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Dept. of EEE
EC1255-Measurements and Instrumentation
Two mark question Answer
Unit I Measurement of voltage an Current
!. "hat is meant #$ measurement%
Measurement is an act or the result of comparison between the quantity and a
predefined standard.
&. Mention the #asi' requirements of measurement.
he standard used for comparison purpose must be accurately defined and
should be commonly accepted.
he apparatus used and the method adopted must be pro!able.
(. "hat are the & methos for measurement%
"irect method and
Indirect method.
). E*plain the fun'tion of measurement s$stem.
he measurement system consists of a transducin# element which con!erts the
quantity to be measured in an analo#ous form. the analo#ous si#nal is then
processed by some intermediate means and is then fed to the end de!ice which
presents the results of the measurement.
+. Define Instrument.
Instrument is defined as a de!ice for determinin# the !alue or ma#nitude of a
quantity or !ariable.
,. -ist the t$pes of instruments.
he $ types of instruments are
Mechanical Instruments
Electrical Instruments and
Electronic Instruments.
.. Classif$ instruments #ase on their fun'tions.
Indicatin# instruments
Inte#ratin# instruments
%ecordin# instruments
/. 0ive the appli'ations of measurement s$stems.
he instruments and measurement systems are sued for
Monitorin# of processes and operations.
Control of processes and operations.
E&perimental en#ineerin# analysis.
1. "h$ 'ali#ration of instrument is important%
he calibration of all instruments is important since it affords the opportunity to
chec' the instrument a#ainst a 'nown standard and subsequently to errors in
accuracy.
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!2. E*plain the 'ali#ration pro'eure.
Calibration procedure in!ol!es a comparison of the particular instrument with
either.
( primary standard
( secondary standard with a hi#her accuracy than the instrument to be calibrated
or (n instrument of 'nown accuracy.
!!. Define Cali#ration.
It is the process by which comparin# the instrument with a standard to correct
the accuracy.
!&. 3ame the ifferent essential torques in ini'ating instruments.
"eflectin# torque
Controllin# torque
"ampin# torque
!(. 3ame the t$pes of instruments use for making voltmeter an ammeter.
)MMC type
Mo!in# iron type
"ynamometer type
*ot wire type
Electrostatic type
Induction type.
!). 4tate the avantages of 5MMC instruments
+niform scale.
,o hysterisis loss
-ery accurate
*i#h effuiciency.
!+. 4tate the isavantages of 5MMC instruments
Cannot be used for ac m.s
/ome errors are caused by temperature !ariations.
!,. 4tate the appli'ations of 5MMC instruments
m.s of dc !olta#e and current
used in dc #al!anometer.
!.. 6ow the range of instrument 'an #e e*tene in 5MMC instruments.
In ammeter by connectin# a shunt resister
In !oltmeter by connectin# a series resister.
!/. 4tate the avantages of D$namometer t$pe instruments
Can be used for both dc and ac m.s.
0ree from hysterisis and eddy current errors.
!1. 4tate the avantages of Moving iron t$pe instruments
1ess e&pensi!e
Can be used for both dc and ac
%easonably accurate.
&2. 4tate the avantages of 6ot wire t$pe instruments
Can be used for both dc and ac
+naffected by stray ma#netic fields
%eadin#s are independent of frequency and wa!eform.
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Unit II Measurement of 5ower an Energ$
!. "hat are the 'onstru'tional parts of $namometer t$pe wattmeter%
0i&ed coil
Mo!in# Coil
Current limitin# resister
*elical sprin#
/pindle attached with pointer
2raduated scale
&. "rite own the efle'ting torque equation in $namometer t$pe wattmeter.
d 3 -I Cos4
(. 4tate the isavantages of D$namometer t$pe wattmeter.
%eadin#s may be affected by stray ma#netic fields.
(t low power factor it causes error.
). 3ame the errors 'ause in D$namometer t$pe wattmeter.
Error due to pressure coil inductance
Error due to pressure coil capacitance
Error due to methods of connection
Error due to stray ma#netic fields
Error due to eddy current.
+. 6ow the errors 'ause #$ p' inu'tan'e is 'ompensate.
5y connectin# a capacitor in parallel to the resister.
,. 6ow the errors 'ause #$ methos of 'onne'tion is 'ompensate
5y usin# compensatin# coil.
.. 3ame the methos use for power measurement in three phase 'ir'uits.
6i7/in#le wattmeter method
6ii7 wo wattmeter method
6iii7 hree wattmeter method.
/. "hat are the spe'ial features to #e in'orporate for -57 wattmeter%
)ressure coil circuit
Compensation for )ressure coil current
Compensation for )ressure coil inductance.
1. Define 5hantom loaing.
Method by which ener#i8in# the pressure coil circuit and current coil circuits
separately is called phantom loadin#.
!2. 4tate the use of phantom loaing.
)ower loss is minimi8ed.
!!. 3ame the methos use in "attmeter 'ali#ration.
5y comparin# with std wattmeter.
5y usin# !oltmeter ammeter method.
5y usin# )otentiometer.
!&. "hat are the t$pes of energ$ meters%
Electrolytic meters
Motor meters.
Cloc' meters
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!(. 3ame the 'onstru'tional parts of inu'tion t$pe energ$ meter.
Current coil with series ma#net
-olta#e coil with shunt ma#net
(l disc
5ra'in# ma#net
%e#isterin# mechanism.
!). 6ow voltage 'oil is 'onne'te in inu'tion t$pe energ$ meter.
It is connected in parallel to supply and load.
!+. 6ow 'urrent 'oil is 'onne'te in inu'tion t$pe energ$ meter.
It is connected in series to the load.
!,. "h$ Al is' is use in inu'tion t$pe energ$ meter.
(luminum is a nonma#netic metal.
!.. "hat is the purpose of registering me'hanism.
It #i!es a !aluable number proportional to the rotations.
!/. "hat is the purpose of #raking me'hanism.
It pro!ides necessary bra'in# torque.
!1. Define 'reeping.
/low but continuous rotation of disc when pc is ener#i8ed and cc is not ener#i8ed.
&2. 4tate the reason wh$ holes are provie in Al is'.
o a!oid creepin# holes are pro!ided on both sides of (l disc.
Unit III 5otentiometer an Instrument Transformers
!. "hat is the #asi' prin'iple use in potentiometer.
In potentiometer the un'nown emf is measured by comparin# it with a std 'nown
emf.
&. 3ame the potentiometer material use.
2erman sil!er
Man#anin wire
(. Define stanari8ation.
It is the process by which ad9ustin# the current flows throu#h the potentiometer
coil to ma'e the !olta#e across the std cell is equal.
). 4tate the appli'ations of potentiometer.
+sed for m.s of un'nown emf
+sed for ammeter calibration
+sed for -oltmeter calibration
+sed for wattmeter calibration
+. 4tate the avantages of 'rompton potentiometer.
More accurate
Easy to ad9ust
,. "hat are the pra'ti'al iffi'ulties in a' potentiometers.
More complicated
(ccuracy is seriously affected
"ifficulty is e&perienced in standardi8ation.
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.. Classif$ a' potentiometers.
)olar potentiometer
Coordinate potentiometer.
/. 6ow the phase angle is measure in polar t$pe potentiometers.
It is measured from the position of phase shifter.
1. 3ame some a' potentiometers.
"rysdale insley potentiometer
2all insley potentiometer
!2. 4tate the avantages of a' potentiometers.
Can be used for m.s of both ma#nitude and phase an#le
Can be used for m.s of inductance of the coil.
It is used in m.s of errors in C/
!!. 4tate the appli'ations of a' potentiometers.
M.s of self inductance.
(mmeter calibration
-oltmeter calibration
:attmeter calibration.
!&. 4tate the avantages of instrument transformers.
+sed for e&tension of ran#e
)ower loss is minimum
*i#h !olta#e and currents can be measured.
!(. 4tate the isavantage of instrument transformers.
Cannot be used for dc measurements.
!). "hat are the 'onstru'tional parts of 'urrent transformer%
)rimary windin#
/econdary windin#
Ma#netic core.
!+. 3ame the errors 'ause in 'urrent transformer.
%atio error
)hase an#le error
!,. Define ratio error.
he ratio of ener#y component current and secondary current is 'nown as the
ratio error.
!.. 6ow the phase angle error is 'reate.
It is mainly due to ma#neti8in# component of e&citation current.
!/. 4tate the use of potential transformer.
+sed for m.s of hi#h !olta#e
+sed for ener#i8in# relays and protecti!e circuits.
!1. 3ame the errors 'ause in potential transformer.
%atio error
)hase an#le error.
&2. 6ow the CT an 5T are 'onne'te in the 'ir'uits.
C is connected in series and ) is connected in parallel.
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Unit I9 Resistan'e Measurement
!. Classif$ resistan'e.
1ow resistance
Medium resistance
*i#h resistance
&. "hat is the range of meium resistan'e%
%esistance of about 1 ohm to 1;; 'ilo ohms are called medium resistance.
(. 3ame the methos use for low resistan'e measurement.
(mmeter < !oltmeter method
)otentiometer method
=el!in double brid#e method
>hm meter method.
). 3ame the methos use for meium resistan'e measurement
(mmeter < !oltmeter method
/ubstitution method
:heatstone brid#e method
Carey foster brid#e method.
+. "here high resistan'e m:s is require%
Insulation resistance of cables
*i#h resistance circuit elements
-olume resisti!ity of a material
/urface resisti!ity.
,. 4tate the avantages of "heatstone #rige metho.
0ree from errors
he balance is quit independent of source emf
.. 4tate the avantages of ;elvin ou#le #rige metho.
Errors owin# to contact resistance? resistance of leads can be eliminated by usin#
this =el!in double brid#e.
/. "hat are the 'onstru'tional features of o'tor ohmmeter%
)ermanent ma#net
Current coil
)ressure coil
5attery
)ointer with #raduated scale.
1. Define megger.
he me##er is an instrument used for the measurement of hi#h resistance and
insulation resistance.
!2. 3ame the parts of megger.
It consists of a hand dri!en dc #enerator and a direct readin# true ohm meter.
!!. "hat is the range of low resistan'e%
%esistance of about 1 ohm and under are included in this class.
!&. "hat is the range of meium resistan'e%
%esistance of 1;; 'ilo ohms and abo!e are usually termed as hi#h resistance.
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!(. "hat ranges of resistan'e 'an #e measure #$ using o'tor ohmmeter.
; to 5;; micro ohms
; to 5 milli ohms
; to 5; milli ohms
; to 5;; milli ohms
; to 5 ohms.
!). 6ow resistan'e is measure in ire't efle'tion metho.
he deflection of #al!anometer connected in series with the resistance to be
measured #i!es a measure of the insulation resistance.
!+. Classif$ the 'a#les a''oring to their sheathing.
(rmoured cables
+narmoured cables.
!,. 3ame the leas present in megger.
Earth lead
1ine lead
2uard lead.
!.. 6ow resistan'e is measure #$ using ohm meter metho.
/eries ohm meter method
/hunt ohm meter method.
!/. 6ow resistan'e is measure in loss of 'harge metho.
In this method a capacitor is char#ed and dischar#ed for a specific time period and
from this resistance is measured.
!1. 4tate the #alan'e equation use in #rige methos.
he product of opposite branch resistances are equal.
&2. 4tate the avantages of pri'e<s guar wire metho.
In this method lea'a#e current does not flows throu#h the meter and therefore it
#i!es accurate readin#.
&!. 6ow the earth resistan'e is measure.
5y usin# earth me##er the !alue of surface earth resistance can be measured.
Unit 9 Impean'e Measurement
!. 4tate the use of a' #riges.
(C brid#es are used for the m.s of self and mutual inductance and capacitance.
&. 4tate the #alan'e equation use in a' #riges.
he product of opposite branch impedances are equal.
(. 3ame the #rige 'ir'uits use for the m:s of self inu'tan'e.
Ma&well@s brid#e
Ma&well-:ein 5rid#e
(nderson brid#e
*ay@s brid#e.
). 3ame the #rige 'ir'uits use for the m:s of 'apa'itan'e.
"e /auty@s brid#e
/cherin# 5rid#e
:ein brid#e
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+. 3ame the #rige 'ir'uits use for the m:s of mutual inu'tan'e.
he *ea!iside Campbell brid#e
he Campbell brid#e.
,. "hi'h t$pe of ete'tor is use in a' #riges%
-ibration #al!anometers are used.
.. 3ame the a' sour'es use in a' #riges.
(C supply with step-down transformer
Motor dri!en alternator
(udio frequency and radio frequency oscillator.
/. In whi'h 'ases auio frequen'$ os'illators are use as a' sour'e.
0or hi#h frequency ac requirement audio frequency oscillators are used.
1. 3ame the sour'es of errors in a' #rige m:s.
Errors due to stray ma#netic fields
1ea'a#e errors
Eddy current errors
%esidual errors
0requency and wa!eform errors.
!2. 4tate the avantages of Ma*well=wein #rige.
he balance equation is independent of frequency and therefore more accurate.
!!. 4tate the isavantage of Ma*well=wein #rige.
his method needs a std !ariable capacitor. -ariable Capacitor is costliest.
!&. 4tate the isavantages of 6a$<s #rige.
he balance equation is dependent of frequency and therefore any chan#es in
frequency will affect the m.s.
!(. 4tate the use of "ein #rige.
It is used for the m.s of un'nown capacitance and frequency.
!). "hat is the use of Camp#ell #rige%
his is used for the m.s of mutual inductance.
!+. "hat is meant #$ inu'tometer%
he std !ariable mutual inductance meter is called as inductometer.
!,. Define >=fa'tor of the 'oil.
It is the ratio between power stored in the coil to the power dissipated in the coil.
!.. 3ame the 'omponents of iron loss.
Eddy current loss
*ysterisis loss.
!/. 3ame the faults that o''urs in 'a#les.
5rea' down of cable insulation
/hort circuit fault
>pen conductor fault.
!1. 3ame the loop test methos use in lo'ation of fault.
Murray loop test
-arley loop test.
&2. 6ow leakage errors are minimi8e in a' #rige 'ir'uits.
5y usin# hi#h #rade insulation.
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