Manipal Syllabus

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Syllabus - MBBS, BDS, BTech, BPharm, PharmD
Syllabus - MBBS, BDS, BTech, BPharm, PharmD
MU-OET 2014 - MBBS, BDS, BTech, BPHARM, PHARMD
The test papers in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics and General English
includes questions based on the 10+2 syllabus followed by major 10+2
Boards/Universities.
PHYSICS
DYNAMICS
Newtons laws of motion: First law of motion - force and inertia with examples -
momentum - second law of motion, derivation of F=ma, mention of spring force F=kx,
mention of basic forces in nature - impulse and impulsive forces with examples -
second law as applied to variable mass situation - third law of motion - Identifying
action and reaction forces with examples - derivation of law of conservation of
momentum with examples in daily life - principle of rocket propulsion - inertial and
non-inertial frames - apparent weight in a lift and rocket/satellite - problems.
Fluid Dynamics: Explanation of streamline and turbulent motion - mention of
equation of continuity - mention of expressions for PE, KE and pressure energy of an
element of a liquid flowing through a pipe - statement and explanation of Bemoullis
theorem and its application to uplift of an aircraft sprayer.
Surface tension: Concept of adhesive and cohesive forces - definition of Surface
energy and surface tension and angle of contact - explanation of capillary rise and
mention of its expression - mention of application of surface tension to (i) formation of
drops and bubbles (ii) capillary action in wick of a lamp (iii) action of detergents.
Work - power - energy: Work done by a force - F.S - unit of work - graphical
representation of work done by a constant and variable force - power - units of power
- energy - derivation of expression for gravitation potential energy and kinetic energy
of a moving body - statement of work - energy theorem - mention of expression for
potential energy of a spring - statement and explanation of law of conservation of
energy - illustration in he case of a body sliding down on an inclined plane - discussion
of special case = 90o for a freely falling body - explanation of conservative and non
conservative forces with examples - explanation of elastic and inelastic collisions with
examples - coefficient of restitution - problems.
Gravitation: Statement and explanation of law of gravitation - definition of G -
derivation of relation between g and G - mention of expression for variation of g with
altitude, depth and latitude - statement and explanation of Keplers laws of planetary
motion - definition of orbital velocity and escape velocity and mention of their
expressions - satellites - basic concepts of geo-stationary satellites, launching of
satellites - IRS and communication satellites - brief explanation of Inertial mass and
gravitational mass - weightlessness - remote sensing and essentials of space
communication - problems.
Concurrent Co-plannar forces: Definition of resultant and equilibrant - statement of
law of parallelogram of forces - derivation of expression for magnitude and direction of
two concurrent coplanar forces - law of triangle of forces and its converse - Lamis
theorem - problems.
HEAT
Gas laws: Statement and explanation of Boyles law and Charles law - definition of
Pressure and Volume Coefficient of a gas - absolute zero - Kelvin scale of temperature
- mention of perfect gas equation - explanation of isothermal and adiabatic changes -
mention of Van-der-Waals equation of state for real gases.
Mode of heat transfer: Conduction of heat - steady state - temperature gradient -
definition of coefficient of thermal conductivity - basic concepts of convection of heat -
radiation - properties of thermal radiation - radiant energy - definition of emissivity
and absorptivity - perfect black body - statement and explanation of Kirchhoffs law.
Newtons law of cooling - Stefans law - Wiens displacement and Plancks law -
qualitative explanation of solar constant and surface temperature of sun - principle and
working of total radiation pyrometer - problems.
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
Waves: Waves around us - brief note on light waves, sound waves, radio waves,
micro waves, seismic waves - wave as a carrier of energy - classification of waves. (i)
based on medium - mechanical and electromagnetic waves (ii) based on vibration of
particles in the medium - Longitudinal & transverse waves - one, two & three
dimensional waves with example - definition of wave amplitude, wave frequency, wave
period, wavelength and wave velocity - concept to establish the relation between
pathlof phase of a wave - derivation v=f difference and phase difference - definition of
a progressive wave - and its characteristics - derivation of equation of a progressive
wave - different forms of a progressive wave equation - definition of wave intensity -
mention of expression of wave intensity and its unit - statement and explanation of
principles of superposition of waves with examples - problems.
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4/15/2014 www.manipal.edu/admissions/indianadmissions/onlineentrancetest/pages/syllabus-mbbs,bds,btech,bpharm,pharmd.aspx
Sound: Properties of sound - speed of sound in a gas - explanation of Newtons
formula for speed of sound - correction by Laplace - Newton - Laplace formula -
discussion of factors affecting speed i.e. pressure, temperature, humidity and wind -
definition of sound intensity - explanation of loudness and its unit - definition of
intensity level and its unit - mention of relation between intensity and loudness -
distinction between noise and musical note - characteristics of a musical note -
phenomenon of beats and its theory - application of beats (i) to find the frequency of a
note (ii) to tune the musical instruments -Doppler effect - derivation of expression for
apparent frequency in general case and discussion to special cases - qualitative
comparison of Doppler effect in sound and light - problems.
Refraction at a plane surface: Refraction through a parallel sided glass slab -
derivation of expressions for lateral shift and normal shift (object in a denser medium)
- total internal reflection and its applications -optical fibers and its application in
communication - problems.
Refraction through a prism: Derivation of expression for the refractive index in
terms of A and D -dispersion through a prism - experimental - arrangement for pure
spectrum - deviation produced by a thin prism - dispersive power - mention of
condition for dispersion without deviation - problems.
Refraction at a spherical surface: Derivation of the relation - connecting n,u,v and
r for refraction at a spherical surface (concave towards a point object in a denser
medium) derivation of lens makers formula -power of a lens - magnification -
derivation of expression for the equivalent focal length of combination of two thin
lenses in contact - mention of expression for equivalent focal length of two thin lenses
separated by a distance - problems.
PHYSICAL OPTICS
Introduction to Theories of Light: A brief explanation of Newtons corpuscular
theory, Huygens wave theory and Maxwells electromagnetic theory - mention of
expression for o, qualitative explanation of Hertzs experiment - brief eom speed of
light C=1 / explanation of Plancks quantum theory of radiation -dual nature of light.
Interference: Explanation of the phenomenon theory of interference - derivation of
conditions for constructive and destructive interference.
Youngs double slit experiment, derivation of expression for fringe width - qualitative
explanation of interference at thin films and Newtons rings - problems.
Diffraction: Explanation of the phenomenon - distinction between Fresnel and
Fraunhoffer diffraction -qualitative explanation of diffraction at single slit and analysis
of diffraction pattern (Fraunhoffer type) -qualitative explanation of plane diffraction
grating at normal incidence - limit of resolution - resolving power - Rayleighs criterion
- definition and mention of expression for resolving powers of microscope and
telescope - problems.
Polarisation: Explanation of the phenomenon - representation of polarized and
unpolarised light -explanation of plane of polarization and plane of vibration - methods
of producing plane polarized light : by reflection - Brewsters law, refraction, double
refraction, selective absorption - construction and application of polaroids - optical
activity - specific rotatory power - construction and working of Laurents half shade
polarimeter - mention of circularly and elliptically polarized light - problems.
Speed of light: Michelsons rotating mirror experiment to determine of light -
importance of speed of light.
ELECTROSTATICS
Electric charges: Concept of charge - Coulombs law, absolute and relative
permittivity - SI unit of charge.
Electrostatic Field: Concept of electric field - definition of field strength - derivation
of expression for the field due to an isolated change, concept of dipole - mention of
expression for the field due to a dipole -definition of dipole moment - mention of
expression for torque on a dipole - explanation of polarization of a dielectric medium -
dielectric strength - concept of lines of force and their characteristics - explanation of
electric flux - statement and explanation of Gauss theorem and its applications to
derive expressions for electric intensity (a) near the surface of a charged conductor
(b) near a spherical conductor - concept of electric potential - derivation of the relation
between electric field and potential - derivation of expression for potential due to an
isolated charge - explanation of potential energy of a system of charges - problems.
Capacitors: Explanation of capacity of a conductor and factors on which it depends -
definition of capacitance and its unit - derivation of expression for capacity of a
spherical conductor - principle of a capacitor - derivation of expression for capacitance
of parallel plate capacitor - mention of expression for capacitance of spherical and
cylindrical capacitors - derivation of expression for energy stored in a capacitor -
derivation of expression for equivalent capacitance of capacitors in series and parallel
- mention of uses of capacitors - problems.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric current: Microscope view of current through conductors (random motion of
electrons) - explanation of drift d -nvelocity and mobility - derivation of expression for
current I=nAev deduction of Ohms law - origin of resistance - definition of resistivity -
temperature coefficient of resistance - concept of super conductivity - explanation of
critical temperature, critical field and high temperature superconductors - mention of
uses of superconductors - thermistors and mention of their uses - colour code for
resistors -derivation of expression for effective resistance of resistances in series and
parallel -derivation of expression for branch currents - definition of emf and internal
resistance of a cell - Ohms law applied to a circuit -problems.
Kirchoffs laws: Statement and explanation of Kirchoffs laws for electrical network -
explanation of Wheatstones network - derivation of the condition for its balance by
applying Kirchoffs laws - principle of metre bridge - problems.
Magnetic effect of electric current: Magnetic field produced by electric current -
statement and explanation of Biot - Savarts (Laplaces) law - derivation of expression
for magnetic field at any point on the axis of a circular coil carrying current and hence
expression for magnetic field at the centre - current in a circular coil as a magnetic
dipole - explanation of magnetic moment of the current loop - mention of expression
for the magnetic field due to (i) a straight current carrying conductor (ii) at a point on
the axis of a solenoid - basic concepts of terrestrial magnetism - statement and
explanation of Tangent law -construction and theory of tangent galvanometer -
problems.
Mechanical effect of electric current: Mention of expression for force on a charge
moving in magnetic field - mention of expression for force on a conductor carrying
current kept in a magnetic field - statement of Flemings left hand rule - explanation of
magnetic field strength in terms of flux density - derivation of expression for the force
between two parallel conductors carrying currents and hence definition of ampere -
mention of expression for torque on a current loop kept in an uniform magnetic field -
construction and theory of moving coil galvanometer - conversion of a pointer
galvanometer into an ammeter and voltmeter -problems.
Electromagnetic Induction: Statement explanation of Faradays laws of
electromagnetic induction and Lenzs law - derivation of expression for emf induced in
a rod moving in a uniform magnetic field -explanation of self induction and mutual
induction - mention of expression for energy stored in a coil -explanation of eddy
currents - alternating currents - derivation of expression for sinusoidal emf - definition
of phase and frequency of ac - mention of the expression for instantaneous, peak,
rms, and average values -derivation of expression for current in case of ac applied to
a circuit containing (i) pure resistor (ii) inductor (iii) capacitor - derivation of
expression for impedance and current in LCR series circuit by phasor diagrm method -
explanation of resonance - derivation of expression for resonant frequency - brief
account of sharpness of resonance and Q-factor - mention of expression for power in
ac circuits - power factor and wattless current - qualitative description of choke -basic
ideas of magnetic hysteresis - construction and working of transformers - mention of
sources of power loss in transformers - ac meters - principle and working of moving
iron meter - qualitative explanation of transmission of electrical power - advantages of
ac and dc - problems.
ATOMIC PHYSICS
Introduction to atomic physics: Mention of the types of electron emission -
description and theory of Dunningtons method of finding e/m of an electron -
explanation of types of spectra: emission and absorption spectra - brief account of
Fraunhoffer lines - qualitative explanation of electromagnetic spectrum with emphasis
on frequency.
Photo electric effect: Explanation of photo electric effect - experiment to study
photo electric effect -experimental observations - Einsteins photo electric equation and
its explanation - principle and uses of photo cells: (i) photo emissive (ii) photo voltaic
(iii) photo conductive cells - problems.
Dual nature of matter: Concept of matter waves - arriving at the expression for de
Brogile Wave length -principle and working of G.P. Thomsons experiment - principle of
Electron Microscope - Scanning Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope
and Atomic -Force Microscope.
Bohrs Atom model: Bohrs atomic model for Hydrogen like atoms - Bohrs
postulates - arriving at the expressions for radius, velocity, energy and wave number -
explanation of spectral series of Hydrogen -energy level diagram - explanation of
ionization and excitation energy - limitations of Bohrs theory -qualitative explanation
of Sommerfeld & Vector atom models - problems.
Scattering of light: Explanation of coherent and incoherent scattering - blue of the
sky and sea - red at sunrise and sunset - basic concepts and applications of Raman
effect.
Lasers: Interaction between energy levels and electromagnetic radiation - laser action
- population inversion - optical pumping - properties of lasers - construction and
working of Ruby laser - mention of applications of lasers - brief account of photonics.
Nuclear Physics: Characteristics of nucleus - qualitative explanation of liquid drop
model - qualitative explanation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and its
applications in medical diagnostics as MRI -nuclear forces and their characteristics -
explanation of Einsteins mass - energy relation - definition of amu and eV - arriving at
1amu = 931 Mev - examples to show the conversion of mass into energy and vice-
versa - mass defect - binding energy - specific binding energy - BE curve - packing
fraction.
Nuclear fission with equations - nuclear chain reaction - critical mass - controlled and
un-controlled chain reactions - types of nuclear reactors and mention of their principles
- disposal of nuclear waste. Nuclear fusion - stellar energy (carbon & proton cycles) -
problems.
Radioactivity: Laws of radioactivity (i) -mSoddys group displacement laws (ii) decay
law - derivation of N=NOe- explanation of decay constant - derivation of expression for
half life - mention of expression for mean life - relation between half and mean life -
units of activity: Bequerrel and Curie - Artificial transmutation: Artificial radioactivity -
radio isotopes and mention of their uses - brief account of biological effects of
radiations and safety measures - problems.
Elementary particles: Basic concepts of -decay - neutrino hypothesis leptons and
hadrons - qualitative explanation of Quarks.
Solid state electronics: Qualitative explanation of Bond theory of solids -
classification of conductors, insulators and semiconductors - intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors - p-type and n-type semiconductors -construction and action of pn-
junction - forward and reverse biasing - half wave and full wave rectification -function
and application of light emitting diodes - photo diode - laser diode - transistors - npn
and pnp transistors - action of transistor -npn transistor as an amplifier in CE mode.
Digital Electronics: Logic gates -AND, OR, NOR & NAND symbols and truth table -
applications of logic gates (Boolean equations) - half adder and full adder.
Soft condensed matter physics: Liquid crystals - classification, thermotropic (
nematic, cholesteric and smectic) and lyotropic liquid crystals - mention of applications
of liquid crystals - basic concepts of emulsions, gels & foams.

CHEMISTRY
STOICHIOMETRY
Equivalent mass of elements - definition, principles involved in the determination of
equivalent masses of elements by hydrogen displacement method, oxide method,
chloride method and inter conversion method (experimental determination not
needed). Numerical problems.
Equivalent masses of acids, bases and salts.
Atomic mass, Moleqular mass, vapour density-definitions. Relationship between
molecular mass and vapour density. Concept of STP conditions. Gram molar volume.
Experimental determination of molecular mass of a volatile substance by Victor
Meyers method. Numerical problems.
Mole concept and Avogadro number, numerical problems involving calculation of:
Number of moles when the mass of substance is given, the mass of a substance when
number of moles are given and number of particles from the mass of the substance.
Numerical problems involving mass-mass, mass-volume relationship in chemical
reactions.
Expression of concentration of solutions-ppm, normality, molarity and mole fraction.
Principles of volumetric analysis- standard solution, titrations and indicators-acid-base
(phenolphthalein and methyl orange) and redox (Diphenylamine). Numerical problems.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Introduction- constituents of atoms, their charge and mass.
Atomic number and atomic mass.
Wave nature of light, Electromagnetic spectrum-emission spectrum of hydrogen-Lyman
series, Balmer series, Paschen series, Brackett series and Pfund series. Rydbergs
equation. Numerical problems involving calculation of wavelength and wave numbers
of lines in the hydrogen spectrum. Atomic model- Bohrs theory, (derivation of
equation for energy and radius not required). Explanation of origin of lines in hydrogen
spectrum. Limitations of Bohrs theory. Dual nature of electron- distinction between a
particle and a wave. de Broglies theory. Matter-wave equation (to be derived).
Heisenbergs uncertainty principle (Qualitative). Quantum numbers - n, l, m and s and
their significance and inter relationship. Concept of orbital- shapes of s, p and d
orbitals. Paulis exclusion principle and aufbau principle. Energy level diagram and
(n+1) rule. Electronic configuration of elements with atomic numbers from 1 to 54.
Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity.
General electronic configurations of s, p and d block elements.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Periodic table with 18 groups to be used.
Atomic radii (Van der Waal and covalent) and ionic radii: Comparison of size of cation
and anion with the parent atom, size of isoelectronic ions. Ionization energy, electron
affinity, electronegativity- Definition with illustrations. Variation patterns in atomic
radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity down the group and along
the period and their interpretation.
OXIDATION NUMBER
Oxidation and reduction-Electronic interpretation.
Oxidation number: definition, rules for computing oxidation number. Calculation of the
oxidation number of an atom in a compound/ion.
Balancing redox equations using oxidation number method, calculation of equivalent
masses of oxidising and reducing agents.
GASEOUS STATE
GAS LAWS: Boyles Law, Charles Law, Avogadros hypothesis, Daltons law of partial
pressures, Grahams law of diffusion and Gay Lussacs law of combining volumes.
Combined gas equation. Kinetic molecular theory of gases-postulates, root mean
square velocity, derivation of an equation for the pressure exerted by a gas.
Expressions for r.m.s velocity and kinetic energy from the kinetic gas equation.
Numerical problems. Ideal and real gases, Ideal gas equation, value of R (SI units).
Deviation of real gases from the ideal behaviour. PV-P curves. Causes for the
deviation of real gases from ideal behavior. Derivation of Van der Waals equation and
interpretation of PV-P curves
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Introduction. Commercial importance of rate studies. Order of a reaction. Factors
deciding the order of a reaction-relative concentrations of the reactants and
mechanism of the reaction. Derivation of equation for the rate constant of a first order
reaction. Unit for the rate constant of a first order reaction. Half-life period. Relation
between half-life period and order of a reaction. Numerical problems.
Determination of the order of a reaction by the graphical and the Ostwalds isolation
method. Zero order, fractional order and pseudo first order reactions with illustrations.
Effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction-temperature coefficient of a reaction.
Arrhenius interpretation of the energy of activation and temperature dependence of
the rate of reaction. Arrhenius equation. Influence of catalyst on energy profile.
Numerical problems on energy of activation.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH OXYGEN-2, AMINES
Phenols:
Uses of phenol.
Classification: Mono, di and tri-hydric Phenols
Isolation from coal tar and manufacture by Cumene process.
Methods of preparation of phenol from - Sodium benzene sulphonate,Diazonium salts
Chemical properties: Acidity of Phenols-explanation using resonance-Effect of
substituents on Acidity(methyl group and nitro group as substituents), Ring substitution
reactions-Bromination, Nitration, Friedel-crafts methylation, Kolbes reaction, Reimer-
Tiemann reaction.
Aldehydes and Ketones:
Uses of methanal,benzaldehyde and acetophenone
Nomenclature
General methods of preparation of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones from
Alcohols and Calcium salts of carboxylic acids
Common Properties of aldehydes and ketones
a) Addition reactions with - Hydrogen cyanide, sodium bisulphate
b) Condensation reactions with-Hydroxylamine, Hydrazine, Phenyl hydrazine,
Semicarbazide
c) Oxidation.
Special reactions of aldehydes:Cannizzaros reaction-mechanism to be discussed, Aldol
condensation, Perkins reaction, Reducing properties-with Tollens and Fehlings
reagents.
Special reaction of ketones-Clemmensens reduction
Monocarboxylic Acids:
Uses of methanoic acid and ethanoic acid.
Nomenclature and general methods of preparation of aliphatic acids
From Alcohols, Cyanoalkanes and Grignard reagent
General properties of aliphatic acids: Reactions with - Sodium bicarbonate, alcohols,
Ammonia, Phosphorus pentachloride and soda lime
Strength of acids-explanation using resonance.
Effect of substituents (alkyl group and halogen as substituents)
Amines:
Uses of Aniline
Nomenclature Classification-Primary, Secondary, Tertiary-aliphatic and aromatic.
General methods of preparation of primary amines from - Nitro hydrocarbons,
Nitriles(cyano hydrocarbons), Amides(Hoffmanns degradation)
General Properties - Alkylation,Nitrous acid, Carbyl amine reaction, Acylation
Tests to distinguish between-Primary, secondary, Tertiary amines-Methylation method.
Interpretaion of Relative Basicity of-Methylamine, Ammonia and Aniline using inductive
effect.
HYDROCARBONS-2
Stability of Cycloalkanes-Baeyers Strain theory-interpretation of the properties of
Cycloalkanes, strain less ring. Elucidation of the structure of Benzene - Valence Bond
Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory. Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions
of Benzene-halogenations, nitration, sulphonation and Friedel Crafts reaction.
HALOALKANES
Monohalogen derivaties:
Nomenclature and General methods of preparation from-Alcohols and alkenes.
General properties of monohalogen derivatives: Reduction, with alcoholic KOH,
Nucleophilic substitution reactions with alcoholic KCN, AgCN and aqueous KOH, with
Magnesium, Wurtz reaction, Wurtz-Fittigs reaction, Friedal-Crafts reaction
Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution reactions- SN1 mechanism of Hydrolysis of
teritiary butyl bromide and SN2 mechanism of Hydrolysis of methyl bromide.
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Co-ordination compound: Definition, complex ion, ligands, types of ligands-mono, bi,
tri and polydentate ligands. Co-ordination number, isomerism (ionization linkage,
hydrate), Werners theory, Sidgwicks theory, and E A N rule, Nomenclature of
coordination, compounds.Valance Bond Theory: sp
3
, dsp
2
and d
2
sp
3
hybridisation
taking [Ni(Co)4], [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]SO
4
, K
4
[Fe(CN)6] respectively as examples.
CHEMICAL BONDING 2
Covalent bonding-molecular orbital theory :linear combination of atomic orbitals
(Qualitative approach), energy level diagram, rules for filling molecular orbitals,
bonding and anti bonding orbitals, bond order, electronic configuration of H2, Li2 and
O2 Non existence of He2 and paramagnetism of O2.
Metallic bond: Electron gas theory (Electron Sea model), definition of metallic bond,
correlation of metallic properties with nature of metallic bond using electron gas
theory.
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS-2
Spontaneous and nonSpontaneous process. Criteria for spontaneity-tendency to attain
a state of minimum energy and maximum randomness. Entropy-Entropy as a measure
of randomness, change in entropy, unit of entropy. Entropy and spontaneity. Second
law of thermodynamics. Gibbs free as a driving force of a reaction Gibbs equation.
Prediction of feasibility of a process in terms of G using Gibbs equation. Standard
free energy change and its relation to Kp(equation to be assumed). Numerical
problems.
SOLID STATE
Crystalline and amorphous solids, differences. Types of crystalline solids - covalent,
ionic, molecular and metallic solids with suitable examples. Space lattice, lattice points,
unit cell and Co- ordination number.
Types of cubic lattice-simple cubic, body centered cubic, face centered cubic and their
coordination numbers. Calculation of number of particles in cubic unit cells. Ionic
crystals-ionic radius, radius ratio and its relation to co-ordination number and shape.
Structures of NaCl and CsCl crystals.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrolytes and non electrolytes. Electrolysis-Faradays laws of electrolysis. Numerical
problems. Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation, Merits and limitations. Specific
conductivities and molar conductivity-definitions and units. Strong and weak
electrolytes-examples. Factors affecting conductivity.
Acids and Bases: Arrhenius concept, limitations. Bronsted and Lowrys concept, merits
and limitations. Lewis concept, Strengths of Acids and Bases - dissociation constants of
weak acids and weak bases. Ostwalds dilution law for a weak electrolytes-(equation to
be derived) - expression for hydrogen ion concentration of weak acid and hydroxyl ion
concentration of weak base - numerical problems.
Ionic product of water. pH concept and pH scale. pKa and pkb values-numerical
problems. Buffers, Buffer action, mechanism of buffer action in case of acetate buffer
and ammonia buffer. Hendersons equation for pH of a buffer (to be derived). Principle
involved in the preparation of buffer of required pH-numerical problems. Ionic
equilibrium: common ion effect, solubility.2B and AB2product, expression for Ksp of
sparingly soluble salts of types AB, A B2Relationship between solubility and solubility
product of salts of types AB, A. Applications of common ion effect and solubility
product in inorganic2and AB qualitative analysis. Numerical problems.
Electrode potential: Definition, factors affecting single electrode potential. Standard
electrode potential. Nernsts equation for calculating single electrode potential (to be
assumed). Construction of electro-chemical cells-illustration using Daniel cell. Cell free
energy change [Go =-nFEo (to be assumed)]. Reference electrode: Standard
Hydrogen Electrode-construction, use of SHE for determination of SRP of other single
electrodes. Limitations of SHE.
Electrochemical series and its applications. Corrosion as an electrochemical
phenomenon, methods of prevention of corrosion.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Inductive effect, Mesomeric effect and Electromeric effect with illustrations, Conversion
of methane to ethane and vice versa and Methanol to ethanol and vice versa
ISOMERISM-2
Stereo isomerism:geometrical and optical isomerism
Geometrical isomerism-Illustration using 2-butene, maleic acid and fumaric acid as
example, Optical Isomerism-Chirality, optical activity-Dextro and Laevo rotation(D and
L notations).
CARBOHYDRATES
Biological importance of carbohydrates, Classification into mono, oligo and poly
saccharides. Elucidation of the open chain structure of Glucose. Haworths structures of
Glucose, Fructose, Maltose and Sucrose(elucidation not required).
OILS AND FATS
Biological importance of oils and fats, Fatty acids-saturated, unsaturated, formation of
triglycerides. Generic formula of triglycerides.
Chemical nature of oils and fats-saponification, acid hydrolysis, rancidity refining of
oils, hydrogenation of oils, drying oils, iodine value.
AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS
AminoacidsaBiological importance of proteins, - General formula
Formulae and unique feature of glycine, alanine, serine, cysteine, aspartic acid, lysine,
tyrosine and proline. Zwitter ion, amphiprotic nature, isoelectric point, peptide bond,
polypeptides and proteins. Denaturation of proteins
Structural features of Insulin - a natural polypeptide.
METALLURGY 2
Physico-chemical concepts involved in the following metallurgical operations -
Desilverisation of lead by Parkes process-Distribution law.
Reduction of metal oxides - Ellingham diagrams - Relative tendency to undergo
oxidation in case of elements Fe Ag, Hg, Al, C. Cr, and Mg.
Blast furnace - metallurgy of iron - Reactions involved and their role, Maintenance of
the temperature gradient, Role of each ingredient and Energetics
INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
Manufacture of Caustic soda by Nelsons cell Method, Ammonia by Habers process,
Sulphuric acid by Contact process and Potassium dichromate from chromite.
Uses of the above compounds.
Chemical properties of Sulphuric acid: Action with metals, Dehydrating nature,
Oxidation reactions and Reaction with PCI
Chemical properties of potassium dichromate: With KOH, Oxidation reactions,
formation of chromyl chloride.
GROUP 18, NOBEL GASES
Applications of noble gases. Isolation of rare gases from Ramsay and Raleighs method
and separation of individual gases from noble gas mixture (Dewars charcoal
adsorption method).Preparation of Pt XeF6 by Neil Bartlett.
d - BLOCK ELEMENTS (TRANSITION ELEMENTS)
Definition. 3d series: electronic configurations, size, variable oxidation states, colour,
magnetic properties, catalytic behaviour, complex formation and their interpretations.
THEORY OF DILUTE SOLUTIONS
Vant Hoffs theory of dilute Solutions. colligative property. Examples of colligative
properties-lowering of vapour pressure, elevation in boiling points, depression in
freezing point and osmotic pressure.
Lowering of vapour pressure-Raoults law (mathematical form to be assumed). Ideal
and non ideal solutions (elementary idea) - measurement of relative lowering of
vapour pressure-ostwald and Walkers dymnamic method. Determination of molecular
mass by lowering of vapour pressure). Numerical problems.
COLLOIDS
Introduction. Colloidal system and particle size. Types of colloidal systems. Lyophilic
and lyiphobic sols, examples and differences. Preparation of sols by Bredigs arc
method and peptisation. Purification of sols-dialysis and electro dialysis. Properties of
sols-Tyndall effect, Brownian movement electrophoresis, origin of charge, coagulation,
Hardy and Schulze rule, Protective action of sols. Gold number. Gold number of gelatin
and starch. Applications of colloids. Electrical precipitation of smoke, clarification of
drinking water and formation of delta.
BIOLOGY - I
GENERAL BIOLOGY TOPICS
Biosystematics: Introduction - a) Need, history and types of classification (Artificial,
Natural and Phylogenetic) b) Species concept, Binomial nomenclature with examples,
Rules and advantages of binomial nomenclature. Linnaean hierarchy - Kingdom to
species with examples (Cocos nucifera and Homo sapiens). The five - kingdom system
of classification in detail - General characters of kingdoms Monera, Protista, Mycota,
Metaphyta and Metazoa.
Cell Biology: Cell structure: Structure and functions of cell components - cell wall,
plasma membrane (fluid mosaic model), endoplasmic reticulum, plastids (brief),
mitochondria (brief), Golgi complex, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Centrosome, vacuole and
nucleus - nuclear envelope (nuclear pores and nuclear lamina) nucleoplasm, nucleolus
and chromatin. A brief account of ergastic substances (mention about reserve food,
secretory and excretory substances with examples). Differences between plant cell
and animal cell.
Chromosomes: Discovery, shape, size and number of chromosomes, Autosomes and
allosomes; Karyotype and idiogram. Chemical composition and function. General
structure - Concept of centromere (primary constriction), secondary constriction,
satellite, kinetochore, telomere. Types of chromosomes based on the position of
centromere. Ultrastructural organization of the eukaryotic chromosome - nucleosome
model. Numerical aspects of chromosomes: A brief note on aneuploidy (monosomy
and trisomy) and euploidy (haploidy, diploidy and polyploidy).
Cell Reproduction: Cell division and types. Concept of cell cycle. Mitotic division and
significance.
Meiotic division and its significance. Cancer - meaning of cancer, benign and malignant
tumours, characters of cancer cells, types of cancer (Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Lymphoma
and Leukemia), causes of cancer (physical, chemical and biological carcinogens with
examples). Concept of cell senescence and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
BOTANY TOPICS
Diversity of life on earth: Kingdom Monera and other simple living forms - Prions
and Viroids: Concept of prions and viroids - definition, discovery, chemical nature with
one example of disease each - Creutzfeldt - Jacob disease (CJD) and Potato spindle
tuber disease (PSTV).
Viruses: Introduction - living and non-living properties of viruses. Types of viruses -
Plant viruses, Animal viruses, Bacterial viruses, DNA viruses and RNA viruses (Only
definitions with examples to include the following - Viral disease in plants - Tobacco
Mosaic, Cauliflower Mosaic, Potato Mottle, Leaf Mosaic of tomato and Banana Bunchy
Top; viral diseases in animals-Rabies, Dog distemper, Viral diseases in man-Japanese
Encephalitis, Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis-B, Herpes, AIDS and Conjunctivitis). Structure of
T4 Bacteriophage, multiplication of T4 phage (Lytic cycle only).
Bacteria: Introduction. Classification of bacteria based on mode of nutrition
(Heterotrophic bacteria - parasitic, saprophytic and sumbiotic - and Autotrophic
bacteria - photosynthetic and chemosynthetic; definition and one example for each
group). Ultrastrucutre of the bacterial cell. Reproduction in bacteria - asexual
reproduction by binary fission, endospore formation and sexual mechanism (genetic
recombination in bacteria - transduction, transformation and conjugation with details of
HFR conjugation only). Importance of bacteria (i) Beneficial aspects - Scavenging,
Fermentation, Retting, Antibiotics, Ecological importance, Importance in Genetic
engineering and Importance in mineral extraction. (ii) Harmful aspects (iii) Food
spoilage and food poisoning. Bacterial diseases - Brief and introductory information on
the following diseases: Cirtus canker, Anthrax, Cholera, Gastric ulcer, Tuberculosis
and Syphilis (details of treatment are not required). (iv) A brief introduction on
Archaea and their importance.
Cyanobacteria: Introudction. Structure and reproduction of Nostoc. Differences
between bacteria and Cyanobacteria. Importance of Cyanobacteria.
Kingdom Protista: General characters. Mentioning the following divisions with
suitable examples -
Chrysophyta (Diatoms), Euglenophyta (Euglena) and Protozoa. Taxonomic position of
Algae with reference to the five-kingdom classification choosing the following
examples: Desmids (typical members of Protista) and Spirogyra (A member of
metaphyta) are both included in division Chlorophyta (Green Algae).Importance of
Algae (in brief).
Kingdom Mycota: The Fungi: General characters of Fungi. Mentioning divisions with
suitable examples. Zygomycota - Rhizopus: Ascomycota - Saccharomyces;
Basidiomycota - Agaricus; Duteromycota - Cercospora. Importance of Fungi; A brief
account of mushroom culturing (paddy straw mushroom culturing).
Kingdom Metaphyta: Bryophyta: General characters of Bryophytes. Mentioning
classes with suitable examples - Hepaticopsida - Riccia; Anthocerotopsida -
Anthoceros; Bryopsida - Funaria.
Pteridophyta: General characters of Pteridophytes.Mentioning classes with suitable
examples - Psilotopsida - Psilotum; Lycopsida - Selaginella; Sphenopsida - Equisetum;
Pteropsida - Nephrolepis.
Gymnosperms: General characters of Gymnosperms. Mentioning classes with
suitable examples - Cycadopsida - Cycas; Coniferopsida - Pinus; Gnetopsida -
Gnetum.
Angiosperms: General characters of angiosperms - Typical dicotyledonous and
monocotyledonous plants (Brassica and brass) and difference between dicotyledons
and monocotyledons. Study of the Angiosperm flower. Technical terms used in
description of flower - Actinomorphic, Zygomorphic, Unisexual, Bisexual, Pedicellate,
Sessile, Bracteate, Ebracteate, Homochlamydeous, Heterochlamydeous. Complete
flower, Incomplete flower, Epigynous, Hypogynous and Perigynous flowers. The parts
of the flower:
a) Accessory whorls:
(i) Concept of perianth
(ii) Calyx - polysepalous and gamosepalous condition with one example each.
(iii) Corolla - Polypetalous and Gamopetalous condition.
(iv) Aestivation - definition and types - Valvate, Imbricate and Twisted types with one
example each.
b) Essential whorls:
(i) Androecium - parts of a stamen, adelphy, syngeny, synandry and epipetaly. Anther
lobes - monothecous and dithecous conditions with one example each.
(ii) Gynoecium - part of gynoecium, concept of carpel, Types of gynoecium -
apocarpous and syncarpous gynoecium. Types of gynoecium based on number of
carpels - monocarpellary, bicarpellary, tricarpellary and multicarpellary
conditions.Nature of ovary of gynoecium with reference to locule - unilocular, bilocular,
trilocular and multilocular conditions. Placentation - definition, types - marginal, axile,
basal and parietal.
International structure of essential parts: a) T.S of mature anther and structure of the
pollen grain (Microsporogenesis not needed) b) Structure of a mature anatropous
ovule (Megasporogenesis not needed).
Pollination in Angiosperms: Definition, self and cross pollination, types (Autogamy,
Allogamy, Geitonogamy, Xenogamy, Cleistogamy, Homogamy). Agents (Anemophily,
Zoophily - Entomophily - Ornithophily and Hydrophily) with examples. (Pollination
mechanisms not needed).
Fertilization in Angiosperms: Definition, a brief account of double fertiltzation and its
significance (Embroyogeny not required).
The Angiosperm fruit: Definition, types of fruits - Simple fruits - fleshy fruits (drupe
and berry),
Dry fruits (capsule, cypsela and cremocarp) and Pome (apple). Aggregate fruits -
etaerio of follicles. Multi fruits - Scrosis.
The Angiosperm seed: Concept of seed. A typical dicotyledonous seed (Example: Bean
seed). A typical monocotyledonous seed (Example: Maize grain).
Taxonomy and Economic Botany: Taxonomy: An outline of classification system of
Engler and Prantl. Distinguishing characters and plants of economic interest of the
following families of angiosperms:
Malvaceae - (Hibiscus, Cotton, Ladys finger).
Apocynaceae - ( Catheranthus roseus, Rauwolfia serpentiana, Plumeria alba and
Nerium indicum)
Musaceae - (Musa paradisiaca and Ravenala madagascariensis).
Economic Botany: Introduction. Oil yielding plants - Groundnut and Sunflower. Cereals
and millets - Rice and Jowar. Pulses - Pigeon pea and Bengal gram. Medicinal plants -
Adathoda vasica, Ephedra gerardiana, Dryopteris, Santalum album, Gymnema
sylvestre, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus emblica. Spices - Pepper, cloves and
cardamom. Beverages - Coffee, cocoa and tea. (Mentioning scientific names, family,
parts used and uses only).
Elements of plant pathhology: Symptoms, etiology, type and nature of pathogens,
and methods of control with reference to the following diseases:
(i) Banana bunchy top
(ii)Tikka disease of groundnut
(iii)Crown gall (of any common dicot plant).
Introduction to Biology: Definition of Biology and its main branches - Botany and
Zoology. Scope of Biology. Branches of Biology(definition only). Classical branches -
morphology, cytology, histology, anatomy, physiology, developmental biology,
biosystamatics, genetics, ecology, organic evolution and palaeontology.
Interdisciplinary branches - biophysics, biochemistry and biostatistics. Applied
branches and career prospects - agriculture, entomology, silviculture, pathology,
apiculture, microbiology and bioinformatics. Role of biology in dispelling myths and
disbeliefs.
Biomolecules: Carbohydrates: Definition. Classification - monosaccharides (ribose,
deoxyribose, glucose, fructose and galactose), oligosaccharides (maltose, sucrose and
lactose) and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, pectin, chitin and agar agar).
Biological significance.
Proteins: Definition. Classification - simple proteins (albumins, globulins, histones,
actin, myosin and keratin), conjugate proteins - Chromoproteins (haemoglobin),
glycoproteins (mucin of saliva), phospoproteins (casein of milk) and lipoproteins
(lipovitelline of egg yolk). Biological significance of amino acid and proteins.
Lipids: Definition. Classification - Simple lipids - oils (vegetable oil and oil of animal
origin), fats (butter) and waxes (beeswax), Compound lipids - phospholipids (lecithin
and cephalin) and sphingolipids (cerebrosides),Related compounds - steroids
(estrogen, progesterone and testosterone), sterols (cholestoral) and prostaglandins.
Biological significance.
Enzymes: Definition, properties, classification based on functions. Mode of action -
induced fit theory of Koshland.
Nucleic acid: Occurrence, basic chemical composition (nucleoside and nucleotide),
mention of type (DNA and RNA) and functions (structural details are not required).
[*Note: Details of chemical structure of biomolecules are not required].
Origin of life and organic evolution: Origin of life: Introduction. Concept of
abiogenesis and biogenesis (experimental evidences not required).A.I.Oparins Theory
of chemical evolution of life (Views of Haldane and Sidney Fox to be
mentioned).Stanley Millers experiment in support of chemical evolution.
Organic evolution: Introduction. Darwins theory (DDT resistance in mosquitoes and
industrial melanism in Peppered moth, to illustrate natural selection to be quoted as
examples).Brief account of Mutation theory. NeoDarwininism - Introduction, Darwinian
concept vs NeoDarwinian concept (gene pool and gene frequency), Hardy - Weinberg
law and sources of variations as evolutionary force - sexual reproduction, genetic drift,
gene flow, mutation and isolation (reproductive and geographic).
ZOOLOGY TOPICS
Diversity of animal life: Introduction. Outline classification of kingdom Animalia
(only the major phyla to be considered). Major animal phyla: Outline classification as
treated in A Manual of Zoology Vol. I and Vol. II (1971) by Ekambarantha Ayyar.
Non-chordata (animals without backbone) - General characters and classification up to
classes [salient features of classes of Invertebrate phyla not to be given] with suitable
examples of the following phyla: Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes,
Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata. Chordata (Animals with
backbone) - Fundamental characters and classification of chordata up to subphyla -
Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata with suitable examples.
Subphylum Vertebrata - Salient features with examples of (i) Subphylum Pisces: Class
Chondreichthyes and Class Osteichthyes); (ii) Superclass Tetrapoda: Amphibia,
Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia. Differences between non-chordates and chordates.
Study of Morphology: Cockroach - Periplaneta sp. Morphology (Structure of head
capsule and compound eye not required).Digestive and nervous systems.
Animal resources: Sericulture; Definition. Main aspects - moriculture, rearing of
silkworms and reeling.
Brief account of moriculture: definition, methods (row and pit systems) and its
importance. Types of silk - mulberry and non-mulberry (Tasar, Eri and Muga).
Diseases of mulberry silkworm - Pebrine, Muscardine or Calcino, Flacherie and
Grasserie [Listing of diseases and causative organisms only].
Aquaculture: Definition. Areas - fin fisheries and shell fisheries. Pisciculture:
definition, capture fisheries and culture fisheries. Inland fisheries - procedure.
Monoculture, monosex culture and polyculture (composite fish farming) - meaning with
examples.
Dairy: Definition. Types of indigenous cattle with examples based on utility - draught,
milching and dual purpose (Cow breeds - Sindhi, Sahiwal, Amrithmahal, Hallikar,
Ongole and Haryana; Buffalo breeds - Murrah, Surti, Mehsana and Nagpuri). Examples
of high yielding exotic breeds (Holstein, Red Dane, Jersey and Brown Swiss). Nutritive
value of milk. Utility of cattle - biogas, leather, gelatin and organic manure.
Poultry: Definition. Types of indigenous fowls with examples based on utility - layers,
broilers and dual purpose (Aseel, Chittagong, Ghagus, Basra and Kadaknath).
Examples of exotic breeds (White Leghorn, Cornish, Rhode Island Red Plymouth Rock
and Newhampshire). Giriraj - origin and salient features.
Nutritive value of egg. Diseases ( Respiratory mycoplasmosis, Fowl pox candidiasis,
Raniketh and Fowl cholera) - Mentioning of diseases and causative organisms only.
Vermiculture: Definition and procedure. Vermicompost - degradation of organic
wastes and role of Earthworm in soil fertility.
BIOLOGY - II
Molecular Biology: Nucleic acids: DNA - Occurrence, DNA as the genetic material
(with the experiment of Avery as evidence), chemical composition, structure (Watson -
Crick model), Semiconservative method of replication. RNA - Occurrence, chemical
composition, brief account of structure and functions of genetic RNA, rRNA, mRNA and
tRNA (clover - leaf model).
Gene: The gene, the genetic code and genetic control of protein synthesis - Concept of
gene (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), genetic code and its characteristics, genetic control
of protein synthesis (transcription and translation) and Lac operon concept.
Biotechnology: Introduction: Scope of biotechnology.
Genetic Engineering: Introduction; Tools used in genetic engineering - Vectors
(plasmid - pUC18), Enzymes (REN and Ligase), Host cell (E.coli) and Bioreactors.
Recombinant DNA technology and its applications: Insulin synthesis to be used as an
example.
A brief account of: DNA fingerprinting, Gene therapy, Human genome project,
Monoclonal antibodies.
Improvement of crop plants: Breeding techniques; Tissue culture technique - organ
culture example: stem; transgenic plants example: Golden rice.
Improvement of animals: Breeding techniques and stem cell culture, transgenic
animals example: Cattle.
Hazards and safeguards of genetic engineering.
BOTANY TOPICS
Plant history & anatomy: Introduction: Definition and general classification of plant
tissues.
Meristems: Definition, structure and classification based on position, origin and function
(theories an apical organization not required).
Permanent Tissues - Distribution, structure and functions of: Simple tissues:
Parenchyma (Chorenchyma and Aerenhyma), Collenchyma (angular, lacunar &
lamellar) and Sclerenchyma - Fibres (Intraxylary and Extraxylary), Sclereids
(Macrosclereids, Brachysclereids, Astrosclereids and Osteosclereids).
Complex tissues: Xylem and Phloem. Definition of the terms: Primary and secondary
vascular tissues, exarch xylem, endarch xylem, collateral conjoint open and collateral
conjoint closed vascular bundles, radial arrangement of vascular tissues. Secondary
growth in dicot stem: intrastelar and extrastelar secondary growth. Plant physiology.
Water relations of plants: Fundamental concepts: Importance of water to plants.
Significance and definitions of the following: Imbibition, Diffusion, Osmosis,
Endosmosis, Exosmosis, Plasmolysis, Deplasmolysis, Turgor pressure, Well pressure,
Osmotic pressure. Water potential and its components.
Absorption of water: Structure of root hair. Sources of water for plants (available
water and nonavailable water). Region of absorption of water in plants. Entry of water
from soil into xylem of root. Active and passive absorption of water (active absorption
to show osmotic and non osmotic processes).
Ascent of sap: Definition and evidences to show the involvement of xylem (the Balsam
plant experiment). Composition of xylem sap. Transpiration pull theory - merits and
demerits.
Loss of water in plants: Transpiration - Definition and types. Structure of a typical
stomatal apparatus (dicot example only). Mechanism of stomatal movement -
Stewards Starch hydrolysis theory and K+ pump theory. Factors influencing the rate
of transpiration (external). Significance of transpiration. A brief note on
antitranspirants.
Guttation: A brief account of guttation - occurrence, causes and structure of
hydathode.
Translocation of solutes: Definition and evidences in support of involvement of phloem
in the process (Girdling experiment and Tracer method). Composition of phloem sap.
Munchs mass flow hypothesis with merits and demerits. Vein loading.
Bioenergetics: Introduction: Light as the source of energy and ATP as energy
currency.
Photosynthesis: Definition. Ultrastructure of the chloroplast. Photosynthetic pigments
and their role; composition of photsystems I & II. (Molecular structures and formulae
not required). Mechanism - light reaction - cyclic and noncyclic photophosprylations;
Dark reaction (C3 pathway - Calvin cycle) - (details of regeneration steps not
required); C4 pathway and CAM (definition and examples only). Influence of external
factors on photosynthesis; Blackmans law of limiting factors. Significance of
photosynthesis.
Respiration: Definition and types (aerobic and anaerobic). Ultra structure of
mitochondrion. Mechanism of aerobic respiration - Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and
Terminal oxidation. Anaerobic respiration - Mechanism of fermentation in the presence
of yeast and lactic acid bacteria. Role of external factors, respiratory quotient (RQ) and
its significance and Pasteur effect.
Growth and growth regulators in plants: Growth: Definition, regions of growth,
phases of growth and growth curve.
Growth regulators: Definition. Role of the following plant hormones (Details of
experiments on discovery of hormones not required):
i. Auxins.
ii. Gibberellins.
iii. Cytokinins.
iv. Abscissic acid.
v. Ethylene.
Synthetic growth regulators and their applications (with reference to IAA, IBA, NAA, 2,
4-D, BAP and Ethephon).
Genetics: Mendelian genetics: Mendel and his work. Definitions of the following terms:
Allele, Phenotype, Genotype, Homozygous and Heterozygous. Principles of inheritance:
Unit characters, dominance, law of segregation (purity of gametes) and law of
independent assortment. Monohybrid cross, Dilhybrid cross and Test cross.
Deviations from Mendelian laws: Incomplete dominance: Example - Flower colour in
Mirabilis jalapa.
Multiple allelism: Example - ABO blood groups and their inheritance in man: Blood
typing; Rh factor with a note on erythroblastosis foetalis. Sex linked inheritance in
man: Example - Inheritance of colourblindness and hypertrichosis in man.
Genetic disorders in man: Chromosomal disorders - Downs syndrome, Klinefelters
syndrome, Turners syndrome and Cri-du-Chat syndrome. Gene disorders - Sickle cell
anemia, haemophilia.
Biodiversity: Definition and Types: Ecosystem or habitat diversity, Species diversity
and Genetic diversity.
Biodiversity profiles of India and Karnataka: Species diversity, Endemic species,
Threatened species and Endangered species.
Benefits of biodiversity: Economic - Traditional crop varieties and lesser known plants
and animals of food value, medicinal plants harvested from wild habitat.
Ecological/Social - For controlling soil - water regimes and hydrology, for efficient
organic residue management and soil fertility management. Ethical - Cultural, Spiritual
and Religious belief systems centred around the concept of sacred species, sacred
groves and sacred landscapes.
Biodiversity depletion: Anthropocentric causes - urbanization, expansion of agriculture,
deforestation, pollution, acidification of soil and water, mining activities, desertification
and loss of soil fertility.
Intellectual property rights: Patenting life forms.
Concept of ecosystem sustainability: Conservation of natural resources based on
traditional ecological knowledge (TEK): Conservation of Water - rainwater harvesting
and watershed management. Conservation of soil - Prevention of soil erosion and
maintenance of soil fertility: methods of soil conservation. Conservation of forests -
Afforestation and maintenance of biosphere reserves. Conservation of wild life - (i)
Setting up of national parks, sanctuaries, bioreserves and zoos (ii) Habitat
improvement.
Global issues: Concept, causes, effects and control measures of the following: Global
warming and greenhouse effect, Ozone layer depletion, Acid rain, Nuclear winter.
BOTANY TOPICS
Man in health and diseases: Concept of Homeostasis - The central Dogma in
physiology: Definition. Meaning of internal environment. Factors to be kept constant to
achieve homeostasis. An example to illustrate homeostasis - regulation of blood
glucose level by liver and pancreas through negative feed back. A note on diabetes
mellitus.
Body defence and immunity: Introduction. Nonspecific body defences : a) Surface
barriers b) Cellular and bio-chemical defences: phagocytosis, natural killer cells,
interferons and inflammatory response. Specific body defences (immunity): Antigen
and antibody, role of B and T lymphocytes. Types of immunity: Active (infection and
vaccination) and Passive (from mother and immune serum Y-globulins).
Digestion: Gross anatomy of human digestive system (structure of tooth not required).
Components of food (concept of balanced diet). Physiology of digestion of
carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Disorders: Causes, symptoms and prevention of
hyperacidity and ulcer, jaundice and its types and hepatitis.
Circulation: Introduction. Gross anatomy of the human heart. Mechanism of working of
heart - cardiac cycle, stroke volume, cardiac out-put, complete double circulation.
Origin and conduction of heart beat. Mechanism of blood clotting (Best and Taylor
theory). Blood pressure - hypotension and hypertension. Disorders - causes and
symptoms of myocardial infarction and cyanosis.
Respiration: Gross anatomy of human respiratory system. Mechanism of respiration:
(i) Breathing (inspiration and expiration)
(ii) External respiration (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and
blood)
(iii) Internal respiration (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and
body cells)
(iv) Cellular respiration. Disorders: Rhinitis, Asthma and bronchogenic carcinoma.
Artificial breathing.
Excretion: Introduction. Gross structure of nephron, Physiology of urine formation.
Chemical composition of urine. Disorders: a. Renal failure - acute and chronic b. Renal
calculi. Kidney replacement therapy: a brief note on dialysis (haemodialysis and
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) and kidney transplantation.
Nervous system: Components - CNS, PNS & ANS. Human brain - structure (sagittal
section only) and functions (functional areas of cerebrum not required). Human spinal
cord - structure and functions. Meaning of reflex arc and reflex action. A brief study of
the endocrine functions of the pituitary. Disorders: Meaning, causes and symptoms of
epilepsy, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease and Huntingtons chorea. Alcoholism
and its effects. Narcotic drugs - meaning, listing of types (stimulants, depressants,
analgesics and hallucinogens) and their effects. Drug abuse and addiction, Efforts to
counter alcoholism and drug menace
Continuity of life: Developmental biology (basics of sexual reproduction) -
Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis - formation of spermatids and spermiogenesis
(details of spermiogenesis are not required). Ultrastructure of human sperm.
Oogenesis. Generalized structure of ovum.
Fertilization - Definition. Types - external and internal. Mechanism. Significance.
Early development of frog - Structure of egg. Cleavage. Blastulation. Gastrulation.
Derivatives of primary germ layers.
Human Reproduction: A brief account of Fertilization, Implantation, Placenta. Role of
gonadotropins and sex hormones in males and females (meaning of menstrual cycle to
be highlighted).
Fertility control - Need for fertility control. Survey of family planning methods: Spacing
methods (Barriers, IUDs, Hormonal and Physiological) and Terminal methods
(Tubectomy and Vasectomy).
Infertility control - Meaning and causes of infertility in males and females. Remedical
methods (Assisted conception methods) - IVF,ET,GIFT and ZIET. (details of GIFT AND
ZIFT not required).
Sexually transmitted diseases - Meaning, causative organisms, mode of infection,
symptoms and preventive measures of gonorrhoea, syphilis and AIDS.
MATHEMATICS - I
ALGEBRA
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Rational functions, proper and improper fractions, reduction of improper fractions as a
sum of a polynomial and a proper fraction.
Rules of resolving a rational function into partial fractions in which denominator
contains
(i) Linear distinct factors, (ii) Linear repeated factors, (iii) Non repeated non
factorizable quadratic factors [problems limited to evaluation of three constants].
LOGARITHMS
(i) Definition Of logarithm
(ii) Indices leading to logarithms and vice versa
(iii) Laws with proofs:
(a) logam+logan = loga(mn)
(b) logam - logan = loga(m/n)
(c) logamn = nlogam
(d) log b m = logam/logab (change of base rule)
(iv) Common Logarithm: Characteristic and mantissa; use of logarithmic
tables,problems theorem
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
(i) Recapitulation of the nth terms of an AP and a GP which are required to find the
general term of the series
(ii) Principle of mathematical Induction proofs of
a. n =n(n+1)/2
b.n2 =n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
c. n3 = n2 (n+1)2/4
By mathematical induction
Sample problems on mathematical induction
SUMMATION OF FINITE SERIES
(i) Summation of series using n, n2, n3
(ii) Arithmetico-Geometric series
(iii) Method of differences (when differences of successive terms are in AP)
(iv) By partial fractions
THEORY OF EQUATIONS
(i) FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA: An nth degree equation has n roots(without
proof)
(ii) Solution of the equation x2 +1=0.Introducing square roots, cube roots and fourth
roots of unity
(iii) Cubic and biquadratic equations, relations between the roots and the co-efficients.
Solutions of cubic and biquadratic equations given certain conditions
(iv) Concept of synthetic division (without proof) and problems. Solution of equations
by finding an integral root between - 3 and +3 by inspection and then using synthetic
division.
Irrational and complex roots occur in conjugate pairs (without proof). Problems based
on this result in solving cubic and biquadratic equations.
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Permutation and Combinations:
Recapitulation of nPr and nCr and proofs of
(i) general formulae for nPr and nCr
(ii) nCr = nCn-r
(iii) nCr-1 + n C r = n+1 C r
(1) Statement and proof of the Binomial theorem for a positive integral index by
induction. Problems to find the middle term(s), terms independent of x and term
containing a definite power of x.
(2) Binomial co-efficient - Proofs of
(a) C 0 + C 1 + C 2 + ..+ C n = 2 n
(b) C 0 + C 2 + C 4 + ..= C 1+ C 3 + C 5 + 2 n - 1
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
Proposition and truth values, connectives, their truth tables, inverse, converse,
contrapositive of a proposition, Tautology and contradiction, Logical Equivalence -
standard theorems, Examples from switching circuits, Truth tables, problems.
GRAPH THEORY
Recapitulation of polyhedra and networks
(i) Definition of a graph and related terms like vertices, degree of a vertex, odd
vertex, even vertex, edges, loop, multiple edges, u-v walk, trivial walk, closed walk,
trail, path, closed path, cycle, even and odd cycles, cut vertex and bridges.
(ii) Types of graphs: Finite graph, multiple graph, simple graph, (p,q) graph, null
graph, complete graph, bipartite graph, complete graph, regular graph, complete
graph, self complementary graph, subgraph, supergraph, connected graph, Eulerian
graph and trees.
(iii) The following theorems: p
p
(1) In a graph with p vertices and q edges deg n i = 2 q
i=1
(2) In any graph the number of vertices of odd degree is even.
(iv) Definition of connected graph, Eulerian graphs and trees - simple probles.
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
1. Co-ordinate system
(i) Rectangular co-ordinate system in a plane (Cartesian)
(ii) Distance formula, section formula and mid-point formula, centroild of a triangle,
area of a triangle - derivations and problems.
(iii) Locus of a point. Problems.
2 .Straight line
(i)Straight line: Slope m = (tan) of a line, where is the angle made by the line with
the positive x-axis, slope of the line joining any two points, general equation of a line -
derivation and problems.

(ii) Conditions for two lines to be (i) parallel, (ii) perpendicular. Problems.
(iii) Different forms of the equation of a straight line: (a) slope - point form (b) slope
intercept form (c) two points form(d) intercept form and (e) normal form - derivation;
Problems.
(iv) Angle between two lines point of intersection of two lines condition for concurrency
of three lines. Length of the perpendicular from the origin and from any point to a line.
Equations of the internal and external bisectors of the angle between two lines-
Derivations and Problems.
3. Pair of straight lines
(i) Pair of lines, homogenous equations of second degree. General equation of second
degree. Derivation of (1) condition for pair of lines (2) conditions for pair of parallel
lines, perpendicular lines and distance between the pair of parallel lines.(3) Condition
for pair of co-incidence lines and (4) Angle and point of intersection of a pair of lines.
LIMITS AND CONTINUTY
(1) Limit of a function - definition and algebra of limits.
(2) Standarad limits (with proofs)
(i) Lim x n - a n/x - a= na n-1 (n rational) xa
(ii) Lim sin / = 1 ( in radian) and Lim tan / = 1 ( in radian)
0 0
(3) Statement of limits (without proofs):
(i) Lim (1 + 1/n) n = e (ii) Lim (1 + x/n) n = ex
n n
(iii) Lim (1 + x)1/x = e (iv) Lim log(1+x)/x = 1
x0 x0
v) Lim (e x - 1)/x= 1 vi) Lim (a x - 1)/x = logea
x0 x0
Problems on limits
(4) Evaluation of limits which tale the form Lim f(x)/g(x)[0/0 form] Lim f(n)/g(n)
x0 x [ /
form] where degree of f(n) degree of g(n). Problems.
(5) Continuity: Definitions of left- hand and right-hand limits and continuity. Problems.
TRIGONOMETRY
Measurement of Angles and Trigonometric Functions
Radian measure - definition, Proofs of:
(i) radian is constant
(ii) p radians = 1800
(iii) s = r where is in radians
(iv) Area of the sector of a circle is given by A = r2 where is in radians. Problems
Trigonometric functions - definition, trigonometric ratios of an acute angle,
Trigonometric identities (with proofs) - Problems.Trigonometric functions of standard
angles. Problems. Heights and distances - angle of elevation, angle of depression,
Problems. Trigonometric functions of allied angles, compound angles, multiple angles,
submultiple angles and Transformation formulae (with proofs). Problems. Graphs of
sinx, cosx and tanx.
Relations between sides and angles of a triangle
Sine rule, Cosine rule, Tangent rule, Half-angle formulae, Area of a triangle, projection
rule (with proofs). Problems. Solution of triangles given (i) three sides, (ii) two sides
and the included angle, (iii) two angles and a side, (iv) two sides and the angle
opposite to one of these sides. Problems.
MATHEMATICS - II
ALGEBRA
ELEMENTS OF NUMBER THEORY
(i) Divisibility - Definition and properties of divisibility; statement of division algorithm.
(ii) Greatest common divisor (GCD) of any two integers using Euclid's algorithm to find
the GCD of any two integers. To express the GCD of two integers a and b as ax + by
for integers x and y. Problems.
(iii) Relatively prime numbers, prime numbers and composite numbers, the number of
positive divisors of a number and sum of all positive division of a number - statements
of the formulae without proofs. Problems.
(iv) Proofs of the following properties:
(1) the smallest divisor (>1) of an integer (>1) is a prime number
(2) there are infinitely many primes
(3) if c and a are relatively prime and c| ab then c|b
(4) if p is prime and p|ab then p|a or p|b
(5) if there exist integers x and y such that ax+by=1 then (a,b)=1
(6) if (a,b)=1, (a,c)=1 then (a,bc)=1
(7) if p is prime and a is any ineger then either (p,a)=1 or p|a
(8) the smallest positive divisor of a composite number a does not exceed a
Congruence modulo m - definition, proofs of the following properties:
(1) mod m" is an equivalence relation
(2) a b (mod m) => a x b x (mod m) and ax bx (mod m)
(3) If c is relatively prime to m and ca cb (mod m) then a b (mod m) - cancellation
law
(4) If a b (mod m) - and n is a positive divisor of m then a b (mod n)
(5) a b (mod m) => a and b leave the same remainder when divided by m
Conditions for the existence of the solution of linear congruence ax b (mod m)
(statement only), Problems on finding the solution of ax b (mod m)
GROUP THEORY
Groups - (i) Binary operation, Algebraic structures. Definition of semigroup, group,
Abelian group - examples from real and complex numbers, Finite and infinite groups,
order of a group, composition tables, Modular systems, modular groups, group of
matrices - problems.
(ii) Square roots, cube roots and fourth roots of unity from abelian groups w.r.t.
multiplication (with proof).
(iii) Proofs of the following properties:
(i) Identity of a group is unique
(ii)The inverse of an element of a group is unique
(iii) (a-1)-1 = a, " a G where G is a group
(iv)(a*b)-1 = b-1*a-1 in a group
(v)Left and right cancellation laws
(vi)Solutions of a* x = b and y* a = b exist and are unique in a group
(vii)Subgroups, proofs of necessary and sufficient conditions for a subgroup.
(a) A non-empty subset H of a group G is a subgroup of G iff (i) " a, b H, a*b
H and (ii) For each a H,a-1 H (b) A non-empty subset H of a group G is a subgroup
of G iff a, b H, a * b-1 H. Problems.
VECTORS
(i) Definition of vector as a directed line segment, magnitude and direction of a vector,
equal vectors, unit vector, position vector of point, problems.
(ii) Two-and three-dimensional vectors as ordered pairs and ordered triplets
respectively of real numbers, components of a vector, addition, substraction,
multiplication of a vector by a scalar, problems.
(iii) Position vector of the point dividing a given line segment in a given ratio.
(iv) Scalar (dot) product and vector (cross) product of two vectors.
(v) Section formula, Mid-point formula and centroid.
(vi) Direction cosines, direction ratios, proof of cos2 + cos2 +cos2 = 1 and
problems.
(vii) Application of dot and cross products to the area of a parallelogram, area of a
triangle, orthogonal vectors and projection of one vector on another vector, problems.
(viii) Scalar triple product, vector triple product, volume of a parallelepiped; conditions
for the coplanarity of 3 vectors and coplanarity of 4 points.
(ix) Proofs of the following results by the vector method:
(a) diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other
(b) angle in a semicircle is a right angle
(c) medians of a triangle are concurrent; problems
(d) sine, cosine and projection rules
(e) proofs of 1. sin(AB) = sinAcosBcosAsinB
2. cos(AB) = cosAcosB sinAsinB
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
(i) Recapitulation of types of matrices; problems
(ii) Determinant of square matrix, defined as mappings : M (2,R) R and :M(3,R)
R. Properties of determinants including (AB)=(A) (B), Problems.
(iii) Minor and cofactor of an element of a square matrix, adjoint, singular and non-
singular matrices, inverse of a matrix,. Proof of A(Adj A) = (Adj A)A = |A| I and hence
the formula for A-1. Problems.
(iv) Solution of a system of linear equations in two and three variables by (1) Matrix
method, (2) Cramers rule. Problelms.
(v) Characteristic equation and characteristic roots of a square matrix. Cayley-
Hamilton therorem |statement only|. Verification of Cayley-Hamilton theorem for
square matrices of order 2 only. Finding A-1 by Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Problems.
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
CIRCLES
(i) Definition, equation of a circle with centre (0,0) and radius r and with centre (h,k)
and radius r. Equation of a circle with (x1 ,y1) and (x2,y2) as the ends of a diameter,
general equation of a circle, its centre and radius - derivations of all these, problems.
(ii) Equation of the tangent to a circle - derivation; problems. Condition for a line
y=mx+c to be the tangent to the circle x2+y2 = r2 - derivation, point of contact and
problems.
(iii) Length of the tangent from an external point to a circle - derivation, problems
(iv) Power of a point, radical axis of two circles, Condition for a point to be inside or
outside or on a circle - derivation and problems. Poof of the result the radical axis of
two circles is straight line perpendicular to the line joining their centres. Problems.
(v) Radical centre of a system of three circles - derivation, Problems.
(vi) Orthogonal circles - derivation of the condition. Problems
CONIC SECTIONS (ANANLYTICAL GEOMETRY)
Definition of a conic
1. Parabola
Equation of parabola using the focus directrix property (standard equation of parabola)
in the form y2 = 4 ax ; other forms of parabola (without derivation), equation of
parabola in the parametric form; the latus rectum, ends and length of latus rectum.
Equation of the tangent and normal to the parabola y2 = 4 ax at a point (both in the
Cartesian form and the parametric form) (1) derivation of the condition for the line
y=mx+c to be a tangent to the parabola, y2 = 4 ax and the point of contact. (2) The
tangents drawn at the ends of a focal chord of a parabola intersect at right angles on
the directix - derivation, problems.
2. Ellipse
Equation of ellipse using focus, directrix and eccentricity - standard equation of ellipse
in the form x2/a2 +y2/b2 = 1(a>b) and other forms of ellipse (without derivations).
Equation of ellips in the parametric form and auxillary circle. Latus rectum: ends and
the length of latus rectum. Equation of the tangent and the normal to the ellipse at a
point (both in the cartesian form and the parametric form)
Derivations of the following:
(1) Condition for the line y=mx+c to be a tangrent to the ellipsex2/a2 +y2/b2 = 1 at
(x1,y1) and finding the point of contact
(2) Sum of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is equal to the major axis
(3) The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to an ellipse is a
circle (director circle)
3 Hyperbola
Equation of hyperbola using focus, directrix and eccentricity - standard equation
hyperbola in the form x2/a2 -y2/b2 = 1 Conjugate hyperbola x2/a2 -y2/b2 = -1 and
other forms of hyperbola (without derivations). Equation of hyperbola in the parametric
form and auxiliary circle. The latus rectum; ends and the length of latus rectum.
Equations of the tangent and the normal to the hyperbola x2/a2 -y2/b2 = 1 at a point
(both in the Cartesian from and the parametric form). Derivations of the following
results:
(1) Condition for the line y=mx+c to be tangent to the hyperbola x2/a2 -y2/b2 = 1
and the point of contact.
(2) Differnce of the focal distances of any point on a hyperbola is equal to its
transverse axis.
(3) The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to a hyperbola is a
circle (director circle)
(4) Asymptotes of the hyperbola x2/a2 -y2/b2 = 1
(5) Rectangular hyperbola
(6) If e1 and e2 are eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate then
1/e12+1/e22=1
TRIGONOMETRY
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(i) Definition of a complex number as an ordered pair, real and imaginary parts,
modulus and amplitude of a complex number, equality of complex numbers, algebra of
complex numbers, polar form of a complex number. Argand diagram, Exponential
form of a complex number. Problems.
(ii) De Moivres theorem - statement and proof, method of finding square roots, cube
roots and fourth roots of a complex number and their representation in the Argand
diagram. Problems.
DIFFERENTIATION
(i) Differentiability, derivative of function from first principles, Derivatives of sum and
difference of functions, product of a constant and a function, constant, product of two
functions, quotient of two functions from first principles. Derivatives of Xn , e x, a x,
sinx, cosx, tanx, cosecx, secx, cotx, logx from first principles, problems.
(ii) Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic
functions.
(iii) Differentiation of composite functions - chain rule, problems.
(iv) Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions by substitution, problems.
(v) Differentiation of implicit functions, parametric functions, a function w.r.t another
function, logarithmic differentiation, problems.
(vi) Successive differentiation - problems upto second derivatives.
APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
(i) Geometrical meaning of dy\dx, equations of tangent and normal, angle between two
curves. Problems.
(ii) Subtangent and subnormal. Problems.
(iii) Derivative as the rate measurer. Problems.
(iv) Maxima and minima of a function of a single variable - second derivative test.
Problems.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
(i) Definition of inverse trigonometric functions, their domain and range. Derivations of
standard formulae. Problems.
(ii) Solutions of inverse trigonometric equations. Problems.
GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
General solutions of sinx = k, cosx=k, (-1 k 1), tanx = k, acosx+bsinx= c -
derivations. Problems.
INTEGRATION
(i) Statement of the fundamental theorem of integral calculus (without proof).
Integration as the reverse process of differentiation. Standarad formulae. Methods of
integration, (1) substitution, (2) partial fractions, (3) integration by parts. Problems.
(4) Problems on integrals of:
1/(a+bcosx); 1/(a+bsinx); 1/(acosx+bsinx+c); 1/asin2x+bcos2x+c; [f(x)]n f ' (x);
f'(x)/ f(x); 1/(a2 - x2 ) ; 1/( x2 - a2); 1/( a2 + x2); 1/x ( x2 a2 ) ; 1/ (x2 -
a2);
( a2 x2); ( x2- a2 ); px+q/(ax2+bx+c; px+q/(ax2+bx+c);
pcosx+qsinx/(acosx+bsinx); ex[f(x) +f1 (x)]
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
(i) Evaluation of definite integrals, properties of definite integrals, problems.
(ii) Application of definite integrals - Area under a curve, area enclosed between two
curves using definite integrals, standard areas like those of circle, ellipse. Problems.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Definitions of order and degree of a differential equation, Formation of a first order
differential equation, Problems. Solution of first order differential equations by the
method of separation of variables, equations reducible to the variable separable form.
General solution and particular solution. Problems.
GENERAL ENGLISH
Broadly, this paper includes questions on general English like spotting of errors,
sentence improvement, vocabulary etc.

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