Tpic 2011

TPIC - 2011
Truss Plate Institute of Canada

TRUSS DESIGN PROCEDURES AND SPECIFICATIONS
FOR LIGHT METAL PLATE CONNECTED WOOD TRUSSES
Limit States Design
T TR RU US SS S P PL LA AT TE E I IN NS ST TI IT TU UT TE E O OF F C CA AN NA AD DA A ( (2 20 01 11 1) )
J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 i i
T TR RU US SS S P PL LA AT TE E I IN NS ST TI IT TU UT TE E O OF F C CA AN NA AD DA A ( (T TP PI IC C) )

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A AQ QF FS SB B
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c c/ /o o K Ke en nt t T Tr ru us ss se es s
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B Ba ar rr ri ie e, , O On nt ta ar ri io o
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W WW WT TA AB BC C
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t th h
A Av ve e S SE E
C Ca al lg ga ar ry y, , A Al lb be er rt ta a
T T2 2C C 2 2B B4 4

J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 i i i i

A As ss so oc ci i a at t e ed d M Me em mb be er rs s : :
S St tr ra ac co on n E En ng gi in ne ee er ri in ng g I In nc c. .
6 69 9 G Gr ra ay yd do on n C Cr re es s. ., ,
R Ri ic ch hm mo on nd d H Hi il ll l, , O On nt ta ar ri io o
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1 16 60 0 E Em mp pr re es ss s A Av ve e
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L L4 4J J 9 9H H1 1
T Ta ai ig ga a B Bu ui il ld di in ng g P Pr ro od du uc ct ts s
5 52 20 0 H Ha ar rr ro op p D Dr ri iv ve e
M Mi il lt to on n, , O On nt ta ar ri io o
L L9 9T T 3 3H H2 2

U US SP P C Ca an na ad da a
2 22 21 1 R Ra ac cc co o P Pa ar rk kw wa ay y
T Th ho or rn nh hi il ll l, , O On nt ta ar ri io o
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1 11 14 47 76 6 K Ki in ng gs st to on n S St tr re ee et t
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V V2 2X X 0 0Y Y5 5

B Bo oi is se e C Ca as sc ca ad de e E En ng gi in ne ee er re ed d W Wo oo od d
P Pr ro od du uc ct ts s
3 33 33 3 J J o ol ll li if ff fe e A Av ve en nu ue e
R Ro oc ck kw wo oo od d, , O On nt ta ar ri io o
N N0 0B B 2 2K K0 0

DISCLAIMER

These recommendations are for the design of metal plate connected wood trusses that originate from the collective experience of
leading technical personnel in the metal plate connected wood truss industry, but must, due to the nature of the responsibilities
involved, be presented only as a guide for the use of a qualified engineer or designer. By publishing this booklet, the Truss Plate
Institute of Canada and its member companies do not warrant the recommendations information contained herein as proper under
all conditions and expressly disclaim any responsibility for damages arising from the use, application, or reliance on the
recommendations and information contained herein. This standard does not preclude the use of materials, assemblies, structures
or designs not meeting the criteria herein, when they demonstrate equivalent performance for the intended use to those specified in
this standard.

J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 i i i i i i
FOREWARD
The purpose of this manual is to present data for design to those familiar with engineering procedures. It
does not include information found in standard engineering textbooks which include derivation of
formulas. It is not intended that these specifications illustrate all truss configurations or details thereof.
This specification covers materials, both lumber and steel, design procedures for members and joints,
including minimum snow loads and minimum dead loads, and evaluation of connector plates.
This specification incorporates the most recent code changes, lumber and design standards and the
latest generally accepted engineering procedures and methods. All previous editions of this specification
are obsolete.
These specifications do not cover design for the complete structural system of a building. Suitable
provisions must be made for adequate supports, cross bracing, wind loading, seismic loading, or other
horizontal loading by those responsible for over-all building design.
The design methods contained within this specification are based on sound engineering judgement with
specific reference to the Canadian Standards Association (CSA O86-09) and the National Building Code
of Canada 2010. A continuous program of research work is being carried out at various universities and
testing laboratories to supplement and enhance this specification.
The purpose of the Truss Plate Institute of Canada is; to serve the needs of manufacturers of truss plates
and wood trusses by representation on various committees of recognized organizations dealing with
building codes and standards; to establish and promulgate standards for the design, manufacture and
quality control of truss plates as may be required; to do all other things to foster and develop truss plate
manufacturing and wood truss fabrication industries, consistent with law, and in the mutual interest of
members of the organization.

HISTORY OF TPIC

Year 1971 National Building Code of Canada
(1970) introduced new classifications and dimensions
for lumber construction.
June 1971 Several major Canadian truss plate
manufacturers convened for the purpose of creating
the Truss Plate Institute of Canada.
May 1972 TPIC was incorporated under
Canadian law and its constitution and by-laws
adopted.
July 1973 Uniform testing procedures for metal
truss plates were developed.
April 1974 CMHC and TPIC agreed on maximum
span tables for publication in N.B.C.C.
Oct 1976 TPIC Testing procedures for truss
plates were adopted as CSA Standard S347.
May 1977 CMHC recoginized TPIC Design
Procedures.
Jan 1981 3rd Edition of TPIC Design Procedure
for Roof and Floor Trusses published.
Jan 1988 4th Edition of TPIC Design Procedure
for Roof and Floor Trusses published.
1988 - 1995 A number of addendums, revisions and
additional design procedures were added to TPIC
1988 to keep the industry abreast of the lastest
technical information.
Nov 1995 The publication, printing and distribution of
the National Building Code of Canada introduces
Reliability Based design procedures (Limit States
design procedures). With Working Stress design
procedures to be eliminated, truss testing at Forintek
in Vancouver took place through 1993-1995.
Fall 1997 TPIC 1996 is published introducing truss
design procedures and specifications for light metal
plate connected wood trusses for Limit States Design.
Fall 2005 The publication, printing and distribution
of the National Building Code of Canada brings about
changes in loading Considerations
June 2007 TPIC 2007 is published updating the
document to incorparate changes brought about by
NBCC 2005 and considerations for OBC 2006.
2007 - 2011 A number of addendums, revisions and
additionnal design procedures were added to TPIC
2007 to keep the industry abreast of the lastest
technical information.
June 2011 TPIC 2011 is published updating the
document to incorporate the various addendums and
revisions.

J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 i i v v
DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES

Truss Designer/Engineer - a design professional, individual or organization having responsibility for the
design of individual metal plate connected wood truss components, including lateral bracing requirements
to prevent buckling of individual truss members due to specified loads.

Building Designer/Engineer - a design professional, individual or organization, having responsibility for
overall building design. Within the scope of wood trusses, the building designer / engineer, shall specify
the following:

(a) Design loads in occordance with various sections of the National and / or Provincial Building
Codes.

(b) Truss profile and intended support locations.

(c) Vertical and horizontal deflection limits.

(d) Moisture enviroment for intended end use.

(e) Any special requirements to be considered in the truss design.

(f) Additional loads from mechanical, electrical units, which may induce extra load to various truss
members and their locations.

As this standard does not cover the design for the complete structural system of a building, the building
designer / engineer shall provide the following in the design and detailing of the building:

(a) Truss supports and anchorage accommodating horizontal, vertical or other reaction or
displacement.

(b) Permanent truss bracing to resist wind, seismic and any other lateral forces acting parallel or
perdendicular to the plane of trusses.

(c) Method of connection or anchorage of mechanical, electrical units to various truss members.
TRUSS PLATE INSTITUTE OF CANADA (2011)
June 2011 v
CONTENTS

1. GENERAL 1
1.1 DEFINITIONS 1
1.2 ABBREVIATIONS 2
1.3 REFERENCE PUBLICATOINS 3

2. MATERIALS 4
2.1 LUMBER SIZES AND GRADES 4
2.2 STEEL 4

3. GENERAL DESIGN 6
3.1 SPECIFIED LOADS, LOAD EFFECTS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS 6
3.1.1 Buildings 6
3.1.2 Specified Loads 6
3.1.2.1 Loads to be Considered
3.1.2.2 Importance Category 6
3.1.2.3 Importance Factors 7
3.1.3 Load Combinations 8
3.1.3.1 Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States 8
3.1.3.2 Load Combinations for Serviceability Limit States 8
3.2 SPECIFIED SNOW, LIVE AND WIND LOADS 9
3.2.1 Roof Trusses Housing and Small Buildings (Part 9 of NBCC10) 9
3.2.2 Roof Trusses (Part 4 of NBCC10) 9
3.2.3 Low Human Occupancy (Farm) 10
3.2.4 Floor Trusses Housing and Small Buildings (Part 9 of NBCC10) 10
3.2.5 Floor Trusses (Part 4 of NBCC10) 10
3.3 SPECIFIED DEAD LOADS 11
3.3.1 Roof Dead Loads 11
3.3.2 Floor Dead Loads 11

4. MEMBER DESIGN PROCEDURE 12
4.1 ANALOGUE 12
4.1.1 Analogue J oint Types 12
4.1.2 Analogue Points 12
4.1.3 Analogue Modifications 14
4.2 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES 23
4.2.1 Method of Analysis 23
4.2.2 Ultimate Limit States 23
4.3 SPECIFIED STRENGTHS 24
4.3.1 Visually Stress-Graded Lumber 24
4.3.2 Machine Stress-Rated and Machine Evaluated Lumber 24
4.3.3 Design Specified Strengths 24
4.3.4 Modification Factors 24
4.4 STRENGTH RESISTANCE 27
4.4.1 Bending Moment Resistance 27
4.4.2 Shear Resistance 27
4.4.3 Compressive Resistance Parallel To Grain 28
4.4.4 Compressive Resistance Perpendicular To Grain 29
4.4.5 Tensile Resistance Parallel To Grain 30
4.4.6 Stress Index Due To Bending 30
4.4.7 Stress Index Due To Shear 30
4.4.8 Stress Index To Compression (Parallel to Grain) 31
June 2011 vi
4.4.9 Stress Index Due To Compression (Perpendicular to Grain) 31
4.4.10 Stress Index Due To Tension 31
4.4.11 Combined Stress Index Due To Tension & Bending 31
4.4.12 Combined Stress Index Due To Compression & Bending 31
4.4.13 Combined Stress Index Due To Compression & Bending (Modified Formula) 31
4.5 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES 33
4.5.1 Serviceability Requirements (Allowable Deflections) 33
4.5.2 Permanent Deformation 34
4.5.3 Ponding 34
4.6 SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 35
4.6.1 Overhangs 35
4.6.2 Splices 35
4.6.3 Short Cantilevers and Heel Cuts 36
4.6.4 Girder Trusses (Single and Multi-Ply) 36
4.6.5 Truss Bracing 36
4.6.6 Top Chord Bearing Guidelines 36

5. JOINT DESIGN PROCEDURES 37
5.1 GENERAL 37
5.2 CONNECTOR PLATE EVALUATION 38
5.3 STRENGTH LIMIT STATES 39
5.3.1 General 39
5.3.2 Modification Factors 39
5.3.3 Ultimate Lateral Resistance 39
5.3.4 Tensile Resistance 40
5.3.5 Shear Resistance 40
5.3.6 Factored Resistance of Truss Plates 41
5.4 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES 41
5.5 MEMBER J OINT CONNECTION 42
5.5.1 Connection of Tension Members 42
5.5.2 Connection of Compression Members 42
5.5.3 Connection of Members for Shear 42
5.5.4 Combined Shear-Tension Resistance 42
5.5.5 Net Section Lumber Check (h) 43
5.5.6 Tension Perpendicular-to-Grain Considerations 44
5.5.7 Heel J oint Considerations 44
5.5.8 Chord Member Splice Considerations 45
5.5.8.1 General 45
5.5.8.2 Tension Splices 45
5.5.8.3 Compression Splices 45
5.5.8.4 Moment Considerations 46
5.5.8.4.1 Design of Steel Section for Effect of Moment 46
5.5.8.4.2 Design of Plate Lateral Resistance for Effect of Moment 47
5.5.9. Compression Perpendicular-to-Grain 48

6. MANUFACTURING AND MATERIAL VARIANCES 49

7. TRUSS DESIGN DRAWING 49
June 2011 vii

APPENDIX

Appendix A
A.1 Short Cantilevers: Detail without Reinforcing 50
A.2 Short Cantilevers: Detail with Wedge Reinforcing 51
A.3 Short Cantilevers: Detail with Partial Top Chord Reinforcing 52
A.4 Short Cantilevers: Detail with Partial Bottom Chord Reinforcing 53
A.5 Heel Cuts 54
A.6 Supplementary Notes for Design of Short Cantilevers and Heel Cuts 55

Appendix B
B.1 Truss-to-Truss Connection 56
B.1.1 Nail Spacing and Maximum Number of Rows 56
B.1.2 Maximum kN/m (PLF) for 2 Ply Girder 57

Appendix C
C.1 Maximum Web Force in Compression kN (lb) with One T-brace 61

Appendix D
D.1 Top Chord Bearing J oint Guidelines for Lumber on Edge 62
D.2 Top Chord Bearing J oint Guidelines for Lumber on Flat 64

Appendix E
E.1 Corrosion Protection for Metal Connector Plates 67

Appendix F
F.1 Shear Plate Design for Girder Type Heel J oint 68

Appendix G Manufacturing And Material Variances 70
G.1 Scope 70
G.2 Truss shop drawing 70
G.3 Materials 70
G.3.1 Lumber 70
G.3.2 Metal connector plates 70
G.4 Plating 70
G.4.1 Tooth effectiveness 70
G.4.2 Plate placement tolerances 73
G.5 Truss Assembly 74
G.5.1 Member to member gaps 74
G.5.2 Overall truss dimensions 75

Appendix H
H.1 Minimum information on truss design drawing 76
June 2011 viii

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figures
4.1.2 Simple and Compound Analogue 15
4.1.2.1.A Standard Heel Analogue 16
4.1.2.1.B Girder Heel 16
4.1.2.1.C Raised Heels 17
4.1.2.1.D Short Cantilevered Heels 18
4.1.2.1.E Short Cantilevered Heels 19
4.1.2.1.F Short Cantilevered Heels 19
4.1.2.1.G Short Cantilevered Heels 19
4.1.2.2 Pitch Break J oint 20
4.1.2.2.A Mitre Cut Pitch Break J oint 20
4.1.2.2.B Corner J oint 20
4.1.2.3 Splice J oint 21
4.1.2.4 Lapped J oint 21
4.1.2.5 Web J oints 21
4.1.2.6 Internal J oint 21
4.1.2.7 Tail Bearing J oint 21
4.1.2.8 Top Chord Bearing Details 22
4.1.2.9 Top Chord Bearing with End Vertical and Block 22
4.5.1.(4) Truss Deflection Lengths 33
4.6.2.(2) Kingpost and Queenpost Truss Configurations 35
5.1.(5) Truss Plate Load and Grain Orientation 40
5.5.4 Shear - Tension Lengths and Angles 43
5.5.5 Typical h Dimensions 44
5.5.9 Bearing Reinforcement with Connector Plates 48

Tables
2.2.(1) ASTM Specification A653/A653M for Structural Quality Sheet Steel 4
3.1.2.2 Importance Categories for Buildings 7
3.1.2.3 Importance Factors for Determining S,W or E 7
3.1.3.1 Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States 8
3.1.3.2 Load Combinations for Serviceability Limit States 8
3.3.1 Minimum Dead Loads 11
4.3.4.(1) Load Duration Factor, K
D
24

4.3.4.(2) Service Condition Factor, K
S
25
4.3.4.(3) Treatment Factor, K
T
25
4.3.4.(4) System Factor, K
H
26
4.3.4.(5) Size Factor, K
Z
for Visually Graded Lumber 26
4.4.1.(2) Lateral Stability Factor, K
L
27
4.4.4.(4) Size Factor for Bearing, K
ZCP
30
4.4.4.(5) Length of Bearing Factor, K
B
30
4.5.1.(4) Truss Deflection Limitations 34
5.1.(7) Minimum Bite for Chords and Webs 38
5.3.2.(2) Service Condition Factor, K
SF
39
5.5.7.(1) Heel J oint Moment Factor, J
H
44

June 2011 1
1. GENERAL

1.1 DEFINITIONS

BEARING The structural support of the truss, usually load bearing walls, support
beams, or truss hangers.

BOTTOM A horizontal or inclined lumber member that establishes the lower edge
CHORD of a truss.

CANTILEVER The top and bottom chord section of a truss that extends freely beyond
an exterior support.

CLEAR SPAN The truss length measured from inside face to inside face of adjacent
supports.

COMPANION A specified variable load that accompanies the principal load in a given
LOAD load combination.

COMPANION A factor that, when applied to a companion load in the load combination,
LOAD FACTOR gives the probable magnitude of a companion load acting simultaneously
with the factored principal load.

CONTINUOUS The application of sheathing material to a truss chord, usually by nailing,
SHEATHING such that the chord is in effect laterally braced continuously along its
length.

DESIGN SPAN The overall length of the truss analogue used in the structural analysis.

DRY SERVICE A condition in which the average equilibrium moisture content over a
year is 15% or less and does not exceed 19%.

HEEL J OINT A joint on a truss at which the top and bottom chords intersect.

HEEL CUT At the heel joint, a vertical cut at the outside edge of the truss bottom
chord made to define design span.

LOAD SHARING A system consisting of 3 or more essentially parallel trusses spaced
SYSTEMS not more than 610 mm (1220 mm for Low Human Occupancy) apart
and so arranged that they mutually support the applied load.

LOW HUMAN (As applying to farm buildings) A building with an occupant load of not
OCCUPANCY more than one person per 40 sq m during normal use.

LUMBER ON Orientation of truss lumber such that the chord sheathing is applied
EDGE to the least chord dimension and connector plates are embedded into
the wider chord dimension.

LUMBER ON Orientation of truss lumber such that chord sheathing is applied to the
FLAT wider chord dimension and connector plates are embedded into the least
chord dimension.

OVERHANG The outward extension of one truss chord (usually the top chord),
beyond the other chord (usually the bottom chord).


June 2011 2
PANEL J OINT The point of intersection where one or more webs meet the top or
bottom chord.

PITCH BREAK The point at which truss chord lumber changes slopes.

PRINCIPAL The specified variable load or rare load that dominates in a given load
LOAD combination.

PRINCIPAL A factor applied to a principal load in a load combination to account
LOAD FACTOR for the variability of the load and load pattern and the analysis of its
effects.

SCISSOR A type of truss having an inclined bottom chord.
TRUSS

SERVICE The specified load used for the evaluation of a serviceability limit state.
LOAD

SEASONED Lumber, which has been seasoned to approximately 15% moisture
LUMBER content to a depth of 20mm from the surface. For plating purposes, at
the time of fabrication, seasoned lumber will be that which has moisture
content of 19% or less as per CSA S347.

SLOPE The ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run for inclined members.

SPLICE J OINT The joint at which two chord members are joined together with truss
connector plates to form a single member.

TOP CHORD Horizontal or inclined lumber member that establishes the upper edge of
a truss.

UNSEASONED Lumber of which the moisture content exceeds the requirements of
LUMBER seasoned lumber.

WEBS Internal truss members that join the top and bottom chords to form
triangular patterns that give truss action by carrying axial stresses.

WET SERVICE Service conditions other than dry.

1.2 ABBREVIATIONS

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

NFBCC 95 National Farm Building Code of Canada 1995

CCMC Canadian Construction Materials Centre - National Research Council
Canada, Institute for Research in Construction

O86-09 CSA O86-09 Engineering Design in Wood

HSB Housing and Small Buildings

LHO Farm - Low Human Occupancy


June 2011 3
NBCC10 National Building Code of Canada 2010

NBCC10 (ST.COMM) National Building Code of Canada 2010, Users Guide and Structural
Commentaries

NLGA National Lumber Grades Authority

NRCC National Research Council of Canada

TPIC Truss Plate Institute of Canada

1.3 REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS

ASTM A653 / A653M Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc
- Iron Alloy - Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process.

ASTM A924 / A924M Specification for General Requirements for Steel Sheet, Metallic
- Coated by the Hot - Dip Process.

BCSI Wood Truss Council of America Building Component Safety
Information

CSA O86-09 Canadian Standards Association Publication 086-09 Engineering
Design in Wood (Limit States Design)

S347-99 Canadian Standards Association Publication S347-99 Method of Test
for Evaluation of Truss Plates Used in Lumber J oints

NFBCC 1995 National Research Council of Canada Publication "National Farm
Building Code of Canada 1995"

NBCC 2010 National Research Council of Canada Publication National Building
Code of Canada 2010

NBCC10 (ST.COMM.) National Research Council of Canada Publication, National Building
Code of Canada 2010, Users Guide and Structural Commentaries"

TPIC 1996 Truss Design Procedures and Specifications for Light Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses Limit States Design, 1996 edition

TPIC 2007 Truss Design Procedures and Specifications for Light Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses Limit States Design, 2007 edition


June 2011 4
2. MATERIALS

2.1 LUMBER SIZES AND GRADES

1) Net section properties shall be used for all truss designs.

2) Minimum nominal chord size for all trusses shall be 38 x 64 except for trusses used in
mobile homes.

3) All trusses shall be manufactured using lumber graded by NLGA rules, with specified
strengths as per O86-09.

4) All trusses shall be manufactured with No. 2 grade lumber or better for top and bottom
chords.

5) All truss webs, except as those described in 2.1.6, shall be designed with any lumber
grade provided the grade is listed and assigned a specified strength in O86-09.

6) Truss webs of 38 x 64 lumber shall be No. 2 grade or better.

2.2 STEEL

1) Truss Plates shall be manufactured from galvanized sheet steel conforming to or
exceeding ASTM Standard A653/A653M Standard specification for Sheet Steel, Zinc
coated (Galvanized) by the Hot-Dip Process and shall have the minimum properties
specified in Table 2.2(1).

Table 2.2(1) ASTM Specification A653/A653M for Structural Sheet Steel
GRADE SS230 SS255 SS275 HSLAS340 HSLAS410
Ultimate Tensile
Strength, MPa
310 360 380 410 480
Minimum Yield, MPa 230 255 275 340 410
Elongation (at failure)
in 50 mm length, %
20 18 16 20 16

2) Corrosion resistant coating shall conform to ASTM A924, Standard Specification for
Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) by the Hot-Dip Process, General Requirements,
Coating Designation G90, or ASTM A924, Standards Specification for Electrolytic Zinc-
Coated Steel Sheets, Coating Class C, or such treatment as will give equivalent
corrosion protection as applied to steel sheet before connector plates are stamped out. It
is not necessary to re-coat connectors after stamping.

3) On metal connector plates there shall be provided some means such as holes, dimples,
bosses, marked pattern, etc., to indicate location of any separately applied nails or
fasteners so that nails or fasteners will not be spaced too closely together in the wood
and cause excessive splitting. Plate Designer shall determine this nail or fastener
minimum spacing. Blank metal plates without any type of indicated minimum spacing for
nails or fasteners shall not be acceptable. The above applies only where supplementary
fasteners are intended to augment the gripping value of plates.

June 2011 5
4) All plate manufacturers must have their plates listed in the Registry of Product
Evaluations published by Canadian Construction Materials Centre, Institute for Research
in Construction, Ottawa, Ontario.

June 2011 6
3. GENERAL DESIGN
3.1 SPECIFIED LOADS, LOAD EFFECTS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
3.1.1 Buildings
The specified loads, load effects and combinations to be considered in the design of a
building and its elements shall be those given in Clauses 3.1.2 and 3.1.3.
3.1.2 Specified Loads
3.1.2.1 Loads to be Considered
Specified loads shall include the following wherever applicable, and minimum specified
values of these loads shall be increased to account for dynamic effects where applicable:
(1) D --- dead load due to weight of members; the weight of all materials of
construction incorporated into the building to be supported permanently by the
member, including permanent partitions and allowance for nonpermanent partitions;
the weight of permanent equipment;
(2) E --- load due to earthquake including the effect of the importance factors in 3.1.2.2;
(3) L --- live load due to intended use and occupancy including loads due to cranes and
pressure of liquids in containers;
(4) S --- load due to snow, including ice and associated rain, and also including the
effect of the importance factors in 3.1.1.2;
(5) W --- load due to wind including the importance factors in 3.1.2.2;
(6) H --- a permanent load due to lateral earth pressure, including groundwater;
(7) P --- permanent effects caused by prestress; and
(8) T --- loads due to contraction or expansion caused by temperature changes,
shrinkage, moisture changes, creep in component materials, movement due to
differential settlement, or combinations thereof.
3.1.2.2 Importance Category
For the purpose of determining specified loads S, W or E in Section 3.2.1 and 3.2.2,
buildings shall be assigned an Importance Category based on intended use and
occupancy, in accordance with table 3.1.2.2.


June 2011 7

Table 3.1.2.2
Importance Categories for buildings

Use and Occupancy Importance Category
Buildings that represent a low direct or indirect hazard to human life in the
event of failure, including:
Low human-occupancy buildings, where it can be shown that collapse
is not likely to cause injury or other serious consequences
Minor storage buildings
Low
All buildings except those listed in Importance Categories Low, High and Post
Disaster
Normal
Buildings that are likely to be used as post-disaster shelters, including
buildings whose primary use is:
As an elementary, middle or secondary school
As a community centre
Manufacturing and storage facilities containing toxic, explosive or other
hazardous substances in sufficient quantities to be dangerous to the public if
released.
High
Post-disaster buildings are buildings that are essential to the provision of
services in the event of a disaster, and include:
hospitals, emergency treatment facilities and blood banks
telephone exchanges
power generating stations and electrical substations
control centres for air, land and marine transportation
public water treatment and storage facilities, and pumping stations
sewage treatment facilities and buildings having critical national
defence functions
buildings of the following types, unless exempted from this
designation by the authority having jurisdiction:
emergency response facilities
fire, rescue and police stations, and housing for vehicles, aircraft
or boats used for such purposes
communications facilities, including radio and television stations
Post- disaster

3.1.2.3 Importance Factors
For the purpose of determining specified loads S, W, or E in Clause 3.1.2.1, Importance
Factors shall be applied in accordance with Table 3.1.2.3

Table 3.1.2.3
Importance Factors for Determining S,W or E
Importance
Category
Importance Factors for
Snow Loads, I
S

Wind Loads, I
W

Earthquake Loads, I
E

Ultimate
Limit State
Serviceability
Limit State
Ultimate
Limit State
Serviceability
Limit State
Ultimate
Limit State
Serviceability
Limit State
Low 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.75 0.8 N / A
Normal 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.75 1.0 N / A
High 1.15 0.9 1.15 0.75 1.3 N / A
Post Disaster 1.25 0.9 1.25 0.75 1.5 N / A


June 2011 8

3.1.3 Load Combinations
3.1.3.1 Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States
The effect of factored principal plus companion loads shall be determined in accordance
with the load combinations in Table 3.1.3.1, the applicable combination being that which
produces the most unfavourable effect.
Table 3.1.3.1
Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States
Case No. Principal Loads
(1)
Companion Loads
1 1.4D
2 (1.25D
(3)
or 0.9D) +1.5L
(4)
0.5S
(2)
or 0.4W
3 (1.25D
(3)
or 0.9D) +1.5S 0.5L
(2,5)
or 0.4W
4 (1.25D
(3)
or 0.9D) +1.4W 0.5L
(5)
or 0.5S
5 1.0D +1.0E 0.5L
(2,5)
+0.25S
(2)

Notes:
(1) Refer to the NBCC, 2010 for loads due to earth pressure H, prestress P and Imposed deformation T.
(2) Refer to the NBCC, 2010 for loads on exterior areas.
(3) Refer to the NBCC, 2010 for dead load D for soil.
(4) The Principal load factor 1.5 for live load L may be reduced to 1.25 for liquids in tanks.
(5) The companion load factor 0.5 for live load L shall be increased to 1.0 for storage occupancies,
equipment areas, service rooms and attic floor areas.

3.1.3.2 Load Combinations for Serviceability Limit States
The effect of principle plus companion loads shall be determined in accordance with the
load combinations in Table 3.1.3.2, the applicable combination being that which results in
the most unfavourable effect.

Table 3.1.3.2
Load Combinations for Serviceability Limit States
Case No. Principal Loads Companion Loads
1 1.0D
(1)

2 1.0D
(1)
+1.0L 0.5S
(2)
or 0.4W
3 1.0D
(1)
+1.0S 0.5L
(2)
or 0.4W
4 1.0D
(1)
+1.0W 0.5L or 0.5S
Note:
(1) Dead loads to include permanent loads due to lateral earth pressure H and prestress P.
(2) Refer to the National Building Code of Canada 2010, for loads on exterior areas.


June 2011 9
3.2 SPECIFIED SNOW, LIVE AND WIND LOADS

3.2.1 Roof Trusses Housing and Small Buildings (Part 9 of NBCC10)
1) Roof trusses meeting the housing and small building requirements of Part 9 of the
NBCC10, with clear spans between bearings less than or equal to 12.19m, (40 feet) shall
be designed using a roof snow load not less than 55% of the appropriate ground snow
load plus rain load as listed in the NBCC10 Appendix C. When the entire width of roof
does not exceed 4.3m (14 feet) this 55% can be reduced to 45%.
2) Roof trusses meeting the housing and small building requirements of Part 9 of the
NBCC10, with clear spans between bearings greater than 12.19m (40 feet) shall be
designed as per section 3.2.2.
3) The minimum specified top chord snow load shall be 1.0 kPa (21 psf)
4) Multi-bearing trusses shall be designed for pattern-loading.

3.2.2 Roof Trusses (Part 4 of NBCC10)
1) Roof trusses designed under the requirements of Part 4 of NBCC10
shall be designed using a roof snow load not less than 80% of the appropriate ground
snow load plus rain load as listed in NBCC10 Appendix C, except where:
(a) Wind exposure conditions specified by Section 4.1.6 of NBCC10 are fulfilled, hence
60% of the ground snow load plus rain load may be used as the roof snow load for
low and normal building importance, or
(b) The roof slope is greater than 30 degrees, hence the roof snow load can be reduced
by a slope factor as specified by Section 4.1.6 of NBCC10, or
(c) The roof slope is greater than 15 degrees and slippery roof conditions specified by
Section 4.1.6 of NBCC10 are fulfilled, hence the roof snow load can be reduced by a
slope factor as specified in that Section, or
(d) For large roofs the value of C
b
shall be calculated as per NBCC10 4.1.6.2, 2) a) & b).
(e) The snow load is specified in writing by an authority having jurisdiction.
2) Roof trusses shall be designed to meet the requirements of full and partial loading as
specified by Section 4.1.5 and 4.1.6 of NBCC10.
3) Roof trusses shall be designed to meet the requirements of unbalanced, sliding and
drifting snow loads, as given in Section 4.1.6 of the NBCC10.
4) Roof trusses with slopes of 15 degrees or less need not be designed for unbalanced
snow loads.
5) The minimum specified top chord snow load shall be 1.0 kPa. (21 psf)
6) The minimum specified live load for attics with limited accessibility shall be .5 kPa (10
psf) as per Table 4.1.5.3 NBCC10 unless specified otherwise by an authority having
jurisdiction.
7) Roof trusses shall be designed for wind loading in accordance with Section 4.1.7
NBCC10.
8) For wind analysis the minimum reference velocity pressure shall be based on the
probability of being exceeded once in 50 years for strength and deflection. Appropriate
wind loads are as listed in NBCC10 Division B, Appendix C.

June 2011 10
3.2.3 Low Human Occupancy (Farm)
1) LHO roof trusses shall be designed using a roof live load not less than 80% of the
appropriate ground snow load plus rain load as listed in NBCC95 Appendix C, except
where:
(a) Wind exposure conditions specified by Section 4.1.7 of NBCC95 are fulfilled, hence
60% of the ground snow load plus rain load may be used as the roof load, or
(b) The roof slope is greater than 30 degrees, hence the roof snow load can be reduced
by a slope factor as specified by Section 4.1.7 of NBCC95, or
(c) The roof slope is greater than 15 degrees and slippery roof conditions specified by
Section 2.2.2.2 of NFBCC95 are fulfilled, hence the roof snow load can be reduced
by a slope factor as specified in that section, or
(d) The snow load is specified in writing by an authority having jurisdiction.

2) LHO roof trusses shall also be designed to meet the requirements of unbalanced, sliding
and drifting snow loads as given in Section 4.1.7 of NBCC95.
3) LHO roof trusses referenced in 2.2.2.1 of the NBFCC95 with slopes of 15 degrees or less
need not be designed for unbalanced snow loads.
4) The minimum specified top chord live load shall be 1.0 kPa. (21 psf)
5) LHO roof trusses shall be designed for wind load in accordance to Section 4.1.8 of
NBCC95.
6) For wind analysis of LHO roof trusses the minimum reference velocity pressure shall be
based on the probability of being exceeded once in 10 years.

3.2.4 Floor Trusses Housing and Small Buildings (Part 9 of NBCC10)
1) The minimum residential specified floor live load shall be 1.9 kPa. (40 psf)
2) Floor trusses must be designed to satisfy the most critical loading conditions of full or
partial loading.

3.2.5 Floor Trusses (Part 4 of NBCC10)
1) The minimum specified live load for commercial assembly areas that follow the
guidelines given in Table 4.1.5.3 of NBCC10 shall be 2.4 kPa. (50 psf)
2) The minimum specified live load for commercial assembly areas and/or other areas that
follow the guidelines given in Table 4.1.5.3 of NBCC10 shall be 4.8 kPa. (100 psf)
3) Floor trusses must be designed to satisfy the most critical loading conditions of full or
partial loading.
4) The specified load due to possible concentrations of loads resulting from the use of area
of floors, shall not be less than that listed in Table 4.1.5.9 of NBCC10.

June 2011 11
3.3 SPECIFIED DEAD LOADS

3.3.1 Roof Dead Loads
The following minimum dead loads specified in Table 3.3.1 shall be used for all designs
unless specified by an authority having jurisdiction.
Table 3.3.1 Minimum Dead Loads, kPa (psf)
TC Dead Load BC Dead Load
Occupancy <1:6
1:6
(2/12) (2/12)
With Without
Ceiling Ceiling
Residential (Part 9)
Commercial (Part 4)
Farm (Part 4)
0.5 (10) 0.15 (3)
0.5 (10) 0.25 (5)
0.5 (10) 0.20 (4)
0.34 (7) N/A
0.34 (7) 0.25 (5)
0.34 (7) 0.20 (4)
Note: The designer should check the suitability of these minimums for their applications.
This applies to trusses carrying flat roof (where roof portion with slope <1:6 exceeds
50% of building width).
3.3.2 Floor Dead Loads
1) The minimum dead loads specified below shall be used for all designs unless specified
otherwise by an authority having jurisdiction.
2) The minimum top chord dead load shall be 0.5 kPa (10 psf)
3) The minimum bottom chord dead load shall be 0.25 kPa (5 psf)
4) In areas of a building where partitions, other than permanent partitions shown on design
drawings, or, where partitions might be added in the future, allowance shall be made for
the weight of such partitions.
The partition weight allowance for the above shall be determined from the actual or
anticipated weight of the partitions placed in any probable position, but shall not be less
than 1.0 kPa (21 psf) over the area of floor being considered.
5) A non-bearing partition wall may be neglected in the design provided:
a) Live load of supporting truss system results from residential occupancy and is not
less than specified in 3.2.4.
(b) Floor trusses are not spaced over 610 mm o/c (24 in o/c)
(c) Top chord panel length of supporting truss system does not exceed 750 mm (30 in)
for lumber-on-flat trusses.
(d) Partition weight does not exceed 0.88 kN/m (60 plf)
(e) Partition wall is not to be parallel to the trusses.

June 2011 12
4. MEMBER DESIGN PROCEDURE

4.1 ANALOGUE

4.1.1 Analogue Joint Types
(a) Pitch Break J oint: A joint formed by the intersection of two non-parallel chords (see
Fig 4.1.2).
(b) Heel J oint: A pitch break joint consisting of a non-vertical top chord and non-vertical
bottom chord (see Fig 4.1.2).
(c) Splice J oint: A joint formed by two parallel and adjacent chords (see Fig 4.1.2.3).
(d) Lapped J oint: A joint formed by one end of a chord placed parallel and in contact with
the adjacent chord along one of its edges (see Fig 4.1.2.4).
(e) Web J oint: A joint formed by one or more webs along one edge of a given chord
(see Fig 4.1.2.5).
(f) Internal J oint: A joint formed by two web joints on opposite edges of a given chord
such that their contact lengths overlap along the axis of the chord (see Fig 4.1.2.6).
(g) Tail Bearing J oint: A joint consisting of a single member going to a support. (see Fig
4.1.2.7)
(h) Top Chord Bearing J oint: A joint consisting of two or more members connecting at
an exterior support. (see Fig 4.1.2.8)
(i) Bearing J oint: A joint where a bearing touches a chord. (see Fig 4.1.2)

4.1.2 Analogue Points
(a) Simple Analogue Point: An analogue point consisting of only one point formed by
two uniquely identifiable lines.
(b) Compound Analogue Point: Analogue formed by two or more joints located at the
same physical joint. (see Fig 4.1.2)
Except as in 4.1.3, analogue points shall be constructed as described in this section.
4.1.2.1 Heel Analogue: The heel analogue is a compound analogue consisting of three simple
analogue points and three fictitious members. (see Fig 4.1.2.1.A-G)
a) First analogue point shall be determined as follows: Construct a vertical line at the
end of TC or BC member whichever is shorter. (For Girder Heel, end of BC is always
used to construct this line. See Fig 4.1.2.1.B. The only exception to this rule is in the
case of a short cantilever. If the bearing occurs inside the point where the top chord
terminates then this line is constructed at the end of the top chord and is considered
the design span. See Appendix A.1 to A.4.) Find the intersection of the vertical line
with the centrelines of the TC and BC. First heel analogue point shall be the lower of
the two intersection points. This is the bearing point except as mentioned in (f) below.
b) The second heel analogue point shall be located at the intersection of the centreline
of BC and a vertical at 75% of scarf length from the first analogue point. This vertical
may not be more than 610mm (24) away from the first analogue point.
c) The third heel analogue point shall be located along the centreline of the top chord
directly above the second heel analogue point.
d) Where the second and the third points are closer to the first point than 2", remove the
second and third points and reduce the heel analogue to simple analogue.
e) In the case of a reinforcing wedge, the second heel analogue point shall be located
at the intersection of the centreline of the BC and, a vertical at 75% of the combined
BC and wedge scarf lengths, from the first analogue point. This vertical may not be
more than 610mm (24) away from the first analogue point.
f) In the case of a reinforcing member, a fourth point is required. The reinforcing
member acts as the fourth member. The fourth point is the intersection of the

June 2011 13
centreline of the chord with a line perpendicular to the chord at a distance d/2
where d is the depth of the chord. (see Fig 4.1.2.1.C & D)
g) In the case of a reinforcing web, the analogue is similar to the reinforcing member
analogue with the following exceptions:
1. The fourth analogue point is the analogue point of the adjacent joint.
2. The fourth member is the reinforcing web.
3. The bearing point is the first analogue point only if all of the bearing surface falls
between the first and second analogue points inclusive. (see Fig 4.1.2.1.C & E)
Short cantilever and high heel rules apply. (see Appendix A)
4. If any part of the bearing surface falls past the second analogue point, the
bearing point is at the second analogue point or a new bearing joint is introduced
depending on the contact between the bearing surface and the scarf of the
reinforcing web. (see Fig 4.1.2.1F) Short cantilever and high heel rules do not
apply for this condition.
5. If the reinforcing web is not fully parallel and touching the chord, two separate
joints are constructed; a heel joint and a web joint. (see Fig 4.1.2.1G)

4.1.2.2 Pitch Break Analogue Point: The pitch break analogue point shall be located along a
plumb line through the outside edge intersection of the two chords. The analogue point
shall have the same X coordinate as the plumb location and Y coordinate equal to the
average Y coordinates formed by intersection points of the chord centrelines and the
plumb line. (see Fig 4.1.2.2)
In case of a mitre cut pitch break, the analogue point is the intersection of the centrelines
of the chords. (see Fig 4.1.2.2.A) For corner joints, the analogue point shall be the
intersection of the centreline of the chord and a line at the end of the chord. (see Fig
4.1.2.2.B)
4.1.2.3 Splice J oint Analogue Point: Analogue point shall be the point located at the halfway
point between the intersection points of the centrelines of the two chord members and
the splice line. (see Fig 4.1.2.3)
4.1.2.4 Lapped J oint Analogue Point: Analogue point shall be the point located at the halfway
point between the intersection points formed by the end cut and centrelines of the chord
members on the two sides of the joint. (see Fig 4.1.2.4)
4.1.2.5 Web J oint Analogue Point: Analogue point shall be the intersection of the centrelines of
chord and a line perpendicular to the chord passing through the centre of contact area
between the webs and the chord. (see Fig 4.1.2. and Fig 4.1.2.5)
4.1.2.6 Internal J oint Analogue Point: Analogue point shall be the intersection of the centreline
of chord and a perpendicular through the centre of common contact area, from both
sides, between the webs and the chord. (see Fig 4.1.2.6)
4.1.2.7 Tail Bearing J oint Analogue Point: Analogue point shall be at the intersection of the
centreline of the chord and a vertical through outside corner of support. For a vertical tail
bearing, use the horizontal through the outside corner of bearing instead of the vertical.
(see Fig 4.1.2.7)
4.1.2.8 Top Chord Bearing J oint: Except as in 4.1.2.9 the top chord bearing joint analogue is
compound and consists of two points. The first point is the bearing point and it is the
intersection of the centreline of the top chord with a vertical along the inside face of the
bearing. The second point is the intersection of the centreline of the top chord with a
vertical through the outside edge of any webs coming to the top chord at the bearing.
The maximum distance allowed between these points is 13mm (1/2). (see Fig 4.1.2.8
and Appendix D)

June 2011 14
4.1.2.9 Top Chord Bearing J oint With End Vertical and Block: The analogue of this point is
compound and consists of three points and two ficitious members. The first joint is the
bearing point and it is the intersection of a vertical through centreline of the required
bearing size and surface of bearing. The second point is the intersection of a horizontal
through the first point and the outside edge of end vertical. The third point is intersection
of the centreline of the top chord and the outside edge of end vertical. (see Fig 4.1.2.9)
Top chord bearing joint guidelines in section 4.6.6 must be observed when using the
analogue described in the above sections (4.1.2.8 and 4.1.2.9)

4.1.3 Analogue Modifications
4.1.3.1 Analogue points shall be constructed using the following heirarchy: Pitch break joints,
then, most member to least member web joints. All other joints not mentioned here may
be constructed in any order.
4.1.3.2 Analogue points for joints connected by a vertical web to joints of higher hierarchy shall
be obtained as intersection of vertical through the higher hierarchy joint and the
centreline of chord.
4.1.3.3 Two analogue points closer to each other than 2" (unprojected) shall be reduced to one
joint located between the two original joints.

June 2011 15

Figure 4.1.2 Simple and Compound Analogue

June 2011 16

Figure 4.1.2.1.A Standard Heel Analogue

Figure 4.1.2.1.B Girder Heel

June 2011 17

Figure 4.1.2.1.C Raised Heels

June 2011 18

Figure 4.1.2.1.D Short Cantilevered Heels

June 2011 19


June 2011 20

Figure 4.1.2.2 Pitch Break J oint

Figure 4.1.2.2.A Mitre Cut Pitch Break J oint

Figure 4.1.2.2.B Corner J oint

June 2011 21

Figure 4.1.2.3 Splice J oint

Figure 4.1.2.4 Lapped J oint
Figure 4.1.2.5 Web J oints Figure 4.1.2.6 Internal J oint

Figure 4.1.2.7 Tail Bearing J oint

June 2011 22

Figure 4.1.2.8 Top Chord Bearing Details
Figure 4.1.2.9 Top Chord Bearing with End Vertical and Block


June 2011 23
4.2 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES

4.2.1 Method of Analysis
Structural analysis shall be by stiffness or flexibility method utilizing pin-rigid
mathematical model.
1) Truss Model
(a) All chord members shall be rigidly connected through joints, including web joints and
lapped joints. All splices shall be considered pinned unless designed for moment.
Fictitious members representing top and bottom chords at the heel shall be pinned to
each other but rigidly connected at other end.
(b) Ends of members connecting to pitch break joints shall be considered pinned at the
joints.
(c) The fictitious vertical strut at heel shall be pinned to top and bottom chords.
(d) Properties of fictitious members shall be as follows:
A top chord fictitious member shall have the same properties as the adjacent top
chord. A bottom chord fictitious member shall have the same properties as the
adjacent bottom chord. Other fictitious members shall have the properties of 2x4
No.2 S.P.F. lumber.
(e) Fictitious members in top chord bearing conditions such as in detail 4.1.2.9 shall be
pinned at both ends and have properties of 2x4 No. 2 S.P.F. lumber.
(f) Overhangs shall be modelled such that they impose zero moment to the adjacent top
chord member.
2) Support Model
Except for the leftmost support, all supports shall be considered as horizontal or vertical
rollers. The leftmost support must be pinned. No support shall be considered to provide
rotational restraint unless such restraint is adequately specified on the drawing. At a heel
joint the support shall be located at the first analog point (the outermost joint). Except at
heel joints, a support is considered to be at a joint when there is an overlap between
contact surfaces of bearing and webs. A support is considered to be at the heel joint if
the heel condition is to be used with short cantilever rules. See Section 4.6.3
3) Member Forces and Moments
(a) Member force shall be the average of the member end forces. Member force for
connections shall be the actual member forces at the joint.
(b) Panel moment shall be taken as the maximum moment within the panel. Panel point
moment shall be that at each individual panel end.
(c) Combined Stress index shall be calculated for the panel on the basis of CSI from
average member force combined with the greater of maximum panel moment or the
maximum panel point moment.

4.2.2 Ultimate Limit States Requirements
The design of truss members for ultimate limit states shall include:
(a) Establishing the value of the effect of the factored loads individually and with the load
combinations specified in Section 3; and
(b) Confirmation by rational means that for each load effect in item (a), the factored load
effect does not exceed the factored resistance as determined by appropriate clauses
of this standard.


June 2011 24
4.3 SPECIFIED STRENGTHS

4.3.1 Visually Stress-Graded Lumber
The specified strengths (MPa) for visually stress-graded structural joist and planks, light
framing, structural light framing and stud grade categories of lumber shall be those
presented in Table 5.3.1.A and Table 5.3.1.B of O86-09.

4.3.2 Machine Stress-Rated And Machine Evaluated Lumber
The specified strengths (MPa) for machine stress-rated lumber are given in Table 5.3.2
of O86-09. The specified strengths (MPa) for machine evaluated lumber are given in
Table 5.3.3 of O86-09. The specified strengths in shear are not grade dependent and
shall be taken from Table 5.3.1.A of O86-09 for the appropriate species.

4.3.3 Design Specified Strengths
The design specified strengths are the product of the basic specified strengths and the
appropriate strength modification factors as in Section 4.3.4.

4.3.4 Modification Factors
The strength modification factors are defined as follows:
1) Load Duration Factor, K
D

The specified strengths and resistances shall be multiplied by a load duration factor, K
D
,
in accordance with table 4.3.4.(1)
Table 4.3.4.(1) Load Duration Factor, K
D

Duration of Load K
D
Explanatory Notes
Short term 1.15 Short term loading means that condition of loading
where the duration of the specified loads is not
expected to last more than 7 days continuously or
cumulatively throughout the life of the structure.
Examples include wind loads, earthquake loads,
falsework, formwork, as well as impact loads.
Standard term 1.00 Standard term means that condition of loading where
the duration of specified loads exceeds that of short
term loading, but is less than long term loading.
Examples include snow loads, live loads due to
occupancy, wheel loads on bridges, and dead loads in
combination with of all of the above.
Long term 0.65 Long-term duration means the condition of loading
under which a member is subjected to more or less
continuous specified load. Examples include dead
loads or dead loads plus live loads of such character
that they are imposed on the member for as long a
period of time as the dead loads themselves. Such
loads include those usually occurring in tanks or bins
containing fluids or granular material, loads on retaining
walls subjected to lateral pressure such as earth, and
floor loads where the specified load can be expected to
be continuously applied, such as those in buildings for
storage of bulk materials. Loads due to fixed machinery
should be considered to be long term.
Note: Load duration requires professional judgement by the designer.


June 2011 25
1(a) Long term load factor
For Standard-term loads where the specified long-term load, P
L
, is greater than the
specified standard-term load P
S
, the long-term load factor may be used or the factor
may be calculated as follows:

K
D
=1.0 0.50log (P
L
/P
S
) 0.65

where: P
L
=specified long-term load
P
S
=specified standard term load based on S and L loads acting alone or in
combination
=S; L; (S +0.5L) ; OR (0.5S +L), determined using importance factors
equal to 1.0

2) Service Condition Factor, K
S

The specified strengths for sawn lumber shall be multiplied by the service condition factor
K
S
as indicated in Table 4.3.4.(2)
Table 4.3.4.(2) Service Condition Factors, K
S

K
S
Property Wet service Dry Service
K
Sb

K
Sv

K
Sc

K
Scp

K
St

K
SE

Bending at extreme fibre
Longitudinal shear
Compression parallel to grain
Compression perpendicular to grain
Tension parallel to grain
Modulus of elasticity
0.84
0.96
0.69
0.67
0.84
0.94
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

3) Treatment Factor, K
T

When lumber is treated with preservatives and retardants, the specified strengths,
including modulus of elasticity, shall be decreased by treatment factor K
T
as given in
Table 4.3.4.(3)
Table 4.3.4.(3) Treatment Factor K
T

Product Dry service
conditions
Wet service
conditions
Untreated Lumber 1.00 1.00
Preservative Lumber
(1)
1.00 1.00
Fire-retardant or other strength reducing
chemically Treated Lumber
See note 2 for effects of fire
retardant treatment
Notes:
1. Refers to unincised lumber only. Incised treated lumber is not permitted in trusses.
2. For lumber treated with fire-retardant or other strength reducing chemicals, strength
and stiffness capacities shall be based on the documented results of tests that shall
take into account the effects of time, temperature, and moisture content. Test
procedures shall meet the requirements of Clause 3.3.2. of O86-09.

June 2011 26
4) System Factor, K
H

Specified strengths for sawn lumber members in a light frame truss system consisting of
three or more essentially parallel members spaced not more than 610 mm apart and so
arranged that they mutually support the applied load may be multiplied by the system
factor given in Table 4.3.4.(4)
Table 4.3.4.(4) System Factor K
H

Symbol Property K
H

K
Hb

K
Hv

K
Hc

K
Hcp

k
Ht

K
HE

Bending
Longitudinal shear
Compression parallel to grain
Compression perpendicular to grain
Tension parallel to grain
Modulus of elasticity
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.00
1.10
1.00
Note: These system factor increases are also applicable when spacing does not
exceed 1220 mm for low human occupancy applications and for all girders consisting of
not less than 3 members.

5) Size Factor K
Z

Size factors presented in Table 4.3.4.(5) shall be used to increase basic specified
strength.
Table 4.3.4.(5) Size Factor, K
Z
For Visually Graded Lumber
Symbol Description Lumber Size (mm) 38 x

64 89 114 140 184 235 286
K
Zb
Bending 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
K
Zv
Longitudinal shear 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
K
Zc
Compression parallel to
grain
* * * * * * *
K
Zcp
Compression
perpendicular to grain
** ** ** ** ** ** **
K
Zt
Tension parallel to grain 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
K
ZE
Modulus of elasticity 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
* See Section 4.4.3.(3)
** See Section 4.4.4.(4)

6) Flat Roof Factor K
F

Roof trusses meeting the housing and small building requirements of Part 9 of the
NBCC10 and carrying flat roof (where roof portion with slope <1:6 exceeds 50% of
building width) shall be designed with a reduced factored resistance strength of lumber
by applying a flat roof factor K
F
=0.75.
K
F
=1.0 for all other cases.


June 2011 27
4.4 STRENGTH AND RESISTANCE

4.4.1 Bending Moment Resistance

1) The factored bending moment resistance, M
r
of sawn members shall be taken as:
M
r
= |F
b
SK
Zb
K
L
K
F

where | = 0.9
F
b
= f
b
(K
D
K
Hb
K
Sb
K
T
)
f
b
= specified strength in bending, MPa
(Tables 5.3.1 to 5.3.3 of O86-09)
S = section modulus, mm
3

K
Zb
= size factor in bending
K
L
= lateral stability factor (Clause 4.4.1.(2))
K
F
= flat roof factor

2) Lateral Stability Factor, K
L

The lateral factor K
L
may be taken as unity when lateral support is provided at points of
bearing to prevent lateral displacement and rotation, and the following additional support
is provided:
Table 4.4.1.(1) Lateral Stability Factor, K
L

MEMBER SIZE SUPPORT CONDITION
38 x 64 (2x3)
38 x 89 (2x4)
38 x 114 (2x5)
38 x 140 (2x6)

No additional intermediate support is required.
38 x 184 (2x8) The member is held in line by purlins.
38 x 235 (2x10) The compressive edge is held in line by direct connection
of sheathing or purlins spaced not more than 610 mm (24
in) apart.
38 x 286 (2x12) The compressive edge is held in line by direct connection
of sheathing or purlins spaced not more than 610 mm (24
in) apart and adequate bridging or blocking is installed at
intervals not exceeding 2280 mm (90 in).
Note: Alternatively, K
L
may be calculated in accordance with Clause 6.5.6.4 of O86-09.

4.4.2 Shear Resistance

The factored shear resistance, V
r
for sawn members shall be taken as:
V
r
=| F
v
3
2A
n
K
Zv
K
F

where | = 0.9
F
v
= f
v
K
D
K
Hv
K
Sv
K
T

f
v
= specified strength in shear, MPa
(Tables 5.3.1A and 5.3.1B of O86-09)
K
Zv
= size factor in shear
A
n
= net area of cross-section, mm
2
K
F
= flat roof factor

June 2011 28
4.4.3 Compressive Resistance Parallel To Grain
1) Effective Length
Unless noted otherwise, the effective length L
e
= K
e
L
p
shall be used in determining the
slenderness ratio of truss compression members.
where K
e
= 0.8 for buckling between adjacent panel points in the truss
K
e
= 1.0 for buckling between brace or purlin locations on the truss
L
p
= actual length of member between adjacent analogue panel points, or;
locations of braces or purlins restraining buckling (normally
perpendicular to the plane of the truss). For design of truss webs the
longest cutting length shall be used.
Other recommended effective length factors K
e
for compression members can be found
in Appendix A.5.5.6.1 of O86-09.
2) Simple Compression Members - Constant Rectangular Cross-Section

The slenderness ratio C
c
of simple compression members of constant rectangular
section must not exceed 50 and shall be taken as the greater of:
C
c
=
effective length associatied with width
member width

C
c
=
effective length associatied with depth
member depth

Note: The slenderness ratio C
c
of a simple tension member shall be limited to 80. K
e
for
a tension member should be taken as 0.8.

3) Factored Compressive Resistance Parallel To Grain
The factored compressive resistance parallel to grain, P
r
shall be taken as:
P
r
=| F
c
A K
Zc
K
c
K
F

where | = 0.8
F
C
= f
c
(K
D
K
Hc
K
Sc
K
T
)
f
c
= specified strength in compression parallel to grain, MPa
(Tables 5.3.1 to 5.3.3 of O86-09)
K
Zc
= 6.3(dL)
-0.13
s 1.3
K
F
= flat roof factor
where d = dimension in direction of buckling (depth or width), mm
L = length associated with member dimension, mm
Note: The member length L used to compute the factor K
ZC
shall be the greater of the
panel length or one-half the chord length between pitch breaks for chord design; and,
shall be the longest cutting length or the analogue length for web design.
4) Slenderness Factor, K
C

The slenderness factor, K
C
, shall be determined from:
K
C
= +
1.0
F K C
35E K K
c Zc C
3
05 SE T
1

where E
05
= 0.82E for MSR lumber
= 0.75E for MEL lumber
= as specified in Tables 5.3.1A and 5.3.1B of O86-09, for visually graded
lumber

June 2011 29
4.4.4 Compressive Resistance Perpendicular To Grain (Bearing Resistance)

1) Effect Of All Applied Loads
The factored compressive resistance perpendicular to grain under the effect of all
factored loads shall be taken as Q
r
in the following formula:
Q
r
= | F
cp
A
b
K
B
K
Zcp
K
F
K
p

where | = 0.8
F
cp
= f
cp
(K
D
K
Scp
K
T
)
f
cp
= specified strength in compression perpendicular to grain, MPa
(Tables 5.3.1 to 5.3.3 of O86-09)
A
b
= bearing area, mm
2
K
B
= length of bearing factor, Clause 4.4.4.5
K
Zcp
= size factor for bearing, Clause 4.4.4.4
K
F
= flat roof factor
K
p
= bearing plate increase factor = 1.18 when truss plate, with minimum
width of 3, is located over bearing such that the lower edge of the plate
is flush with the lower edge of truss chord and the plate length covers
the entire bearing length.
Note: The requirements of 4.4.4.(1) may be met by providing adequate bearing
reinforcement against the effects of concentrated bearing loads acting near a support.
See Section 5.5.9
2) Effects Of Loads Applied Near A Support
The factored compressive resistance perpendicular to grain, under the effect of only
those loads applied within a distance from the centre of the support equal to the depth of
the member, shall be taken as Q'
r
in the following formula:
Q'
r
= (2/3) | F
cp
A'
b
K
B
K
Zcp
K
F
K
p

where | = 0.8
F
cp
= f
cp
(K
D
K
Scp
K
T
)
A'
b
= average bearing area (Clause 4.4.4.(3))
3) Unequal Bearing Areas On Opposite Surfaces Of A Member
Where unequal bearing areas are used on opposite surfaces of a member, the average
bearing area shall not exceed the following:
A'
b
= b
L L
but b L
b b
b
1 2
1
2
15
+

`
)
s , . ( )
where L
b1
= lesser bearing length, mm
L
b2
= larger bearing length, mm
b = average bearing width (perpendicular to grain), mm
4) Size Factor For Bearing, K
Zcp

For lumber used on flat, as opposed to on edge, the compression perpendicular to grain
may be multiplied by a size factor for bearing, K
Zcp
in accordance with Table 4.4.4.(4)

June 2011 30
Table 4.4.4.(4) Size Factor For Bearing, K
Zcp
Ratio of Member Width To Member Depth* K
ZCP

1.0 or Less 1.00
2.0 or More 1.15
* Interpolation applies to intermediate ratios.

5) Length Of Bearing Factor, K
B

When lengths of bearing are less than 150 mm, specified strengths in compression
perpendicular to grain may be multiplied by a length of bearing factor in accordance with
Table 4.4.4.(5) provided that:
(a) no part of the bearing area is less than 75 mm from the end of the members; and
(b) bearing areas do not occur in positions of high bending stresses.
Table 4.4.4.(5) Length Of Bearing Factor, K
B

Bearing Length Measured Parallel To Grain (mm) Modification Factor, K
B

12.5 and Less 1.75
25.0 1.38
38.0 1.25
50.0 1.19
75.0 1.13
100.0 1.10
150.0 or More 1.00

4.4.5 Tensile Resistance Parallel To Grain
The factored tensile resistance, T
r
, parallel to grain shall be taken as:
T
r
= |F
t
A
n
K
Zt
K
F

where | = 0.9
F
t
= f
t
(K
D
K
Ht
K
St
K
T
)
f
t
= specified strength parallel to grain, MPa
(Tables 5.3.1 to 5.3.3 of O86-09)
A
n
= net area of cross-section, mm
2

K
Zt
= size factor in tension
K
F
= flat roof factor
4.4.6 Stress Index due to Bending
Members subject to factored bending moment, M
f
, shall be so proportioned that:

s
r
f
M
M
1.0
4.4.7 Stress Index due to Shear
Members subject to factored shear load, V
f

V
V
f
r
s 1.0

June 2011 31
4.4.8 Stress Index due to Compression (Parallel to Grain)
Members subject to factored compressive axial load, P
f
, shall be so proportioned that;

P
P
f
r
s 1.0
4.4.9 Stress Index due to Compression (Perpendicular to Grain)
Members subject to factored compressive bearing load, Q
f
, shall be so proportioned
that;

Q
Q
f
r
s 1.0
4.4.10 Stress Index due to Tension
Members subject to factored tensile axial load, T
f

T
T
f
r
s 10 .
4.4.11 Combined Stress Index due to Tension and Bending
Members subject to both bending and axial tension shall be so proportioned that:

T
T
M
M
f
r
f
r
+ s 1.0
4.4.12 Combined Stress Index due to Compression and Bending
Except as permitted in Section 4.4.13, members subject to both bending and axial
compression shall be so proportioned that;
0 . 1
P P 1
1
M
M
P
P
e f r
f
2
r
f
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

where P
f
= factored compressive force parallel to grain
P
r
= factored compressive resistance parallel to grain, clause 4.4.3
M
f
= factored bending moment
M
r
= factored bending moment resistance, clause 4.4.1
P
E
= Euler buckling load in the plane of the applied moment
=
2
E
05
K
SE
K
T
I / L
e
2

where E
05
= modulus of elasticity for design compression members, MPa
I = moment of inertia in the plane of the applied moment, mm
4

L
e
= K
e
L
where K
e
= effective length factor given in clause 4.4.3.(1)
4.4.13 Combined Stress Index due to Compression and Bending
(Modified formula as per Section 5.5.13.5 O86-09)
Provided;
(a) the members form part of a fully triangulated, metal plate connected truss; and;
(b) the spacing of the truss does not exceed 610 mm (24 in) or the truss does not
support more than 610 mm (24 in) of uniform loading; and;
(c) clear spans between bearings does not exceed 12.20 m (40 ft) and, the design span
or overall length of the truss, not including overhangs, does not exceed 18.3 m (60
ft), and with no single cantilever length exceeding 25% of the adjacent clear span,
and;

June 2011 32
(d) the top chord slope is not less than 1/6, which is meant to exclude flat roof trusses
but not flat top trusses forming part of hip roof systems;
Note: This clause is not for use with girder, bow string, semi-circular, attic, flat roof, or
floor trusses.
Members subject to both bending and axial compression shall be so proportioned that;

s +
|
|
.
|
\
|
r M
f
2
r
f
M K
M
P
P
1.0

1) Bending Capacity Modification Factor, K
M

The bending capacity modification factor, K
M
, shall be determined as shown in the
following:
(a) Compression chord members continuous over one or more panel points, and where;
1.0 <
M
M
1
2
s 3.0
K
M
= 131 012
1
2
1 6
. .
/
+

`
)
(
(

`
)
s
M
M
L
d
p
1.3
(b) Compression chord members continuous over one or more panel points, and where;
-1.0 s
M
M
1
2
s 1.0
K
M
= 220 053 064 041
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
3 1 6
. . . .
/

`
)

`
)
+

`
)
(
(

`
)
s
M
M
M
M
M
M
L
d
p
1.3
(c) All other compression chord members
K
M
= 1.67
L
d
p

`
)
s
1 6
13
/
.
where L
p
= actual length of the member between adjacent analogue panel
points,mm
d = depth of the member between adjacent analogue panel points, mm

*M
1
= maximum bending moment between analogue panel points, N-mm

M
2
= maximum of the two panel point bending moments, N-mm
Note: The sign of the bending moment, M
1
and M
2
are retained in determining K
M
. The
factored bending moment, M
f
, used in Section 4.4.13 is the larger of the absolute value of
M
1
and M
2
.
* Maximum of bending moment at points along a panel where the slope of the moment
curve changes sign. Where there are no such points along the panel, M
1
shall take the
value of the bending moment at mid panel.

J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 3 33 3

4.5 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
Design for serviceability Limit States shall include:
(a) establishing the value of the effect of the specified loads individually and with the
load combinations specified in Section 3; and
(b) confirming by rational means that for each load effect in item (a), the structural effect
falls within the limits specified in appropriate clauses contained herein.

4.5.1 Serviceability Requirements (Allowable Deflections)
1) Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity for stiffness calculations, E
S,
shall be taken as:
E
S
= E(K
SE
K
T
)
where
E = specified modulus of elasticity
K
SE
= service condition factor
K
T
= treatment factor

2) J oint and member deflections shall be determined using the methods presented in
Section 4.2.1. Loadings used are as described in Section 3.0.

3) Maximum vertical truss deflection shall be the largest of deflections calculated at any
panel point, or within any bottom chord panel. Top chord members shall be checked for
their vertical panel deflections relative to their end points.

4) Maximum truss deflection and loadings to be considered in computing these deflections
are as shown in Table 4.5.1.(4). Lengths to be used in the limit ratios are shown in Figure
4.5.1.(4)


J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 3 34 4

Table 4.5.1.(4) Truss Deflection Limitations

Application
Residential Commercial Farm Floor
Deflection Location Loading Used
1.33SL+0.5LL+DL VL+DL (SL+LL+WL)+DL VL+DL
Allowable Deflection Limits - Vertical
Top chord panel * PL/180 PL/180 PL/180 PL/180
Bottom chord panel * PL/240 PL/360 PL/240 PL/360
Cantilever CL/120 CL/120 CL/120 CL/120
Overhang OL/120 OL/120 OL/120 N/A
Bottom Chord Truss
J oint or Panel

(a) Plaster/Gypsum
ceiling
(b) Other ceiling
(c) No ceiling
See Below

L/360
L/240
L/180
L/180
L/360 (DL)

L/360 (VL)
L/240 (VL)
L/240 (VL)
L/180
L/360 (DL)
See Note: 3 (LL)
L/360 (LL)
L/240 (LL)
L/240 (LL)
L/180
L/360 (DL)

L/360 (VL)
L/360 (VL)
L/360 (VL)
Allowable Deflection Limit - Horizontal
At Roller Support 25 mm (1 in) 25 mm (1 in) 25 mm (1 in) 25 mm (1
in)

Note: 1. SL refers to Snow Load contribution. LL refers to Occupancy Load contribution. WL
refers to Wind Load contribution. DL refers to Dead Load contribution.
2. VL refers to variable load combinations of SL, LL and WL computed in accordance with
table 3.1.3.2 Load Combinations for Serviceability Limit States.
3. (SL+LL+WL) were considered as Live Load (LL) in NBCC95. See TPIC 1996 for
serviceability load combinations for Farm designs.
* Top and bottom chord panel deflection is local deflection measured relative to panel
ends.

4.5.2 Permanent Deformation
Structural members supporting continuously applied loads in excess of 50% of the total
specified load shall be designed to avoid excessive permanent deformation. An upper
limit of 1/360 of the span should be imposed on the deflection due to continuously
applied loads.

4.5.3 Ponding
The roof surface has to be provided with sufficient slope to allow drainage to prevent
accumulation of rain water.


J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 3 35 5

4.6 SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

4.6.1 Overhangs
Top chord overhangs for all categories of trusses shall be treated as simple overhangs,
with no consideration of any support provided by the soffit return, except in cases where
the truss designer is able to ensure that such consideration is provided for in the design
and construction of the building.

4.6.2 Splices
Splice locations as permitted in section 4.6.2.(1) and 4.6.2.(2) with tolerances described
in 4.6.2.(3) are only intended for use in trusses where these locations are of low chord
moment. i.e. Chords of triangulated, uniformly loaded, statically determinate trusses. For
other cases where the splice is positioned at a location of substantial chord moment, it
must either be designed for in the connection, or, eliminated by describing the splice as a
pin joint in the analysis.
1) Top Chord Splices
(a) shall not be located at any joint and shall not be located in the panel adjacent to heel
joint.
(b) shall not be located at the quarter point adjacent to any perimeter break.
(c) may be located at either quarter point of interior panels except there shall be no more
than one splice per panel.
2) Bottom Chord Splices
(a) shall not be located in the panel adjacent to heel joint and shall not be located at the
quarter point adjacent to any perimeter break.
(b) may be located between quarter points of interior panels.
(c) may be located at any interior joint except that the joint adjacent to heel joint may not
be spliced. Kingpost and Queenpost trusses may be spliced at the bottom chord
interior joint. See Figure 4.6.2.(2) for referenced truss configurations.

Figure 4.6.2.(2) Kingpost and Queenpost Truss Configurations

3) Maximum Tolerance in Splice Location
Maximum tolerance in splice location shall be +10% of panel length.

Kingpost
Queenpost

J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 3 36 6

4.6.3 Short Cantilevers and Heel Cuts
Short cantilevers and high heel cuts shall be designed in accordance to procedures
presented in Appendix A.

4.6.4 Girder Trusses (Single and Multi-Ply)
1) Girder type heels are created by cutting the top chord onto a scarfed bottom chord. In
this scarfing, the resulting section of bottom chord directly over the inside face of the
bearing shall not be less than the greater of 50% of the original bottom chord section or
100 mm (4). Girder type heel design procedures are presented in Appendix F.
2) Truss-to-truss connection of multi-ply girder trusses carrying load that is not evenly
distributed to each ply shall be performed in accordance to Table B.1 to B.5, Appendix B.
Girders carrying this type of loading shall be limited to 5 plies maximum.
3) Truss-to-truss connection of multi-ply girder trusses, carrying load that is evenly
distributed to all plies, shall be performed using the minimum number of rows shown in
Table B.1., Appendix B and a spacing of 305 mm (12 in). Girders carrying this type of
loading shall be limited to 10 plies.

4.6.5 Truss Bracing
1) For instructions on installation of temporary and permanent truss bracing, refer to BCSI
brochure Building Component Safety Information.
Truss bracing location, as required in the design of the truss component, shall be
specified by the truss designer/engineer.
2) For HSB trusses, minimum fastening of braces shall be as per NBCC10 Section
9.23.14.11
19 x 89 (1x4) braces 2 - 63 mm (2-1/2) common wire nails
38 x 89 (2x4) braces 2 - 76 mm (3) common wire nails.

3) An alternate method for bracing compression webs and long tension webs is by applying
a member parallel to the web to form a T-section. See Table C.1.1, Appendix C.

4.6.6 Top Chord Bearing Guidelines
1) For lumber-on-edge top chord bearing trusses the recommended maximum factored
reactions for Spruce-Pine-Fir and D.Fir chords are as shown in Table D.1, Appendix D
for the various truss configurations. The recommended maximum gaps and minimum
chord coverage must be observed when using these values.
Reaction limits are based on gross reaction and load duration factor for standard term
loading. Values shall be adjusted downward for permanent loading and upward for short
term loading using appropriate duration of load factors for plating.
2) For lumber-on-flat top chord bearing trusses, the recommended maximum factored
reactions for Spruce-Pine-Fir and D.Fir chords are as shown in Table D.2 Appendix D for
the various truss configurations. The recommended maximum gaps and minimum chord
bites also shown must be observed when using these values.
Reaction limits are based on gross reaction and load duration factor for standard term
loading. Values shall be adjusted downward for permanent loading and upward for short
term loading using appropriate duration of load factors for plating.


J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 3 37 7
5. JOINT DESIGN PROCEDURES

5.1 GENERAL
The design requirements for truss plate joints, utilizing light gauge metal plates, shall be
in accordance with O86-09 Section 10.

1) These procedures do not apply to the following conditions:
(a) corrosive conditions
(b) galvanized truss plates used in lumber that has been treated with fire retardant and is
used in wet service conditions or in locations prone to condensation
NOTE:
For metal connector plates used in environmental conditions that fall within the scope of
(a) & (b) above, refer to Appendix E.

2) Design criteria for truss plates are based on the following conditions:
(a) the plate is prevented from deforming during installation;
(b) the teeth are normal to the surface of the lumber;
(c) the tooth penetration in joints is not less than that used in the tests to determine the
resistance values; and
(d) the lumber beneath the plate complies with Appendix G.

3) Thickness of members used in joints shall not be less than twice the tooth penetration.

4) Joint design shall be based on tight fitted joints with truss plates placed on opposing
faces in such a way that, at each joint, the plates on opposing faces are identical and are
placed directly opposite each other.

5) The lateral resistance value used to determine necessary plate area for any member
shall be the appropriate value considering direction of load relative to grain and direction
of load relative to primary axis of plate (see fig. 5.1.(5)). The resistance value is
determined using the test values in conjunction with the formulae contained in Clause
5.3.3.

6) The unit values of lateral resistance of teeth shall be expressed as per tooth, per rosette,
or per net area, whichever is appropriate or preferred. The design shall be based on net
area method using test values or on gross area method using 80 percent of the test
values and with areas defined in items (a) and (b) as follows:
(a) the gross area is defined as the total area of member covered by a truss plate:
(b) the net area is defined as the total area of a member covered by a truss plate less
the area within a given distance from the edge or end of member. For net area
calculation, the minimum end distance measured parallel to grain, shall be the
greater of 12 mm (1/2), or 1/2 the length of tooth; the minimum edge distance
measured perpendicular to grain, shall be the greater of 6 mm (1/4), or 1/4 the
length of the tooth.
Any joint in a truss may be designed by either net or gross area method of joint design
but not a combination of both within same joint.

7) Minimum Bite for Chords and Webs
At all joints, the connector plates are to be sized such that the minimum bites into all
chords and webs are as given in Table 5.1.(7):


J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 3 38 8

Table 5.1.(7) Minimum Bite For Chords and Webs, mm (in)

Truss Length L, m ( ft )
Lumber Size 0 < L s 12.5
( 0 < L s 41 )
12.5 < L s 18.3
( 41 < L s 60 )
18.3 < L s 24.4
( 60 < L s 80 )
24.4 < L s 30.5
( 80 < L s100 )
38x64 (2x3) 38 (1.5) 45 (1.75) 51 (2.0) 57 (2.25)
38x89 (2x4) 38 (1.5) 45 (1.75) 51 (2.0) 57 (2.25)
38x114 (2x5) 38 (1.5) 45 (1.75) 51 (2.0) 57 (2.25)
38x140 (2x6) 38 (1.5) 51 (2.0) 57 (2.25) 64 (2.5)
38x184 (2x8) 51 (2.0) 57 (2.25) 64 (2.5) 76 (3.0)
38x235 (2x10) 64 (2.5) 70 (2.75) 76 (3.0) 83 (3.25)
38x286 (2x12) 76 (3.0) 76 (3.0) 83 (3.25) 89 (3.5)

Note: (1) Plates must be sized so that the min. bite into chords is as shown above:
(a) parallel to chord direction
(b) perpendicular to chord direction
(2) Plates must be sized so that the min. bite into webs is as shown above:
(a) parallel to chord direction
(b) perpendicular to chord direction
(c) along the centreline of the web

3) An exception to the 38mm (1.5 in) minimum is the case of a single web to through-chord
joint for 0 < L < 12.5m (0 < L < 41ft.) and for lumber sizes of 38x64 (2x3) to 38x140 (2x6)
where 25 mm (1.0 in) wide, minimum 76 mm (3.0 in) long plates may be used.

5.2 CONNECTOR PLATE EVALUATION

1) The metal connector plate design values (per tooth, nail, square mm, linear mm, or other
unit) shall be determined in accordance to procedures contained in S347-99 "Method of
Test for Evaluation of Truss Plates used in Lumber Joints" latest edition.

2) The tensile and shear values, for connector plates manufactured from a grade of steel
higher than that used in the plate testing program, may be adjusted by the ratio of the
ultimate tensile strength of the steel used in the manufacturing of the plate to that of the
steel used in the test plates. This adjustment does not apply to the gripping values; these
values may require adjustment , so should be verified by test.

3) Strength resistance values for plates and teeth are to be obtained from tests carried out
in accordance with S347-99, where the resistance values are
(a) the average, divided by 1.6, of the 3 lowest of 10 ultimate test values for lateral
resistance of the teeth;
(b) the average of the 2 lowest of 3 corrected test values for tensile strength of the plate;
and
(c) the average of the 2 lowest of 3 corrected test values for shear strength of the plate
at the angles specified;


J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 3 39 9
4) Lateral slip resistance values are to be obtained from tests carried out in accordance with
S347-99, where the resistance values are the average of 10 test loads at 0.8 mm wood-
to-wood slip divided by 1.4.

5.3 STRENGTH LIMIT STATES

5.3.1 General
Truss plate joints shall be designed such that for the strength limit state, the effect of
factored load is less than or equal to;
(a) the factored ultimate lateral resistance of the teeth;
(b) the factored tensile resistance of the plates; and
(c) the factored shear resistance of the plates;

5.3.2 Modification Factors

1) Load Duration Factor, K
D

The load duration factor K
D
for truss plates is as previously given in Table 4.3.4.(1)

2) Service Condition Factor, K
SF

The service condition factor, K
SF
, for truss plates is given in Table 5.3.2.(2)

Table 5.3.2.(2) Service Condition Factor, K
SF

LUMBER CONDITION AT TIME OF MANUFACTURE
Seasoned (Moisture Content 15%) Unseasoned (Moisture Content > 15%)
LUMBER CONDITION IN SERVICE
DRY WET DRY WET
1.00 0.67 0.80 0.67

3) Treatment Factor, K
T

For connections containing wood-based members treated with fire-retardant or other
strength-reducing chemicals, strength capacities of connections shall be based on the
documented results of tests that shall shall take into account the effect of time,
temperature, and moisture content. Test procedures shall meet the requirements of
Clause 3.3.2 from O86-09.
Note: The effects of fire-retardant treatments can vary depending on manufacturing
materials and processes. See the Canadian Wood Council Commentary for additional
explaination.
4) Flat Roof Factor, K
F

Roof trusses meeting the housing and small building requirements of Part 9 of the
NBCC10 and carrying flat roof (where roof portion with slope < 1:6 exceeds 50% of
building width) shall be designed with a reduced factored resistance strength of plate by
applying a flat roof factor K
F
= 0.75.

K
F
= 1.0 for all other cases.

5.3.3 Ultimate Lateral Resistance
The ultimate lateral resistance of the teeth,n
u,
are calculated as follows:
(a) For loads parallel to the primary axis of the plate

J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 4 40 0
n
p q
p q
u
u u
u u
sin cos
2 2

and
(b) For loads perpendicular to the primary axis of the plate

2 2
cos sin
u u
u u
u
q p
q p
n

where p
u
, q
u
, p
u
, q
u
are the ultimate lateral resistances obtained in accordance with
Clause 5.2.(3) (a) used with the following values of and :
p
u
0 0
: 0 0 ,
q
u
0 0
: 90 , 0
p' : 0 0
u
0 0
, 9
q
u
0 0
: 90 , 90
where and are defined in Figure 5.1(5)
When the primary axis of the plate is oriented at an angle other than parallel or
perpendicular to the direction of the load, the resistance value shall be determined by
linear interpolation between the values n
u
and n'
u
.

Figure 5.1.(5)
Truss Plate, Load and Grain Orientation

5.3.4 Tensile Resistance
Tensile resistance of the plate, t
p
, is determinded for both parallel to and perpendicular to
the direction of the plate primary axis in accordance with 5.2.(3) (b). For all other angles,
tensile resistance shall be determined by linear interpolation.

5.3.5 Shear Resistance
Shear resistance of the plate, v
p
, is determinded for specified angles of plate primary axis
to load direction in accordance with 5.2.(3) (c). For all other angles, shear resistance
shall be determined by linear interpolation.


J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 4 41 1
5.3.6 Factored Resistance of Truss Plates
For the strength limit state the factored resistances of truss plates shall be determined as
follows:
(a) The factored lateral resistance of the teeth, N
r
, shall be expressed in terms of
the surface area of the plates.
N
r
= |N
u
J
H
K
F

where | = 0.9
N
u
= n
u
(K
D
K
SF
K
T
)
J
H
= moment factor for heel connection (Clause 5.5.7.(1) or (2))
K
F
= flat roof factor

(b) The factored tensile resistance of the plates, T
r
, shall be expressed in terms of the
dimension of the plate measured perpendicular to the line of action of the applied
forces.
T
r =
| t
p
K
F

where | = 0.6
t
p
= tensile resistance of the plate (Clause 5.3.4)
K
F
= flat roof factor

(c) The factored shear resistance of the plates, V
r
, shall be expressed in terms of the
dimension of the plate measured along the line of action of the shear forces.
V
r
= | V
p
K
F

where |

= 0.6
V
p

= shear resistance of the plate. (Clause 5.3.5)
K
F
= flat roof factor

5.4 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
Truss plate joints shall be designed such that for the serviceability limit state the effect of
specified loads is less than or equal to the lateral slip resistance of the teeth.

1) Lateral Slip Resistance
The lateral slip resistance of the teeth, n
s
, shall be calculated as follows:
(a) For loads parallel to the primary axis of the plate

u u
2 2
cos sin
s s
s s
s
q p
q p
n
+
=
and
(b) For loads perpendicular to the primary axis of the plate

u u
2 2
cos sin
s s
s s
s
q p
q p
n
' + '
' '
= '
where p
s
, q
s
, p'
s
, q'
s
are the lateral slip resistances obtained in accordance with Clause
5.2.(4) used with the following values of u and :
p : 0 0
s
0 0
u = = ,
q : 90 , 0
s
0 0
u = =

J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 4 42 2
' = = p : 0 , 90
s
0 0
u
' = q : =90 , 90
s
0 0
u
where and u are defined in Figure 5.1.(5)
When the primary axis of the plate is oriented at an angle other than parallel or
perpendicular to the direction of the load, the resistance value shall be determined by
linear interpolation between the values n
s
and n'
s
.

2) For the serviceability limit state, the lateral slip resistance of the teeth, N
rs
, shall be
determined as follows:
N
rs
= n
s
K
SF

Where K
SF
is the same as for strength limit state Table 5.3.2.(2)
5.5 MEMBER JOINT CONNECTIONS
5.5.1 Connection of Tension Members

1) The factored lateral resistance, N
r
, in each tension member must be a minimum of 100%
of the factored axial load in the member.

2) There must be sufficient factored tensile resistance, T
r
, in the connector plates to transmit
the full factored axial load in each tension member, considering the appropriate planes of
action.

5.5.2 Connection of Compression Members

1) Metal connector plates resisting factored compressive axial loads shall be sized to
provide factored lateral resistance, N
r
, equal to the vectorial sum of no less than 50% of
the component factored loads normal to the wood member interface, and 100% of the
component factored loads parallel to the wood member interface.
2) Truss plates shall not be considered to transfer compression loads at joints.

5.5.3 Connection of Members for Shear

1) There must be sufficient factored lateral resistance of the teeth, N
r
, in webs and chords to
transmit the factored shear loads at a joint.
2) There must be sufficient factored shear resistance, V
r
, in the truss plates to transmit the
factored shear loads at a joint.

5.5.4 Combined Shear-Tension Resistance

The combined factored shear and tension resistance,C
ST
, of the metal connector plate in
the contact area of webs and chords, shall be determined as follows:

( ) C ST L ST L
ST L1 1 L2 2
= +
where;

ST
L1
- combined factored shear/tension resistance of the pair of metal connector
plates through the line of contact L1. (see Figure 5.5.4)
L
1
- length of effective steel at the horizontal edge of the member under
consideration.

J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 4 43 3
ST
L2
- combined factored shear/tension resistance of the pair of metal connector
plates through line of contact L2.
L
2
- length of effective steel at the vertical edge of the member under consideration.
ST
L1
= ( ) V
90
T V
rL1
1
rL1 rL1
+
|
\
|
.
|

u

ST
L2 = ( ) T
90
V T
rL2
1
rL2 rL2
+
|
\
|
.
|

u

Figure 5.5.4
Shear-Tension Lengths and Angles

V
r
L
1
- factored shear resistance parallel to the line of action, L1
V
r
L
2
- factored shear resistance parallel to the line of action, L2

T
r
L
1
- factored tensile resistance perpendicular to the line of action, L1
T
r
L
2
- factored tensile resistance perpendicular to the line of action, L2
P
TW
- factored tensile force in web

C
ST
(L1 and L2 shown in figure 5.5.4) > P
TW
NOTE: Where the truss plate extends significantly past any chord and/or web
member, additional blocking is recommended.

5.5.5 Net Section Lumber Check (h')

At all joints, members shall have metal connector plates sized and/or positioned so that
the axial stress index of the member is not exceeded on the reduced net section resulting
from the coverage of the plate (See Figure 5.5.5)


J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 4 44 4

h
'
h'
b
h
'
b
h
'
b
h'
Fig. 5.5.5 (a) Fig. 5.5.5 (b)
Fig. 5.5.5 (c)

Figure 5.5.5
Typical h Dimensions

5.5.6 Tension Perpendicular-To-Grain Considerations

Any joint which carries a factored concentrated load that is perpendicular to the chord or
has a component that is perdendicular to the chord and/or has a shear component that is
perpendicular to the chord and exceeds 2.5 kN (562 lbs) must be reinforced for tension
perpendicular-to-grain with a minimum chord bite as follows:

Min. Bite (mm) =
P 2500
0041
.
.
For Spruce-Pine-Fir

Min. Bite (mm) =
P 2500
0055
.
.
For Douglas-Fir-Larch

where P = Factored Concentrated Load, kN

The calculated minimum bite requirement need not exceed 3/4 of the depth of the
lumber.

5.5.7 Heel Joint Considerations
1) To allow for moment effects at the heel joint of pitched trusses, the heel joint moment
factor J
H
shall be as given in Table 5.5.7.(1)

Table 5.5.7.(1) Heel Joint Moment Factors, J
H
Slope of top chord J
H

Under 1/4 slope 0.85
1/4 to less than 1/3 slope 0.80
1/3 to less than 1/2.4 slope 0.75
1/2.4 to 1/2.2 inclusive 0.70
over 1/2.2 slope 0.65


J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 4 45 5
2) In lieu of the values from the table above, the following formula can be used in
determining the Heel Joint Moment Factor:

J
H
= 0.85 - 0.05 (12 tanu - 2.0)

where 0.65 s J
H
s 0.85
u = the angle between the top and bottom chord

3) Where the vertical reaction results in factored shear loads that exceed the factored
shear resistance of the lumber, the heel joint lumber may be reinforced by additional
plating. For the design of the additional plating for girder type heels, refer to Appendix F.

4) The heel joint of a chord extended rafter shall be plated as an ordinary heel joint with the
appropriate heel joint moment factor applied. Consideration should be given to prevent
splitting due to tension perpendicular-to-grain and longitudinal shear by supplementary
plating on the continuous rafter.

5.5.8 Chord Member Splice Considerations

5.5.8.1 General
For all chord splices the plate width shall be at least 65% of the width of the chord
member.

5.5.8.2 Tension Splices

1) When determining the factored tensile resistance of the metal connector plate, the
maximum extension of the metal connector plate for an unblocked chord splice is 13 mm
(1/2).
2) In the case of blocked tension splices, the total plate effectiveness shall be modified by
the factor K as defined by the following equation:

K = 0.97e
-0.001(3.937 + 0.0186(88.9-h))X

where: h = Actual width of wood member, mm.
X = Extension of plate above member. Maximum X allowed in this
calculation is 89 mm (3.5).
Note: (1) For an un-blocked tension splice with an extension of 13mm (1/2) or less, K
is equal to 1.00
(2) In the case of a splice occurring at the panel joint, webs framing into joint
shall be considered as blocking.
(3) Maximum plate width to be applied with effectiveness factor K cannot be in
excess of the member actual width h, plus the maximum extension, X.

5.5.8.3 Compression Splices

1) Compression splice plates shall be designed so that the factored ultimate lateral
resistance in each member will be at least equal to 65% of the factored compressive
axial load.
2) In plumb cut compression joints the metal connector plates resisting factored
compressive axial loads shall be sized to provide factored ultimate lateral resistance,
equal to the vectorial sum of no less than 65% of the component factored loads normal to
the wood member interface and 100% of the component factored loads parallel to the
wood member interface.


J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 4 46 6
5.5.8.4 Moment Considerations

When in line members terminate at a splice,where chord moment should be considered,
the splice plates must have sufficient resistance to transfer this factored bending moment
in addition to the factored axial load. This resistance is in both plate steel section clause
5.5.8.4.1 and plate tooth gripping clause 5.5.8.4.2. See also clause 4.6.2

5.5.8.4.1 Design of Steel Section for Effect of Moment

The factored moment resistance in combination with tension M
Tr,
of a pair of connector
plates at a splice joint shall be taken as:

M
Tr
= 0.27 t
p
(0.5w
br
+ y)
2
+ 0.18 b C(0.5d y)
2

F
f
K
T
y
0.5bC t
t 0.5w
K
T
1.85 0.25bdC
y
p
p br
F
f
+
+
=

where: t
p
= corrected tensile resistance of the connector plates, N/mm
w
br
= effective plate width for steel section calculations, mm (clause 5.5.8.2)
y = distance from the chord centreline to neutral axis of wood/steel
combination , mm (y can be positive or negative but the moment formula
is invalid if y lies outside the plate)
b = chord thickness, mm
C = F
c
, MPa
F
c
= f
c
(K
D
K
Sc
K
T
K
Zc
)
d = chord depth, mm
T
f
= factored tension force in chord at the splice (set equal to zero for
compression), N
K
F
= flat roof factor

The stress ratio for moment in combination with axial tension shall be taken as the
following:

1.0
M
K
M
Tr
F
f
s

where M
f
= factored bending moment in the chord at the splice, Nmm

The stress ratio for the axial tension shall be taken as the following:

1.0
w T
T
br r
f
s

where T
r
= factored tension-only resistance of the connector plate N/mm,
(including K
F
)


J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 4 47 7

5.5.8.4.2 Design of Plate Lateral Resistance for Effect of Moment

The moment applied at the splice joint shall not exceed the moment capacity in lateral
resistance in any orientation, nor the combined capacity for moment and non-moment
loads defined as follows:

'
s
LRmin M
V V and,

'
s +
LR p M
V V V

( ) D A 4M V
ef f M
=

2 2
ef
h /h) (A D + =

where:
V
M
= tooth holding stress due to the factored moment on a pair of
plates,Mpa
V
P
= tooth holding stress resultant of factored shear and axial loads in
wood on a pair of plates, Mpa , equal to the vector addition of the
factored shear + axial loads in wood, divided by A
ef

V
LR
' = allowable tooth holding stress for a pair of plates for the orientation
of V
P
per section 5.5.3 with modification factors of 5.3.2, Mpa
(including K
F
)
V
LRmin
' = minimum allowable tooth holding value for any angle of load at the
joint for a pair of plates determined from section 5.5.3 with
modification factors of 5.3.2, Mpa (including K
F
)
A
ef
= effective plate area on one face of each wood member at the splice
joint, mm
2
D = diagonal of rectangle equivalent to A
ef
, mm
h = height of equivalent rectangle, equal to the greatest dimension
across A
ef
, perpendicular to the longest side of A
ef
, mm

J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 4 48 8

5.5.9 Compression Perpendicular-To-Grain

Any joint which carries a factored concentrated compressive load that subjects the
member to compression perpendicular to grain stresses through the depth of the
member (example: the bottom chord on a bottom chord bearing flat truss) such that a
reduction of bearing strength as described in section 4.4.4.(2) applies, may be reinforced
with connector plates so that the increased bearing strength of section 4.4.4.(1) may be
used. This bearing reinforcement consists of applying connector plates at the joint of a
size that permit coverage of the chord member to within 6 mm () of the edge making
contact with the bearing. When using this reinforcement to reduce bearing size, the web
member contact on the opposite surface to the bearing, must be at least equal to that of
the bearing. See figure 5.5.9.

FIGURE 5.5.9 Bearing Reinforcement With Connector Plates

J Ju un ne e 2 20 01 11 1 4 49 9

6. MANUFACTURING AND MATERIAL VARIANCES

Minimum quality manufacturing criteria including tollerances to allow for manufacturing
variances can be found in Appendix G.

7. TRUSS DESIGN DRAWING

In addition to the truss drawing itself, minimum design information to be included on the
truss design drawing can be found in Appendix H.
Appendix A

June 2011 50
A.1 SHORT CANTILEVERS: DETAIL WITHOUT REINFORCING

Standard Heel

Girder Type Heel

MAXIMUM CANTILEVER C CALCULATION

C(mm) =S(mm) - (L
b
(mm) +13 mm)
C(in) =S(in) - (L
b
(in) +1/2 in)
C
DESIGN SPAN
DESIGN SPAN
H.C.
L
b
13mm (1/2 in) Min
L
b

13mm (1/2 in) Min
S
C
H.C.
S
Appendix A

June 2011 51
A.2 SHORT CANTILEVERS: DETAIL WITH WEDGE REINFORCING

Standard Heel

Girder Type Heel


C(mm) =S
1
(mm) +89 mm
C(in) =S
1
(in) +3 1/2 in

Notes: 1. Minimum value for S
2
(mm) =L
b
(mm) +102mm
S
2
(in) =L
b
(in) +4 in
2. Maximum value for S
2
in determining analogue distance S is that calculated for a
wedge depth equaling the bottom chord depth.

S
1

C
DESIGN SPAN
C
DESIGN SPAN
H.C.
13mm (1/2 in) Min
H.C.
13mm (1/2 in) Min
S
1
S
2

L
b
S
2

S
L
b
S
Appendix A
June 2011 52
A.3 SHORT CANTILEVERS: DETAIL WITH PARTIAL TOP CHORD REINFORCING MEMBER
(PARTIAL TOP CHORD SLIDER)

Standard Heel

Girder-Type Heel


C(mm) =S
1
(mm) +S
2
(mm) - (L
b
(mm) +13 mm)
C(in) = S
1
(in) +S
2
(in) - (L
b
(in)+1/2 in)

Notes: 1. Maximum value of S
2
is limited by maximum reinforcing member size
38x184 (2x8)
2. LT =Minimum of one half the length of top chord panel
3. Y =Minimum of 25 mm (1 in)

S
S
1
S
2

C L
b

13mm (1/2 in) Min.
S
S
1
S
2

C
DESIGN SPAN
L
b

DESIGN SPAN
13 mm (1/2 in) Min
LT
Y
H.C.
LT
Y
H.C.
Appendix A
June 2011 53
A. 4 SHORT CANTILEVERS: DETAIL WITH PARTIAL BOTTOM CHORD REINFORCING
MEMBER (PARTIAL BOTTOM CHORD SLIDER)

STANDARD HEEL


C(mm) =S
1
(mm) +S
2
(mm) - (L
b
(mm) +13 mm)
C(in) =S(in) +S
2
(in) - (L
b
(in)+1/2 in)

Notes: 1. Maximum value of S
2
is limited by maximum reinforcing member size
38x184 (2x8)
2. LB =Minimum of two thirds the length of bottom chord panel
3. Y =Minimum of 25 mm (1 in)

S
S
2
S
1

LB
Y
C
L
b
DESIGN SPAN
S
S
1
S
2

LB
Y
C
L
b
DESIGN SPAN
H.C.
13 mm (1/2 in) Min
13 mm (1/2 in) Min
H.C.
Girder-Type Heel
Appendix A
June 2011 54
A. 5 HEEL CUTS

DETAIL-A
DESIGN SPAN
DESIGN SPAN
DESIGN SPAN
H.C.
DETAIL-B
H.C.
DETAIL-C
MAXIMUM 1/2 DEPTH
38X184 (2X8) MAXIMUM
REINFORCING MEMBER
MINIMUM OF 2/3 OF BOTTOM
CHORD PANEL
Heel cut less than or equal to
1/2 depth of bottom chord
Heel cut up to full depth of
bottom chord
Heel cut greater than depth of
bottom chord
Appendix A

June 2011 55
A.6 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES FOR DESIGN OF SHORT CANTILEVERS AND HEEL CUTS

1. GENERAL
a. Design span is always out to out of bottom chord for standard details.
b. The sum of cantilever lengths shall not exceed 25% of span between bearings.
c. Maximum cantilever shall not exceed 1372 mm (4-6").
d. The TPIC standard procedures for plating heel joints shall apply. i.e. Reduction of grip value with
slope increase.
e. Partial reinforcing members used with short cantilevers and heel cuts are limited in scope to
trusses designed under Section 4.4.13. The reinforcing members shall be designed for top or
bottom chord forces as applicable. For all other applications these cantilevers and heel cuts
must be accomplished by full length reinforcement of the appropriate chord and limitations of
cantilever length, reinforcement size, species, grade and, plating to be determined by analysis.
2. SHORT CANTILEVER
a. All details:
Maximum values of C must be calculated for specific slope and heel cut as shown on the
details.
b. Detail without reinforcing.
Plate heel for actual chord force. Tie plate is recommended for long scarf cuts.
c. Detail with wedge reinforcing.
Plate heel for actual forces. Tie plates are always required with the wedge. Total area of tie
plates on chords shall be 20% of required area of heel plate on corresponding chord.
d. Detail with chord reinforcing:
i. Plates joining reinforcing member to parallel chord shall provide sufficient grip and shear
length to transfer full chord force to reinforcing member. Where only one plate is used, it
shall be designed for 1.20 times chord force.
ii. Heel shall be designed as per standard heel procedures. Reinforcing member may be
considered as top or bottom chord as applicable. There shall be a minimum of 25 mm (1 in)
overlap as shown in sketches.
iii. Where plating and scarf permit, the reinforcing member may form part of the heel cut.
iv. Tie plates are recommended for long scarfs.
3. HEEL CUTS
a. Detail A.
Heel cut less than or equal to 6mm (1/4 in.) may be considered as zero heel cut. Plate for full
chord forces.
b. Detail B.
Plate heel to resist full chord forces at 1/2 bottom chord depth with linear interpolation to twice the
full chord forces up to the full depth of bottom chord.
c. Detail C.
Plate heel for full chord forces. Plate design for connecting reinforcing member to parallel chord
shall be as per 2d.i. above.
Appendix B
June 2011 56
B. 1 TRUSS-TO-TRUSS CONNECTION

Minimum nail length 76 mm (3.00")

Minimum nail diameter 3.66 mm (0.144")

Lumber Grade Spruce-Pine-Fir

Minimum nail spacing parallel to grain (a) 64 mm (2.50")

Minimum nail spacing from End distance 45 mm (1.75")
parallel to grain (b)

Minimum nail spacing perpendicular to grain (c) 32 mm (1.25")

Minimum nail spacing from edge distance 19 mm (0.75")
perpendicular to grain (d)

Maximum kN/m (PLF) apply only to nails as defined in CSA B111.

MEMBER
DEPTH
mm (inches)

MAXIMUM
NO. OF ROWS

MINIMUM *
NO. OF ROWS

64 (2.5)
89 (3.5)
114 (4.5)
140 (5.5)
184 (7.25)
235 (9.25)
286 (11.25)

1
2
2
3
4
5
6

1
1
1
2
2
3
3
* For web nailing, use minimum number of rows stated in table and
a surface nail spacing of 150 mm (6") o.c.

Table B.1.1 Nail Spacing and Maximum Number of Rows.
Appendix B
June 2011 57
TABLE B.1.2 MAXIMUM kN/m (PLF) FOR 2 PLY GIRDER
WITH 3 NAILS AND S-P-F LUMBER

NUMBER
OF ROWS
SURFACE NAIL SPACING, mm (inches)

305 (12) 152 (6) 102 (4)
1 4.64 (318) 9.28 (636) 13.92 (954)
2 9.28 (636) 18.56 (1272) 27.84 (1908)
3 13.92 (954) 27.84 (1908) 41.77 (2862)
4 18.56 (1272) 37.13 (2544) 55.69 (3816)
5 23.20 (1590) 46.41 (3180) 69.61 (4770)
6 27.84 (1908) 55.69 (3816) 83.53 (5724)

NOTE: 1) Load duration factor for Standard Term loading has been used in the
computation of data in the table.
2) If 3-inch power driven nails (0.120 dia) are to be substituted for 3-inch common wire
nails then reduce the maximum kN/m (or PLF) to be transferred by a factor of 0.71.
3) These tables are based on seasoned untreated lumber.

Figure B.1.2 Nailing Pattern for 2-Ply Girder
SURFACE NAIL SPACING
Appendix B
June 2011 58
WITH 3 NAILS AND S-P-F LUMBER

NUMBER
OF ROWS

305 (12) 152 (6) 127 (5) *
1 3.48 (239) 6.96 (477) 8.35 (572)
2 6.96 (477) 13.92 (954) 16.71 (1145)
3 10.44 (716) 20.88 (1431) 25.06 (1717)
4 13.92 (954) 27.84 (1908) 33.41 (2290)
5 17.40 (1193) 34.81 (2385) 41.77 (2862)
6 20.88 (1431) 41.77 (2862) 50.12 (3434)
* Inner ply rows should be offset for spacing


Appendix B
June 2011 59
WITH 3" NAILS AND S-P-F LUMBER
NUMBER
OF ROWS

305 (12) 152 (6) 127 (5) *
1 3.09 (212) 6.19 (424) 7.43 (509)
2 6.19 (424) 12.38 (848) 14.85 (1018)
3 9.28 (636) 18.56 (1272) 22.28 (1526)
4 12.38 (848) 24.75 (1696) 29.70 (2035)
5 15.47 (1060) 30.94 (2120) 37.13 (2544)
6 18.56 (1272) 37.13 (2544) 44.55 (3053)


Supplementary Notes:
In addition to nailing, all chords of 4 and 5 ply girders must be bolted together with 13 mm (0.5") ASTM A307
Grade A bolts and washers, 1 bolt per panel.
Appendix B
June 2011 60
WITH 3" NAILS AND S-P-F LUMBER
NUMBER
OF ROWS

305 (12) 152 (6) 127 (5) *
1 2.90 (199) 5.80 (398) 6.96 (477)
2 5.80 (398) 11.60 (795) 13.92 (954)
3 8.70 (596) 17.40 (1193) 20.88 (1431)
4 11.60 (795) 23.20 (1590) 27.84 (1908)
5 14.50 (994) 29.00 (1988) 34.81 (2385)
6 17.40 (1193) 34.81 (2385) 41.77 (2862)



In addition to nailing, all chords of 4 and 5 ply girders must be bolted together with 13 mm (0.5") ASTM A307
Grade A bolts and washers, 1 bolt per panel.
Appendix C

June 2011 61
TABLE C.1 MAXIMUM WEB FORCE IN COMPRESSION KN (lbs) WITH ONE
T-BRACE

T-BRACE

Web
Web
Length
mm (inch)

38 X 89 (2 X 4)
38 x 64
(2 x 3)
38 x 89
(2 x 4)
38 x 114
(2 x 5)
38 x 140
(2 x 6)
915 (36) 27.75 (6240) 37.99 (8542) 47.83 (10750) 57.31 (12880)
1220 (48) 23.61 (5309) 31.61 (7107) 39.00 (8768) 45.89 (10320)
1525 (60) 18.95 (4260) 24.75 (5565) 29.90 (6723) 34.55 (7767)
1830 (72) 14.63 (3291) 18.70 (4205) 22.18 (4987) 25.24 (5674)
2135 (84) 11.11 (2498) 13.94 (3135) 16.30 (3666) 18.34 (4124)
2440 (96) 8.41 (1891) 10.41 (2342) 12.05 (2711) 13.45 (3024)
2745 (108) 6.41 (1442) 7.86 (1768) 9.03 (2031) 10.02 (2253)
3050 (120) 4.94 (1112) 6.02 (1354) 6.88 (1547) 7.59 (1708)


Web and T-brace material to be S-P-F No. 2 or better.
Load duration factor for Standard Term loading has been included in the computation of data in the
table.
Load sharing has been included as well.

Figure C.1.1 Nailing Pattern for T-Bracing on Single Ply Web
T-BRACE
Typical
150mm (6.0)
Nailing - 76mm (3) Common Wire Nails @ 150mm (6.0) O.C.
WEB
Appendix D

June 2011 62

TABLE D.1 TOP CHORD BEARING JOINT GUIDELINES FOR LUMBER ON EDGE

BEARING
DETAIL
SEE
FIGURE
TOP CHORD
SIZE
DIAGONAL
SIZE MIN
MAXIMUM
FACTORED
ALLOWABLE
REACTION
MAX ALLOWABLE GAP
mm (in)
D.4.6.6.1 mm (in) mm (in) kN (lbs) A B C
Detail 1 38 x 89 (2x4) N/A 14.10 (3170) 13 (1/2) 13 (1/2) 3 (1/8)
Detail 2 38 x 89 (2x4) N/A 14.10 (3170) N/A 13 (1/2) 13 (1/2)
Detail 3,4 38 x 89 (2x4)
38 x 114 (2x5)
38 x 140 (2x6)*
38 x 89 (2x4)
38 x 89 (2x4)
38 x 89 (2x4)
11.98 (2694)
14.80 (3328)
17.62 (3962)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
38 (1-1/2)
50 (2)
3 (1/8)
3 (1/8)
3 (1/8)
Detail 5 38 x 89 (2x4)
38 x 114 (2x5)
38 x 140 (2x6)*
38 x 89 (2x4)
38 x 89 (2x4)
38 x 89 (2x4)
16.92 (3804)
19.03 (4279)
21.15 (4755)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
N/A
N/A
N/A
6 (1/4)
6 (1/4)
6 (1/4)
Detail 6,7 38 x 89 (2x4)

38 x 114 (2x5)

38 x 140 (2x6)*
38 x 89 (2x4)
38 x 114 (2x5)
38 x 140 (2x6)
38 x 89 (2x4)
38 x 114 (2x5)
38 x 140 (2x6)
38 x 89 (2x4)
38 x 114 (2x5)
38 x 140 (2x6)
16.92 (3804)
19.74 (4438)
22.56 (5072)
17.27 (3883)
21.32 (4794)
25.38 (5706)
17.62 (3962)
22.91 (5151)
28.20 (6340)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
38 (1-1/2)
38 (1-1/2)
38 (1-1/2)
50 (2)
50 (2)
50 (2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
13 (1/2)
* Or Greater

Note: Maximum factored reactions are for Spruce-Pine-Fir and D. Fir Chords.

Appendix D

June 2011 63

FIGURE D.1 TYPICAL TOP CHORD BEARING JOINT GUIDELINES FOR LUMBER ON
EDGE

DETAIL 1

DETAIL 2

DETAIL 3

DETAIL 4

DETAIL 5

DETAIL 6

DETAIL 7

C
B
A
C
B
A
50mm (2in) minimum
C
B
C B
C
B
A
C
B
C
A
Appendix D

June 2011 64

TABLE D.2 TOP CHORD BEARING JOINT GUIDELINES FOR LUMBER ON FLAT

TOP CHORD BEARING
TYPE AS SHOWN IN FIGURE D.4.6.6.2
MAXIMUM
FACTORED
ALLOWABLE
REACTION
MAX ALLOWABLE GAP mm (in)
kN (lbs) A B C
Single Top
Chord
4 x 2
Detail 1,2
Detail 3
Detail 4
4.23 (951)

11.28 (2536)

4.23 (951)
13 (1/2)
N/A
13 (1/2)
3 (1/8)
3 (1/8)
3 (1/8)
3 (1/8)
13 (1/2)
3 (1/8)
Double Top
Chord
4 x 2
Detail 5, 7, 8
Detail 6
Detail 5, 6 (at B.C)
11.28 (2536)

11.28 (2536)

13 (1/2)
N/A
N/A
3 (1/8)
3 (1/8)
3 (1/8)
3 (1/8)
13 (1/2)
3 (1/8)
Double Top
Chord
3 x 2
Detail 7, 8 8.06 (1811) 13 (1/2) 3 (1/8) 3 (1/8)
Double Top
Chord
4 x 2
Detail 9,10 28.20 (6340) N/A 3 (1/8) 13 (1/2)

Note: Maximum factored reactions are for Spruce-Pine-Fir and D. Fir Chords
Appendix D

June 2011 65

FLAT

DETAIL 1

DETAIL 2

DETAIL 3

DETAIL 4

DETAIL 5

DETAIL 6

DETAIL 7

DETAIL 8

B
A
B
C
B
C
A
C
B
A
C
C
B
B
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
C
B
C
B
A
Appendix D

June 2011 66

FLAT

DETAIL 9

DETAIL 10

C
B
C
B
Appendix E

June 2011
67

E.1 CORROSION PROTECTION FOR METAL CONNECTOR PLATES

1. For metal connector plates used in unusual environmental conditions, or exposed to the weather,
additional corrosion resistant protection for the metal connector plates shall be installed when such
conditions are identified by the building designer/engineer.

2. Galvanized G 90 metal connector plates subject to environments described above shall be painted with
one coat of one of the following combinations:
a) Epoxy-Polyamide Primer (SSPC-Paint22)
b) Coal-Tar Epoxy-Polyamide Black or Dark Red Paint (SSPC-Paint 16)
c) Basic Zinc Chromate-Vinyl Butyral Wash Primer (SSPC-Paint 27) and cold applied Asphaltic Mastic
(Extra Thick Film) Paint (SSPC-Paint 12)
d) Any other coating or treatment acceptable to the building designer/engineer

3. All coatings shall be brush applied to the embedded metal connector plates at the jobsite during or after
truss installation. Embedded metal connector plates shall be free of dirt and oil prior to coating
application. In addition, all of the Manufacturers recommendations for application of products used must
be followed implicitly.

Note: To the best of industry knowledge these products will extend the serviceable life of the truss connector
plate under conditions described in 1. above.

No warranty or guarantee, other than that offered by the manufacturers of these products is expressed or
implied. Severe corrosive conditions may require maintenance of these protective coatings as part of the
standard building maintenance program.
Appendix F

June 2011 68
F.1 SHEAR PLATE DESIGN FOR GIRDER TYPE HEEL JOINT

Truss Point - the intersection of the centreline of top chord and the centreline of bottom chord.

Projection Point - the intersection of the forty five degree line from the inside edge of the bearing and the
centreline of bottom chord.

Top Chord Point - the beginning point of the top chord scarf.

Shear Plate Requirements:

A shear check is required when the projection point is closer to the end of the truss than the truss point.

If P
A
P
W
, then shear plates are required.

Where

P
A
= The factored shear load at the girder heel, N (lbs)
P
A
=
15 . '
'
RL
D

R = Reaction N (lbs)
L = Distance between projection point and truss point, mm (in)
D = Lumber depth at projection point, mm (in)
P
W
= The factored shear resistance of the lumber without plate, N (lbs)
P
W
= F
V
tnL

= 0.9

F
v
= f
v
K
D
K
Hv
K
Sv
K
T
K
Zv

t = Lumber thickness per ply, mm (in)
f
v
= specified strength in shear, MPa (Psi)
n = Number of plies
K
D
= Load duration factor
K
Hv
= Load sharing factor for shear
K
sv
= Service condition factor for shear
K
T
= Treatment factor
K
zv
= Size factor for shear

PROJ ECTION POINT
TRUSS POINT
TOP CHORD POINT
PRIMARY
PLATE
SHEAR PLATE
D
L
Appendix F

June 2011 69

Shear Plate Design:

The shear plate must be sized and placed about the centreline of bottom chord to cover the distance L such that:

i) Area of the shear plate above or below the centreline of bottom chord must be capable of resisting the net
shear force at the girder heel.
Net Shear Force =
P
A
P
W
n

ii) The length of the shear plate along the centreline of bottom chord must be such that the shear capacity of the
plate, along the centreline of bottom chord, is greater than or equal to the net shear force at the girder heel.
The shear length as calculated must not be less than L.

Notes:

1. Where the primary plate interferes with the placement of the secondary shear plate then the primary plate
must be specified long enough to provide the required grip and metal shear capacity due to the net shear
force.

2. The tapered depth of the bottom chord at the inside edge of bearing should not be less than half the bottom
chord size or 100mm (4 in), whichever is greater.

3. An additional moment check should be carried out due to extension of the bottom chord past the top chord.
The moment to be used for this check is the overall span reaction times the distance from the inside edge of
the bearing to the top chord point.
Appendix G

June 2011 70
G MANUFACTURING AND MATERIAL VARIANCES
G.1 SCOPE
The purpose of this appendix is to establish minimum allowances to be used with the TPIC 2011
design procedures to account for material defects and variances in workmanship. It is the
responsibility of the manufacturer to adjust these allowances for trusses that cannot be
manufactured within the limits described in this appendix.
G.2 TRUSS SHOP DRAWING
The truss shop drawings are the drawings provided to the plant personnel for the fabrication of each
truss. They include enlarged joint details, tooth count requirements, cutting list, truss layout and/or
jig location details.
G.3 MATERIALS
G.3.1 Lumber
G.3.1.1 The lumber shall meet the criteria as described in TPIC Section 2.1 and be the size, species and
grade (or better) specified on the Truss Shop Drawings.

G.3.1.2 Splits in any wood member caused by the manufacturing process shall not exceed those permitted
in the grade and species of lumber used.
G.3.2 Metal Connector Plates
G.3.2.1 Metal connector plates shall meet the criteria as described in TPIC Section 2.2 and be of the gauge,
type, manufacturer, width and length as specified on the Truss Shop Drawing.
G.4 PLATING
Section 5.1 in the TPIC design procedures describes the conditions for which the design criterion for
truss plates is based. To allow for minimum manufacturing and material variances the plate design
criteria shall be adjusted to allow for plate misplacement and ineffective teeth. This section provides
the procedure to adjust the design criteria to match that which is generally achievable in the
manufacturing process.
G.4.1 Tooth Effectiveness
G.4.1.1 Effective Teeth
Effective teeth are teeth fully embedded normal to the surface of the lumber and into quality wood of
the member.
G.4.1.2 Ineffective Teeth
Ineffective teeth are teeth that are improperly embedded and cannot resist loading. Examples
include teeth located over wane, knot holes, loose or decayed knots, pitch pockets, unsound wood,
holes and joint gaps or teeth that have been flattened before or during the pressing, or that have a
Appendix G

June 2011 71
tooth embedment gap of 1.6 mm (1/16) or greater. Teeth located within the 13 mm () end and 6
mm () edge distances of the lumber are considered to be ineffective when the design is based
upon the net area method.
G.4.1.3 Partially Effective Teeth
Teeth not completely embedded and can resist loading may be considered to be partially
effective.
When a metal connector plate is installed in the connection area of lumber which contains tooth
holes from a previously installed plate and where the wood is otherwise undamaged, metal
connector plate teeth shall be considered 50% effective.
G.4.1.4 Minimum Effective Teeth
a. Lumber on Edge (Wide face plating)
The truss designer shall provide a minimum 10% reserve capacity in grip for each member to allow
for ineffective teeth. This requirement may be met by limiting the grip JSI to 0.90 in each member.
The required number of effective teeth in each member shown on truss shop drawings or in lists
shall be calculated according to TPIC Section 5.1. This means that in the manufacturing process,
the average number of effective teeth for both sides of the joint in any member shall never be less
than the required number of teeth specified on the shop drawing. When averaging the effective teeth
on both sides no one side shall have less than 85% of the specified effective teeth required.
b. Lumber on Flat (narrow face plating)
The truss designer shall provide a minimum 5% reserve capacity in grip for each member to allow
for ineffective teeth. This requirement may be met by limiting the grip JSI to 0.95 in each member.
The required number of effective teeth in each member shown on truss shop drawings or in lists
shall be calculated according to TPIC Section 5.1. This means that in the manufacturing process,
the average number of effective teeth for both sides of the joint in any member shall never be less
than the required number of teeth specified on the shop drawing. When averaging the effective teeth
on both sides no one side shall have less than 85% of the specified effective teeth required.
Joint Stress Index: The Joint Stress Index (JSI) is the ratio of the calculated force in a member to
the lateral resistance of the teeth in that member. Example: If a member has a design force of 4.0
kN (900 lbs) in it and the teeth of the connector plate has a lateral resistance of 4.45 kN (1000 lbs),
the JSI = 0.90.
G.4.1.5 Tooth Flattening
After pressing, teeth are considered flattened and ineffective if or greater of the tooth is visible
within the tooth slot. A tooth shall also be considered flattened if the surface of the wood has raised
(i.e., wood lifted up beyond its normal surface plane) within the tooth-slot opening of the metal
connector plate.
Appendix G

June 2011 72

Sketch Showing Flattened Teeth

Both teeth are considered ineffective within a tooth slot.
G.4.1.6 Tooth Embedment Gap
After pressing, all teeth of each connector plate shall be completely embedded in each wood
member. Teeth with an embedment gap of less than .8 mm (1/32) shall be considered effective.
Teeth with a gap equal to or greater than 1.6 mm (1/16) shall be considered ineffective. Teeth with
a gap between .8 mm (1/32) and 1.6 mm (1/16) shall be considered to be 60% effective.

Tooth Effectiveness Table Embedment Gap

Tooth Embedment Gap (G) Tooth Effectiveness
0 mm < G < .8 mm
(0 < G < 1/32)
100%
.8 mm G < 1.6 mm
(1/32 G < 1/16)
60%
G 1.6 mm
( G 1/16)
0%

of tooth length visible
Appendix G

June 2011 73
G.4.2 Plate Placement Tolerances
a. Lumber on Edge
During the truss manufacturing process, plates shall be positioned according to the Truss Shop
Drawing and should be placed within the 6 mm () plate placement translation tolerance and within
the plus and minus five degree (5) plate rotation tolerance. In no case shall the positioning
decrease the number of effective teeth in any member to less than the minimum number required for
that member.
b. Lumber on Flat
During the truss manufacturing process, plates shall be positioned according to the Truss Shop
Drawing and should be placed within the 3 mm (1/8) plate placement translation tolerance. In no
case shall the positioning decrease the number of effective teeth in any member to less than the
minimum number required for that member. Due to relative ease of locating plates parallel to and
near the edge of lumber, no allowance for rotational misplacement is required.
G.4.2.1 Translation
a. Lumber on Edge
The truss designer shall use a minimum plate placement translation tolerance of 6 mm () parallel
and perpendicular to the plate axis. The designer shall select a plate size and placement for each
joint that resists the lateral forces in each member. The plate shall then be shifted by 6 mm () up,
down, left, right, up and to the left, up and to the right, down and to the left, and down and to the
right, and shall be checked to verify that a JSI of 0.90 is not exceeded in any member.
b. Lumber on Flat
The truss designer shall use a minimum plate placement translation tolerance of 3 mm (1/8) parallel
and perpendicular to the plate axis. The designer shall select a plate size and placement for each
joint that resists the lateral forces in each member. The plate shall then be shifted by 3 mm (1/8) up,
down, left, right, up and to the left, up and to the right, down and to the left, and down and to the
right, and shall be checked to verify that a JSI of 0.95 is not exceeded in any member.
G.4.2.2 Rotation
a. Lumber on Edge
The truss designer shall also use a minimum plate placement rotation tolerance of plus and minus
five degrees (5) about the centre of the connector plate. The designer shall select a plate size and
placement for each joint that resists the lateral forces in each member. The plate shall then be
rotated 5clockwise and checked to verify that a JSI of 0.90 is not exceeded in any member. The
plate shall then be rotated 5counterclockwise from its original position and checked to verify that a
JSI of 0.90 is not exceeded in any member. If the plate does not resist the force in any member, the
plate size is increased and checked again for the two rotated (+ 5and -5) positions.
b. Lumber on Flat
Due to relative ease of locating plates parallel to and near the edge of lumber, no allowance for
rotational misplacement is required.
Note: In both the shifting and rotational checks these misplacements are limited to the outer
boundaries of the truss. Translation and Rotation checks are done independent of each other.
Appendix G

June 2011 74

G.4.2.3 Metal Effectiveness
The truss designer shall ensure the sum of the length or width of metal across each side of a joint
shall adequately resist the shear or tension forces at the joint. This check also applies to each
shifted location and rotated location using the appropriate shear and breaking values for these
locations and actual length or width of metal across the joint.
All supplemental blocking such as wedges and splice blocks must be installed as per the Truss
Shop Drawing.

G.5 TRUSS ASSEMBLY
G.5.1 Member to Member Gaps
Members at each joint should have wood to wood bearing at each interface. Gaps in joints after
pressing shall not exceed 1.6 mm (1/16 inch) for compression splices including pitch breaks and 3
mm (1/8 inch) for all other joints.

a)

b)

Gap between Top and Bottom Chords in heel
joints shall not exceed 3 mm (1/8)
Gap between Top Chords in a Peak joint shall
not exceed 1.6 mm (1/16)
Effective metal
Appendix G

June 2011 75
c)

d)

e)

G.5.2 Overall Truss Dimensions
The dimensions of a completed truss if different from those as specified on the Truss Shop Drawing
shall not exceed the differences shown in the following table:

Maximum Difference
Truss Dimensions between specified and
measured dimensions
Length 9144 mm (30 feet) 6 mm (1/4")
Length > 9144 mm (30 feet) 13 mm (1/2")
Overall Height 1200 mm (4 feet) 3 mm (1/8")
Overall Height > 1200 mm (4 feet) 6 mm (1/4")
Left Heel/Stub Height 3 mm (1/8")
Right Heel/Stub Height 3 mm (1/8")
Left Overhang 3 mm (1/8")
Right Overhang 3 mm (1/8")

Gaps in Compression Splices shall not exceed
1.6 mm (1/16)
Gaps in interior webs shall not exceed
3 mm (1/8)
Gaps in Tension Splices shall not exceed
3 mm (1/8)
Appendix H

June 2011 76
H.1 MINIMUM INFORMATION ON TRUSS DESIGN DRAWING

Truss Design Drawings shall include, but not limited to, the information specified below:
1. Building code, CSA and TPIC Standard to which the drawing complies to.
2. Slope or depth, span and spacing.
3. Location of all joints and support locations.
4. Input and required bearing widths.
5. Software version number.
6. Specified loads, as applicable, shall include:
a. Top chord variable loads (including snow, live loads).
b. Top chord dead load.
c. Bottom chord live load due to limited accessibility.
d. Bottom chord dead load.
e. Wind loads
f. Other lateral loads, including drag strut loads.
g. Statement of whether special loading requirements have been checked including but not limited to
unbalanced loading, minimum concentrated loads, etc.
h. All additional loads and their points of application as applicable.
7. Adjustments to wood member and metal connector plate design value for conditions of use.
8. Adjustments made to material strength due to load sharing.
9. Connection requirements for truss ply to ply.
10. Maximum factored reaction force and direction, including maximum factored uplift reaction forces where
applicable.
11. Maximum CSI on top chord, bottom chord and webs.
12. Maximum un-factored reaction force and direction for each load type.
13. Metal connector plate type, manufacturer, size, and thickness or gauge, and the dimensioned location of
each metal connector plate except where symmetrically located relative to the joint interface.
14. Size, species and grade for each wood member.
15. Calculated maximum vertical and horizontal deflection for variable load and total load as applicable.
16. Maximum axial tension and compression forces in the Truss members.
17. Fabrication Tolerance used per Appendix G.
18. Required Permanent Individual Truss Member Restraint location shall be shown for lateral bracing.
Fastening of the lateral brace, T/I-brace, scab brace, L-brace shall be specified.
19. Drawing identification.
20. Design equation used for combined bending and compression member design.
21. Output error messages when design exceeds limits.

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