth/Decay Equation. The natural growth/decay is modeled
by the initial-value problem
dy
dt
= ky, y(0) = y
0
, k R.
20. Newtons Law of Cooling and Heating is given as
dT
dt
= k(T T
s
)
where k is a constant, T = T(t) is the temperature of the object at time t and
T
s
is the temperature of surroundings.
3.2 Curve Sketching
1. Sketch the graph of f(x) = 3x
4
8x
3
+ 10, after answering the following
questions.
(a) Where is the graph increasing, and where is decreasing?
(b) Where is the graph concave upward, and where is it concave downward?
(c) Where are the local minima and local maxima? Establish conclusively
that they are local minima and maxima.
(d) Where are the inection points?
(e) What happens to f(x) as x and as x .
2. In this question we consider the function f(x) =
x 3
x
2
9
.
(a) Find the domain of f.
(b) Find the coordinates of all x- and y-intercepts, if any.
(c) Find all horizontal and vertical asymptotes, if any.
(d) Find all critical numbers, if any.
(e) Find all intervals on which f is increasing and those on which f is de-
creasing.
(f) Find the (x, y) coordinates of all maximum and minimum points, if any.
(g) Find all intervals on which f is concave up and those on which f is
concave down.
(h) Find the (x, y) coordinates of all inection points, if any.
(i) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) using all of the above information. All
relevant points must be labeled.
3. Given f(x) =
x
2
1
x
:
3.2. CURVE SKETCHING 35
(a) Find the domain and x-intercepts.
(b) Find all asymptotes.
(c) Determine the intervals on which the function is increasing or decreasing.
Find the local maximum and minimum, if they exist.
(d) Determine the intervals on which the function is concave upward or down-
ward. Find the inection points, if they exist.
(e) Sketch the graph.
4. Consider the function f(x) = x
3
2x
2
x + 1 on the interval [1, 3].
(a) The derivative of f is:
(b) The critical points for f are:
(c) The second derivative of f is:
(d) The points of inection of f are:
(e) The intervals on which f is increasing are:
(f) The intervals on which f is concave up are:
(g) The intervals on which f is concave down are:
(h) f has an absolute maximum at:
(i) f has an absolute minimum at:
(j) f has a local but not absolute maximum at:
(k) f has a local but not absolute minimum at:
(l) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) using all of the above information. All
5. The aim of this problem is to sketch the graph of f(x) where
f(x) =
x
2
2
x
4
, f
(x) = 2
x
2
4
x
5
, f(x) = 2
3x
2
20
x
6
.
(a) Find the following derivatives and say what, if anything, they tell us
about asymptotes of the graph of y = f(x).
i. lim
x0
f(x)
ii. lim
x0
+
f(x)
iii. lim
x
f(x)
iv. lim
x
f(x)
(b) Find the intervals on which f is increasing and decreasing.
(c) Find the intervals on which f is concave up and concave down.
(d) The the x-intercepts.
(e) Find the coordinates of all inection points.
(f) Indicate the coordinates of all points where the graph of f has horizontal
tangents. Are they local minima or maxima. Justify.
(g) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) using all of the above information. All
relevant points must be labeled. You may need the numerical values:
2 1.414,
_
20
3
2.582, and
21
200
= 0.105.
6. The goal of this exercise is to sketch the plot of f(x) =
1
(1 + e
x
)
2
.
(a) Find the domain of f.
(b) Prove that the derivative of f is given by f
(x) =
2e
x
(1 + e
x
)
3
.
(c) Prove that the second derivative of f is given by f(x) =
2e
x
(2e
x
1)
(1 + e
x
)
4
.
(d) Find the equations of the two horizontal asymptotes by nding limits of
f(x) at x + and .
(e) Find any x- and y-intercepts.
(f) Prove there are no critical points.
(g) Prove that
_
ln 2,
4
9
_
is the only inection point.
(h) Find the intervals on which f is concave up and those on which f is
concave down.
(i) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) using all of the above information. (You
may need ln 2 0.7,
4
9
0.44.)
7. Let
f(x) =
x
2
4x
(x + 4)
2
, f
(x) =
4(3x 4)
(x + 4)
3
, f(x) =
24(x 4)
(x + 4)
4
.
(a) Find any x- and y-intercepts.
(b) Determine any horizontal asymptotes of f(x) by taking appropriate lim-
its.
(c) Determine any vertical asymptotes of f(x) by taking appropriate limits.
(d) Fill in the sign of each factor of f
(x) on the indicated intervals and

thereby determine the sign of f
(x). Use this to determine where f(x) is

increasing/decreasing.
(, 4) (4, 4/3) (4/3, )
(x + 4)
3
3x 4
f
(x)
f(x)
(e) Determine the location of any local extrema of f(x) and indicate whether
they are minima or maxima.
(f) Fill in the sign of each factor of f(x) on the indicated intervals and
thereby determine the sign of f(x). Use this to determine where f(x) is
concave up/down.
(, 4) (4, 4) (4, )
24
3
(x + 4)
4
x 4
f(x)
f(x)
(g) Determine the locations of any inection points of f(x).
(h) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) using all of the above information.
8. Let
f(x) =
4 4x
x
2
, f
(x) =
4(x 2)
x
3
, f(x) =
8(3 x)
x
4
.
Determine the following. Show all your work.
(a) The domain of f.
(b) The x- and y-coordinates of all intercepts.
(c) All asymptotes.
(d) The intervals on which f increases and the intervals on which f decreases.
(e) The x- and y-coordinates of all critical points, each classied as a local
maximum, minimum or neither.
(f) The intervals on which f is concave up and the intervals on which f is
concave down.
(g) The x- and y-coordinates of all inection points.
(h) Sketch the graph of f using all of the above information and label all
pertinent points and lines.
9. Sketch the graph of
y = 4x
1/3
+x
4/3
.
On your graph clearly indicate and label all intercepts, local extrema, and
inection points.
2/3
_
5
2
x
_
.
(a) Explain why f is continuous for x (, ).
(b) Determine the behavior of f as x .
(c) Given that f
(x) =
5
3x
1/3
(1 x), determine the regions of increase and
decrease of f.
(d) Identify the locations of the relative extrema of f and classify them as
maxima or minima.
(e) Given that f
(x) =
5
9x
4/3
(1 + 2x), determine the concavity of f.
(f) Identify the inection points of f.
(g) Sketch the graph of f.
11. Graph y = x
x
.
12. Let
f(x) =
x
2
+ 2
x
2
4
, f
(x) =
12x
(x
2
4)
2
, f(x) =
12(3x
2
+ 4)
(x
2
4)
3
.
(a) Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of the given function (if any).
(b) Find the intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing, and
local maximum and local minimum values of the function (if any).
(c) Find the intervals where the function is concave upward or downward
and the inection points.
(d) Sketch a graph of the function.
13. Let
f(x) = x
2
e
x
, f
(x) = (2x x
2
)e
x
, f(x) = (2 4x +x
2
)e
x
.
(a) Does the graph f have any vertical or horizontal asymptotes. If so, what
are they?
(b) Determine the intervals of increase and decrease of this function. Also
determine the extreme values.
(c) Determine the intervals of upwards and downwards concavity of this func-
tion. Also determine any points of inection.
(d) Sketch a graph of this function. Clearly label the local extrema and points
of inection.
14. Let
f(x) = e
1/x
, f
(x) =
e
1/x
x
2
, f(x) =
e
1/x
(2x + 1)
x
4
.
(a) What is the domain of f.
(b) Determine any points of intersection of the graph of f with the x and y
axes.
(c) Determine any horizontal asymptotes of f.
(d) Determine any vertical asymptotes of f.
(e) For each interval in the table below, indicate whether f is increasing or
decreasing.
(, 0) (0, )
f(x)
(f) Determine the x coordinates of any local extrema of f.
(g) For each interval in the table below, indicate whether f is concave up or
concave down.
(, 1/2) (1/2, 0) (0, )
f(x)
(h) Determine the x coordinates of any inection points on the graph of f.
15. Let f(x) = e
2x
2
.
(a) Find any horizontal and vertical asymptotes of f(x).
(b) Find the intervals where f(x) is increasing and the intervals where f(x)
is decreasing.
(c) Find the x values at which any local maxima or local minima occur and
state whether a local maximum or a local minimum occurs.
(d) Give the interval where f(x) is concave up and the intervals where f(x)
is concave down.
(e) Find the inection points of f(x).
3
e
x+5
. The rst and second derivatives are:
f
= x
2
(3 x)e
x+5
, f
= x(x
2
6x + 6)e
x+5
.
(a) Determine the critical points of f.
(b) Determine the intervals on which the function is increasing, and those on
which the function is decreasing. Classify the critical point(s) as either
local maxima, local minima, or neither.
(c) Determine where f is concave up and where it is concave down. Identify
any inection points.
(d) What is the end behaviour of f (i.e. what is happening as x and
x )?
(e) Indicate which of graphs on Figure 3.1 is the graph of y = f(x). Also,
identify the critical points and inection points on the graph youve cho-
sen and write in the x-coordinates of these points.
A B
C D
Figure 3.1: Find the graph of y = x
3
e
x+5
17. Let f(x) =
18(x 1)
x
2
. Then f
(x) =
18(2 x)
x
3
and f(x) =
36(x 3)
x
4
. Give
the following:
(b) The x and y coordinates of all intercepts of f.
(c) The equations of asymptotes.
(d) The intervals on which f is increasing and those on which f is decreasing.
(e) The x and y coordinates of all critical points, each classied as a max,
min, or neither.
(f) The intervals on which f is concave up and those on which f is concave
down.
(g) The x and y coordinates of all inection points of f.
(h) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) using all of the above information. All
18. Let f(x) =
x + 3
x
2
+ 1
. Then f
(x) =
1 3x
(x
2
+ 1)
3/2
and f(x) =
6x
2
3x 3
(x
2
+ 1)
5/2
.
Give the following:
(b) The x and y coordinates of all intercepts of f.
(c) The equations of asymptotes, if any.
(d) All critical points, if any.
(e) The intervals on which f is increasing and those on which f is decreasing.
(f) The classication of each critical point, if any, as a minimum or maximum,
local or global, or not an extremum.
(g) The intervals on which f is concave up and those on which f is concave
down.
(h) The x and y coordinates of all inection points of f, if any.
19. Consider the function
f(x) = (5 2x)x
2/3
.
For your convenience, the rst and second derivative of f(x) are
f
(x) =
10(1 x)
3x
1/3
, f(x) =
10(1 + 2x)
9x
4/3
.
(a) Locate any intercepts of f.
(b) Locate any asymptotes of f.
(c) Determine where f is increasing and decreasing.
(d) Locate the local extrema of f.
(e) Determine where f is concave upward or concave downward.
(f) Locate all inection points of f.
(g) Sketch a graph of the function.
20. Consider the function
f(x) =
x
x
2
1
.
For your convenience, the rst and second derivative of f(x) are
f
(x) =
x
2
+ 1
(x
2
1)
2
, and f(x) =
2x(x
2
+ 3)
(x
2
1)
3
.
(a) Determine any horizontal and vertical asymptotes of f.mine
(b) Determine the open intervals on which f is increasing as well those on
which f is decreasing.
(c) Determine the open intervals on which f is concave upward as well those
on which f is concave downward.
(d) Based on the information found in Parts (a) to (c), sketch a graph of f.
Indicate any relative extremum, inection points and intercepts on your
graph.
21. Given is the function
f(x) =
x
3
2x
3x
2
9
.
(a) Give the domain of f.
(b) Is f an even function, odd function, or neither?
(c) Find all the x and y-intercepts of the graph f.
(d) Find all horizontal, vertical, and slant asymptotes of the graph of f. If
asymptotes of a certain kind are absent, explain why.
(e) Find the intervals where the graph of f is increasing or decreasing and
the locations and values of the local maxima and minima.
(f) Find the intervals where the graph of f is concave upward and concave
downward and the infection points.
(g) Sketch the graph and clearly indicate the features found in parts (a)-(f).
22. Suppose f is a function satisfying the following conditions:
lim
x3
+
f(x) = +, lim
x3
f(x) = , lim
x
f(x) = 2, lim
x
f(x) = 1,
f(0) = 3, and
f
(x) < 0 for all x = 3, f(x) > 0 for all x > 3, f(x) < 0 for all x < 3.
Draw a graph of the function f with all asymptotes and intercepts clearly
labeled.
23. (a) Plot the graph of a function f which has only one point of discontinuity
on its domain [4, ) and that satises:
lim
x
f(x) = 2 f(x) < 0 if 4 < x < 1
lim
x0
f(x) = f(x) > 0 if 1 < x < 0

f(0) = 2 f(x) < 0 if 0 < x < 4
f(x) > 0 if 4 < x <
f
(x) < 0 if 4 < x < 1

f
(x) > 0 if 1 < x < 0

f
(x) > 0 if 0 < x < 2

f
(x) < 0 if 2 < x <

(b) Find all points of inection for this graph, and for each point of inection,
determine if it is possible that f(x) = 0.
24. The graphs of r, s, f
, and g
are shown on Figure 3.2, as labelled (these func-

tions are all unrealted). For each question, tick the box if the corresponding
function r, s, f, or g has the stated property. Note that you can tick more
than one box.
(a) The function is increasing over the interval (1, 3).
r s f g None of them
(b) The function has a critical point when x = 3.
(c) The function has an inection point when x = 1.
r(x) = (x 1)
1/3
+ 2 f
(x) = 3x
2
6x 9
s(x) = sin[(x 1)/4] 0.5 g
(x) = 2x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 6x
Figure 3.2: Four Graphs
(d) The function is concave up over the interval (0, 2).
(e) The function has a point where the second derivative does not exist.
25. The graphs of four functions are shown on Figure 3.3. For each question, tick
the box if the corresponding function r, s, f, or g has the stated property.
Note that you can tick more than one box.
(a) The derivative of the function is zero at x = 1.
A B C D None of them
(b) The function has a point where the second derivative does not exist.
3.3. OPTIMIZATION 45
y = (x 3)
2/3
y = 0.5(x 3)
2
y = x
3
3x
2
9x + 1 y = sin[(x 1)/4] 0.5
Figure 3.3: Four Graphs
(c) The derivative of the function is negative on the whole interval (2, 0).
(d) The function has a critical point when x = 3.
(e) The second derivative is positive over the whole interval (2, 5).
26. For what values of the constants a and b is (1, 6) a point of inection of the
curve y = x
3
+ ax
2
+bc + 1? Justify your answer.
3.3 Optimization
1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f(x) = 3x
2
9x on the
interval [1, 2].
2. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f(x) = x
3
12x 5 on
the interval [4, 6]. Clearly explain your reasoning.
3. If a and b are positive numbers, nd the maximum value of f(x) = x
a
(1 x)
b
.
4. Find all critical points of the function f(x) = |3x 5| on the interval [3, 2].
Also nd all maxima and minima of this function on [3, 2], both local and
global.
5. The sum of two positive numbers is 12. What is the smallest possible value of
the sum of their squares? Show your reasoning.
6. If a and b are positive numbers, nd the x coordinate which gives the absolute
maximum value of f(x) = x
a
(1 x)
b
on the interval [0, 1].
7. Find the point on the curve x +y
2
= 0 that is closest to the point (0, 3).
8. A straight piece of wire 40 cm long is cut into two pieces. One piece is bent
into a circle and the other is bent into a square. How should wire be cut so
that the total area of both circle and square is minimized?
9. A straight piece of wire of 28 cm is cut into two pieces. One piece is bent into
a square (i.e., dimensions x times x.) The other piece is bent into a rectangle
with aspect ratio three (i.e., dimensions y times 3y.)
What are dimensions, in centimeters, of the square and the rectangle such that
the sum of their areas is minimized?
10. With a straight piece of wire 4m long, you are to create an equilateral triangle
and a square, or either one only. Suppose a piece of length x meters is bent
into triangle and the reminder is bent into a square. Find the value of x which
maximizes the total area of both triangle and square.
11. A rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes is to be inscribed in the
region enclosed by the graphs of y = x
2
and y = 4 so that its perimeter has
maximum length.
(a) Sketch the region under consideration.
(b) Supposing that the x-coordinate of the bottom right vertex of the rect-
angle is a, nd a formula which expresses P, the length of the perimeter,
in terms of a.
(c) Find the value of a which gives the maximum value of P, and explain
why you know that this value of a gives a maximum.
(d) What is the maximum value of P, the length of the perimeter of the
rectangle?
12. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of largest area that has its base on the
x-axis and its other two vertices above the x-axis and lying on the parabola
y = 12 x
2
.
13. A farmer has 400 feet of fencing with which to build a rectangular pen. He
will use part of an existing straight wall 100 feet long as part of one side of
the perimeter of the pen. What is the maximum area that can be enclosed?
14. A 10
2 ft wall stands 5 ft from a building, see Figure 3.4. Find the length L
of the shortest ladder, supported by the wall, that reaches from the ground to
the building.
Figure 3.4: Building, Wall, and Ladder
15. In an elliptical sport eld we want to design a rectangular soccer eld with the
maximum possible area. The sport eld is given by the graph of
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1.
Find the length 2x and width 2y of the pitch (in terms of a and b) that
maximize the area of the pitch. [Hint: express the area of the pitch as a
function of x only.]
16. The top and bottom margins of a poster are each 6 cm, and the side margins
are each 4 cm. If the area of the printed material on the poster (that is,
the area between the margins) is xed at 384 cm
2
, nd the dimensions of the
poster with the smallest total area.
17. Each rectangular page of a book must contain 30 cm
2
of printed text, and each
page must have 2 cm margins at top and bottom, and 1 cm margin at each
side. What is the minimum possible area of such a page?
18. Maya is 2 km oshore in a boat and wishes to reach a coastal village which
is 6 km down a straight shoreline from the point on the shore nearest to the
boat. She can row at 2 km/hr and run at 5 km/hr. Where should she land
her boat to reach the village in the least amount of time?
19. A rectangular box has a square base with edge length x of at least 1 unit. The
total surface area of its six sides is 150 square units.
(a) Express the volume V of this box as a function of x.
(b) Find the domain of V (x).
(c) Find the dimensions of the box in part (a) with the greatest possible
volume. What is this greatest possible volume?
20. An open-top box is to have a square base and a volume of 10 m
3
. The cost
per square meter of material is $5 for the bottom and $2 for the four sides.
Let x and y be lengths of the boxs width and height respectively. Let C be
the total cost of material required to make the box.
(a) Express C as a function of x and nd its domain.
(b) Find the dimensions of the box so that the cost of materials is minimized.
What is this minimum cost?
21. An open-top box is to have a square base and a volume of 13500 cm
3
. Find
the dimensions of the box that minimize the amount of material used.
22. A water trough is to be made from a long strip of tin 6 ft wide by bending up
at an the angle a 2 ft strip at each side. What angle would maximize the
cross sectional area, and thus the volume, of the trough? (See Figure 3.5.)
23. Find the dimension of the right circular cylinder of maximum volume that can
be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius R and height H.
24. A hollow plastic cylinder with a circular base and open top is to be made and
10 m
2
plastic is available. Find the dimensions of the cylinder that give the
maximum volume and nd the value of the maximum volume.
Figure 3.5: Water Trough
25. An open-topped cylindrical pot is to have volume 250 cm
3
.The material for
the bottom of the pot costs 4 cents per cm
2
; that for its curved side costs 2
cents per cm
2
. What dimensions will minimize the total cost of this pot?
26. Cylindrical soup cans are to be manufactured to contain a given volume V .
No waste is involved in cutting the material for the vertical side of each can,
but each top and bottom which are circles of radius r, are cut from a square
that measures 2r units on each side. Thus the material used to manufacture
each soup can has an area of A = 2rh + 8r
2
square units.
(a) How much material is wasted in making each soup can?
(b) Find the ratio of the height to diameter for the most economical can (i.e.
requiring the least amount of material for manufacture.)
(c) Use either the rst or second derivative test to verify that you have min-
imized the amount of material used for making each can.
27. A storage container is to be made in the form of a right circular cylinder and
have a volume of 28 m
3
. Material for the top of the container costs $5 per
square metre and material for the side and base costs $2 per square metre.
What dimensions will minimize the total cost of the container?
28. Show that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed inside a sphere
of radius R is
32R
3
81
.
29. The sound level measured in watts per square meter, varies in direct proportion
to the power of the source and inversely as the square of the distance from the
source, so that is given by y = kPx
2
, where y is the sound level, P is the
source power, x is the distance form the source, and k is a positive constant.
Two beach parties, 100 meters apart, are playing loud music on their portable
stereos. The second partys stereo has 64 times as much power as the rst.
The music approximates the white noise, so the power from the two sources
arriving at a point between them adds, without any concern about whether
the sources are in or out of phase. To what point on the line segment between
the two parties should I go, if I wish to enjoy as much quiet as possible?
Demonstrate that you have found an absolute minimum, not just a relative
minimum.
3.4 Mean Value Theorem
1. Verify that the function
g(x) =
3x
x + 7
satises the hypothesis of the Mean Value Theorem on the interval [1, 2].
Then nd all numbers c that satisfy the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem.
Leave your nal answer(s) exact.
2. Use the Mean Value Theorem to show that | sin b sin a| |b a|, for all real
numbers a and b.
3. Two horses start a race at the same time and nish in a tie. Prove that at
some time during the race they have the same speed.
4. (a) Complete the following statement of the Mean Value Theorem precisely.
Let f be a function that is continuous on the interval . . . . . . . and
dierentiable on the interval . . . . . . . Then there is a number c in
(a, b) such that f(b) f(a) = . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Suppose that 1 f
x(x) 3 for all x. Find similar lower and upper

bounds for the expression f(5) f(3).
(c) Suppose g(x) is a function that is dierentiable for all x. Let h(x0 be a
new function dened by h(x) = g(x) + g(2 x). Prove that h
(x) has a
root in the interval (0, 2).
3.5. DIFFERENTIAL, LINEAR APPROXIMATION, NEWTONS METHOD 51
3.5 Dierential, Linear Approximation, Newtons
Method
1. (a) Find the linear approximation to the function f(x) =
_
(x + 4)
3
at a = 0.
(b) Use this approximation to estimate the number
_
(3.95)
3
. Is your esti-
mate an overestimate or an underestimate? (Hint: What is the concavity
of the function f(x)?)
2. Use linear approximation to estimate the value of
3
26
2
. Express your answer
a single fraction (for example,
16
729
).
3. Use the linear approximation to approximate (63)
2/3
. Then use dierentials
to estimate the error.
4. Use linear approximation to estimate the value of
80.
5. Assume that f is function such that f(5) = 2 and f
(5) = 4. Using a linear

approximation to f near x = 5, nd an approximation to f(4.9).
6. Suppose that we dont have a formula for g(x) but we know that g(2) = 4
and g
(x) =
x
2
+ 5 for all x.
(a) Use linear approximation to estimate g(2.05).
(b) Is your estimate in part (a) larger or smaller than the actual value? Ex-
plain.
7. (a) Find a linear approximation for the function f(x) =
1 x valid for x
close to 0.
(b) Use your answer to nd an approximate value for
0.9.
(c) Find the tangent line to the graph of f(x) =
1 x at x = 0.
(d) Sketch a graph to illustrate the relationship between f(x) =
1 x and
its linear approximation near x = 0.
8. Let f(x) =
1 + 2x.
(a) Find the linear approximation of f(x) at x = 0.
(b) Use your answer to estimate the value of
1.1.
(c) Is your estimate an over- or under-estimate?
9. (a) Find a linear approximation to the function f(x) =
3
x + 8 at a = 0.
(b) Use this approximation to estimates the numbers
3
7.95 and
3
8.1.
10. (a) Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of the function f(x) =
3
27 + 3x at x = 0.
(b) Use your answer to estimate a value of
3
30.
(c) Draw a sketch to show how the graph of f and its tangent line behave
around the point where x = 0 and the value of x where the value in part
(b) is obtained.
11. Use linear approximation to estimate the value of ln 0.9.
12. (a) Write the linear approximation for f(x) = ln x around 1.
(b) Compute the approximated value for exp(0.1) using linear approxima-
tion.
13. Using the function f(x) = x
1/3
and the technique of linear approximation, give
an estimate for 1001
1/3
.
14. Let f(x) =
x +
5
x.
(a) Use linear approximation to determine which of the following is nearest
the value of f(1.001):
2.0001 2.0002 2.0003 2.0005 2.0007
2.001 2.002 2.003 2.005 2.007
(b) At x = 1, is f(x) concave up or concave down?
(c) Based on your answer above, is your estimate of f(1.001) too high or too
low?
15. (a) Find the linear approximation of f(x) = sin x about the point x = /6.
(b) Explain why f satises the conditions of the Mean Value Theorem. Use
the theorem to prove that sin x
1
2
+(x
6
) on the interval [
6
, x] where
x >

6
(c) Is the dierential df larger or smaller than f from x =

6
to x =

2
?
Do not perform any calculations. Use only the results in part (a) and (b)
to explain your answer.
16. (a) State Newtons iterative formula that produces a sequence of approxima-
tions x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, . . . to a root of function f(x).
3.5. DIFFERENTIAL, LINEAR APPROXIMATION, NEWTONS METHOD 53
(b) Find the positive root of the equation cos x = x
2
using Newtons method,
correct to 3 decimal points, with the rst approximation x
1
= 1.
17. (a) State Newtons iterative formula that produces a sequence of approxima-
tions x
0
, x
1
, x
2
, . . . to a solution of f(x) = 0, assuming that x
0
is given.
(b) Draw a labeled diagram showing an example of a function f(x) for which
Newtons iterative formula fails to nd a solution of f(x) = 0. Mark on
your diagram x
0
, x
1
, and x
2
.
18. (a) Explain how you can use Newtons Method to approximate the value of
5.
(b) Explain which of the following choices is the best initial approximation
when using Newtons Method as in (a):1, 0, or 1?
(c) Find the fourth approximation x
4
to the value of
5 using Newtons
Method with the initial approximation x
1
you chose in (b).
19. Apply Newtons method to f(x) = x
1/3
with x
0
= 1 and calculate x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
.
Find a formula for |x
n
|. What happens to |x
n
| as n ? Draw a picture
that shows what is going on.
20. (a) Suppose k is a constant. Show that if we apply Newtons method to
approximate the value of
5
k, we get the following iterative formula:

x
n+1
=
x
n
5
_
4 +
k
x
5
n
_
.
(b) If x
n
=
5
k, what is the value of x

n+1
?
(c) Take x
1
= 2 and use the formula in part (a) to nd x
2
, an estimate of
the value of
5
20 that is correct to one decimal place.

21. Use Newtons method to nd the second approximation x
2
of
5
31 starting
with the initial approximation x
0
= 2.
22. (a) Suppose x
0
is an initial estimate in Newtons method applied to the
function f(x). Derive Newtons formula for x
1
, namely
x
1
= x
0
f(x
0
)
f
(x
0
)
.
Support your derivation with a sketch showing a function f(x), with x
0
,
x
1
and the line whose slope is f
(x
0
) clearly labeled.
(b) Using one iteration of Newtons method with x
0
=

2
approximate the
x-coordinate of the point where the function g(x) = sin x crosses the line
y = x.
23. The equation
8x
3
12x
2
22x + 25 = 0
has a solution near x
1
= 1. Use Newtons Method to nd a better approxima-
tion x
2
to this solution. Express your answer as a fraction.
24. The tangent line to the graph y = f(x) at the point A(2, 1) is given by
y = 1 + 4(x 2). It is also known that f(2) = 3.
(a) Assume that Newtons Method is used to solve the equation f(x) = 0
and x
0
= 2 is the initial guess. Find the next approximation, x
1
, to the
solution.
(b) Assume that Newtons Method is used to nd a critical point for f and
that x
0
= 2 is the initial guess. Find the next approximation, x
1
, to the
critical point.
25. (a) Apply Newtons method to the equation
1
x
a = 0 to derive the following
algorithm for nding reciprocals:
x
n+1
= 2x
n
ax
2
n
.
(b) Use the algorithm from part (a) to calculate
1
1.128
correct to three deci-
mal places, starting with the rst approximation x
1
= 1.
26. You seek the approximate value of x which is near 1.8 for which sin x =
x
2
.
Your rst guess is that x x
1
=

2
. Use one iteration of Newtons method to
nd a better approximation to x. Simplify your answer as far as possible.
27. (a) For the function f(x) = x
3
3x+5 use the IVT, and any other tools you
need to determine intervals of length 1 each of which contains a root of
f.
(b) Pick one of the intervals found in part (a). Choose the left endpoint of
this interval to be x
0
. Now, use this as a starting value to nd two new
iterations to the root of f by using Newtons method. Determine from
these whether Newtons method is working. Justify your answer carefully.
28. Let f(x) = x
3
+ 3x + 1.
3.6. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 55
(a) Show that f has at least one root in the interval
_
1
2
, 0
_
. Explain your
reasoning.
(b) Use Newtons method to approximate the root that lies in the interval
_
1
2
, 0
_
. Stop when the next iteration agrees with the previous one to
two decimal places.
29. In this question we investigate the solution of the equation ln x = x
2
+ 3 on
the interval [1, 3].
(a) Explain why you know the equation has at least one solution on [1, 3].
(b) Show that the equation has exactly one solution on [1, 3].
(c) Use Newtons Method to approximate the solution of the equation by
starting with x
1
= 1 and nding x
2
.
30. In this question we investigate the solution of the equation 2x = cos x.
(a) Explain why you know the equation has at least one solution.
(b) Show that the equation has exactly one solution.
starting with x
1
= 0 and nding x
2
.
31. In this question we investigate the solution of the equation 2x 1 = sin x.
(a) Explain why you know the equation has at least one solution.
(b) Show that the equation has exactly one solution.
starting with x
1
= 0 and nding x
2
.
3.6 Antiderivatives and Dierential Equations
1. Find f if f
(x) = 2 cos x + 8x
3
e
x
and f(0) = 7.
2. Find g if g
(x) = sin x +x
2
e
x
and g() = 1.
3. Suppose f is a function such that f
(x) = x
2
+ 2x + 3 and f(5) = 1. What is
f(1)?
4. Suppose h is a function such that h
(x) = x
2
+2e
x
+3 and h(3) = 0. What is
h(1)?
5. Find the general form for the following antiderivative:
_
z
z
2
+ 9
dz
6. Find a curve y = f(x) with the following properties:
d
2
y
dx
2
= 6x
Its graph passes through the point (0, 1) and has a horizontal tangent
there.
7. Find
_
dx
x +x ln x
.
8. For each case compute the indenite integral.
(a)
_
(1 x)
8
d
(b)
_
tan
2
xdx
(c)
_
dx
2 + x
2
(d)
_
e
2x
cosh xdx
9. Find f if f
(t) = 2e
t
+ 3 sin t and f(0) = 0, f
(0) = 0.
10. A particle starts from rest (that is with initial velocity zero) at the point x = 10
and moves along the x-axis with acceleration function a(t) = 12t. Find the
resulting position function x(t).
11. At time t = 0 a car is moving at 6 m/s. and driver smoothly accelerates so
that the acceleration after t seconds is a(t) = 3t m/s
2
.
(a) Write a formula for the speed v(t) of the car after t seconds.
(b) How far did the car travel between during the time it took to accelerate
from 6 m/s to 30 m/s?
12. (a) You are standing at ground level, and you throw a ball upward into the
air with an initial velocity of 64 feet per second. The acceleration due to
gravity is 32 feet per second squared (towards the ground). How much
time is the ball in the air for? Use antiderivatives.
(b) What is the velocity of the ball at the time that it hits the ground?
13. In 1939, Joe Sprinz, a professional baseball player, attempted to catch a ball
dropped from a blimp. This was done for the purpose of braking the record
for catching a ball dropped from the greatest height set the previous year by
another player on another team.
(a) Ignoring air resistance, give an expression for the time it takes for a ball
to drop H meters (from rest) under a constant gravitational acceleration
g.
(b) Give an expression for the velocity of the ball after it has fallen H meters.
What is this value if H = 245 m and g = 10 m/s
2
? Would you try to
catch this ball? (Even with air resistance, the ball slammed Sprinzs
glove into his face, fractured his upper jaw at 12 places, broke ve teeth
and knocked him unconscious. Worse still, he dropped the ball!)
14. Find the solution y(x) to the following initial value problem:
dy
dx
= 2 sin 3x +
x
2
+ e
3x
+ 1, y(0) = 0.
15. Find the solution y(x) to the following initial value problem:
dy
dx
=
_
1 y
2
,
y(0) = 1.
16. Find the function y(x) that is the solution of the following initial value prob-
lem:
dy
dx
= y
2
+ 1, y(/4) = 0.
17. Solve the initial value problem:
dy
dx
= 1 +y, y(0) = 3.
dx
dt
=
36
(4t 7)
4
, x(2) = 1.
dy
dx
= e
y
, y(0) = 2.
20. Find the solution y(t) to the following initial value problem:
dy
dt
= 2 y,
y(0) = 1.
21. (a) Find the solution to
dy
dx
= 3 cos 2x + exp(4x) such that y(0) = 1.
(b) Use the change of variables u = 2x + 1 to nd the general form for the
antiderivative of f(x) =
1
2x + 1
.
22. A company is manufacturing and selling towels. The marginal cost for pro-
ducing towels is 0.15 CAD per towel. A market survey has shown that for
every 0.10 CAD increase in the price per towel, the company will sell 50 tow-
els less per week. Currently the company sells 1000 towels per week against
the price that maximizes their prot. What is the price of one towel? (Note:
As usual, even though towels are only sold in integer units, assume we can use
dierentiable functions to describe the relevant quantities.)
3.7 Exponential Growth and Decay
1. (a) An amount of A
0
CAD is invested against yearly interest of p%. Give the
expression for A(t), the value of the investment in CAD after t years if
the interest is compounded continuously by writing down the dierential
equation that A satises and solving it.
(b) Jane invests 10,000 CAD against a yearly interest p%, compounded con-
tinuously. After 4 years the value of her investment is 15,000 CAD. What
is p?
2. The rate at which a student learns new material is proportional to the dier-
ence between a maximum, M, and the amount she already knows at time t,
A(t). This is called a learning curve.
(a) Write a dierential equation to model the learning curve described.
(b) Solve the dierential equation you created in part (a).
(c) If took a student 100 hours to learn 50% of the material in Math 151 and
she would like to know 75% in order to get a B, how much longer she
should study? You may assume that the student began knowing none of
the material and that the maximum she might achieve is 100%.
3. The concentration of alcohol (in %) in the blood, C(t), obeys the decay dif-
ferential equation:
dC
dt
=
1
k
C,
where k = 2.5 hours is called the elimination time.
It is estimated that a male weighing 70 kg who drinks 3 pints of beer over
a period of one hour has a concentration of 1% of alcohol in his blood. The
allowed legal concentration for driving is a maximum of 0.5%.
3.7. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY 59
(a) If a person has a blood alcohol concentration of 1%, how long should
she/he wait before driving in order not to disobey the law. You may
need the value ln 2 0.7.
(b) What is the initial (t = 0) rate of change in the concentration?
Note: The permissible BAC limit in the Criminal Code of Canada is .08
(80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 milliliters of blood). Some advocate a lower
criminal limit of .05 (50 milligrams of alcohol in 100 milliliters of blood).
4. Carbon dating is used to estimate the age of an ancient human skull. Let f(t)
be the proportion of original
14
C atoms remaining in the scull after t years of
radioactive decay. Since
14
C has a half life of 5700 years we have f(0) = 1 and
f(5700) = 0.5.
(a) Sketch the graph of f(t) versus t in the domain 0 t 20000. Label at
least two points of your plot and be sure to label the axes.
(b) Write an expression for f(t) in terms of t and other numerical constants
such as ln 2, sin 5, e
3
, and 1/5700. (Note: Not all of these constants need
appear in your answer!)
(c) Suppose that only 15% of the original
14
C is found to remain in the skull.
Derive from your previous answer, an expression for the estimated age of
the skull.
5. Plutonium-239 is part of the highly radioactive waste that nuclear power plans
produce. The half-life of plutonium-239 is 24,110 years. Suppose that 10 kg
of plutonium-239 has leaked into and contaminated a lake. Let m(t) denote
the mass of plutonium-239 that remains in the lake after t years.
(a) Find an expression for m(t) based on the information given.
(b) How much mass remains in the lake after 1000 years.
(c) Suppose the lake is considered safe for use after only 1 kg of the plutonium-
239 remains. How many years will this take?
6. On a certain day, a scientist had 1 kg of a radioactive substance X at 1:00 pm.
After six hours, only 27 g of the substance remained. How much substance X
was there at 3:00 pm that same day?
7. In a certain culture of bacteria, the number of bacteria increased tenfold in
10 hours. Assuming natural growth, how long did it take for their number to
double?
8. A bacterial culture starts with 500 bacteria and after three hours there are
8000.
Assume that the culture grows at a rate proportional to its size.
(a) Find an expression in t for the number of bacteria after t hours.
(b) Find the number of bacteria after six hours.
(c) Find an expression of the form m
ln a
ln b
with m, a, and b positive integers
for the number of hours it takes the number of bacteria to reach a million.
9. A bacteria culture starts with 500 bacteria and grows at a rate proportional
to its size. After three hours there are 8000 bacteria. Find the number of
bacteria after four hours.
10. The bacteria population P(t) quadruples every 15 minutes. The initial bacteria
population is P(0) = 10. You might need the following values: ln 6 1.6,
ln 8 2.08, (ln 10)/(ln 2) 3.32, ln 2 0.69, 4
3
= 64, 4
6
= 4096, 4
9
= 262144,
4
12
= 16777216.
(a) What is the population after three hours?
(b) How much time does it take for the population to grow to 1 billion?
11. The population of a bacteria culture grows at a rate that is proportional to
the size of the population.
(a) Let P denote the population of the culture at time t. Express dP/dt in
terms of the proportional constant k and P.
(b) If the population is 240 at time t = 1 and is 360 at time t = 2, nd a
formula for the number of bacteria at time t. (t in hours.)
(c) How many bacteria were there at time t = 0. Your answer should be a
positive integer.
(d) What is the value of dP/dt when t = 0.
12. Assume that Math 151 in fall of 2000 had an enrollment of 500 students and
in fall 2002 had an enrollment of 750 students. Assume also that if P(t) is the
enrollment at time t (let t be in years, with t = 0 corresponding to year 2000),
then P
(t) = kP(t) for some constant k. Calculate P(500) (the enrollment

in Math 151 in fall of 2500). Simplify your answer as much as possible. The
answer will be quite large.
13. A cup of coee, cooling o in a room at temperature 20
0
C, has cooling constant
k = 0.09min
1
.
3.8. MISCELLANEOUS 61
(a) How fast is the coee cooling (in degrees per minute) when its tempera-
ture is T = 80
0
C?
(b) Use linear approximation to estimate the change in temperature over the
next 6 seconds when T = 80
0
C.
(c) The coee is served at a temperature of 90
0
. How long should you wait
before drinking it if the optimal temperature is 65
0
C?
14. A cold drink is taken from a refrigerator and placed outside where the temper-
ature is 32
0
C. After 25 minutes outside its temperature is 14
0
C, and after 50
minutes outside its temperature is 20
0
C. assuming the temperature of drink
obeys Newtons Law of Heating, what was the initial temperature of the drink?
3.8 Miscellaneous
1. For what values of the constant c does ln x = cx
2
have solutions. Assume that
c > 0.
2. Show that y = 3x
3
+ 2x + 12 has a unique root.
3. Show that the equation x
3
+ 9x + 5 = 0 has exactly one real solution.
4. For which vaues of a and b is (1, 6) a point of inection of the curve y =
x
3
+ ax
2
+bx + 1?
5. Prove that f(x) =
1
(x + 1)
2
2x + sin x has exactly one positive root.
6. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from a platform 12 feet above the ground
so that after t seconds have elapsed the height s (in feet) of the ball above the
ground is given by
s = 12 + 96t t
2
.
Compute the following quantities:
(a) The initial velocity.
(b) The time to highest point.
(c) The maximum height attained.
7. The table below gives the values of certain functions at certain points. Cal-
culate each of the following or write insucient information if there is no
enough information to compute the value.
x f(x) f
(x) g(x) g
(x)
1 3 3 2 2
2 4 1 4 0
3 6 1 0 4
4 1 0 1 1
5 2 4 3 3
(a) What is lim
h0
f(3 + h) f(3)
h
?
(b) What is lim
h0
f(2 + h)g(2 + h) f(2)g(2)
h
?
(c) Use dierentials to nd the approximate value of f(0.98).
(d) What are the coordinates of any point on the graph of f at which there
is a critical point?
8. (a) State domain ad range of f(x) = arcsin x.
(b) Derive the dierentiation formula
d
dx
[arcsin x] =
1
1 x
2
.
(c) Let g(x) = arcsin(sin x). Graph g(x) and state its domain and range.
(d) For the function g(x) as dened in part (c) nd g
(x) using any method

you like. Simplify your answer completely.
(e) Explain carefully why the equation
4x 2 + cos
_
x
2
_
= 0
has exactly one real root.
9. (a) Dierentiate f(x) =
ln x
x
, for x > 0.
(b) Sketch the graph of f(x) =
ln x
x
, showing all extrema.
(c) Use what you have done to decide which is larger, 99
101
or 101
99
.
10. Answer the following questions. No justication necessary.
(a) What is the general antiderivative of 6x
2
+ 2x + 5?
(b) What is the derivative of sinh(x) with respect to x?
(c) If f
(x) changes from negative to positive at c the f(x) has a (pick one)
i. local maximum at c.
ii. local minimum at c.
iii. global maximum at c.
iv. global minimum at c.
(d) If x
5
+ y
5
= 1, what is y
in terms of x and y?
(e) If a point has polar coordinates (r, ) = (3, 3), what are its Cartesian
coordinates?
11. (a) State the denition of the derivative of a function g at a number x.
(b) State the Squeeze Theorem, clearly identifying any hypothesis and the
conclusion.
(c) State Fermats Theorem, clearly identifying any hypothesis and the con-
clusion.
(d) Give an example of a function with one critical point which is also an
inection point.
(e) Give an example of a function that satises f(1) = 0, f(10 = 0, and
f
(x) > 0 for all x in the domain of f
.
12. (a) State the denition of a critical number of a function f.
(b) State the Mean Value Theorem, clearly identifying any hypothesis and
the conclusion.
(c) State the Extreme Value Theorem, clearly identifying any hypothesis and
the conclusion.
(d) State the denition of a inection point of a function f.
(e) Give an example of a function with a local maximum at which the second
derivative is 0.
(f) Give an example of a quadratic function of the form f(x) = x
2
+ bx + c
whose tangent line is y = 3x + 1 at the point (0, 1).
Chapter 4
Parametric Equations and Polar
Coordinates
4.1 Introduction
1. Parametric Curves - Vocabulary. Let I be an interval and let f and g be
continuous on I.
(a) The set of points C = {(f(t), g(t)) : t I} is called a parametric curve.
(b) The variable t is called a parameter.
(c) We say that the curve C is dened by parametric equations x = f(t),
y = g(t).
(d) We say that x = f(t), y = g(t) is a parametrization of C.
(e) If I = [a, b] then (f(a), g(a)) is called the initial point of C and (f(b), g(b))
is called the terminal point of C.
2. Derivative of Parametric Curves: The derivative to the parametric curve
x = f(t), y = g(t) is given by
dy
dx
=
dy
dt
dx
dt
=
g
(t)
f
(t)
.
3. Polar Coordinate System.
(a) Choose a point in the plane. Call it O, the pole.
(b) Choose a ray starting at O. Call it the polar axis.
(c) Take any point P, except O, in the plane. Measure the distance d(O, P)
and call this distance r.
65
66 CHAPTER 4. PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND POLAR COORDINATES
(d) Measure the angle between the polar axis and the ray starting at O and
passing through P going from the polar axis in counterclockwise direction.
Let be this measure in radians.
(e) There is a bijection between the plane and the set
R
+
[0, 2) = {(r, ) : r R
+
and [0, 2)}.
This means that each point P, except O,in the plane is uniquely deter-
mined by a pair (r, ) R
+
[0, 2).
(f) r and are called polar coordinates of P.
4. Polar Curves: The graph of a polar equation r = f() consists of all points
P whose polar coordinates satisfy the equation.
5. Derivative of Polar Curves. Suppose that y is a dierentiable function of
x and that r = f() is a dierentiable function of . Then from the parametric
equations x = r cos , y = r sin it follows that
dy
dx
=
dy
d
dx
d
=
dr
d
sin + r cos
dr
d
cos r sin
.
6. Parabola. A parabola is a set of points in the plane that are equidistant from
a xed point F (called the focus) and a xed line called the directrix). An
equation of the parabola with focus (0, p) and directrix y = p is x
2
= 4py.
7. Ellipse. An ellipse is a set of point in plane the sum of whose distances from
two xed points F
1
and F
2
is constant. The xed points are called foci. The
ellipse
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1, a b > 0, has foci (c, 0), where c =
a
2
b
2
, and
vertices (a, 0).
8. Hyperbola. A hyperbola is a set of points in plane the dierence of whose
distances from two xed points F
1
and F
2
(the foci) is constant. The hyper-
bola
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1 has foci (c, 0), where c =
a
2
+b
2
, vertices (a, 0), and
asymptotes y =
bx
a
.
9. Eccentricity. Let F be a xed point in the plane, let l be a xed line in the
plane, and let e be a xed positive number (called the eccentricity). The set
of all points P in the plane such that
|PF|
|Pl|
= e is a conic section. The conic
is an ellipse if e < 1, a parabola if e = 1, and a hyperbola if e > 1.
4.2. PARAMETRIC CURVES 67
4.2 Parametric Curves
1. The trajectory of a particle in a plane as a function of the time t in seconds is
given by the parametric equations
x = 3t
2
+ 2t 3, y = 2t
3
+ 2.
Prove that there is exactly one time when the particle crosses the line y = x.
2. Let x = 2 sin t + 1 and y = 2t
3
3 dene a parametric curve. Find
d
2
y
dx
2
as a
function of t, without simplifying your answer.
3. Sketch the curve
x = sin
2
t, y = cos
2
t, 0 t 2.
Clearly label the initial and terminal points and describe the motion of the
point (x(t), y(t)) as t varies in the given interval.
4. The parametric equations for a curve are given by
x = sin , y = 1 cos .
(a) Find
dx
dy
as a function of .
(b) Find
d
2
x
dy
2
as a function of .
(c) Find the tangent line to the curve at the point of the curve obtained by
setting =

3
.
5. The graphs of the parametric equations x = f(t), y = g(t) are on Figure 4.1
Identify which is the corresponding parametric curve on Figure 4.2
6. Consider the parametric curve x(t) = 2 + 2 cos t, y(t) = 1 2 sin t.
(a) State the Cartesian equation of the curve and the sketch the curve. Deter-
mine the direction of evolution of the curve for increasing t and indicate
it on the graph.
(b) Find the points on the curve for which the tangent line has a slope of 1.
7. This question concerns the curve x = 2 cos 3t, y = 2 sin 2t for 0 t 2.
(a) Find dy/dx for this curve.
Figure 4.1: x = f(t), y = g(t)
A B C D
Figure 4.2: Only One Is Right
(b) Find the equation of the two tangent lines at the origin.
(c) Identify the graph on Figure 4.3 that correspond to the parametric curve.
8. For the following parametric curve x = t 1, y = t
2
2t + 2:
(a) Find the derivative
dy
dx
as a function of t.
(b) Eliminate the parametric dependance to determine an expression of the
form y = f(x) for the given curve.
(c) Find an expression for m and b (as functions of x
1
) such that the equation
of the line y = mx +b is tangent to the curve y = f(x) at (x
1
, f(x
1
)).
(d) Find an expression for all tangent lines to the curve y = f(x) that pass
through the point (2, 0).
Figure 4.3: Which Graph Is Right?
9. This question concerns the parametric curve x = t
3
4t, y = 2t
2
4t, <
t < .
(a) Which of the two graphs on Figure 4.4 corresponds to the given para-
metric curve?
(b) Find the y-coordinates of all points where the curve crosses the y-axis.
(c) This curve crosses itself at exactly one point. Find equations of both
tangent lines at that point.
10. Consider the parametric curve C described by
x = e
t
, y = 2
2t
, where < t < .
(a) Calculate
dy
dx
(as a function of t) directly from these equations.
(b) Calculate
d
2
y
dx
2
(as a function of t) directly from these equations.
(c) Does the graph of C have any points of inection?
(d) Eliminate t from the equations of C thus obtaining a description of the
graph C of the form y = f(x).
Figure 4.4: Which Graph Is Right?
(e) Sketch C. Label the axis. Plot at least three points of the curve C,
labeling the points with the corresponding values of t. Draw an arrow on
your curve indicating the direction of motion as t increases toward +.
x(t) = e
4t
, y(t) = e
1t
, where t R.
(a) Find
dy
dx
as a function of t directly from the above equations.
(b) Find
d
2
y
dx
2
as a function of t. Simplify your answer.
(c) Determine if C is concave up or concave down at t = 0.
x(t) = 1 + 3t, y(t) = 2 t
3
, where t R.
(a) Find
dy
dx
as a function of t directly from the above equations.
(b) Eliminate t from the equations of C thus obtaining a description of the
graph of C having the form y = f(x).
13. For the following parametric curve:
_
x = t sin t
y = t cos t
(a) Find the derivative
dy
dx
as a function of t.
(b) Find the equation of the tangent line at t =

2
.
(c) Determine if the curve is concave upwards or downwards at t =

2
.
14. A curve is dened by the parametric equations
x = 3(t
2
3), y = t
3
3t.
(a) Calculate
dy
dx
in terms of t.
(b) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve at the point corre-
sponding to t = 2.
15. Consider the parametric curve
x = 3(t
2
9), y = t(t
2
9), < t < .
Part of the graph of this curve is given in Figure 4.5)
Figure 4.5: x = 3(t
2
9), y = t(t
2
9)
(a) Find the x-coordinate of all points where the curve crosses the x-axis.
(b) Find the coordinate of the point on the curve corresponding to t = 1.
(c) Find the tangent line to the curve at the point where t = 1.
(d) Find the second derivative at the point where t = 1.
16. Consider the perimetrically dened curve x(t) = t sin 2t, y = 4 3 cos t,
0 t 10. Find the values for the parameter t where the tangent line of the
curve is vertical.
x = e
t
, y = e
2t
, where < t < .
(a) Calculate
dy
dx
(as a function of t) directly from the above equations.
(b) Calculate
d
2
y
dx
2
(as a function of t).
(c) Find all inection points of C or otherwise show that C has no inection
points.
(d) Eliminate t from the equations C to obtain a function of the form y =
f(x) that describes C.
18. Given the parametric curve
x = cos
3
t, y = sin
3
t.
(a) Without eliminating the parameter t, show that
dy
dx
= tan t.
(b) Determine the concavity of this curve when t = 1.
x = e
t
, y = e
t
.
(a) Find
dy
dx
and
d
2
y
dx
2
.
(b) Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve that is parallel to the
line y +x = 1.
x = t(t
2
3), y = 3(t
2
3).
(a) Find the y-intercepts of the curve.
(b) Find the points on the curve where the tangent line is horizontal or ver-
tical.
(c) Sketch the curve.
4.3. POLAR COORDINATES 73
4.3 Polar Coordinates
1. Express the polar equation r = cos 2 in rectangular coordinates.
2. Sketch polar graphs of:
(a) r = 1 + sin .
(b) r = cos 3.
3. For the each of the following circles nd a polar equation, i.e., an equation in
r and :
(a) x
2
+y
2
= 4
(b) (x 1)
2
+y
2
= 1
(c) x
2
+ (y 0.5)
2
= 0.25
4. Find the maximum height above the x-axis of the cardioid r = 1 + cos .
5. Sketch the graph of the curve whose equation in polar coordinates is r =
1 2 cos , 0 < 2.
6. Sketch the graph of the curve whose equation in polar coordinates is r =
3 cos 3.
7. Sketch the curve whose polar equation is r = 1 + cos , indicating any sym-
metries. Mark on your sketch the polar coordinates of all points where the
curve intersects the polar axis.
8. Sketch a a polar coordinate plot of:
(a) r = 2 cos 3
(b) r
2
= 4 sin 2
(c) r = 2 sin
(d) r = 2 cos
(e) r = 4 + 7 cos
9. Consider the curve given by the polar equation r = 1 2 sin , for 0 < 2.
(a) Find the Cartesian coordinates for the point on the curve corresponding
to =
3
2
.
(b) The curve intersects the x-axis at two points other than the pole. Find
polar coordinates for these other points.
(c) On Figure 4.6 identify the graphs that correspond to the following two
polar curves.
r = 1 2 sin
r = 1 + 2 sin
Figure 4.6: Which Graph Is Extra?
10. (a) Sketch a a polar coordinate plot of
r = 1 + 2 sin 3, 0 2.
(b) How many points lie in the intersection of the two polar graphs
r = 1 + 2 sin 3, 0 2
and
r = 1?
(c) Algebraically nd all values of that
1 = 1 + 2 sin 3, 0 2.
(d) Explain in a sentence or two why the answer to part (b) diers from (or
is the same as) the number of solutions you found in part (c).
11. Consider the following curve C given in polar coordinates as
r() = 1 + sin +e
sin
, 0 2.
(a) Calculate the value of r() for = 0,

2
,
3
2
.
(b) Sketch a graph of C.
(c) What is the minimum distance from a point on the curve C to the origin?
(i.e. determine the minimum of |r()| = r() = 1 + sin + e
sin
for
[0, 2])
12. (a) Give polar coordinates for each of the point A, B, C and D on Figure
4.7.
Figure 4.7: Polar Coordinates of Points A, B, C and D
(b) On Figure 4.8 identify the graphs that correspond to the following three
polar curves.
r = 1 2 sin
r
2
= 1
r =
1
1 2 sin
13. (a) Sketch the curve dened by r = 1 + 2 sin .
(b) For what values of , [, ), is the radius r positive?
(c) For what values of , [, ), is the radius r maximum and for what
values is it minimum?
14. (a) Sketch the graph described in polar coordinates by the equation r =
where 3.
Figure 4.8: Match Polar Expressions And Graphs
(b) Find the slope of this curve when =
5
2
. Simplify your answer for full
credit.
(c) Express the polar equation r = in cartesian coordinates, as an equation
in x and y.
15. (a) Let C denote the graph of the polar equation r = 5 sin . Find the
rectangular coordinates of the point on C corresponding to =
3
2
.
(b) Write a rectangular equation (i.e. using the variables x and y) for C. (in
other words, convert the equation for C into rectangular coordinates.)
(c) Rewrite the equation of C in parametric form, i.e. express both x and y
as functions of .
(d) Find an expression for
dy
dx
in terms of .
(e) Find the equation of the tangent line to C at the point corresponding to
=

6
.
16. Find the slope of the tangent line to the polar curve r = 2 at the points where
it intersects the polar curve r = 4 cos . (Hint: After you nd the intersection
4.4. CONIC SECTIONS 77
points, convert one of the curves to a pair of parametric equations with as
the perimeter.
4.4 Conic Sections
1. Sketch the graph of the ellipse
x
2
9
+
y
2
16
= 1 and determine its foci.
2. Let C be the conic which consists of all points P = (x, y) such that the distance
from P to F = (0, 1) is
1
2
the perpendicular distance from P to the line y = 4.
(a) What is the eccentricity of the conic C?
(b) Show that the equation of the conic C is
x
2
3
+
y
2
4
= 1.
(c) What is the equation of the tangent line to the point A = (
3/2,
3) on
the conic C?
3. (a) Find the equation of the tangent line to the polar curve r = 1 + cos at
=

2
.
(b) Find an equation of the ellipse with horizontal and vertical axes that
passes through the points (2, 0), (2, 0), (0, 1), and (0, 3).
4. Consider the polar equation r(3 k cos ) = 4.
(a) For what values of the constant k is this conic section an ellipse?
(b) Now assume that k has the value in the middle of the interval found in
part (a). Determine the location of the focus and directrix of this conic
section.
(c) Sketch the graph of this conic section which shows the focus, directrix
and vertices.
5. (a) Assume that the earth is a sphere with radius s. (s is about 6400 kilo-
meters, but this has nothing to do with the solution of this problem.
Express everything, including your answer, in terms of s.) A satellite
has an elliptical orbit with the centre of the earth at one focus. The
lowest point of the orbit is 5s above the surface of the earth, when the
satellite is directly above the North Pole. The highest point of the orbit
is 11s above the surface of the earth, when the satellite is directly above
the South Pole. What is the height of the satellite above the surface of
the earth, when the satellite is directly above the equator? [Suggestion:
Choose a coordinate system with the centre of the earth on the y-axis
and the centre of the satellites orbit at the origin.]
(b) Let the focus F of a conic section with eccentricity e be the origin and
let the directrix L be the vertical line x = p, p > 0. Thus the conic
consists of all those points P = (x, y) such that |PF| = e|PL|. Find the
polar equation of the conic section. (With the origin as the pole, and the
positive x-axis as the polar axis.)
6. (a) Identify and sketch the graph of the conic section dened by
r =
1
2 4 cos
in the x, y, plane without converting it to cartesian coordinates. Clearly
label all foci and vertices. (Hint: You may use the equation r =
ep
1 e cos
without deriving it.)
(b) Convert the polar coordinates equation given above to a cartesian coor-
dinates equation of the form Ax
2
+Bx + Cy
2
+Dy = E.
7. (a) Find an equation of the set of all points (x, y) that satisfy this condition:
The distance from (x, y) to (5, 0) is exactly half the distance from (x, y)
to the line x = 5.
(b) Simplify your answer from part (a) enough to be able to tell what type
of conic section it is.
8. Derive the equation of the set of all points P(x, y) that are equidistant from
the point A(1, 0) and the line x = 5. Provide a diagram with your work.
Simplify the equation.
9. Let C be the conic section described by the equation
x
2
2y
2
+ 4x = 0.
(a) Using the method of completing the square, identify the conic section C.
(b) Sketch a graph of C. Find, foci and asymptotes (if any).
10. Given is the polar equation r =
2
1 2 cos
.
(a) Which type of conic section does this polar equation represent: Parabola,
ellipse, or hyperbola?
(b) Show that the polar equation implies the following equation in Cartesian
coordinates:
9
_
x +
4
3
_
2
3y
2
= 4.
(c) Give the foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the conic if it has any.
(d) Sketch the conic section based on the information found above. Indicate
the features you found in (c) in your sketch.
Chapter 5
True Or False and Multiple Choice
Problems
1. For each of the following ten statements answer TRUE or FALSE as appro-
priate:
(a) If f is dierentiable on [1, 1] then f is continuous at x = 0.
(b) If f
(x) < 0 and f(x) > 0 for all x then f is concave down.
(c) The general antiderivative of f(x) = 3x
2
is F(x) = x
3
.
(d) ln x exists for any x > 1.
(e) ln x = has a unique solution.
(f) e
x
is negative for some values of x.
(g) ln e
x
2
= x
2
for all x.
(h) f(x) = |x| is dierentiable for all x.
(i) tan x is dened for all x.
(j) All critical points of f(x) satisfy f
(x) = 0.
2. Answer each of the following either TRUE or FALSE.
(a) The function f(x) =
_
3 +
sin(x2)
x2
if x = 2
3 if x = 2
is continuous at all real
numbers x.
(b) If f
(x) = g
(x) for 0 < x < 1, then f(x) = g(x) for 0 < x < 1.
(c) If f is increasing and f(x) > 0 on I, then g(x) =
1
f(x)
is decreasing on
I.
81
82 CHAPTER 5. TRUE OR FALSE AND MULTIPLE CHOICE PROBLEMS
(d) There exists a function f such that f(1) = 2, f(3) = 0, and f
(x) > 1
for all x.
(e) If f is dierentiable, then
d
dx
f(
x) =
f
(x)
2
x
.
(f)
d
dx
10
x
= x10
x1
(g) Let e = exp(1) as usual. If y = e
2
then y
= 2e.
(h) If f(x) and g(x) are dierentiable for all x, then
d
dx
f(g(x)) = f
(g(x))g
(x).
(i) If g(x) = x
5
, then lim
x2
g(x) g(2)
x 2
= 80.
(j) An equation of the tangent line to the parabola y = x
2
at (2, 4) is
y 4 = 2x(x + 2).
(k)
d
dx
tan
2
x =
d
dx
sec
2
x
(l) For all real values of x we have that
d
dx
|x
2
+ x| = |2x + 1|.
(m) If f is one-to-one then f
1
(x) =
1
f(x)
.
(n) If x > 0, then (ln x)
6
= 6 ln x.
(o) If lim
x5
f(x) = 0 and lim
x5
g(x) = 0, then lim
x5
f(x)
g(x)
does not exist.
(p) If the line x = 1 is a vertical asymptote of y = f(x), then f is not dened
at 1.
(q) If f
(c) does not exist and f
(x) changes from positive to negative as x

increases through c, then f(x) has a local minimum at x = c.
(r)
a
2
= a for all a > 0.
(s) If f(c) exists but f
(c) does not exist, then x = c is a critical point of

f(x).
(t) If f(c) exists and f
(c) > 0, then f(x) has a local minimum at x = c.

3. Are the following statements TRUE or FALSE.
(a) lim
x3
x 3 =
_
lim
x3
(x 3).
(b)
d
dx
_
ln 2
x
_
= 0
(c) If f(x) = (1 +x)(1 + x
2
)(1 + x
3
)(1 + x
4
), then f
(0) = 1.
83
(d) If y = f(x) = 2
|x|
, then the range of f is the set of all non-negative real
numbers.
(e)
d
dx
_
log x
2
log x
_
= 0.
(f) If f
(x) = x
3
and f(4) = 3, then f(3) = 2.
(g) If f(c) exists and if f(c) > 0, then f(x) has a local minimum at x = c.
(h)
d
du
_
1
csc u
_
=
1
sec u
.
(i)
d
dx
(sin
1
(cos x) = 1 for 0 < x < .
(j) sinh
2
x cosh
2
x = 1.
(k)
_
dx
x
2
+ 1
= ln(x
2
+ 1) + C.
(l)
_
dx
3 2x
=
1
2
ln |3 2x| +C.
(a) For all functions f, if f is continuous at a certain point x
0
, then f is
dierentiable at x
0
.
(b) For all functions f, if lim
xa
f(x) exist, and lim

xa
+
f(x) exist, then f is
continuous at a.
(c) For all functions f, if a < b, f(a) < 0, f(b) > 0, then there must be a
number c, with a < c < b and f(c) = 0.
(d) For all functions f, if f
(x) exists for all x, then f(x) exists for all x.

(e) It is impossible for a function to be discontinues at every number x.
(f) If f, g, are any two functions which are continuous for all x, then
f
g
is
continuous for all x.
(g) It is possible that functions f and g are not continuous at a point x
0
, but
f +g is continuous at x
0
.
(h) If lim
x
(f(x) + g(x)) exists, then lim
x
f(x) exists and lim
x
g(x) exists.
(i) lim
x
(1.00001)
x
x
100000
= 0
(j) Every continuous function on the interval (0, 1) has a maximum value
and a minimum value on (0, 1).
(a) Let f and g be any two functions which are continuous on [0, 1], with
f(0) = g(0) = 0 and f(1) = g(1) = 10. Then there must exist c, d [0, 1]
such that f
(c) = g
(d).
(b) Let f and g be any two functions which are continuous on [0, 1] and
dierentiable on (0, 1), with f(0) = g(0) = 0 and f(1) = g(1) = 10.
Then there must exist c [0, 1] such that f
(c) = g
(c).
(c) For all x in the domain of sec
1
x,
sec(sec
1
(x)) = x.
(a) The slope of the tangent line of f(x) at the point (a, f(a)) is given by
f(a +h) f(a)
h
.
(b) Using the Intermediate Value Theorem it can be shown that lim
x0
x sin
1
x
=
0.
(c) The graph below exhibits three types of discontinuities.
6

-
y
x
(d) If w = f(x), x = g(y), y = h(z), then
dw
dz
=
dw
dx

dx
dy

dy
dz
.
(e) Suppose that on the open interval I, f is a dierentiable function that
has an inverse function f
1
and f
(x) = 0. Then f
1
is dierentiable and
_
f
1
(x)
_
=
1
f
(f
1
(x))
for all x in the domain of f
1
.
(f) Given the graph of f below to the left, the graph to the right must be
that of f
.
(g) The conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem says that the graph of f has
at least one tangent line in (a, b), whose slope is equal to the average
slope on [a, b].
85
Figure 5.1: Function and Its Derivative?
(h) The linear approximation L(x) of a function f(x) near the point x = a
is given by L(x) = f
(a) + f(a)(x a).

(i) The graphs below are labeled correctly with possible eccentricities for the
given conic sections:
_
_
`
_
`
e = 1 e = 0.8 e = 0.5 e = 0.1

(j) Given h(x) = g(f(x)) and the graphs of f and g below then a good
estimate for h
(3) is
1
4
.
7. Answer TRUE or FALSE to the following questions.
(a) If f(x) = 7x + 8 then f
(2) = f
(17.38).
(b) If f(x) is any function such that lim
x2
f(x) = 6 the lim
x2
+
f(x) = 6.
(c) If f(x) = x
2
and g(x) = x + 1 then f(g(x)) = x
2
+ 1.
(d) The average rate of change of f(x) from x = 3 to x = 3.5 is 2(f(3.5)
f(3)).
Figure 5.2: h
(3) 1/4?
(e) An equivalent precise denition of lim
xa
f(x) = L is: For any 0 < < 0.13
there is > 0 such that
if |x a| < then |f(x) L| < .
The last four True/False questions ALL pertain to the following function.
Let
f(x)
_
_
_
x 4 if x < 2
23 if x = 2
x
2
+ 7 if x > 2
(f) f(3) = 1
(g) f(2) = 11
(h) f is continuous at x = 3.
(i) f is continuous at x = 2.
8. Answer TRUE or FALSE to the following questions.
(a) If a particle has a constant acceleration, then its position function is a
cubic polynomial.
(b) If f(x) is dierentiable on the open interval (a, b) then by the Mean Value
Theorem there is a number c in (a, b) such that (ba)f
(c) = f(b)f(a).
(c) If lim
x
_
k
f(x)
_
= 0 for every number k, then lim
x
f(x) = .
(d) If f(x) has an absolute minimum at x = c, then f
(c) = 0.
9. True or False. Give a brief justication for each answer.
87
(a) There is a dierentiable function f(x) with the property that f(1) = 2
and f(5) = 14 and f
(x) < 3 for every real number x.

(b) If f(5) = 0 then (5, f(5)) is an inection point of the curve y = f(x).
(c) If f
(c) = 0 then f(x) has a local maximum or a local minimum at x = c.

(d) If f(x) is a dierentiable function and the equation f
(x) = 0 has 2
solutions, then the equation f(x) = 0 has no more than 3 solutions.
(e) If f(x) is increasing on [0, 1] then [f(x)]
2
is increasing on [0, 1].
10. Answer the following questions TRUE or False.
(a) If f has a vertical asymptote at x = 1 then lim
x1
f(x) = L, where L is a
nite value.
(b) If has domain [0, ) and has no horizontal asymptotes, then lim
x
f(x) =
.
(c) If g(x) = x
2
then lim
x2
g(x) g(2)
x 2
= 0.
(d) If f(2) = 0 then (2, f(2)) is an inection point of f(x).
(e) If f
(c) = 0 then f has a local extremum at c.

(f) If f has an absolute minimum at c then f
(c) = 0.
(g) If f
(c) exists, then lim

xc
f(x) = f(c).
(h) If f(1) < 0 and f(3) > 0, then there exists a number c (1, 3) such that
f(c) = 0.
(i) If f
(g) =
1
(3 g)
2
, then f(g) is dierentiable on (, 3) (3, ).
(j) If f
(g) =
1
(3 g)
2
, the equation of the tangent line to f(g) at (0, 1/3) is
y =
1
9
g +
1
3
.
11. Are the following statements true or false?
(a) The points described by the polar coordinates (2, /4) and (2, 5/4)
are the same.
(b) If the limit lim
x
f
(x)
g
(x)
does not exist, then the limit lim
x
f(x)
g(x)
does not
exist.
(c) If f is a function for which f(x) = 0, then f has an inection point at
x.
(d) If f is continuous at the number x, then it is dierentiable at x.
(e) Let f be a function and c a number in its domain. The graph of the
linear approximation of f at c is the tangent line to the curve y = f(x)
at the point (c, f(c)).
(f) Every function is either an odd function or an even function.
(g) A function that is continuous on a closed interval attains an absolute
maximum value and an absolute minimum value at numbers in that in-
terval.
(h) An ellipse is the set of all points in the plane the sum of whose distances
from two xed points is a constant.
12. For each of the following, circle only one answer.
(a) Suppose y +y = 0. Which of the following is a possibility for y = f(x).
A. y = tan x, B. y = sin x, C. y = sec x, D. y = 1/x, E. y = e
x
(b) Which of the following is arcsin
_
sin
_
3
4
__
?
A. 0, B.

4
, C.
4
, D.
5
4
, E.
3
4
(c) Let f(x) be a continuous function on [a, b] and dierentiable on (a, b) such
that f(b) = 10, f(a) = 2. On which of the following intervals [a, b] would
the Mean Value Theorem guarantee a c (a, b) such that f
(c) = 4.
A. [0, 4], B. [0, 3], C. [2, 4], D. [1, 10], E. (0, )
(d) Let P(t) be the function which gives the population as a function of
time. Assuming that P(t) satises the natural growth equation, and that
at some point in time t
0
, P(t
0
) = 500, P
(t
0
) = 1000, nd the growth
rate constant k.
A.
1
2
, B. ln
_
1
2
_
, C.
1
2
, D. 2, E. ln 2
(e) Suppose that f is continuous on [a, b] and dierentiable on (a, b). If
f
(x) > 0 on (a, b). Which of the following is necessarily true?

A. f is decreasing on [a, b], B. f has no local extrema on (a, b),
C. f is a constant function on (a, b), D. f is concave up on (a, b),
E. f has no zero on (a, b)
13. For each of the following, circle only one answer.
(a) The equation x
5
+ 10x + 3 = 0 has
A. no real roots, B. exactly one real root, C. exactly two real roots,
D. exactly three real roots, E. exactly ve real roots
89
(b) The value of cosh(ln 3) is
A.
1
3
, B.
1
2
, C.
2
3
, D.
4
3
, E.
5
3
(c) The function f has the property that f(3) = 2 and f
(3) = 4. Using a
linear approximation to f near x = 3, an approximation to f(2.9) is
A. 1.4, B. 1.6, C. 1.8, D. 1.9, E. 2.4
(d) Suppose F is an antiderivative of f(x) =
3
x. If F(0) =
1
4
, then F(1) is
A. 1, B.
3
4
, C. 0, D.
3
4
, E. 1
(e) Suppose f is a function such that f
(x) = 4x
3
and f(x) = 12x
2
. Which
of the following is true?
A. f has a local maximum at x = 0 by the rst derivative test
B. f has a local minimum at x = 0 by the rst derivative test
C. f has a local maximum at x = 0 by the second derivative test
D. C. f has a local minimum at x = 0 by the second derivative test
E. f has an inection point at x = 0
14. Circle clearly your answer to the following 10 multiple choice question.
(a) Evaluate
d
dx
sin(x
2
)
A. 2x cos(x
2
), B. 2x sin(x
2
), C. 2x cos(x), D. 2x cos(2x), E. 2x cos(2x)
(b) Evaluate lim
x0
+
ln x
x
A. 0, B. , C. 1, D. 1, E. none of the above
(c) Evaluate lim
x0
+
1 e
x
sin x
A. 1, B. 1, C. 0, D. , E. sin e
(d) The circle described by the equation x
2
+y
2
2x4 = 0 has center (h, k)
and radius r. The values of h, k, and r are
A. 0, 1, and
5, B. 1, 0, and 5,
C. 1, 0, and
5, D. 1, 0, and 5,
E. 1, 0, and
5
(e) The edge of the cube is increasing at a rate of 2 cm/hr. How fast is the
cubes volume changing when its edge is

x cm in length?
A. 6 cm
3
/hr, B. 12 cm
3
/hr, C. 3
2 cm
3
/hr,
D. 6
2 cm
3
/hr, E. none of the above
(f) Given the polar equation r = 1, nd
dy
dx
A. cot , B. tan , C. 0, D. 1, E. cot
(g) Let A(t) denote the amount of a certain radioactive material left after
time t. Assume that A(0) = 16 and A(1) = 12. How much time is left
after time t = 3?
A.
16
9
, B. 8, C.
9
4
, D.
27
4
, E. 4
(h) Which of the following statements is always true for a function f(x)?
1. If f(x) is concave up on the interval (a, b), then f(x) has a local
minimum (a, b).
2. It is possible for y = f(x) to have an inection point at (a, f(a)) even
if f
(x) does not exist atx = a.

3. It is possible for (a, f(a)) to be both a critical point and an inection
point of f(x).
A. 1. and 2., B. 3. only, C. 1., 2., and 3., D. 2. and 3., E. 1. only
(i) Which of the following statements is always true for a function f(x)?
1. If f(x) and g(x) are continuous at x = a, then
f(x)
g(x)
is continuous at
x = a.
2. If f(x) + g(x) is continuous at x = a and f
(a) = 0, then g(x) is

continuous ta x = a.
3. If f(x) +g(x) is dierentiable at x = a, then f(x) and g(x) are both
dierentiable at x = a.
A. 1. only, B. 2. only, C. 3. only, D. 1. and 2., E. 2. and 4.
(j) The slant asymptote of the function f(x) =
x
2
+ 3x 1
x 1
is
A. y = x + 4, B. y = x + 2, C. y = x 2, D. y = x 4, E. none of the
above
15. This is a multiple choice question. No explanation is required
(a) The derivative of g(x) = e
x
is
A.

xe
x1
, B. 2e
x
x
0.5
, C.
0.5e
x
, D. e
x
, E. None of these
(b) If cosh y = x +x
3
y, then at the point (1, 0) we y
=
A. 0, B. 1, C. 1, D. 3, E. Does not exist
(c) An antiderivative of f(x) = x sin x + e
x
is
A. 1 cos x + e
x
, B. x
2
+ ln x cos x, C. 0.5x
2
+ e
x
cos x, D. cos x +
e
x
+ 0.5x
2
, E. None of these
91
(d) If h(x) = ln(1 x
2
) where 1 < x < 1, then h
(x) =
A.
1
1 x
2
, B.
1
1 + x
+
1
1 x
, C.
2
1 x
2
, D.
1
1 + x

1
1 x
, E. None of
these
(e) The linear approximation to f(x) =
3
x at x = 8 is given by
A. 2, B.
x + 16
12
, C.
1
3x
2/3
, D.
x 2
3
, E.
3
x 2
16. Answer the following questions. You need not show work for this section.
(a) What is the period of f(x) = tan x?
(b) What is the derivative of f(x) = x ln |x| x?
(c) If y = sin
2
x and
dx
dt
= 4, nd
dy
dt
when x = .
(d) What is the most general antiderivative of f(x) = 2xe
x
2
?
(e) Evaluate lim
t
(ln(t + 1) ln t)?
(f) Does dierentiability imply continuity?
(g) Convert the Cartesian equation x
2
+y
2
= 25 into a polar equation.
(h) Simplify cosh
2
x sinh
2
x.
17. Give an example for the each of the following:
(a) Function F = f g so that the limits of F and f at a exist and the limit
of g at a does not exist.
(b) Function that is continuous but not dierentiable at a point.
(c) Function with a critical number but no local maximum or minimum.
(d) Function with a local minimum at which its second derivative equals 0.
18. (a) State the denition of the derivative of function f at a number a.
(b) State the denition of a critical number of a function.
(c) State the Extreme Value Theorem.
19. Match the start of each denition/theorem with its conclusion.
(a) The Mean Value Theorem states that ...
(b) The chain rule states that ...
(c) A critical number is a number that ...
(d) The Extreme Value Theorem states that ...
(e) Fermats Theorem states that
(f) An antiderivative of a function f is ...
(g) The natural number e is ...
(h) An inection point is a point ....
(i) The derivative of a function f at a number a is ...
(j) LHospitals Rule states that ...
(k) The Intermediate Value Theorem states that ...
i. ... if f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and let N be any
number between f(a) and f(b), f(a) = f(b). Then there exists a
number c in (a, b) such that f(c) = N.
ii. ... if f is a function that satises the following hypotheses:
A. f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b].
B. f is dierentiable on the open interval (a, b).
(c) =
f(b) f(a)
b a
.
iii. ... f
(a) = lim
h0
f(a + h) f(a)
h
iv. ... If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f attains an
absolute maximum value f(c) and an absolute minimum value f(d)
at some numbers c, d [a, b].
v. ... is in the domain of f such that either f
(c) = 0 or f
(c) does not

exist.
vi. ... if lim
xa
f(x) = f(a).
vii. ... on a continuous curve where the curve changes from concave
upward to concave downward or from concave downward to concave
upward.
viii. ... the base of the exponential function which has a tangent line of
slope 1 at (0, 1).
ix. ... If f and g are both dierentiable then
d
dx
[f(g(x))] = f
(g(x))
g
(x).
Chapter 6
Answers, Hints, Solutions
6.1 Limits
1. (a) 20
(b) Does not exist
(c) 0
(d) 100
(e) Does not exist. Con-
sider the domain of g(x) =
x
2
+ 20x 100 =
_
(x 10)
2
.
2. 8 ln 4
3. 0. Note the exponential function
in the denominator.
4.
3
5
. Divide the numerator and
denominator by the highest power.
5.
5
2
6. 3
7. 2
8. 0. What is the value of
3x +|1 3x| if x <
1
3
?
9. 1
10.
3
2
11.
2
3
12. . Note that
x
2
1 = (x 1)(x + 1).
13. 2. Which statement is true for x < 1:
|x 1| = x 1 or |x 1| = 1 x?
14. (a) 1.5
(b) 1.5
(c) No. The left-hand limit and the
right-hand limit are not equal.
15. Does not exist
16.
1
8
. Rationalize the numerator.
17.
1
12
. Note that
x 8 = (
3
x 2)(
3
x
2
+ 2
3
x + 4).
18. a = b = 4. Rationalize the numerator.
Choose the value of b so that x becomes
93
94 CHAPTER 6. ANSWERS, HINTS, SOLUTIONS
a factor in the numerator.
19.
1
12
. Note that
x 8 = (
3
x 2)(
3
x
2
+ 2
3
x + 4).
20.
1
2
21.
3
2
Note that x and use the
fact that if x < 0 then x =
x
2
.
22.
1
2
23.
3
2
24. Since the denominator approaches
0 as x 2, the necessary
condition for this limit to exist is that
the numerator approaches 0 as x 2.
Thus we solve 4b 30 +15 +b = 0 to ob-
tain b = 3. lim
x2
3x
2
+ 15x + 18
x
2
+ x 2
= 1.
25. a = 4. Write f(x) = x +
(a 1)x + 5
x + 1
.
26. lim
x
ln x
x
= 0.
27. From lim
x4
(x+2) = 6 and lim
x4
(x
2
10) =
6, by the Squeeze Theorem, it follows
that lim
x4
f(x) = 6.
28. 1
29. From the fact that |sin(1/x)| 1 for all x = 0 and the fact that the function y = e
x
is increasing conclude that e
1
e
sin(1/x)
e for all x = 0. Thus e
1
xe
sin(1/x)
e
x for all x > 0. By the Squeeze Theorem, lim

x0
+
_
xe
sin(1/x)
_
= 0.
30. 0. Squeeze Theorem.
33. .
34. 0.
35. .
36.
76
45
. This is the case 0/0.
Apply LHospitals rule.
37.
1
2
. Write
1
2

_
sin x
x
_
100
2x
sin 2x
.
38. 7. Write 7
_
x
sin x
_
101
sin 7x
7x
.
39. 7.
40.
3
5
. This is the case 0/0.
Apply LHospitals rule.
41.
3
5
.
42. 0. Write x
2
x
sin x
sin
_
1
x
2
_
.
43. Does not exist.
sin x
2|x|

1
_
sin 4x
4x
.
44.
1
2
. Write
1 cos x
x
2

x
sin x
.
45. 1. Substitute t =
1
x
.
46. 0. This is the case . Write
x sin x
xsin x
and apply LHospitals rule.
47.
1
6
48. 0. This is the case 0 . Write
ln sin x
1
sin x
6.1. LIMITS 95
49. 0. This is the case /. Apply
LHospitals rule.
50. 0.
51. 0.
52. 0.
53. 1. This is the case 0/0. Write
ln(1 + x)
x
54.
3
2
. Use properties of logarithms rst.
55.
3
2
.
56. ln 2. The denominator approaches 2.
57. 0, This is the case 0/0. Apply
LHospitals rule.
58.
1
2
59. . This is the case . Write
sin x x
2
cos x
x
2
sin x
60. e
1
2
. This is the case 1
. Write e
ln cosh x
x
2
. Apply LHospitals rule and use the fact
that the exponential function f(x) = e
x
is continuous.
61. 1. This is the case 0
0
. Write x
x
= e
xln x
= e
ln x
x
1
. Apply LHospitals rule and use
the fact that the exponential function f(x) = e
x
is continuous.
62. 1.
63. 1.
64. e.
65. 1. This is the case
0
.
66. 1.
67. e
3
.
68. 0.
69. 1. Write e
xln
x
x+1
= e
xln x
e
xln(x+1)
and make your conclusion.
70. e
1
e
.
71. 1.
73. e
2
. Write
_
(1 2x)
1
2x
_
2
.
74. e
7
5
. Write
_
(1 + 7x)
1
7x
_7
5
.
75. e
3
8
. Write
_
(1 + 3x)
1
3x
_3
8
.
76. e
3
2
. Write
_
_
1 +
x
2
_2
x
_
3
2
.
77. 10. Use the fact that
L = lim
n
x
n
to conclude L
2
= 100.
Can L be negative?
78. (a)
1
2
. Write
2 sin
2 x
2
x
2
, or use
LHospitals rule.
(b) 0.
(c) Does not exist. Note that f(x) =
arcsin x is dened on [1, 1].
79. (a) Does not exist. Note that
lim
h0
4
16 + h = 2.
(b)
1
. Use LHospitals rule.

(c) 1. Divide the numerator and de-
nominator by u.
(d) e
2
.
(e)
1
2
(f) . Think, exponential vs. polyno-
mial.
80. (a)
1
2
; (b)
7
3
; (c) 1; (d) 0; (e)
sin 3 3
27
.
81. (a) Does not exist.
Consider lim
x0
xf(x)
x|x|
; (b)
1
3
;
(c)
1
4
. Note that x < 0; (d) e.
82. (a)
1
4
; (b) 1; (c) 0.
83. (a) ; (b) 3; (c) 2; (d) 0.
84. Let > 0 be given. We need to nd = () > 0 such that |x0| < |x
3
0| < ,
what is the same as |x| < |x
3
| < . Clearly, we can take =
3
. Indeed. For
any > 0 we have that |x| <
3
|x|
3
= |x
3
| < and, by denition, lim
x0
x
3
= 0.
85. (c) For any > 0 there exists = () > 0 such that |x 1| < |2x
2
2| < .
86. lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x h)
2h
= lim
h0
f
(x + h) + f
(x h)
2
and, since f
is continuous,
lim
h0
f
(x + h) = lim
h0
f
(x h) = f
(x).
6.2 Continuity
1. c = . Solve lim
x
f(x) = lim
x
f(x) for c. See Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1: c =
2. Let f(x) = 2
x
10
x
. Note that the domain of f is the set R\{0} and that on its
domain, as a sum of two continuous function, f is continuous.
6.2. CONTINUITY 97
(a) Since f is continuous on (0, ) and since lim
x0
+
f(x) = and lim
x
f(x) =
by the the Intermediate Value Property there is a (0, ) such that f(a) = 0.
(b) For all x (, 0) we have that
10
x
< 0 which implies that for all x (, 0)
we have that all f(x) > 0.
3. See Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2: Piecewise Dened Function
(a) (i) False; (ii)True; (b) (i) Yes; (ii) Yes; (c) (i) No; (ii) No.
4. See Figure 6.3.
Figure 6.3: Continuous Function
(a) Check that lim
x1
f(x) = lim
x1
+
f(x) = f(1).
(b)
1
2
. Note lim
x1
5+x
2
3
x 1
=
1
2
and lim
x1
+
(2 +
x) 3
x 1
=
1
2
.
5. f(x) =
x
2
9
x 3
if x = 3 and f(3) = 0.
6.3 Miscellaneous
1. (a) x =
1 ln
ln
. (b) x =
log log 2
log 3
.
2. (e, 3) (3, ).
3. (a) Give a denition of the limit. (b)
Give a denition of a function contin-
uous at a point. (c) A corner or a
vertical tangent; y = |x|; y = x
1
3
.
6.4 Derivatives
1. (b) f
(3) = lim
h0
1
2(3+h)1

1
5
h
= lim
h0
2
5(5 + 2h)
= 0.08. (c) lim
h0
sin
7
_
6
+
h
2
_
_
1
2
_
7
h
=
d
dx
(sin
7
x
2
)
x=
3
=
7
2
sin
6

6
cos

6
=
7
3
256
.
2. Let |I(x)| M for all x R. Then for any h = 0,
h
2
I(h)
h
= |hI(h)|. Use the

Squeeze Theorem to conclude that f is dierentiable at x = 0.
3. f
(2) = lim
x2
x +
1
x

5
2
x 2
=
3
4
.
4. Since g is not dierentiable we cannot use the product rule. f
(0) = lim
h0
hg(h)
h
= 8.
5. (b) f
(4) = lim
h0
_
5 (x + h) 1
h
= 0.5.
6. F
(0) = lim
h0
f(h) sin
2
h
h
h
= lim
h0
f(h) sin
2
h
h
2
= f(0).
7. m = e, b = 0. Solve lim
x1
e
x
= lim
x1
+
(mx+b) and lim
x1
e
x
e
x 1
= lim
x1
+
mx + b (m + b)
x 1
for m and b.
8. (a) S
(3) =
F
(3)G(3) F(3)G
(3)
[G(3)]
2
=
1
4
. (b) T
(0) = F
(G(0)) G
(0) = 0. (c)
U
(3) =
F
(3)
F(3)
=
1
2
.
9. From h(1) = f(1)g(1) and h
(1) = f
(1)g(1) + f(1)g
(1) it follows that g
(1) = 9.
6.4. DERIVATIVES 99
10. 2f(g(1)) f
(g(1)) g
(1) = 120.
11. f
(x) =
2
(x 2)
2
12. (a) f
(x) = sec
2
x. This follows from tan x =
sin x
cos x
by using the quotient rule.
(b) From g(x) = arctan x, x R, and f
(g(x)) g
(x) = 1, we conclude that

g
(x) = cos
2
(g(x)). Next, suppose that x > 0 and consider the right triangle
with the hypotenuse of the length 1 and with one angle measured g(x) radians.
Then tan g(x) = tan(arctan x) = x =
sin g(x)
cos g(x)
=
1 g
(x)
g
(x)
which implies
that x
2
=
1 g
(x)
g
(x)
. Thus g
(x) =
1
1 + x
2
.
(c) From g
(x) = 2xsec x
2
+
2x
1 + x
4
it follows that g
2
_
= 2
_
pi +
16
16 +
2
.
13. f
(1) = g(1) = 2.
14.
d
dx
(
x + x
7
)
x=1
=
15
2
.
15. f
(0) = 0. Note that, for h = 0,
h
2
sin
1
h
h
hsin
1
h
|h|. Use the Squeeze

Theorem.
16. f
(x) = 2sin x > 0 for all x R. Let g(0) = . Then g
(0) =
1
f
(g(0))
=
1
2 sin
.
17. Let f(x) = sin x, x
_
2
,

2
_
. Then, for x (1, 1), (f
1
)
(x) =
1
cos(f
1
(x))
.
Suppose that x (0, 1) and let = f
1
(x). Consider the right triangle with the
hypothenuse of the length 1 and an angle measured radians. The length of the
leg opposite to the angle equals sin = x which implies
d
dx
(sin
1
x) =
1
1 x
2
.
18. Use the chain rule and the given property of f
(x) to get (1+(f(g(x)))

2
) g
(x) = 1.
19. Write y =
1
2
(2x
2
2
_
x
4
1).
20. 0. Note f(x) = (x + 2)(x
2
+ 4).
21. y
=
5!
x
6
2
5
sin 2x.
22. A = 0, B = 1.
23. Use the chain rule to
dierentiate f
2
g
2
.
24. Use the product rule twice.
25. y
=
_
3 ln(x + 2)
x
+
3 ln x
x + 2

x
x
2
+ 1
_

(x + 2)
3 ln x
(x
2
+ 1)
1/2
. Use the logarithmic dier-
entiation.
26. y =
2
x
sinh
x e
4 cosh
x
.
27. From f
(x) =
2x + 1
_
1 (x
2
+ x)
2
+5
x
ln 5 it
follows that f
(0) = 1 + ln 5.
28. 0. Write as a product.
29. (a)
3e
3t
sinh(e
3t
)
_
1 cosh
2
(e
3t
)
(b) y
(u) =
1
3
_
1
u + 1
+
1
u + 2

2u
u
2
+ 1

2u
u
2
+ 2
_
_
(u + 1)(u + 2)
(u
2
+ 1)(u
2
+ 2)
_
1/3
.
30. y
=
x(2 ln x + 1) sinh(arcsin(x
2
ln x))
_
1 x
4
ln
2
x
.
31. y
=
4e
4x
1 e
8x
.
32. (a) y
= 2xe
cos x
2
sin x
2
.
(b) y
= x
19
_
20 arctan x +
x
1 + x
2
_
.
(c) y
= 2x
ln x1
ln x.
33. (a) y
=
6e
3 ln(2x+1)
2x + 1
.
(b) y
= 2x
2x
(ln x + 1).
(c) y
=
e
2x
(x
2
+ 1)
3
(1 + sin x)
5

_
2
6x
x
2
+ 1

5 cos x
1 + sin x
_
.
(d) y
=
2x + 2y
2
3 4xy
.
34. (a) y
= (xcosh x + sinh x)x

sinh x
.
(b) y
=
xy + y
2
1
3xy
2
+ 3y
3
x
2
xy 1
.
35. (a) y
= sec(sinh x) tan(sinh x) cosh x.

(b) y
=
ex
e1
e
x
e
y
ey
e1
.
36. (a) f
(x) = (6x 3x
2
1)e
x
.
(b) g
(z) =
z cos
z
2
+ 1
z
2
+ 1
.
(c) f
(x) = x
x
(ln x + 1).
(d) h
(y) =
y tan y + 1
2y
_
cos y
y
.
37. (a) f
(x) =
1 x
2
(x
2
+ 1)
2
.
(b) g
(x) =
x
x
2
+ 1
+ 4 cot x.
38. (a) f
(x) =
1
2
x(1 + x)
.
(b) f
(x) =
5 sinh(5 ln x)
x
.
39. (a) f
(x) = 3 10
3x
ln 10.
(b) f
(x) = x
9
(10 tanh x + x sech
2
x).
(c) f
(x) =
_
cos x
x
sin xln x
_
x
cos x
.
40. (a) f
(x) = (2 ln x + 1)x
x
2
+1
.
(b) f
(x) = 3 tan 3x.

41. (a) f
(x) =
(5 x)(x 1)
(x + 1)
4
.
(b) f
(x) = 2
2x+1
ln 2
4x
3
3
x
2
+1
.
(c) f
(x) = 4xtan(x
2
) sec
2
x
2
.
(d) f
(x) =
_
ln x
1 + x
2
+
arctan x
x
_
x
arctan x
.
(e) f
(x) = 8 cosh(2x).
42. (a) f
(x) = 5 + 5x
4
+ 5
x
ln 5 +
1
5
5
x
4
.
(b) y
= x
9
(10 tanh x + x sech
2
x).
(c) y
=
_
cos x
xln x
sin xln ln x
_
(ln x)
cos x
.
43. (a) f
(x) = coth x.
6.4. DERIVATIVES 101
(b) f
(x) = (cos x xsin x)e

xcos x
.
(c) f
(x) =
1 + cos x
(1 + cos x)
2
.
(d) f
(x) = (ln x + 1)x

x
.
44. (a) f
(x) =
3
x
4
.
(b) f
(x) = 2xsin
2
(2x
2
) +
8x
3
sin(2x
2
) cos(x
2
).
(c) f
(x) =
_
ln(x + 2) +
x
x + 2
_
(x +
2)
x
.
45. (a) y
=
xsec
x
2
+ 1 tan
x
2
+ 1
x
2
+ 1
.
(b) y
=
_
e
x
ln x +
e
x
x
_
x
e
x
.
46. (a) y
= 3x
2
+ 3
x
ln 3 + 3(ln x + 1)x
3x
.
(b) y
= (e
2x
+ 4e
8x
).
(c) y
=
y + x
x y
.
(d) y
=
_
5
x
+ 3x
2
+
2x
3(x
2
+ 1)

4
x + 1
_
x
5
e
x
3
3
x
2
+ 1
(x + 1)
4
.
47. (a) f
(x) =
1
sec(x
2
+ 7x)

_
2x 3
x
2
3x + 8
(2x + 7)
ln(x
2
3x + 8) tan(x
2
+ 7x)
_
.
(b) f
(x) =
2 sinh(2x 3)
1 + cosh
2
(2x 3)
(c) f
(x) = 3e
3x4
sin(e
3x4
).
(d) f
(x) =
_
(x
1
+ 2x) ln tan x +
ln x + x
2
sin xcos x
_
(tan x)
ln x+x
2
.
(e) f
(x) = 0.
48. (a) h
(t) =
1
3
sec
2
_
t
3
_
e
tan(
t
3
)
(b) y
=
3
8xln
2
x
_
1
2 ln x
_
1/4
.
Note that y =
_
1
2 ln x
_
3/4
.
(c) f
(y) =
ln 3
ln 7
_
1 y
2
arcsin y
3
log
7
(arcsin y)
49. (a) f
(x) =
2x + 1
_
1 (x
2
+ x)
2
+ 5
x
ln 5.
(b) g
(x) =
3x
2
+ 4x + 3
2
x + 1(x
2
3)
2
sinh
_
x + 1
x
2
3
_
.
50. (a) f
(x) =
2
x
(e
4x
+ a) ln 2 4e
4x
sinh
1
(2
x
)
2
2x
+ 1
(e
4x
+ a)
2
2
2x
+ 1
.
(b) g
(x) = g(x)
_
6xsin(3x
2
)
2 + cos(3x
2
)
+
3
2
_
. (Use logarithmic dierentiation.)
51. (a)
d
2
y
dx
2
=
4x
3
(1 + x
4
)
2
(b) y
=
1
2
x
x
1
2
ln(e
2
x)
6.5 Related Rates
1. Let x = x(t) be the distance between the bottom of the ladder and the wall. It is
given that, at any time t,
dx
dt
= 2 ft/s. Let = (t) be the angle between the top of
the ladder and the wall. Then sin =
x(t)
15
. It follows that cos
d
dt
=
1
15
dx
dt
. Thus
when =

3
the rate of change of is given by
d
dt
=
4
15
ft/s.
2. Let x = x(t) be the distance between the foot of the ladder and the wall and
let y = y(t) be the distance between the top of the ladder and the ground. It
is given that, at any time t,
dx
dt
=
1
2
m/min. From x
2
+ y
2
= 144 it follows that
x
dx
dt
+y
dy
dt
= 0. Thus when x(t) = 4 we have that y(t) = 8
2 and 4
1
2
+8
2
dy
dt
= 0.
The top of the ladder is falling at the rate
dy
dt
=
2
8
m/min.
3. Let x = x(t) be the hight of the rocket at time t and let y = y(t) be the distance
between the rocket and radar station. It is given that, at any time t, x
2
= y
2
16.
Thus, at any time t, x
dx
dt
= y
dy
dt
. At the instant when y = 5 miles and
dy
dt
= 3600
mi/h we have that x = 3 miles and we conclude that, at that instant, 3
dx
dt
= 5 3600.
Thus the vertical speed of the rocket is v =
dx
dt
= 6000 mi/h.
4. Let x = x(t) be the distance between the dock and the bow of the boat at time t
and let y = y(t) be the length of the rope between the pulley and the bow at time
t. It is given that
dy
dt
= 1 m/sec. From x
2
+ 1 = y
2
it follows that
dx
dt
=
y
x
m/sec.
Since y = 10 implies x =
99 we conclude that when 10 m of rope is out then the

boat is approaching the dock at the rate of
10
99
m/sec.
5. From y = 5 tan we get that, at any time t,
dy
dt
= 5 sec
2
d
dt
. At the instant when
=

3
radians we have that v =
dy
dt
= 5 sec
2

3
2 = 40 m/s.
6. After time t (in hours) the plane is 480t km away from the point directly above
the observer. Thus, at time t, the distance between the observer and the plane is
D =
_
3
2
+ (480t)
2
. We dierentiate D
2
= 9 + 230, 400t
2
with respect to t to get
2D
dD
dt
= 460, 800t. Since 30 sec =
1
120
hours it follows that the distance between
the observer and the plane after 30 seconds equals D = 5 km. Thus, 30 seconds
later the distance D from the observer to the airplane is increasing at the rate of
dD
dt
t=
1
120
= 384 km/h.
7. Let y be the distance between the airplane and the radar station. Then, as the
hypothenuse in a right angle triangle with the angle and the opposite leg of length
1000 m, y =
1000
sin
. Since it is given that
d
dt
= 0.1 rad/sec, it follows that
dy
dt
=
1000 cos
sin
2
d
dt
=
100 cos
sin
2
m/sec. Hence if =

4
, the speed of the plane is
given by
dy
dt
t=
4
= 100
2 m/sec.
8. (a) From z
2
= 64 + 4t
2
it follows that 2zz
= 8t. If z = 10 then t = 3 and at that

instant z
= 1.2 m/s. (b) Since the height of the kite after t seconds is 2t meters,
it follows that tan x =
2t
8
. Thus
x
cos
2
x
=
1
4
. If y = 6 then t = 3 and tan x =
3
4
.
It follows that cos x =
4
5
and at that instant the rate of change of x is given by
x
= x
(3) =
4
25
m/s.
9. Let x = x(t) be the distance (in metres) between the boy and the balloon at time
t. Then [x(t)]
2
= (8t)
2
+ (36 + 4t)
2
. From 2x(t)x
(t) = 128t + 8(36 + 4t). From

x(3) = 24
5 m, it follows that x
(3) =
16
5
m/sec.
10. Let = (t) be the elevation angle. From tan =
2t
80
it follows that
d
dt
=
cos
2
40
.
When t = 30 we have tan =
3
4
and cos =
4
5
. Thus when the helicopter is 60 m
above the ground the elevation angle of the observers line of sight to the helicopter
is changing at the rate
1
50
m/s.
11. Let r denotes the radius of the circular containment area. It is given that
dr
dt
= 5
m/min. From the fact that the area at time t is given by A = r
2
, where r = r(t),
it follows that
dA
dt
= 2r
dr
dt
= 10r m
2
/min. Hence when r = 50m then the area
shrinks at the rate of 10 50 = 500 m
2
/min.
12. Let x = x(t) be the edge length. Then the volume is given by V = x
3
and the
surface area is given by S = 6x
2
. It is given that
dV
dt
= 10. This implies that
3x
2
dx
dt
= 10 at any time t and we conclude that at the instant when x = 8 the edge
is increasing at the rate
5
96
cm/min. This fact together with
dS
dt
= 12x
dx
dt
implies
that at the instant when x = 8 the surface area is increasing at the rate 12 8
5
96
= 5
cm
2
/min.
13. Let H = H(t) be the height of the box, let x = x(t) be the length of a side of the base,
and V = V (t) = Hx
2
. It is given that
dH
dt
= 2 m/s and
dV
dt
= 2x
dx
dt
H+x
2
dH
dt
= 5
m
3
/s. The question is to nd the value of
dx
dt
at the instant when x
2
= 64 m
2
and
H = 8 m. Thus, at that instant, one of the sides of the base is decreasing at the
rate of
133
128
m/s.
14. Let H = H(t) be the height of the pile, let r = r(t) be the radius of the base, and
let V = V (t) be the volume of the cone. It is given that H = r (which implies that
V =
H
3
3
) and that
dV
dt
= H
2
dH
dt
= 1 m
3
/sec. The question is to nd the value
of
dH
dt
at the instant when H = 2. Thus at that instant the sandpile is rising at the
rate of
1
4
m/sec.
15. Let H = H(t) be the height of water, let r = r(t) be the radius of the surface of
water, and let V = V (t) be the volume of water in the cone at time t. It is given
that r =
3H
5
which implies that V =
3H
3
25
. The question is to nd the value of
dH
dt
at the instant when H = 3 and
dV
dt
= 2 m
3
/sec . Thus at that instant the
water level dropping at the rate of
50
81
m/sec.
16. The distance between the boy and the girl is given by z =
_
x
2
+ y
2
where x = x(t)
and y = y(t) are the distances covered by the boy and the girl in time t, respectively.
The question is to nd z
(6). We dierentiate z
2
= x
2
+ y
2
to get zz
= xx
yy
.
From x(6) = 9, y(6) = 12, z(6) = 15, x
(t) = 1.5, and y
(t) = 2 it follows that

z
(6) = 2.5 m/s.

17. The distance between the two ships is given by z =
_
x
2
+ (60 y)
2
where x = x(t)
and y = y(t) are the distances covered by the ship A and the ship B in time t,
respectively. The question is to nd z
(4). We dierentiate z
2
= x
2
+ (60 y)
2
to
get zz
= xx
(60 y)y
. From x(4) = 60, y(4) = 49, z(4) = 61, x
(t) = 15, and

y
(t) = 12.25 it follows that z
(4) =
765.25
61
12.54 miles/hour.
18. Let the point L represents the lighthouse, let at time t the light beam shines on the
point A = A(t) on the shoreline, and let x = x(t) be the distance between A and P.
Let = (t) be the measure in radians of PLA. It is given that x = 3 tan and
d
dt
= 8 radians/minute. The question is to nd
dx
dt
at the instant when x = 1.
6.6. TANGENT LINES AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 105
First we note that
dx
dt
= 3 sec
2
d
dt
. Secondly, at the instant when x = 1 we have
that tan =
1
3
which implies that cos =
3
10
. Hence, when shining on a point
one kilometer away from P, the light beam moving along the shoreline at the rate
of
80
3
km/min.
19. Let x = x(t) be the distance between the police car and the intersection and let
y = y(t) be the distance between the SUV and the intersecetion. The distance
between the two cars is given by z =
_
x
2
+ y
2
. The question is to nd the value
of
dy
dt
at the instant when x = 0.6 km, y = 0.8 km,
dz
dt
= 20 km/hr, and
dx
dt
= 60
km/hr. We dierentiate z
2
= x
2
+ y
2
to get z
dz
dt
= x
dx
dt
+ y
dy
dt
. Since, at the given
instance, z = 1, we have that
dy
dt
= 70 km/hr.
6.6 Tangent Lines and Implicit Dierentiation
1. Solve y
= cosh x = 1. The point is (0, 0).

2. Solutions of a
3
= 3a
2
(4 a) are a = 0 and a = 6. The points are (0, 0) and
(6, 216).
3. (a)
4
, (b) y =
2x + 1

4
.
4. y = x 1
5. We note that y
= 3(x 1)
2
. Two lines, none of them horizontal, are perpendicular
to each other if the product of their slopes equals 1. Thus to nd all points on
the curve C with the property that the tangent line is perpendicular to the line L
we solve the equation
1
3
3(x 1)
2
= 1. Hence x = 0 or x = 2. The lines are
y = 3x 1 and y = 3x 5.
6. From e
y
_
dy
dx
ln(x + y) +
1 +
dy
dx
x + y
_
=
_
y +
dy
dx
_
sin(xy) it follows that
dy
dx
x=1
=
1.
Figure 6.4: y = (x 1)
3
and 3y = x
7.
dy
dx
=
y x
4
y
4
x
8. y ln x = xln y
dy
dx
ln x +
y
x
= ln y +
x
y

dy
dx
dy
dx
=
y(xln y y)
x(y ln x x)
9.
dy
dx
=
3
x
ln 3 + sinh y
e
y
xcosh y
10.
dy
dx
=
cosh x 2xy
x
2
sin y
11.
dy
dx
=
1 y(x y)
1 + (x y)(x + 3y
2
)
12. (a) x + y = 0; (b) The graph crosses the x-axis at the points (
3, 0). The claim

follows from the fact that 2xy xy
+2yy
= 0 implies that if x =
3 and y = 0
then y
= 2.
13. x + y = .
14. y = 0.
15. y
(3) =
10
21
.
16.
4
3
17. (a)
dy
dx
=
2xy
x
2
+ 2ay
; (b) We solve the system of equations 1+a = b,
2
1 + 2a
=
4
3
to get a =
1
4
and b =
5
4
.
18. From
dy
dx
=
_
y
x
we get that the tangent line l to the curve at any of its points
(a, b) is given by yb =
_
b
a
(xa). The sum of the x-intercept and the y-intercept
of l is given by (a +
ab) + (b +
ab) = (
a +
b)
2
= k.
19. From
2
3
3
x
+
2y
3
3
y
= 0 we conclude that y
=
3
_
y
x
. Thus the tangent line through
the point (a, b) on the curve is given by y b =
3
_
b
a
(xa). Its x and y intercepts
are
_
a +
3
ab
2
, 0
_
and
_
0, b +
3
a
2
b
_
. Thus the square of the portion of the tangent
line cut o by the coordinate axis is
_
a +
3
ab
2
_
2
+
_
b +
3
a
2
b
_
2
= a
2
+ 2a
3
ab
2
+
b
3
a
2
b + b
2
+ 2b
3
a
2
b + a
3
ab
2
=
_
3
a
2
+
3
b
2
_
3
= 9
3
. The length of the portion is
9
3
= 27.
20. y + 4 =
3
4
(x 8).
21. (a) (0, 0), (0, 2). (b) y
=
x(2x
2
5)
2y(y
2
2)
. (c) x =
5.
22. (a) y = 3x 9; (b) y(2.98) 3 2.98 9 = 0.06
23. (a) y
(4) = 4, y(4) = 11; (b) y(3.95) 0.2; (c) Since the curve is concave down,
the tangent line is above the curve and the approximation is an overestimate.
6.7 Curve Sketching
1. (a) From f
(x) = 12x
2
(x 2) we conclude that f
(x) > 0 for x > 2 and f
(x) < 0
for x < 2. So f is increasing on (2, ) and decreasing on (, 2).
(b) From f(x) = 12x(3x 4) it follows that f(x) > 0 for x < 0 or x >
4
3
and
f(x) < 0 for x
_
0,
4
3
_
. Also f(x) = 0 for x = 0 and x =
4
3
. Thus f is
concave upward on (, 0) and on
_
4
3
,
_
and concave downward on
_
0,
4
3
_
(c) Critical numbers are x = 0 and x = 2. Since f
(x) does not change sign at

x = 0 there is no local maximum or minimum there. (Note also that f(0) = 0
and that the second derivative test is inconclusive.) Since f
(x) changes from

negative to positive at x = 2 there is a local minimum at x = 2. (Note also
that f(2) > 0, so second derivative test says there is a local minimum.)
(d) Inection points are (0, 10) and
_
4
3
, f
_
4
3
__
.
(e) lim
x
f(x) = .
For the graph see Figure 6.5.
Figure 6.5: f(x) = 3x
4
8x
3
+ 10
2. (a) From x
2
9 > 0 it follows that the domain of the function f is the set (, 3)
(3, ). (b) The function is not dened at x = 0, so there is no the y-intercept.
Note that f(x) = 0 for all x in the domain of f. (c) From lim
x
f(x) = 1 and
lim
x
f(x) = 1 we conclude that there are two horizontal asymptotes, y = 1 (when
x ) and y = 1 (when x ). From lim
x3
+
f(x) = 0 and lim
x3
f(x) =
it follows that there is a vertical asymptote at x = 3. (d) Since, for all x in the
domain of f, f
(x) =
3(x 3)
(x
2
9)
3/2
= 0 we conclude that there is no critical number
for the function f. (e) Note that f
(x) > 0 for x > 3 and f
(x) < 0 for x < 3. Thus

f increasing on (3, ) and decreasing on (, 3). (f) Since the domain of f is
the union of two open intervals and since the function is monotone on each of those
intervals, it follows that the function f has neither (local or absolute) a maximum
nor a minimum. (g) From f
(x) =
6(x 3)(x
3
2
)
(x
2
9)
5/2
it follows that f
(x) < 0 for

all x in the domain of f. Therefore f(x) is concave downwards on its domain. For
the graph see Figure 6.6.
3. (a) The domain of the function f is the set R\{0}. The x-intercepts are 1. Since
0 not in domain of f there is no y-intercept. (b) From lim
x0
f(x) = and
lim
x0
+
f(x) = it follows that the vertical asymptote is the line x = 0. Since
lim
x
f(x) = lim
x
_
x
1
x
_
= we conclude that there is no horizontal asymp-
tote. Finally, the fact f(x) = x
1
x
implies that f has the slant (oblique) asymptote
y = x. (c) For all x R\{0}, f
(x) =
x
2
+ 1
x
2
> 0 so the function f is increasing on
Figure 6.6: f(x) =
x 3
x
2
9
(, 0) and on (0, ). The function f has no critical numbers and thus cannot have
a local maximum or minimum. (d) Since f
(x) =
2
x
3
it follows that f
(x) > 0
for x < 0 and f
(x) < 0 for x > 0. Therefore f is concave upward on (, 0) and

concave downward on (0, ). There are no points of inection. (e) See Figure 6.7.
Figure 6.7: f(x) =
x
2
1
x
4. f(x) = x
3
2x
2
x + 1, f
(x) = 3x
2
4x 1, f
(x) = 6x 4. See Figure 6.8.

5. See Figure 6.9.
Figure 6.8: f(x) = x
3
2x
2
x + 1 on the interval [1, 3]
Figure 6.9: f(x) =
x
2
2
x
4
6. See Figure 6.10.
7. See Figure 6.11.
8. See Figure 6.12.
Figure 6.10: f(x) =
1
(1 + e
x
)
2
Figure 6.11: f(x) =
x
2
4x
(x + 4)
2
9. Note that the domain of the given function is the set of all real numbers. The
y-intercept is the point (0, 0) and the x-intercepts are (4, 0) and (0, 0). From
y
=
4
3
x
1/3
_
1
x
+ 1
_
we conclude that y
is not dened at x = 0 and that y
= 0 if
x = 1. Thus the critical numbers are x = 1 and x = 0. Also y
< 0 on (, 1)
and y
> 0 on (1, 0) (0, ). Hence the function has a local minimum at x = 1.

Note that the y-axis is a vertical asymptote to the graph of the given function. From
y
=
4
9
x
5/3
(x 2) it follows that y
(x) > 0 on (, 0) (2, and y
(x) < 0 on
(0, 2). Points of inection are (0, 0) and (2, 6 2
1/3
). See Figure 6.13.
10. Note that the given function is a product of a power function y = x
2/3
and a linear
function y =
5
2
x that are both continuous on R. See Figure 6.14.
Figure 6.12: f(x) =
4 4x
x
2
Figure 6.13: y = 4x
1/3
+x
4/3
11. The domain is the interval (0, ). Note that lim
x0
+
x
x
= 1 and lim
x
x
x
= . From
y
= x
x
(ln x + 1) we get that the critical number is x =
1
e
. By the rst derivative
test there is a local minimum there. Also, y
= x
x
[(ln x +1)
2
+
1
x
]. See Figure 6.15.
12. See Figure 6.16.
13. (a) (0, 0), (3, 9e
2
); (b) Increasing on (, 3) and decreasing on (3, ). A local
(global) maximum at (3, 9e
2
). The other critical point is neither local maximum
Figure 6.14: y = x
2/3
(
5
2
x)
Figure 6.15: y = x
x
nor local minimum. (c) Note that x
2
6x +6 = (x (3
3))(x (3 +
3)). The
function is concave up on (0, 3
3) and (3+
3, ) and concave down on (, 0)

and (3
3, 3 +
3). The inection points are (0, 0), (3
3, (3
3)
3
e
2+
3
),
and (3 +
3, (3 +
3)
3
e
2
3
). (d) lim
x
f(x) = , lim
x
f(x) = 0. (e) See Figure
6.17.
15. Note lim
x0
f(x) = 0, lim
x0
+
f(x) = and lim
x
f(x) = 1. See Figure 6.19.
Figure 6.16: f(x) =
x
2
+ 2
x
2
4
16. (a) y=0. (b) f is increasing on (, 0) and decreasing on (0, ). (c) Local maxi-
mum at x = 0. (d) Concave up on (, 2) and (2, ), concave down on (2, 2).
(e) Inection points at x = 2.
19. Note that the function is dened on R, but that the domain of its derivative is
R\{0}. See Figure 6.22.
22. It is given that the y-intercept is the point (0, 3). Note that the given function has
a vertical asymptote x = 3 and two horizonatal asymtotes, y = 1, when x ,
and y = 2, when x . Also, the function f is decreasing on (, 3) and (3, ).
Finally, f is concave upwards on (3, ) and concave downwards on (, 3). See
Figure 6.25.
3
e
x+5
2
e
x
23. (a) The graph has a vertical asymptote y = 0 and a horizontal asymptote x = 2.
The following table summarizes the rest of the given information.
Interval (4, 1) (1, 0) (0, 2) (2, 4) (4, )
Monotonity Decreasing Increasing Increasing Decreasing Decreasing
Concavity Downwards Upwards Downwards Downwards Upwards
(b) There are two points of inection, x = 1 and x = 4. We note that x = 1 is
also a critical number and that by the rst derivative test there is a local minimum at
x = 1. If f(1) = 0, then f
(1) exists and f
(1) = 0. This would imply that

at this point the graph of f is above the tangent line at x = 1 which contradicts
Figure 6.19: f(x) = e
1
x
Figure 6.20: f(x) =
18(x 1)
x
2
the fact that the curve crosses its tangent line at each inection point. It follows
that f
(1) does not exist and therefore f(1) does not exist.
For a graph see Figure 6.26.
24. (a)

: r, s, g; (b)

: r, s, f, g; (c)

: r; (d)

: g; (e)

: r.
25. (a)

: C, D; (b)

: A; (c)

: A, D; (d)

: A, B, C, D; (e)

: B.
26. a = 3, b = 7. Solve the system y(1) = a + b + 2 = 6 and y(1) = 6 + 2a = 0.
Figure 6.21: f(x) =
x + 3
x
2
+ 1
Figure 6.22: f(x) = (5 2x)x
2
3
6.8 Optimization
1. Note that the function f is continuous on the closed interval [1, 2]. By the In-
termediate Value Theorem the function f attains its maximum and minimum val-
ues on [1, 2]. To nd those global extrema we evaluate and compare the val-
ues of f at the endpoints and critical numbers that belong to (1, 2). From
f
(x) = 6x 9 = 3(2x 3) we conclude that the critical number is x =

3
2
. From
f(1) = 12, f(2) = 6, and f
_
3
2
_
=
27
4
we conclude that the maximum value
is f(1) = 12 and the minimum value is f
_
3
2
_
=
27
4
.
2. The global minimum value is f(4) = f(2) = 21, and the global maximum value
is f(6) = 139. Note that f(2) = 21 is also a local minimum and that f(2) is a
Figure 6.23: f(x) =
x
x
2
1
local maximum. (Reminder: By our denition, for x = c to be a local extremum
of a function f it is necessary that c is an interior point of the domain of f. This
means that there is an open interval I contained in the domain of f such that c I.)
3. From f
(x) = ax
a1
(1 x)
b
bx
a
(1 x)
b1
= x
a1
(1 x)
b1
(a (a +b)x) and the
fact that a and b are positive conclude that x =
a
a + b
(0, 1) is a critical number
of the function f. Since f(0) = f(1) = 0 and f(x) > 0 for all x (0, 1) it follows
that the maximum value of f is f
_
a
a + b
_
=
_
a
a + b
_
a
_
b
a + b
_
b
.
4. From f(x) =
_
3x 5 if x
5
3
3x + 5 if x <
5
3
we conclude that f
(x) =
_
3 if x >
5
3
3 if x <
5
3
.
Thus, for x =
5
3
, f
(x) = 0 and the derivative of f is not dened at x =

5
3
. We
conclude that the only critical number of the function f on the interval [3, 2] is
x =
5
3
. Clearly, f
_
5
3
_
= 0. From f(3) = 14 and f(1) = 2 it follows that the global
and local minimum is f
_
5
3
_
= 0 and that the global maximum is f(3) = 14.
5. The question is to nd the minimum value of the function f(x) = x
2
+ (12 x)
2
,
x (0, 12). From f
(x) = 4(x 6) it follows that x = 6 is the only critical number.

From f(6) = 4 > 0, by the second derivative test, it follows that f(6) = 72 is the
minimum value of the function f.
6. Note that f(0) = f(1) = 0 and that f(x) > 0 for x (0, 1). Thus by the Inter-
mediate Value Theorem there is c (0, 1) such that f(c) is the maximum value
of f. Since f is dierentiable on (0, 1), c must be a critical point. Note that
f
(x) = x
a1
(1 x)
b1
(a (a + b)x). Since a and b are both positive we have that
Figure 6.24: f(x) =
x
3
2x
3x
2
9
x =
a
a + b
(0, 1). Thus x =
a
a + b
is the only critical point of the function f in
the interval (0, 1) and f
_
a
a + b
_
=
a
a
b
b
(a + b)
a+b
is the maximum value.
7. The distance between a point (x, y) on the curve and the point (0, 3) is
d =
_
(x 0)
2
+ (y (3))
2
=
_
y
4
+ (y + 3)
2
. The question is to minimize the
function f(y) = y
4
+(y +3)
2
, y R. From f
(y) = 2(2y
3
+y +3) = 2(y +1)(2y
2
2y +3)we conclude that y = 1 is the only critical number of the function f. From
f(1) = 10 > 0, by the second derivative test we conclude that f(1) = 5 is the
(local and global) minimum value of f. Thus the closest point is (1, 1).
8. Let x be the radius of the circle. The question is to minimize the function f(x) =
x
2
+
_
40 2x
4
_
2
, x
_
0,
20
_
. (We are given that there are TWO pieces.) The
only critical number of the function f is x =
20
+ 4
. To minimize the total area the
two pieces should be of the length
40
+ 4
and
160
+ 4
.
9. x = 3 and y = 2. The question is to minimize the function f(x) = x
2
+
3(7 x)
2
4
,
x (0, 7). (We are given that there are TWO pieces.) The critical point is x = 3.
10. The question is to maximize the function f(x) =
x
2
3
36
+
(4 x)
2
16
, x [0, 4]. Note
that f(x) > 0 for x (0, 4) and conclude that the maximum value must occur at
Figure 6.25: Two Horizontal Asymptotes
Figure 6.26: Discontinuity at x = 0
x = 0 and/or x = 4. Since f(4) < f(0), the maximum total area is obtained if only
the square is constructed.
11. A rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes is to be inscribed in the region
enclosed by the graphs of y = x
2
and y = 4 so that its perimeter has maximum
length.
(a) See Figure 6.27.
(b) P = 4a + 2(4 a
2
) = 2(4 + 2a a
2
), a (0, 1).
(c) From
dP
da
= 4(1 a) it follows that a = 1 is the only critical number. The fact
that f(a) = 8 < 0 for all a (0, 1) implies, by the second derivative test,
that P(1) is the maximum value.
(d) P(1) = 10.
Figure 6.27: Rectangle insribed in the region y = 4 and y = x
2
12. Let (x, 0) be the bottom right vertex of the rectangle. The question is to maximize
f(x) = 2x(12 x
2
), x (0, 2
3). The only critical number is x = 2. The length of

the rectangle with the largest area is 4 and its height is 8.
13. Let x be the length of one side of the fence that is perpendicular to the wall. Note
that the length of the side of the fence that is parallel to the wall equals 400 2x
and that this number cannot be larger than 100.The question is to maximize the
function f(x) = x(400 2x), x [150, 400) . The only solution of the equation
f
(x) = 4(100x) = 0 is x = 100 but this value is not in the domain of the function
f. Clearly f
(x) < 0 for x [150, 400) which implies that f is decreasing on its
domain. Therefore the maximum area that can be enclosed is f(150) = 15000 ft
2
.
14. L = 15
3. To minimize L
2
= (x + 5)
2
+ y
2
, use the fact that
x
10
2
=
x + 5
y
and
the rst derivative.
15. Let (x, y) =
_
x,
b
a
_
a
2
x
2
_
be the upper right vertex of the rectangle. The
question is to maximize the function f(x) =
4b
a
x
_
a
2
x
2
, x (0, a). From f
(x) =
4b
a
a
2
2x
2
a
2
x
2
we conclude that the only critical number is x =
a
2
. By the rst
derivative test, there is a local maximum at this critical number. Since lim
x0
+
f(x) =
lim
xa
f(x) = 0, it follows that f

_
a
2
_
= 2ab is the maximum value of the function
f. Thus to maximize the area of the soccer eld its length should be a
2 and its
width should be b
2.
16. Let a be the length of the printed material on the poster. Then the width of this
area equals b =
384
a
. It follows that the length of the poster is x = a + 8 and the
width of the poster is y = b + 12 =
384
a
+ 12. The question is to minimize the
function f(a) = xy = (a +8)
_
384
a
+ 12
_
= 12
_
40 + a +
256
a
_
. It follows that the
function has a local minimum at a = 16. The dimensions of the poster with the
smallest area are x = 24 cm and y = 36 cm.
17. (
15 + 2) (2
15 + 4).
18. Let P be the point on the shore where Maya lands her boat and let x be the
distance from P to the point on the shore that is closest to her initial position.
Thus to reach the village she needs to row the distance z =
4 + x
2
and run the
distance y = 6 x. Time needed to row the distance z is given by T
1
=
z
2
and
time she needs to run is T
2
=
y
5
. Therefore the question is to minimize the function
T = T(x) = T
1
+ T
2
=
4 + x
2
2
+
6 x
5
, x [0, 6]. From f
(x) =
x
2
4 + x
2

1
5
it
follows that the only critical number is x =
4
3
. From T(0) =
11
5
= 2.2, T(6) =
10,
and T
_
4
3
_
2.135183758 it follows that the minimum value is T
_
4
3
_
. Maya
should land her boat
4
3
km from the point initially nearest to the boat.
19. (a) Let y be the height of the box. Then the surface area is given by S = 2x
2
+4xy.
From S = 150 it follows that y =
1
2
_
75
x
x
_
. Therefore the volume of the
box is given by V = V (x) =
x
2
_
75 x
2
_
.
(b) From the fact that y =
1
2
_
75
x
x
_
> 0 it follows that the domain of the
function V = V (x) is the interval [1, 5
3).
(c) Note that
dV
dx
=
3
2
(25 x
2
) and that
d
2
V
dx
2
= 3x < 0 for all x (1, 5
3).
Thus the maximum value is V (5) = 125 cube units.
20. (a) Note that y =
10
x
2
. The cost function is given by C(x) = 5x
2
+ 2 4 x
10
x
2
=
5x
2
+
80
x
, x > 0.
(b) 2 2
5
2
. The minimum cost is C(2) = $60.
21. Let x be the length and the width of the box. Then its height is given by y =
13500
x
2
.
It follows that the surface area is S = x
2
+
54000
x
cm
2
, x > 0. The question is to
minimize S. From
dS
dx
= 2x
54000
x
2
and
d
2
S
dx
2
= 2 +
3 54000
x
3
> 0 for all x > 0 it
follows that the function S has a local and global minimum at x = 30.
22. We need to maximize the area of the trapezoid with parallel sides of lengths a = 2
and c = 2 + 2 2 cos = 2 + 4 cos and the height h = 2 sin . Thus we maximize
the function A = A() =
2 + (2 + 4 cos )
2
2 sin = 4(sin + sin cos ), (0, ).
From
dA
d
= 4(cos +cos
2
sin
2
) = 4(2 cos
2
+cos 1) = 4(2 cos 1)(cos +1)
we obtain the critical number =

3
. The First Derivative Test conrms that =

3
maximizes the cross sectional area of the trough.
23. Let r be the radius of the base of a cylinder inscribed in the cone and let h be its
height. From
H
R
=
h
R r
(see Figure 6.28)
Figure 6.28: Cylinder insribed in a cone
we conclude that h =
H(R r)
R
. Thus the volume of the cylinder is V = V (r) =
H
R
r
2
(R r), r (0, R). From
dV
dr
=
H
R
r(2R 3r) and
d
2
V
dr
2
=
2H
R
(R 3r) it
follows that the maximum value of the volume of the cylinder is V
_
2R
3
_
=
4HR
2
27
.
The dimensions are r =
2R
3
and h =
H
3
.
24. r =
_
10
3
m, h =
_
5
_
3
10

1
2
_
10
3
_
m; V =
10
3
_
10
3
m
3
.
25. Let r be the radius of the base of the pot. Then the height of the pot is h =
250
r
2
.
The cost function is C(r) = 4r
2
+
1000
r
, r > 0. The cost function has its minimum
at r =
5
3
.
26. (a) The surface area of the can is S = 2rh + 2r
2
. The amount of material
wasted is AS = 2(4 )r
2
.
(b) From V = r
2
h it follows that the amount of material needed to make a can of
the given volume V is A = A(r) =
2V
r
+ 8r
2
. This function has its minimum
at r =
3
V
2
. The ratio of the height to diameter for the most economical can
is
h
r
=
4
.
(c) A(r) =
4V
r
3
+ 8 > 0 for r > 0.
27. r =
3
20, h =
14
3
50
. Minimize the cost function C = C(r) = 7r
2
+
280
r
.
28. From Figure 6.29 conclude that r
2
= R
2
(h R)
2
= h(4Rh). Then the volume
of the cone as a function of h is given by V =

3
h
2
(4R h). Maximize.
Figure 6.29: Cone insrribed in a sphere
29. Let P be the source power of the rst partys stereo and let x be the distance
between the person and the rst party. Since the power of the second partys stereo
is 64P, the sound level is L(x) = kPx
2
+ 64kP(100 x)
2
, x (0, 100). From
6.9. MEAN VALUE THEOREM 125
ds
dL
dx
= 2kP
_
64
(100x)
3

1
x
3
_
it follows that x = 20 is the only critical number for
the function L. Since for x (0, 100)
L
(x) > 0
64
(100 x)
3

1
x
3
> 0 64x
3
> (100 x)
3
4x > 100 x x > 20
the function L is strictly increasing on the interval (20, 100) and strictly decreasing
on the interval (0, 20). Therefore, L(20) is the absolute minimum.
6.9 Mean Value Theorem
1. Since x + 7 = 0 for all x [1, 2] it follows that the function g, as a rational
function, is continuous on the closed interval [1, 2] and dierentiable on the open
interval (1, 2). Therefore the function g satises he hypothesis of the Mean Value
Theorem on the interval [1, 2]. By the Mean Value Theorem there is c (1, 2)
such that g
(c) =
g(2) g(1)
2 (1)
. Thus the question is to solve
21
(c + 7)
2
=
7
18
for c.
Hence c = 7 3
6. Clearly 7 3
6 < 1 and this value is rejected. From

7 + 3
6 > 1 3
6 > 6 and 7 + 3
6 < 2 3
6 < 9
it follows that c = 7 + 3
6 (1, 2) and it is the only value that satises the

conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem.
2. The inequality is obviously satised if a = b. Let a, b R, a < b, and let f(x) = sin x,
x [a, b]. Clearly the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and
dierentiable on (a, b). Thus, by the Mean value Theorem, there is c (a, b) such
that cos c =
sin b sin a
b a
. Since | cos c| 1 for all real numbers c it follows that
| sin b sin a| |b a|.
3. Let f(t) be the distance that the rst horse covers from the start in time t and let
g(t) be the distance that the second horse covers from the start in time t. Let T
be time in which the two horses nish the race. It is given that f(0) = g(0) and
f(T) = g(T). Let F(t) = f(t) g(t), t [0, T]. As the dierence of two position
functions, the function F is continuous on the closed interval [0, T] and dierentiable
on the open interval (0, T). By the Mean value Theorem there is c (0, T) such
that F
(c) =
F(T) F(0)
T 0
= 0. It follows that f
(c) = g
(c) which is the same as

to say that at the instant c the two horse have the same speed. (Note: It is also
possible to use Rolles theorem.)
4. (a) [a, b]; (a, b); f
(c)(ba); (b) Note that all conditions of the Mean Value Theorem
are satised. To get the bounds use the fact that, for some c (1, 3), f(5) f(3) =
2f
(c). (c) Note that h(2) h(0) = 0 and apply the Mean Value theorem for the
function h on the closed interval [0, 2].
6.10 Dierential, Linear Approximation, Newtons
Method
1. (a) Note that f(0) = 8. From f
(x) =
3
2
x + 4 it folows that f
(0) = 3. Thus the

linearization of f at a = 0 is L(x) = 8 + 3x.
(b) For x close to 0 we have that f(x) =
3
2
_
(x + 4)
3
L(x). Thus
_
(3.95)
3
=
f(0.05) L(0.05) = 8 0.15 = 7.85. Since f(x) =
3
4
x + 4
> 0 we
conclude that, in the neighborhood of x = 0, the graph of the function f is
above the tangent line at x = 0. Thus L(0.05) is an underestimate.
2. Let f(x) = x
2
3
. Then f(x) =
2
3
x
1
3
, f(27) = 9, and f
(27) =
2
9
. Hence the
linearization of the function f at a = 27 is L(x) = 9 +
2
9
(x 27). It follows that
3
26
2
= f(26) L(26) = 9
2
9
=
79
9
. (Note: MAPLE gives
79
9
8.777777778 and
3
26
2
8.776382955.)
3. Let f(x) = x
2
3
. Then f(x) =
2
3
x
1
3
, f(64) = 16, and f
(64) =
1
6
. Hence the
1
6
(63)
2/3
= f(63) L(63) = 16
1
6
=
95
6
. The error is close to the absolute value of
the dierential |dy| = |f
(64)x| =
1
6
95
6
15.83333333 and
3
63
2
15.83289626.)
4. Let f(x) =
x. Then f(x) =
1
2
x
, f(81) = 9, and f
(81) =
1
18
. Hence the
1
18
80 = f(80) L(80) = 9
1
18
=
161
18
161
18
8.944444444
and
80 8.944271910.)
5. The linearization of the function f at a = 5 is L(x) = 2 + 4(x 5). Thus f(4.9)
L(4.9) = 2 0.4 = 1.6.
6.10. DIFFERENTIAL, LINEAR APPROXIMATION, NEWTONS METHOD127
6. (a) The linearization of the function g at a = 2 is L(x) = 4 + 3(x 2). Thus
g(2.05) L(2.05) = 3.85. (b) From g(2) =
2
3
> 0 we conclude that the function
g is concave downward at a = 2, i.e., the graph of the function lies below the tangent
line. Thus, the estimate is larger than the actual value.
7. (a) L(x) = 1
x
2
. (b)
0.9 1
9
20
=
11
20
. (c) y =
x
2
+ 1. (d) See Figure 6.30.
Figure 6.30: f(x) =
1 x and its tangent at x = 0

8. (a) L(x) = 1 + x. (b)
1.1 = f(0.05) L(0.05) = 1.05. (c) An over-estimate since

f is concave-down. MAPLE gives
1.1 1.048808848.
9. (a) L(x) = 2 +
x
12
. (b)
3
7.95 L(0.05) = 2
1
240
=
479
240
and
3
8.1 L(0.1) =
2+
1
120
=
243
120
479
240
1.995833333 and
3
7.95 1.995824623.
Also,
243
120
2.025000000 and
3
8.1 2.008298850.)
10. (a) y =
x
9
+3. (b)
3
30
1
9
+3 =
28
9
28
9
3.111111111 and
3
30 3.107232506.) (c) See Figure 6.31.

11. The linearization of the function f(x) = ln x at a = 1 is given by L(x) = x 1.
Thus ln 0.9 L(0.9) = 0.1. (Note: MAPLE gives ln 0.9 .1053605157.)
12. (a) L(x) = x 1. (b) Let x = exp(0.1). Then ln x = 0.1 L(x) = x 1. Thus
x 0.9. (Note: MAPLE gives exp(0.1) 0.9048374180.)
Figure 6.31: f(x) =
3
27 3x and its tangent at x = 0

13. L(x) = 10 +
1
300
(x 1000) implies 1001
1/3
L(1001) =
3001
300
. (Note: MAPLE
gives
3001
300
10.00333333 and
3
1001 10.00333222.)
14. (a) The linearization of the function f(x) =
x +
5
x at a = 1 is given by L(x) =
2 +
7
10
(x 1). Thus f(1.001) L(1.001) = 2 + 0.7 0.001 = 2.0007. (b) Note that
the domain of the function f is the interval [0, ). From f(x) =
1
4
x
3
2

4
25
x
9
5
it follows that f is concave downwards on the interval (0, ). (c) The graph of the
function is below the tangent line at a = 1, so the estimate f(1.001) 2.0007 is too
high.
15. (a) L(x) =
1
2
+
3
2
(x

6
). (b) By the Mean Value Theorem, for x >

6
and
some c (
6
, x),
f(x) f(
6
)
x

6
=
sin x
1
2
x

6
= f
(c) = cos c 1. Since x

6
> 0,
the inequality follows. (c) From (a) and (b) it follows that, for x >

6
, sin x
1
2
+ (x

6
) <
1
2
+
3
2
(x

6
) = L(x). Next, f = f(x) f(
6
) = sin x
1
2
<
L(x)
1
2
=
3
2
(x

6
) = f
6
)x = df.
16. (b) Let f(x) = cos x x
2
. Then f
(x) = sin x 2x. Thus x

2
= 1
cos 1 1
sin 1 2

0.8382184099, x
2
= 0.8382184099
cos 0.8382184099 0.8382184099
2
sin 0.8382184099 2 0.8382184099

0.8242418682, and x
3
= 0.8242418682
cos 0.8242418682 0.8242418682
2
sin 0.8242418682 2 0.8242418682

0.8241323190. (Note: MAPLE gives cos 0.8241323190 0.8241323190
2
1.59
10
8
.)
6.10. DIFFERENTIAL, LINEAR APPROXIMATION, NEWTONS METHOD129
17. (b) Take f(x) =
3
x, x
0
= 1, x
1
= 2, x
2
= 4, and x
3
= 8. See Figure 6.32.
Figure 6.32: Newtons Method fails: f(x) =
3
x and x
0
= 1
18. (a) We use Newtons Method to solve the equation x
2
5 = 0, x > 0. From
f(x) = x
2
5 and f
(x) = 2x, Newtons Method gives x

n+1
= x
n
x
2
n
5
2x
n
=
1
2
_
x
n
+
5
x
n
_
.
(b) A rough estimate of
5 gives a value that is a bit bigger than 2. Thus, take

x
1
= 1.
(c) x
2
= 3, x
3
=
7
3
, x
4
=
47
21
2.23809. (Note: MAPLE gives
5 2.23606.)
19. Let f(x) = x
1
3
. Then Newtons method gives x
n+1
= x
n
f(x
n
)
f

(x
n
)
= x
n
x
1
3
n
1
3
x
2
3
n
=
2x
n
. So |x
n+1
| = 2|x
n
|. This implies that if x
0
= 0, |x
n
| = 2
n
|x
0
| as n ;
Newtons Method does not work in this case! See Figure 6.32.
20. (a) Take f(x) = x
5
k. Then f
(x) = 5x
4
and x
n+1
= x
n
x
5
n
k
5x
4
n
=
4x
5
n
+ k
5x
4
n
=
x
n
5
_
4 +
k
x
5
n
_
. (b) x
n+1
=
5
k. (c) x
2
= 1.85. [MAPLE gives
5
20 1.820564203.]
21. From f(x) = x
5
31 and f
(x) = 5x
4
it follows that x
1
=
159
80
and x
2
=
159
80

_
159
80
_
5
31
5
_
159
80
_
4
1.987340780. (Note: MAPLE gives
5
31 = 1.987340755.)
22. (b) The question is approximate the solution of the equation F(x) = sin x x = 0
with x
0
=

2
. Thus x
1
=

2

sin

2

2
cos

2
1
= 1. (Note: Clearly the solution of the
given equation is x = 0. Newtons method with x
0
=

2
gives x
7
= 0.08518323251.)
23. x
2
= 1
1
22
=
21
22
21
22
0.9545454545 and approximates
the solution of the equation as 0.9555894038)
24. (a) x
1
= 2
1
4
=
9
4
. (b) The question is to approximate a solution of the equation
f
(x) = 0 with the initial guess x

0
= 2, f
(2) = 4, and f(2) = 3 given. Hence

x
1
= 2
4
3
=
2
3
.
25. (a) From f(x) =
1
x
a and f
(x) =
1
x
2
it follows that x
n+1
= x
n

1
xn
a
1
x
2
n
=
2x
n
ax
2
n
. (b) Note that
1
1.128
is the solution of the equation
1
x
1.128 = 0.
Thus x
2
= 2 1.128 = 0.872, x
3
= 2 0.872 1.128 0.872
2
= 0.886286848, and
x
4
= 0.8865247589. (Note: MAPLE gives
1
1.128
0.8865248227.)
26. x
2
=

2
1

4
1
2
= 2. (Note: MAPLE estimates the positive solution of the equation
sin x =
x
2
as 1.895494267. Newtons method with the initial guess x
1
=

2
gives
x
3
1.900995594.)
27. (a) From f
(x) = 3(x
2
1) it follows that the critical numbers are x = 1. From
f(1) = 3, f(1) = 7, lim
x
f(x) = , and lim
x
f(x) = it follows that f has
only one root and that root belongs to the interval (, 1). From f(2) = 3 > 0
and f(3) = 13 < 0, by the Intermediate Value Theorem, we conclude that the
root belongs to the interval (3, 2). (b)Let x
0
= 3. Then x
1
= 3
13
504
=
1499
504
2.974206349 and x
3
2.447947724. It seems that Newtons method
is working, the new iterations are inside the interval (3, 2) where we know that
the root is. (Note: MAPLE estimates the solution of the equation x
3
3x + 5 = 0
as x = 2.279018786.)
28. (a) The function f is continuous on the closed interval
_
1
2
, 0
_
and f
_
1
2
_
=
5
8
< 0 and f(0) = 1 > 0. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, the function f
has at least one root in the interval
_
1
2
, 0
_
. (b) Take x
1
=
1
3
. Then x
2
=
1
3

1
27
3
_
1
3
_
+ 1
3
_
1
9
+ 1
_ =
29
90
.3222222222 and x
3
.3221853550. (Note:
MAPLE estimates the solution of the equation x
3
+3x+1 = 0 as x = .3221853546.)
29. (a) Take f(x) = ln x+x
2
3, evaluate f(1) and f(3), and then use the Intermediate
Value Theorem. (b) Note that f
(x) =
1
x
+2x > 0 for x (1, 3). (c) From f(1) = 2
and f
(1) = 3 it follows that x

2
=
5
3
1.66. [MAPLE gives 1.592142937 as the
solution.]
30. (a) Take f(x) = 2x cos x, evaluate lim
x
f(x) and lim
x
f(x), and then use the
Intermediate Value Theorem. (b) Note that f
(x) = 2 + sin x > 0 for x R. (c)

From f(0) = 1 and f

2
=
1
2
. [MAPLE gives 0.4501836113
as the solution.]
31. (a) Take f(x) = 2x1 sin x, evaluate lim
x
f(x) and lim
x
f(x), and then use the
Intermediate Value Theorem. (b) Note that f
(x) = 2 cos x > 0 for x R. (c)

From f(0) = 1 and f

2
= 1. [MAPLE gives 0.8878622116
as the solution.]
6.11 Antiderivatives and Dierential Equations
1. f(x) = 2 sin x + 2x
4
e
x
+ 8.
2. g(x) = cos x x
1
e
x
+
1
+ e
3. f(x) =
1
3
x
3
+ x
2
+ 3x
242
3
and
f(1) =
229
3
.
4. h(1) = 2e(1 e
2
)
44
3
.
5. F(z) =
1
2
ln(z
2
+ 9).
6. It is given that f(0) = 1 and
f
(0) = 0. Thus f(x) = x

3
+ 1.
7.
_
dx
x(1 + ln x)
= ln(1 + ln x) + C.
8. For each case compute the indenite in-
tegral.
(a) F(x) =
1
9
(1 x)
9
(b)
_
tan
2
xdx =
_
(sec
2
x 1)dx =
tan x x + C
(c) F(x) =
1
2
arctan
x
2
+ C
(d) F(x) =
1
6
e
3x
+
1
2
e
x
+ C
9. f(t) = 2e
t
3 sin t + t 2.
10. It is given that x(0) = 10, x
(0) = v(0) = 0 and x(t) = 12t. Hence x(t) = 2t

3
+10.
11. (a) v(t) =
3
2
t
2
+ 6. (b) 4 seconds. Solve v(t) = 30.
12. (a) Let s(t) be the height of the ball after t seconds. It is given that s(0) = 0,
s
(0) = v(0) = 64 ft/sec and s(0) = v
(0) = a(0) = 32 ft/sec

2
. Thus s(t) =
16t
2
+ 64t = 16t(4 t). From s(4) = 0 it follows that the ball is in the air for 4
seconds. (b) v(4) = s
(4) = 64 ft/sec
2
.
13. (a) From the fact that the velocity of an falling object is approximated by v(t) =
gt + v(0) and the fact that, in the given case, v(t) = 0, we conclude that the
distance y = y(t) between the ball and the surface of the Earth at time t is given
by
dy
dt
= gt. Hence, y =
gt
2
2
+ H, where H is the height of the blimp at the
moment when the ball was dropped. At the moment when the ball hits surface we
have that 0 =
gt
2
2
+H which implies that it takes t =
2H
g
seconds for a ball to
drop H meters. (b) v = g
2H
g
= 10 7 = 70 m/sec.
14. y =
2 cos 3x + x
3
+ e
3x
+ 1
3
+ x.
15. y = sin
_
x +

2
_
.
Solve
dy
_
1 y
2
= dx.
16. y = tan
_
x

4
_
.
17. y = 4e
x
1.
18. x(t) = 3(4t 7)
3
+ 4
19. y = ln(x + e
2
).
20. y = 2 e
t
.
21. (a) y =
3
2
sin 2x
1
4
exp(4x) +
5
4
. (b) F(x) =
1
2
ln(2x + 1) + C.
22. Let x be the number of towels sold per week at the price p = p(x). Let C = C(x)
be the cost of manufacturing x towels. It is given that
dC
dx
= 0.15 CAN/towel
and
dp
dx
=
0.10
50
CAN/towel. Hence C(x) = 0.15x + a and p(x) =
0.10x
50
+ b,
for some constants a and b (in CAN). Then the prot is given by P = P(x) =
Revenue Cost = x p(x) C(x) =
0.10x
2
50
+ bx 0.15x a. The quantity that
maximizes revenue is x = 1000 towels and it must be a solution of the equation
dP
dx
=
0.10x
25
+b 0.15 = 0. Hence
0.10 1000
25
+b 0.15 = 0 and b = 4.15 CAN.
The price that maximizes the prot is p =
0.10 1000
50
+ 4.15 = 2.15 CAN.
6.12. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY 133
6.12 Exponential Growth and Decay
1. (a)
dA
dt
= pA, A(0) = A
0
; A = A
0
e
pt
. (b) Solve 15, 000 = 10, 000 e
4p
2. (a)
dA
dt
= k(M A(t)). (b) A(t) = M ce
kt
. (c) It is given that M = 100,
A(0) = 0, and A(100) = 50. Hence A(t) = 100(1 e
t ln 2
100
). The question is to solve
75 = 100(1 e
t ln 2
100
) for t. It follows that the student needs to study another 100
hours.
3. (a) The model is C(t) = C
0
e
t
2.5
where C
0
= 1 and the question is to solve 0.5 =
e
t
2.5
for t. Hence t = 2.5 ln 2 1.75 hours. (b) C
(0) =
1
2.5
=
2
7
hours.
4. (b) f(t) = e
t ln 2
5700
. (c) The question is to solve 0.15 = e
t ln 2
5700
for t. Hence the age of
the skull is t =
5700 ln 0.15
ln 2
15600 years.
5. (a) The model is m(t) = 10e
kt
where t is in years, m(t) is in kilograms, and k
is a constant that should be determined from the fact that m(24110) = 5. Hence
k =
ln 2
24110
and m(t) = 10e
t ln 2
24110
. (b) m(1000) = 10e
ln 2
24.11
9.716 kilograms. (c)
We solve 1 = 10e
t ln 2
24110
to get t = 24110
ln 10
ln 2
80091.68 years.
6. The model is A = A(0)e
kt
. It is given that A(0) = 1 kg and A(6) = 0.027 kg. Hence
A(t) = e
t ln 0.0027
6
. It follows that at 3:00 there are A(2) = e
ln 0.0027
3
0.1392476650
kg of substance X.
7. The model is P = P(t) = P
0
e
kt
where k is a constant, P
0
is the initial population and
t is the time elapsed. It is given that 10P
0
= P
0
e
10k
which implies that k =
ln 10
10
.
The question is to solve 2 = e
t ln 10
10
for t. Hence t =
10 ln 2
ln 10
3.01 hours.
8. (a) The model is P = 500e
kt
. From 8000 = 500e
3k
it follows that k =
4 ln 2
3
. Thus
the model is P = 500e
4t ln 2
3
. (b) 128000 bacteria. (c) Solve 10
6
= 500e
4t ln 2
3
for t. It
follows that t =
3(4 ln 2 + 3 ln 5)
4 ln 2
4.7414 hours.
9. 20158
10. (a) The model is P(t) = 10e
kt
where t is time in hours. From 40 = 10e
k
4
it follows
that k = 4 ln 4. Hence P(3) = 10e
12 ln 4
= 167, 772, 160 bacteria. (b) 3.32 hours.
11. (a)
dP
dt
= kP; (b) P = 160e
t ln
3
2
; (c) P(0) = 160 bacteria; (d)
dP
dt
(0) = 160 ln
3
2
12. The model is P(t) = 500e
kt
where t is time in years. From P(2) = 750 it follows
that k =
ln 3 ln 2
2
. Thus P(500) = 500e
250(ln 3ln 2)
= 5.27 10
46
.
13. (a)
dT
dt
T=80
0
= 0.09 (80 20) = 5.4
0
C/min. (b) Note that 6 seconds should
be used as 0.1 minutes. From T 80 5.4T = 80 5.4 0.1 it follows that
the change of temperature will be T 80 0.54
0
C. (c) t =
100
9
ln
9
16
6.4
minutes. Find the function T = T(t) that is the solution of the initial value problem
dT
dt
= 0.09(T 20), T(0) = 90, and then solve the equation T(t) = 65 for t.
14. The model is
dT
dt
= k(T 32) where T = T(t) is the temperature after t minutes
and k is a constant. Hence T = 32+(T
0
32)e
k
t where T
0
is the initial temperature
of the drink. From 14 = 32 + (T
0
32)e
25k
and 20 = 32 + (T
0
32)e
50k
it follows
3
2
= e
25k
and k =
1
25
ln
3
2
. Answer: T
0
= 5
0
C.
6.13 Miscellaneous
1. Let f(x) = ln x cx
2
. Note that the domain of f is the interval (0, ) and that
lim
x
f(x) = . From f
(x) =
1
x
2cx it follows that there is a local (and
absolute) maximum at x =
1
2c
. Since the function f is continuous on its domain,
by the Intermediate Value Theorem, it will have a root if and only if f
_
1
2c
_
> 0.
Thus
ln
1
2c
c
1
2c
> 0 ln
1
2c
>
1
2
c <
1
2e
.
2. Note that the function y = 3x
3
+2x +12, as a polynomial, is continuous on the set
of real numbers. Also, lim
x
(3x
3
+ 2x + 12) = and lim
x
(3x
3
+ 2x + 12) = .
By the Intermediate Value Theorem, the function has at least one root. Next, note
that y
= 6x
2
+ 2 > 0 for all x R. This means that the function is increasing
on its domain and therefore has only one root. (If there is another root, by Rolles
theorem there will be a critical number.)
3. Take y = x
3
+ 9x + 5.
4. a = 3, b = 1. Solve f(10 = 6 and f(1) = 0.
5. Note that the function f is continuous on its domain (, 1) (1, ). Since
lim
x
1
(x + 1)
2
= 0 and | sin x| 1, for all x R, it follows that lim
x
f(x) =
lim
x
(2x) = . Also, f(0) = 1 > 0. By the Intermediate Value Theorem,
the function has at least one root in the interval (0, ). Next, note that f
(x) =
2
(x + 1)
3
2 + cos x < 0 for all x (0, ). This means that the function is
decreasing on (0, ) and therefore has only one root.
6. (a) From s
(t) = v(t) = 96 2t it follows that the initial velocity is v(0) = 96 ft/sec.

(b) The only critical number is t = 48. By the second derivative test there is a local
(and absolute) maximum there. (c) s(48) = 2316 feet.
7. (a) f
(3) = 1. (b) (fg)
(2) = f
(2)g(2) + f(2)g
(2) = 4. (c) f(0.98) f(1) +

f
(1)(0.98 1) = 3 + 3(0.02) = 2.94. (d) There is a critical point at (4, 1).

8. (a) The domain of f(x) = arcsin x is the interval [1, 1] and its range is
_
2
,

2
_
.
(b) For x (1, 1) let y = arcsin x. Then sin y = x and y
cos y = 1. Since
y
_
2
,

2
_
it follows that cos y > 0. Thus cos y =
_
1 sin
2
y =
_
1 x
2
. (c)
The domain of the function g is the set of all real numbers and its range is the set
_
2
,

2
_
. See Figure 6.33. (d) g
(x)
_
1 if x (4n 1, 4n + 1), n Z
1 if x (4n + 1, 4n + 3), n Z
. The
derivative of g is not dened if x = 2n + 1, n Z. (e) The function F(x) =
4x2+cos
_
x
2
_
is continuous on the set of real numbers. From lim
x
F(x) = ,
by the Intermediate Value Theorem, the function F has at least one root. From
F
(x) = 1
2
sin
_
x
2
_
> 0 we conclude that F is monotone.
Figure 6.33: f(x) = arcsin(sin x)
9. (a) f
(x) =
1 ln x
x
2
. (b) See Figure 6.34. (c) Since 99 > e we have that
ln 99
99
<
ln 101
101
. This is the same as 101 ln 99 < 99 ln 101. Hence ln 99
101
< ln 101
99
and
99
101
< 101
99
.
Figure 6.34: f(x) =
ln x
x
10. (a) 2x
3
+ x
2
+ 5x + c, c R; (b) cosh(x); (c) local minimum; (d) y
= x
4
y
4
; (e)
(3, 0).
11. (d) Take f(x) = x
3
and the point (0, 0). (e) For example, f(x) = x
1
x
.
12. (e) Take f(x) = x
4
and the point (0, 0). (f) f(x) = x
2
+ 3x + 1.
6.14 Parametric Curves
1. From 3t
3
+ 2t 3 = 2t
3
+ 2 obtain t
3
+ 2t 5 = 0. What can you tell about the
function f(t) = t
3
+ 2t 5?
2.
d
2
y
dx
2
=
d
dt
_
dy
dx
_
dx
dt
=
3t(2 cos t + t sin t)
2 cos
3
t
.
3. Note that x + y = 1 and that x, y [0, 1]. See Figure 6.35.
4. (a)
dx
dy
=
1 cos
sin
. (b)
d
2
x
dy
2
=
1 cos
sin
3
. (c) y =
3x

3
3
+ 2.
Figure 6.35: x = sin
2
t, y = cos
2
t
5. A. Follow the curve as t increases.
6. (a) Express cos t and sin t in terms of x and y to get the circle (x+2)
2
+(y1)
2
= 4.
Check which points correspond to t = 0 and t =

2
to get the orientation. (b) Solve
dy
dx
= cot t = 1 for t (0, 2).
7. (a)
dy
dx
=
2 cos 2t
3 sin 3t
; (b) Note that for both t =

2
and t =
3
2
the curve passes
through the origin. Thus, y =
2x
3
. (c) C.
8. (a)
dy
dx
= 2t 2. (b) y = x
2
+ 1. (c) m = 2x
1
, b = 1 x
2
1
. (d) Note that the point
(2, 0) does not belong to the curve. Since all tangent lines to the curve are given
by y = 2x
1
x + 1 x
2
1
, x
1
R, we need to solve 0 = 4x
1
+ 1 x
2
1
for x
1
. Hence
x
1
= 2
5. The tangent lines are given by y = 2(2
5)x 8 4
5.
9. (a) Note that if t = 0 then x = y = 0. (b) Solve x = t
3
4t = t(t
2
4) = 0. Next,
y(2) = 16, y(0) = y(2) = 0. (c) From
dy
dx
=
4(t 1)
3t
2
4
it follows that
dy
dx
t=0
= 1
and
dy
dx
t=2
=
1
2
. The tangent lines are y = x and y =
x
2
.
10. (a)
dy
dx
= e
t
2
2t+1
ln 2. (b)
d
2
y
dx
2
= e
2t
2
2t+1
(1 + 2 ln 2) ln 2. (c) No, the second
derivative is never zero. (d) y = 2
2 ln x
. (e) See Figure 6.36.
11. a)
dy
dx
=
1
4
e
15t
. (b)
d
2
y
dx
2
=
5
16
e
19t
. (c) Note that
d
2
y
dx
2
t=0
=
5
16
e > 0.
12. a)
dy
dx
= t
2
. (b) y = 2
(x 1)
2
3
.
Figure 6.36: x = e
t
, y = 2
2t
13. (a)
dy
dx
=
cos t t sin t
sin t + t cos t
. (b) y =
2
_
x

2
_
. (c)
d
2
y
dx
2
t=
2
= 2

2
4
< 0.
14. (a)
dy
dx
=
t
2
1
2t
. (b) y 2 =
3
4
(x 3).
15. (a) 27, 0. Solve y = 0 for t. (b) (24, 8). (c) y = x + 32. (d)
d
2
y
dx
2
=
t
2
+ 3
12t
3
.
16. From
dy
dx
=
3 sin t
1 2 cos 2t
we conclude that
dy
dx
is not dened if 1 2 cos 2t = 0,
0 t 10. Thus, {
6
,
5
6
,
7
6
,
11
6
,
13
6
,
17
6
}.
17. (a)
dy
dx
= 2e
3t
. (b)
d
2
y
dx
2
= 6e
4t
. (c)
d
2
y
dx
2
> 0. (d) y = x
2
.
18. (a)
dy
dx
=
3 sin
2
t cos t
3 cos
2
t sin t
= tan t. (b) From
d
2
y
dx
2
=
sec
2
t
3 cos
2
t sin t
=
1
3 cos
4
t sin t
we get
d
2
y
dx
2
t=1
=
1
3 cos
4
1 sin 1
> 0.
19. (a)
dy
dx
= e
2t
,
d
2
y
dx
2
= e
3t
. (b) From
dy
dx
= e
2t
= 1 we get that t = 0. Thus
the tangent line is y = x.
20. (a) (0, 0), (0, 9). (b) From
dy
dx
=
2t
t
2
1
we get that the tangent line is horizontal
at the point (0, 9) and vertical at the points (2, 6) and (2, 6). (c) See Figure
6.37.
Figure 6.37: x = t(t
2
3), y = 3(t
2
3)
6.15 Polar Coordinates
1. (x
2
+ y
2
)
3
= (y
2
x
2
). Multiply by r
2
and use the fact that cos 2 = cos
2
sin
2
2. See Figure 6.38.

Figure 6.38: r = 1 + sin and r = cos 3
3. (a) r = 2, (b) r = 2 cos , (c) r = sin .
4. On the given cardioid, x = (1 + cos ) cos and y = (1 + cos ) sin . The question
is to nd the maximum value of y. Note that y > 0 is equivalent to sin > 0. From
dy
d
= 2 cos
2
+cos 1 we get that the critical numbers of the function y = y() are
the values of for which cos =
1
5
4
. Since
1
5
4
< 1 it follows that the
critical numbers are the values of for which cos =
1 +
5
4
. Since y
max
> 0
it follows that sin =
_
1
_
1 +
5
4
_
2
=
1
2
5
2
and the maximum height
equals y =
3 +
5
4
5
2
.
5. See the graph r = cos 3 and make the appropriate stretching.
6. See Figure 6.39.
Figure 6.39: r = 1 + cos
7. See Figure 6.40.
Figure 6.40: r = 1 2 cos
8. For (a) see the graph of r = cos 3 above. For (b) and (c) see Figure 6.41 and for
(d) and (e) see Figure 6.42.
Figure 6.41: r
2
= 4 sin 2 and r = 2 sin
9. (a) (0, 3). (b) Solve y = (1 2 sin ) sin = 0. (1, 0). (c) The middle graph
corresponds to r = 1 + sin 2 and the right graph corresponds to r = 1 2 sin .
Figure 6.42: r = 2 cos and r = 4 + 7 cos
10. (a) See Figure 6.43.
Figure 6.43: r = 1 + 2 sin 3, 0 2
(b) 9. (c) = 0,

3
,
2
3
, ,
4
3
,
5
3
, 2. (d) The remaining points of intesection are
obtained by solving 1 = 1 + 2 sin 3.
11. (a) r(0) = 2, r
_
2
_
= 2 + e, r
_
3
2
_
= e
1
. (b) See Figure 6.44.
Figure 6.44: r() = 1 + sin +e
sin
(c) From
dr
d
= cos (1 +e
sin
) = 0 we conclude that the critical numbers are

2
and
3
2
. By the Extreme Value Theorem, the minimum distance equals e
1
.
12. (a) A =
_
r =
2, =

4
_
, B =
_
4,
5
3
_
, C =
_
2,
7
6
_
, D =
_
2
2 1,
3
4
_
; (b)
A, B, D.
13. (a) See Figure 6.45. (b) Solve sin >
1
2
to get
_
,
5
6
_
6
,
_
. (c)
To nd critical numbers solve
dr
d
= 2 cos = 0 in [, ). It follows that =
2
and =

2
are critical numbers. Compare r() = r() = 1, r
_
2
_
= 1, and
r
_
2
_
= 3 to answer the question.
Figure 6.45: r() = 1 + 2 sin
14. (a) See Figure 6.46. (b) The slope is given by
dy
dx
=
5
2
. From x = r cos = cos
and y = sin it follows that
dy
dx
=
dy
d
dx
d
=
sin + cos
cos sin
. Thus
dy
dx
=
5
2
=
2
5
.
(c)
_
x
2
+ y
2
= arctan
y
x
.
15. (a) (0, 5). (b) x
2
+ y
2
= 5y. (c) x = 5 sin cos , y = 5 sin
2
. (d)
dy
dx
=
2 sin cos
cos
2
sin
2
= tan 2. (e) y
5
4
=
3
_
x
5
3
4
_
.
16. Solve 2 = 4 cos to get that curve intersect at (1,
3). To nd the slope we note

that the circle r = 2 is given by parametric equations x = 2 cos and y = 2 sin .
It follows that
dy
dx
=
2 cos
2 sin
= cot . The slope of the tangent line at the
intersection point equals
dy
dx
3
=
3
3
.
Figure 6.46: r() = , 3
6.16 Conic Sections
1. See Figure 6.47. Focci: (0,
7), (0,
7).
Figure 6.47:
x
2
9
+
y
2
16
= 1
2. (a) e =
1
2
. (b) Use the fact that, for P = (x, y), |PF|
2
= x
2
+ (y 1)
2
and
|Pl| =
1
2
|y 4|. (c) From
dy
dx
=
4x
3y
it follows that the slope of the tangent line is
dy
dx
x=
3
2
=
2
3
.
3. (a) y = x + 1. (b)
x
2
16
3
+
(y 1)
2
4
= 1.
4. (a) From r =
4
3
1
k
3
cos
it follows that this conic section is an ellipse if 0 < k < 3.
(b) If k =
3
2
then the eccentricity is given by e =
k
3
=
1
2
. The directrix is x = d
where ed =
4
3
. Thus the directrix is x =
8
3
. Let c > 0 be such that (c, 0) is a focus
of the ellipse. Then
c
e
(1 e
2
) = ed and c =
8
9
. (c) See Figure 6.48.
Figure 6.48: r(3
3
2
cos ) = 4 and x =
8
3
5. (a) Let the center of the earth (and a focus of the ellipse) be at the the point (0, c),
c > 0. Let the equation of the ellpse be
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1. It is given that the vertices
of the ellipse on the y-axis are (0, (c +s) +5s) and (0, (c s) 11s). It follows that
the length of the major axis on the y-axis is 2b = 6s + 12s = 18s. Thus, b = 9s
and c = b 6s = 3s. From c
2
= b
2
a
2
we get that a
2
= 72s
2
. Thus the equation
of the ellipse is
x
2
72s
2
+
y
2
81s
2
= 1. The question is to evaluate the value of |x| when
y = c = 3s. From
x
2
72s
2
+
9s
2
81s
2
= 1 it follows that |x| = 8s.
(b) r =
ep
1 e cos
.
6. (a) From r =
1
2
1 2 cos
we see that the eccentricity is e = 2 and the equation
therefore represents a hyperbola. From ed =
1
2
we conclude that the directrix is
x =
1
4
. The vertices occur when = 0 and = . Thus the vertices are
_
1
2
, 0
_
and
_
1
6
, 0
_
.The y-intercepts occur when =

2
and =
3
2
. Thus
_
0,
1
2
_
and
_
0,
1
2
_
. We note that r when cos
1
2
. Therefore the asymptotes are
parallel to the rays =

3
and =
5
3
. See Figure 6.49.
Figure 6.49: r =
1
2 4 cos
(b) From
_
x
2
+ y
2
=
1
2
4x
x
2
+y
2
it follows that the conic section is given by
12x
2
4y
2
+ 8x + 1 = 0.
7. (a) (x 5)
2
+ y
2
=
(x + 5)
2
4
. (b) 3
_
x
25
3
_
2
+ 4y
2
=
400
3
. This is an ellipse.
8. From (x 1)
2
+ y
2
= (x + 5)
2
we get that y
2
= 24 + 12x. See Figure 6.50.
Figure 6.50: y
2
= 24 12x
9. (a)
(x + 2)
2
4

y
2
2
= 1. This is a hyperbola. Foci are (2
6, 0) and (2 +
6, 0).
The asymptotes are y =
2
2
(x + 2). (b) See Figure 6.51.
10. (a) A hyperbola, since the eccentricity is e = 2 > 1. (b) From r(1 2 cos ) = 2
conclude that
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 2(x + 1). Square both sides, rearrange the expression,
Figure 6.51: x
2
2y
2
+ 4x = 0
and complete the square. (c) From
_
x +
4
3
_
2
_
2
3
_
2

y
2
_
2
3
_
2
= 1 it follows that the foci are
given by
_
4
3

4
3
, 0
_
, the vertices are given by
_
4
3

2
3
, 0
_
, and the asymptotes
are given by y =
3
_
x +
4
3
_
. (d) See Figure 6.52.
Figure 6.52: r =
2
12 cos
6.17 True Or False and Multiple Choice Problems
6.17. TRUE OR FALSE AND MULTIPLE CHOICE PROBLEMS 147
1.
(a) True.
(b) False.
(c) False.
(d) True.
(e) True.
(f) False.
(g) True.
(h) False
(i) False.
(j) False. Take f(x) =
|x|.
2. (a) False. Find lim
x2
f(x).
(b) False. Think f(x) = 1, g(x) = 2.
(c) True.
(d) False. Apply the Mean Value
Theorem.
(e) False. Apply the chain rule.
(f) False.
(g) False.
(h) True.
(i) True. The limit equals g
(2).
(j) False.
(k) True. tan
2
x sec
2
x = 1.
(l) False. y = |x
2
+ x| is not dieren-
tiable for all real numbers.
(m) False.
(n) False.
(o) False. Take lim
x5
x 5
x 5
.
(p) False. Take f(x) =
1
x 1
if x > 1
and f(x) = 0 if x 1.
(q) False.
(r) True.
(s) False. c might be an isolated point.
(t) False. Take f(x) = x
3
.
3. (a) True.
(b) True.
ln 2
x
= ln 2, x > 0.
(c) True.
(d) False. f(x) 1.
(e) True.
(f) False f(x) =
x
4
256
4
+ 3.
(g) False. Take f(x) = x
2
and c = 1.
(h) True
1
csc u
= sin u with sin u = 0.
(i) True. Use the chain rule.
(j) False. sinh
2
x cosh
2
x = 1.
(k) False.
_
dx
x
2
+ 1
= arctan x + C.
(l) False.
_
dx
3 2x
=
1
2
ln |3 2x| +
C.
4. (a) False.
(b) False. Take f(x) =
x
2
x
and a = 0.
(c) False. Take f(x) =
x
2
x
, a = 1,
and b = 1.
(d) False. Take f(x) = x|x|.
(e) False. Take f(x) = 1 if x is rational
and f(x) = 0 if x is irrational.
(f) False. Take g(x) = 0.
(g) True. Take f(x) =
1
x
if x = 0,
f(0) = 0, and g(x) = f(x).
(h) False. Take f(x) = sin x and
g(x) = sin x.
(i) False. The numerator is an expo-
nential function with a base greater
than 1 and the denominator is a
polynomial.
(j) False. Take f(x) = tan
x
2
.
5. (a) False. Take f(x) = 10x and
g(x) = 20x if x [0, 0.5] and
g(x) = 10x if x (0.5, 1].
(b) True. Take F(x) = f(x) g(x) and
apply Rolles Theorem.
(c) True.
6. (a) False. The limit is missing.
(b) False. One should use the
Squeeze Theorem.
(c) True.
(d) True.
(e) True
(f) False. For x < 3 the function
is decreasing.
(g) True.
(h) False. It should be L(x) = f(a) +
f
(a)(x a).
(i) False. The eccentricity of a circle is
e = 0.
(j) True. Note that g
(x) = 0.5 and

f
(3) 0.5.
7. (a) True.
(b) True.
(c) False. f(g(x)) = (x + 1)
2
.
(d) True.
(e) True.
(f) False. f(3) = 16.
(g) False.
(h) True.
(i) False.
8. (a) False. It is a quadratic polynomial.
(b) False. The function should be
also continuous on [a, b].
(c) False. Take f(x) = x.
(d) False. Take f(x) = |x|.
(e)
9. (a) False. Use the Mean Value Theo-
rem.
(b) False. Take y = (x 5)
4
.
(c) False. Take f(x) = x
3
, c = 0.
(d) True. Since f is dierentiable, by
Rolles Theorem there is a local ex-
tremum between any two isolated
solutions of f(x) = 0.
(e) False. Take f(x) = x 1.
10. (a) False.
(b) False. Take f(x) = sin x.
(c) False. g
(2) = 4.
(d) False.
(e) False.
(f) False. Take f(x) = |x|.
(g) True. If if is dierentiable at c then
f is continuous at c.
(h) False. It is not given that f is con-
tinuous.
(i) True.
(j) True.
11. (a) True.
(b) False. Take functions f(x) =
xe
1/x
2
sin(x
4
) and g(x) = e
1/x
2
.
(c) False. Take f(x) = x
4
.
(d) False. Take f(x) = |x| and x = 0.
(e) True.
(f) False. Take f(x) = e
x
.
(g) True.
(h) True.
12. (a) B.
(b) C. The range of y = arcsin x is
_
2
,

2
_
.
(c) C.
10 2
4 2
= 4.
(d) C. Use
dP
dt
= kP.
(e) B. f is increasing.
13. (a) B. Consider f(x) = x
5
+ 10x + 3
and its rst derivative.
(b) E. cosh(ln 3) =
3 +
1
3
2
.
(c) B. f(2.9) 2 + 4(2.9 3).
(d) E. F(x) =
3
4
x
4
3
+
1
4
.
(e) B.
14. (a) A.
(b) E. lim
x0
+
ln x
x
= .
(c) B. Use LHospitals rule.
(d) C. (x 1)
2
+ y
2
= 5.
(e) B.
dV
dt
= 3x
2
dx
dt
.
(f) E.
dy
dt
=
dy
d
dy
d
.
(g) D. A(t) = 16
_
3
4
_
t
.
(h) D. For (1) take f(x) = x
3
on (0, 1).
For (2) take f(x) =
3
x. For (3)
take f(x) = x
4
.
(i) B. For (1) take g(x) = 0. For (3)
take f(x) = |x|, g(x) = |x|, and
a = 0.
(j) A.
15. (a) C.
(b) B. Note y
sinh y = 1 +3x
2
y +x
3
y
.
(c) D.
(d) D.
(e) B.
16. (a) .
(b) f
(x) = ln |x|.
(c) 0.
dy
dt
= 2 sin x cos x
dx
dt
.
(d) F(x) = e
x
2
+ C.
(e) 0. lim
t
ln
t + 1
t
.
(f) Yes.
(g) r = 5.
(h) 1.
17. (a) F = x sin
1
x
and a = 0.
(b) f(x) = |x|.
(c) f(x) = x
3
.
(d) f(x) = x
3
.
18. (a) The derivative of function f at a number a, denoted by f
(a), is f
(a) =
lim
h0
f(a + h) f(a)
h
(b) A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that
f
(c) = 0 or f
(c) does not exist.

(c) If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], the f attains an absolute maximum
value f(c) and an absolute minimum value f(d) at some numbers c and d in
[a, b].
19. (a) ii
(b) ix
(c) v
(d) vi
(e) iv
(f) no match
(g) no match
(h) viii
(i) vii
(j) iii
(k) no match
(l) i
Bibliography
[1] J. Stewart. Calculus, Early Transcendentals, 6th Edition, Thomson, 2008.
153

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What are some of the differentiation rules discussed?

What are some of the differentiation rules discussed?

A Collection of Problems in Dierential Calculus

is continuous, use LHospitals rule to show that

(a) at x = a, and what is the

(a)? (Give the denition of f

(a) you have just given in part (a) to show that if

(2) for f(x) = x +

(0). Your answer should be in

(3). Simplify your answer.

(0). Simplify your answer.

(3). Simplify your answer.

(1) = 3, f(2) = 4, and f

(0) (or say why it

= f for all x, then prove

(0) for the function f(x) = sin

(u) as a function of u alone, where

k, k > 0. Show that the sum

and y at this point.

(c) does not exist.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local maximum

changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local minimum

does not change sign at c, then f has no local minimum or maximum

(c) = 0 and f(c) > 0 then f has a local minimum at c.

(c) = 0 and f(c) < 0 then f has a local maximum at c.

(a)(x a) and this approximation is called the linear approximation

(x) = f(x) for all x I.

(x) on the indicated intervals and

(x). Use this to determine where f(x) is

f(x) = f(x) > 0 if 1 < x < 0

(x) < 0 if 4 < x < 1

(x) > 0 if 1 < x < 0

(x) > 0 if 0 < x < 2

(x) < 0 if 2 < x <

are shown on Figure 3.2, as labelled (these func-

x(x) 3 for all x. Find similar lower and upper

(5) = 4. Using a linear

k, we get the following iterative formula:

k, what is the value of x

20 that is correct to one decimal place.

(t) = kP(t) for some constant k. Calculate P(500) (the enrollment

(x) using any method

(x) > 0 for all x in the domain of f

(c) does not exist and f

(x) changes from positive to negative as x

(c) does not exist, then x = c is a critical point of

(c) > 0, then f(x) has a local minimum at x = c.

f(x) exist, and lim

(x) exists for all x, then f(x) exists for all x.

(a) + f(a)(x a).

e = 1 e = 0.8 e = 0.5 e = 0.1

(x) < 3 for every real number x.

(c) = 0 then f(x) has a local maximum or a local minimum at x = c.

(c) = 0 then f has a local extremum at c.