This document discusses technologies being implemented in 4G wireless networks, including Coded OFDM and IDMA. Coded OFDM combines orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with code division multiple access (CDMA) to achieve bandwidth efficiency, frequency diversity, high throughput and immunity to channel dispersion. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are well-suited for Coded OFDM due to their simple iterative decoding and excellent performance. Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) also aims to efficiently use bandwidth and power while adapting to data rates, reliability, quality of service and operating on various channel conditions. The document evaluates how these technologies can help 4G networks achieve higher bandwidths of up to 100 Mbps
This document discusses technologies being implemented in 4G wireless networks, including Coded OFDM and IDMA. Coded OFDM combines orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with code division multiple access (CDMA) to achieve bandwidth efficiency, frequency diversity, high throughput and immunity to channel dispersion. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are well-suited for Coded OFDM due to their simple iterative decoding and excellent performance. Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) also aims to efficiently use bandwidth and power while adapting to data rates, reliability, quality of service and operating on various channel conditions. The document evaluates how these technologies can help 4G networks achieve higher bandwidths of up to 100 Mbps
This document discusses technologies being implemented in 4G wireless networks, including Coded OFDM and IDMA. Coded OFDM combines orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with code division multiple access (CDMA) to achieve bandwidth efficiency, frequency diversity, high throughput and immunity to channel dispersion. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are well-suited for Coded OFDM due to their simple iterative decoding and excellent performance. Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) also aims to efficiently use bandwidth and power while adapting to data rates, reliability, quality of service and operating on various channel conditions. The document evaluates how these technologies can help 4G networks achieve higher bandwidths of up to 100 Mbps
This document discusses technologies being implemented in 4G wireless networks, including Coded OFDM and IDMA. Coded OFDM combines orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with code division multiple access (CDMA) to achieve bandwidth efficiency, frequency diversity, high throughput and immunity to channel dispersion. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are well-suited for Coded OFDM due to their simple iterative decoding and excellent performance. Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) also aims to efficiently use bandwidth and power while adapting to data rates, reliability, quality of service and operating on various channel conditions. The document evaluates how these technologies can help 4G networks achieve higher bandwidths of up to 100 Mbps
International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences Research (IJIEASR)ISSN: 2319-4413
Volume 1, No. 2, November 2012
i-Xplore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.org 1 Implementation of Coded OFDM and IDMA in 4G
T. L. Singal, Professor, ECE Department, Chitkara University, Chandigarh
ABSTRACT The 4G wireless networks are being developed to make use of the latest developments in wireless technology domain. These networks are envisioned to offer higher bandwidths, up to 100 Mbps, global roaming, and network scalability. Coded OFDM, a combination of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and code division multiple access (CDMA) has been considered as an efficient technique due to its bandwidth efficiency, frequency diversity, high throughput and immunity to channel dispersion. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are used for Coded OFDM transmission due to its simple iterative decoding and excellent performance which results in high throughput. Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) fulfils the design objectives of bandwidth and power efficiency, link adaptation with respect to data rate, data reliability, quality of service, and service provisioning, low-complexity transceivers, and ability to operate on frequency selective and fast-fading channels. In this paper, the salient features as well as the important technological advancements being incorporated in 4G wireless networks are described. The improvement of optimized LDPC-coded OFDMA system shows an improvement in performance gain in terms of Frame Error Rate (FER) for more than 1dB as compared to other coded OFDM techniques. More improvements can be obtained by using Variable Spreading Factor Orthogonal Frequency and Code Division Multiple Access (VSF-OFCDMA) and optimizing the placement of the information bits in LDPC codes.
Keywords FER , IDMA, LDPC, MC-CDMA, OFDM
1. INTRODUCTION
With standardization, development and network trials, the deployment of 3G wireless networks continue at slow and steady pace. The growth of 3G deployment is restricted due to many issues such as available user data rate, global roaming, network scalability, lack of affordable handsets and interoperability among diverse voice/data networks. The realistic achievable data rate of about 384 kbps in 3G networks is not sufficient to support all types of multimedia communication. The
4G mobile networks are envisioned to offer higher user data rate, up to a value of 100 Mbps. Further, 3G standards define three different Core Network domains the CS domain (the circuit-switched services), the PS domain (the packet-switched services), and the IMS domain (the IP multimedia services). The 4G wireless network will deploy enhanced network architecture based on all IP enabled packet-switched network. To provide broadband access and global roaming, 4G wireless network is expected to bind different wireless technologies (the Personal Area Networks such as Bluetooth, the Local Area Networks WLANs, enhanced 3G cellular networks, and the satellite-based mobile networks). [1]. The user wireless terminal has the potential to become a generic platform for, or gateway to, the complete range of value-added communication services that include voice, data, high- definition video and multimedia. The advancement in mobile information technologies include ultra high- speed transmission, wireless Internet protocol IPv6, and user-controllable software defined radios. The potential users of 4G networks would be able to access the Internet as they do in the office anywhere, anytime but on the move; use cell phone or laptop PC or any other PDA; choose freely the services, applications and service providing networks; and achieve advanced mobile E-commerce applications with higher levels of data security and integrity during transactions.
The 3G wireless networks use spread spectrum (SS) techniques, code division multiple access (CDMA), and the multicarrier modulation, often represented as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and/or multiple access (OFDM/A). For 4G wireless networks, researchers have started a new trend of combining these two techniques with the objective of obtaining advantages of both, and the proposed new technique is generally termed as Multicarrier CDMA or Multicarrier Spread Spectrum (MC-SS). Interleaved Division Multiple Access (IDMA) technique explores the possibility of employing chip-level interleavers which can be used to distinguish different users. Multi- carrier direct-sequence code division multiple access (MC-DS-CDMA) and Interleave division multiple access (IDMA) inherits all the advantages of CDMA with the capability to overcome its deficiencies, and is one of the strong competitors for 4G wireless networks. International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences Research (IJIEASR)ISSN: 2319-4413 Volume 1, No. 2, November 2012
i-Xplore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.org 2
2. MULTI-CARRIER CDMA
The generation of the multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) signal can be considered as two sequential steps as shown in Figure 1. [2]. Each users data is first spreaded with a unique spreading code of the same length for all users. The spreaded signals are combined as in a traditional DS-CDMA system (shown as Spreader). Its output is applied to OFDM modulator which uses multiple subcarriers, equal in number to the spreading factor, to transmit these chips of the CDMA signal, and each subcarrier is modulated by a single chip.
Fig. 1: Multi-Carrier CDMA Signal Generation
The order of CDMA and OFDM modulation can be changed in principle, that is, one can use an OFDM modulator over each users parallel data, spread the output by each users spreading code, and then combine all users spread data together for transmission. Usually after spreading all data symbols in the corresponding subcarriers, OFDM is used over the combined chips of all users. [3]. The main advantage of combining spread-spectrum and OFDM techniques is the possibility of avoiding degradation in the performance of the system when there is severe channel fading for certain subcarrier frequencies. To achieve this, MC-CDMA transmits signals over larger bandwidths than most existing systems, so that higher orders of frequency diversity can be attained. When the same data is transmitted over different subcarriers in an OFDM system, frequency diversity can be effective. Usually, MC-CDMA is used with a large number of subcarriers in order to provide a large number of users and exploit frequency diversity. However, a high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is the main drawback of MC-CDMA as with many other multicarrier systems. MC-CDMA is often recommended for use in downlink transmission in 4G cellular networks because of its low receiver complexity. [4].
In multiuser MC CDMA systems, the frequency selectivity and variation of the users' geographical locations give rise to the inter symbol interference (ISI) which induces a significant performance degradation of the systems. In order to mitigate ISI, efficient equalizers and decoders are used. In addition to the interference suppression, the frequency selectivity also provides multipath diversity if appropriately implemented.
3. CODED OFDM
The Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes have recently received a lot of attention for all the next generation wireless communication standards due to their excellent error-correcting capability and the simplicity of iterative decoding thereby making high throughput possible [5], [6]. These have been adopted as an optional error correct coding scheme by broadband wireless standards Mobile WiMax (IEEE 802.16e) and 4G Wireless Networks. LDPC codes are linear block codes with parity check matrix consisting of mostly 0s and very few 1s. This results into a low- density parity check matrix, hence the name low- density parity check codes. Typically, LDPC codes are non-cyclic and are larger than 1000 bits. Once the design of low-density parity check matrix has been finalized, the LDPC code is simply its null-space. The number of 1s in the i th row of the parity check matrix is known as the row weight, and the number of 1s in the j th column of the parity check matrix is known as the column weight. Both row and column weights are much smaller than the code length. For regular LDPC codes, all rows have equal weights as well as all columns have equal weights. They are easier to generate. For irregular LDPC codes, the rows weights and columns weights exhibit certain weight distributions. They may have better performance with large code length.
LDPC codes provide near capacity performance over discrete time Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) channels. [7]. 4. LDPC CODED OFDM The performance of LDPC codes can be improved using density evolution algorithm along with optimal placement of information bits which results in minimum probability of error.[8]. The block diagram of LDPC coded OFDM system is shown in the figure 2.
Fig. 2: LDPC coded OFDM system LDPC Encoder Serial to Parallel converter OFDM Modulator LDPC Decoder Parallel to Serial converter Equalizer OFDM Demod Wireless Channel International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences Research (IJIEASR)ISSN: 2319-4413 Volume 1, No. 2, November 2012
i-Xplore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.org 3 Multi-carrier direct sequence code division multiple access (MC-DS-CDMA) scheme is a combination of time-domain spreading and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), while multi-carrier code division multiple access
(MC-CDMA) is a combination of frequency-domain spreading and OFDM. In MC-CDMA, a good bit error rate (BER) performance can be achieved by using frequency-domain equalization (FDE), since the frequency diversity gain is obtained. On the other hand, conventional MC-DS-CDMA cannot obtain the frequency diversity gain. However, MC-DS-CDMA can obtain the frequency diversity gain by applying frequency domain equalizer (FDE) to a block of a number of OFDM symbols.[3], [9].
For broadband multi-path channels, conventional time domain equalizers are impractical because of complexity, very long channel impulse response in the time domain, and prohibitively large tap size for time domain filter. On the other hand, using discrete Fourier transform (DFT), equalization can be done in the frequency domain. Because the DFT size does not grow linearly with the length of the channel response, the complexity of FDE is lower than that of the equivalent time domain equalizer for broadband channel. Most of the time domain equalization techniques such as MMSE equalizer, DFE, turbo equalizer can be implemented in the frequency domain. [10]. In MC-CDMA, a good bit error rate (BER) performance can be achieved by using frequency-domain equalization (FDE), since the frequency diversity gain is obtained and the complexity of FDE is lower than that of the equivalent time domain equalizer for broadband channel.
5. INTERLEAVE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) technique explores the possibility of employing chip- level interleavers for user separation. Users are solely distinguished by their interleavers. The key principle of IDMA is that the interleavers should be different for different users. [11]. In IDMA, FEC encoding and spreading may be done jointly by a single low-rate encoder. Interleaving is done on a chip-by-chip basis. Due to interleaving, the code is nonlinear. Multiple code words can be linearly superimposed in order to enhance the data rate per user. The interleavers are generated independently and randomly, and they disperse the coded sequences so that the adjacent chips are approximately uncorrelated. This facilitates the simple chip-by-chip detection scheme by an iterative sub-optimal receiver structure, which consists of an elementary signal estimator and K single-user a- posteriori probability decoders. This principle has worked well for user separation in coded systems.
For the uplink, IDMA scheme can support a high number of active users, each of them using a different random interleaver suitable for long blocks. As the interleavers work on the spreaded bit sequence, the requirement of long block lengths can be easy satisfied. It is also possible to perform the spreading over multiple sub-carriers to obtain an multi-carrier IDMA system. This can be viewed as an extension of multi-carrier CDMA systems. [12].
For wideband systems, the performance improvement by assigning different interleavers to different users in conventional CDMA has been under extensive research. Chip interleaved CDMA scheme alongwith a maximal-ratio-combining technique to combat Intersymbol interference has shown good results for high spectral efficiency, improved error performance and low receiver complexity. The performance analysis for a conventional CDMA multi-user detection scheme requires the knowledge of the correlation characteristics among code sequences. It can be a quite complicated issue and sophisticated large random matrix theory has been used. IDMA does not involve code sequences, which greatly simplifies the multi-user detection problem. Asynchronous interleave-division multiple-access scheme for spread spectrum mobile communication systems distinguishes the users by different chip-level interleavers instead of by different codes as in a conventional CDMA system. The bandwidth expansion is entirely performed by low-rate coding. It also allows a low complexity multiple user detection techniques applicable to systems with large numbers of users in multipath channels. The IDMA scheme can achieve performance close to the capacity of a multiple access channel and the use of low-rate codes can further enhance the power efficiency of IDMA systems. IDMA system can also exhibit security features of an efficient crypto system. The performance of the IDMA scheme with simple convolutional/repetition codes exhibits overall throughputs of 3 bits/chip with one receive antenna and 6 bits/chip with two receive antennas are observed for systems with as many as about 100 users. [13].
IDMA-based systems can be made highly adaptive in order to guarantee a certain quality of service (QoS) level, defined by a maximum bit error rate, a minimum data rate, and a maximum delay (especially for packet based services), depending on the application. [14]. Instead of using adaptive modulation and/or channel coding, IDMA modifies the number of layers and the transmission power. The number of layers used for transmission can be reduced if the data rate is higher than needed or, if the data rate cannot be reduced for International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences Research (IJIEASR)ISSN: 2319-4413 Volume 1, No. 2, November 2012
i-Xplore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.org 4 QoS reasons, the transmit power can be increased until the target bit-error-rate (BER) is achieved. With a higher number of layers assigned to a user, its data rate is higher. To ensure a certain BER, the power can be adapted as well. [15], [16].
6. PERFORMANCE OF CODED OFDM
The BER performance of LDPC Codes with different block lengths of 10 3 , 10 4 and 10 5 increases as the block length increases. Figure 3 gives the LDPC thresholds over OFDM and LDPC thresholds over an ISI channel. [17].
Fig. 3: Performance of OFDM with LDPC
It is observed that LDPC codes over OFDM gives an improvement of performance gain of 1 dB in comparison to other codes. Higher rates LDPC offer the capacity comparable to OFDM capacity.
7. CONCLUSION
Coded OFDM has the potential of achieving gain performance in signals transmitted in wireless communications. LDPC codes are preferred in Coded OFDM transmission due to simple iterative decoding and high throughput. With optimization of placement of information bits in LDPC codes (at the cost of increased complexity), further improvement in performance of LDPC coded MC-CDMA system can be obtained. IDMA fulfils the design objectives of 4G wireless networks which includes efficiency (bandwidth as well as power), target user data rates of up to 100 Mbps for high mobility and even up to 1 Gbps for low mobility or local wireless access), adaptivity (link adaptation with respect to data rate, data reliability, quality of service, service provisioning), low-complexity transceivers, and ability to operate on frequency selective and fast-fading channels. IDMA is particularly useful for the uplink of new wireless systems, as well as for an evolution of existing DSSS-CDMA systems. The extension of IDMA to MIMO based 4G wireless networks is possible with superposition of different layers at the transmitter side and their separation at the receiver side.
REFERENCES
[1] Sunit Kasera, Nishit Narang, 3G Networks Architecture, Protocols and Procedures, First Edition, Tata-McGraw Hill, 2004. [2] Hombs, B.Lehnert, J .S., Multipleaccess interference suppression for MC-CDMA by frequencydomain oversampling, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 53, pp 677-686, April 2005. [3] M.Karkooti and J .R.Cavallaro., Semi-Parallel Reconfigurable Architectures for real time LDPC decoding, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Information Technology (ITCC), vol. 1, pp 579-585, April 2004. [4] Shan M., Zhao C.M, J iang M, Improved weighted bit flipping algorithm for decoding LDPC Codes, IEEE Proceedings on Communications, vol. 152, pp 919-922, Dec 2005 [5] A.Baynast, A.Sabharwal, B. Aazhang, LDPC Code Design for OFDM channel: Graph Connectivity and Information Bits Positioning, ISSCS 2005. International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, pp. 649652, J uly 2005. [6] Amit Munjal; T. L. Singal, Improvement in Performance of MC-CDMA System using Iterative LDPC Code, International Conference on Wireless Networks & Embedded Systems (WECON-2011), Chitkara University, Chandigarh, India; J uly 2011. [7] T. L. Singal, Wireless Communications, First Edition, Tata-McGraw Hill Education, 2010. [8] J . M. Pereira, "Fourth Generation: Now, It Is Personal," Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, London, UK, pp 18-21 Sept. 2000. [9] Rong Zhang; Hanzo, L., Three Design Aspects of Multicarrier Interleave Division Multiple Access, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 57, Issue 6, pp3607-3617, Nov. 2008. [10] T. L. Singal, Analog & Digital Communications, First Edition, Tata-McGraw Hill Education, 2012. [11] Suk Yu Hui; Kai Hau Yeung, Challenges in the migration to 4G mobile systems, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 41, Issue 12, pp 54- 59, Dece. 2003. [12] Varshney, U.; J ain, R., Issues in emerging 4G wireless networks, IEEE Computers Magazine, Vol. 34, Issue 6, pp94-96, 2001. [13] Carl R. Nassar, Multi-Carrier Technologies for Wireless Communication, ISBN: 9781441949370, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010. International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences Research (IJIEASR)ISSN: 2319-4413 Volume 1, No. 2, November 2012
i-Xplore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.org 5 [14] V. Nagarajan; P. Dananjayan, Performance Analysis of MIMO MC-DS/CDMA System Using Chaotic Spreading Sequence, International J ournal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, April, 2010. [15] T. L. Singal, Realization of Seamless Connectivity in 4G Mobile Systems, ISTE-sponsored National Conference on Latest Trends in Tele- Communication (LTTC 2006); RIEIT, Nawanshahar, Punjab; pp 24-28; August 2006. [16] Schmeink, Kathrin, Hoeher Peter A., Multi-Layer Interleave-Division Multiple Access for J oint Communication and Localization, 7th International ITG Conference on Source and Channel Coding (SCC), Ulm, Germany, J anuary 2008. [17] Srimathy S.,Thangaraj A; Codes that have tanner graphs with non-overlapping cycles, 5 th IEEE International Symposium on Turbo Codes and Related Topics, Lausanne(USA), 2008.
Prof. T. L. Singal has worked in the field of Wireless and Cellular Mobile Networks with leading telecom companies in India, Germany and USA during 1981-2002. He held the position of Senior Network Consultant in Flextronics International Inc., Dallas (Texas), USA to offer optimization solutions in the domain of GSM and CDMA networks during 2000-2002. Since 2003, he is working as Senior Faculty with leading engineering institutes in India. He is the author Wireless Communications, and Analog & Digital Communications, published by international renowned publisher Tata McGraw-Hill Education. He has convened international conferences and workshops on Wireless Networks and Embedded Systems, and edited proceedings of conferences. He has coordinated several technical workshop courses under faculty leadership institute programs of Indo US Collaboration of Engineering Education (IUCEE) during 2010-2011. He presented several technical research papers in international and national journals and conferences.