NumPy for MATLAB users Mathesaurus

8/27/12 6:51 AM

NumPy for MATLAB users

Help
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

doc
help -i % browse with Info

help()

Browse help interactively

help

Help on using help

Help for a function
Help for a toolbox/library package
Demonstration examples

help help

or doc

doc

help plot
help splines

help(plot)

or doc

splines

or ?plot

help(pylab)

demo

Searching available documentation

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

help

help(); modules [Numeric]

which plot

help(plot)

Search help files

List available packages
Locate functions

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

octave -q

ipython -pylab

Start session
Auto completion
Run code from file
Command history
Save command history
End session

lookfor plot

Using interactively

TAB

or M-?

TAB

foo(.m)

execfile('foo.py')

history

hist -n

diary on [..] diary off

exit

or quit

CTRL-D
CTRL-Z # windows
sys.exit()

or run

foo.py

Operators
MATLAB/Octave
help -

Python

Description

Help on operator syntax

Arithmetic operators

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MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a=1; b=2;

a=1; b=1

Assignment; defining a number

a + b

a + b

a - b

a -

a * b

a *

a / b

a /

a .^ b

a ** b

or add(a,b)
b or subtract(a,b)
b or multiply(a,b)
b or divide(a,b)

Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Power, $a^b$

power(a,b)
pow(a,b)
rem(a,b)

a % b
remainder(a,b)
fmod(a,b)

a+=1

a+=b

Remainder

or add(a,b,a)

In place operation to save array

creation overhead
Factorial, $n!$

factorial(a)

Relational operators
MATLAB/Octave

Python

a == b

a == b

a < b

a > b

a <= b

a >= b

a ~= b

Description

or equal(a,b)
< b or less(a,b)
> b or greater(a,b)
<= b or less_equal(a,b)
>= b or greater_equal(a,b)
!= b or not_equal(a,b)

Equal
Less than
Greater than
Less than or equal
Greater than or equal
Not Equal

Logical operators
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a && b

a and b

a || b

a or b

Short-circuit logical AND

Short-circuit logical OR
Element-wise logical AND
Element-wise logical OR
Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
Logical NOT

or and(a,b)
b or or(a,b)

a & b
a |

xor(a, b)
~a
~a

or not(a)
or !a

or a and
logical_or(a,b) or a or b
logical_and(a,b)

logical_xor(a,b)
logical_not(a)

any(a)
all(a)

or not

True if any element is nonzero

True if all elements are nonzero

root and logarithm

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MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

sqrt(a)

math.sqrt(a)

Square root

log(a)

math.log(a)

log10(a)

math.log10(a)

log2(a)

math.log(a, 2)

exp(a)

math.exp(a)

Logarithm, base $e$ (natural)

Logarithm, base 10
Logarithm, base 2 (binary)
Exponential function

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

round(a)

around(a)

ceil(a)

ceil(a)

floor(a)

floor(a)

fix(a)

fix(a)

Round off
or math.round(a)

Round
Round up
Round down
Round towards zero

Mathematical constants
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

pi

math.pi

exp(1)

math.e

$\pi=3.141592$
$e=2.718281$

or math.exp(1)

Missing values; IEEE-754 floating point status flags

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

NaN

nan

Inf

inf

minus_zero

Not a Number
Infinity, $\infty$
Infinity, $+\infty$
Infinity, $-\infty$
Plus zero, $+0$
Minus zero, $-0$

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

z = 1j

z = 3+4i

z = 3+4j

abs(z)

abs(3+4j)

real(z)

z.real

imag(z)

z.imag

Imaginary unit
A complex number, $3+4i$
Absolute value (modulus)
Real part
Imaginary part
Argument

plus_inf
minus_inf
plus_zero

Complex numbers

arg(z)

http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-numpy.html

or z

= complex(3,4)

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conj(z)

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z.conj(); z.conjugate()

Complex conjugate

Trigonometry
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

atan(a,b)

atan2(b,a)

Arctangent, $\arctan(b/a)$
Hypotenus; Euclidean distance

hypot(x,y)

Generate random numbers

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

rand(1,10)

random.random((10,))

Uniform distribution

random.uniform((10,))
2+5*rand(1,10)

random.uniform(2,7,(10,))

rand(6)

random.uniform(0,1,(6,6))

randn(1,10)

random.standard_normal((10,))

Uniform: Numbers between 2 and

7
Uniform: 6,6 array
Normal distribution

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a=[2 3 4 5];

a=array([2,3,4,5])

adash=[2 3 4 5]';

array([2,3,4,5])[:,NewAxis]

Row vector, $1 \times n$-matrix

Column vector, $m \times 1$matrix

Vectors

array([2,3,4,5]).reshape(-1,1)
r_[1:10,'c']

Sequences
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

1:10

arange(1,11, dtype=Float)
range(1,11)

1,2,3, ... ,10

0:9

arange(10.)

1:3:10

arange(1,11,3)

10:-1:1

arange(10,0,-1)

10:-3:1

arange(10,0,-3)

linspace(1,10,7)

linspace(1,10,7)

reverse(a)

a[::-1]

a(:) = 3

a.fill(3), a[:] = 3

0.0,1.0,2.0, ... ,9.0

1,4,7,10
10,9,8, ... ,1
10,7,4,1
Linearly spaced vector of n=7
points
Reverse
Set all values to same scalar value

http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-numpy.html

or

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Concatenation (vectors)
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

[a a]

concatenate((a,a))

Concatenate two vectors

[1:4 a]

concatenate((range(1,5),a),
axis=1)

Repeating
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

[a a]

concatenate((a,a))

1 2 3, 1 2 3
1 1 1, 2 2 2, 3 3 3
1, 2 2, 3 3 3

or
a.repeat(a) or
a.repeat(3)

Miss those elements out

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a(2:end)

a[1:]

miss the first element

miss the tenth element
last element
last two elements

a([1:9])
a(end)

a[-1]

a(end-1:end)

a[-2:]

Maximum and minimum

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

max(a,b)

maximum(a,b)

max([a b])

concatenate((a,b)).max()

pairwise max
max of all values in two vectors

[v,i] = max(a)

v,i = a.max(0),a.argmax(0)

Vector multiplication
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a.*a

a*a

dot(u,v)

dot(u,v)

Multiply two vectors

Vector dot product, $u \cdot v$

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a = [2 3;4 5]

a = array([[2,3],[4,5]])

Define a matrix

Matrices

Concatenation (matrices); rbind and cbind

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MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

[a ; b]

concatenate((a,b), axis=0)
vstack((a,b))

Bind rows

[a , b]

concatenate((a,b), axis=1)

Bind columns

hstack((a,b))

Bind slices (three-way arrays)

concatenate((a,b), axis=2)
dstack((a,b))
[a(:), b(:)]
[1:4 ; 1:4]

Concatenate matrices into

one vector
concatenate((r_[1:5],r_[1:5])).reshape(2,-1) Bind rows (from vectors)
concatenate((a,b), axis=None)

vstack((r_[1:5],r_[1:5]))

Bind columns (from vectors)

[1:4 ; 1:4]'

Array creation
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

zeros(3,5)

zeros((3,5),Float)

0 filled array
0 filled array of integers
1 filled array
Any number filled array
Identity matrix
Diagonal
Magic squares; Lo Shu
Empty array

zeros((3,5))
ones(3,5)

ones((3,5),Float)

ones(3,5)*9
eye(3)

identity(3)

diag([4 5 6])

diag((4,5,6))

magic(3)
a = empty((3,3))

Reshape and flatten matrices

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

reshape(1:6,3,2)';

arange(1,7).reshape(2,-1)

Reshaping (rows first)

a.setshape(2,3)
reshape(1:6,2,3);

arange(1,7).reshape(-1,2).transpose()

a'(:)

a.flatten()

a(:)

a.flatten(1)

or

vech(a)

Reshaping (columns first)

Flatten to vector (by rows, like
comics)
Flatten to vector (by columns)
Flatten upper triangle (by
columns)

Shared data (slicing)

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

b = a

b = a.copy()

Copy of a

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Indexing and accessing elements (Python: slicing)

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a = [ 11 12 13 14 ...
21 22 23 24 ...

a = array([[ 11, 12, 13, 14 ],

[ 21, 22, 23, 24 ],

Input is a 3,4 array

31 32 33 34 ]

[ 31, 32, 33, 34 ]])

a(2,3)

a[1,2]

a(1,:)

a[0,]

a(:,1)

a[:,0]

a([1 3],[1 4]);

a.take([0,2]).take([0,3], axis=1)

a(2:end,:)

a[1:,]

a(end-1:end,:)

a[-2:,]

a(1:2:end,:)

a[::2,:]

a.diagonal(offset=0)

Element 2,3 (row,col)

First row
First column
Array as indices
All, except first row
Last two rows
Strides: Every other row
Third in last dimension (axis)
Remove one column
Diagonal

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a(:,1) = 99

a[:,0] = 99

a(:,1) = [99 98 97]'

a[:,0] = array([99,98,97])

a(a>90) = 90;

(a>90).choose(a,90)
a.clip(min=None, max=90)

a[...,2]
a(:,[1 3 4])

a.take([0,2,3],axis=1)

Assignment

a.clip(min=2, max=5)

Clipping: Replace all elements over

90
Clip upper and lower values

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a'

a.conj().transpose()

Transpose
Non-conjugate transpose
Determinant
Inverse
Pseudo-inverse
Norms
Eigenvalues
Singular values
Cholesky factorization
Eigenvectors
Rank

Transpose and inverse

a.'

or transpose(a)

a.transpose()

inv(a)

or
linalg.inv(a) or

pinv(a)

linalg.pinv(a)

norm(a)

norm(a)

eig(a)

linalg.eig(a)[0]

svd(a)

linalg.svd(a)

chol(a)

linalg.cholesky(a)

[v,l] = eig(a)

linalg.eig(a)[1]

rank(a)

rank(a)

det(a)

linalg.det(a)

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Sum
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

sum(a)

a.sum(axis=0)

sum(a')

a.sum(axis=1)

sum(sum(a))

a.sum()

a.cumsum(axis=0)

Sum of each column

Sum of each row
Sum of all elements
Sum along diagonal
Cumulative sum (columns)

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a = [ 4 3 2 ; 2 8 6 ; 1 4 7 ]

a = array([[4,3,2],[2,8,6],
[1,4,7]])

Example data

sort(a(:))

a.ravel().sort()

sort(a)

a.sort(axis=0)

sort(a')'

a.sort(axis=1)

sortrows(a,1)

a[a[:,0].argsort(),]

a.trace(offset=0)
cumsum(a)

Sorting

or

a.argsort(axis=1)

Flat and sorted

Sort each column
Sort each row
Sort rows (by first row)
Sort, return indices
Sort each column, return indices
Sort each row, return indices

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

max(a)

a.max(0)

or amax(a [,axis=0])
a.max(1) or amax(a, axis=1)
a.max() or
maximum(b,c)

max in each column

max in each row
max in array
return indices, i
pairwise max

a.ptp(); a.ptp(0)

max-to-min range

or msort(a)

a.ravel().argsort()
a.argsort(axis=0)

Maximum and minimum

max(a')
max(max(a))
[v i] = max(a)
max(b,c)
cummax(a)

Matrix manipulation
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

fliplr(a)

fliplr(a)

flipud(a)

or a[:,::-1]
flipud(a) or a[::-1,]

rot90(a)

rot90(a)

repmat(a,2,3)
kron(ones(2,3),a)

kron(ones((2,3)),a)

Flip left-right
Flip up-down
Rotate 90 degrees
Repeat matrix: [ a a a ; a a a ]

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triu(a)

triu(a)

Triangular, upper

tril(a)

tril(a)

Triangular, lower

Equivalents to "size"
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

size(a)

a.shape

length(a(:))

or a.getshape()
a.shape[1] or size(a, axis=1)
a.size or size(a[, axis=None])

ndims(a)

a.ndim

Matrix dimensions
Number of columns
Number of elements
Number of dimensions
Number of bytes used in memory

size(a,2)

or length(a)

a.nbytes

Matrix- and elementwise- multiplication

MATLAB/Octave

Python

a .* b

a * b

a * b

matrixmultiply(a,b)

kron(a,b)

Description

or multiply(a,b)

inner(a,b)

or

outer(a,b)

or

Elementwise operations
Matrix product (dot product)
Inner matrix vector multiplication
$a\cdot b'$
Outer product
Kronecker product
Matrix division, $b{\cdot}a^{-1}$
Left matrix division, $b^{-1}
{\cdot}a$ \newline (solve linear
equations)
Vector dot product
Cross product

kron(a,b)

a / b
a \ b

linalg.solve(a,b)

vdot(a,b)
cross(a,b)

Find; conditional indexing

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

find(a)

a.ravel().nonzero()

[i j] = find(a)

(i,j) = a.nonzero()

Non-zero elements, indices

Non-zero elements, array indices

(i,j) = where(a!=0)
[i j v] = find(a)

v = a.compress((a!=0).flat)

Vector of non-zero values

v = extract(a!=0,a)
find(a>5.5)

(a>5.5).nonzero()
a.compress((a>5.5).flat)

a .* (a>5.5)

where(a>5.5,0,a)
a.put(2,indices)

http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-numpy.html

or a

* (a>5.5)

Condition, indices
Return values
Zero out elements above 5.5
Replace values
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Multi-way arrays
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a = cat(3, [1 2; 1 2],[3 4; 3
4]);

a = array([[[1,2],[1,2]], [[3,4],
[3,4]]])

Define a 3-way array

a(1,:,:)

a[0,...]

File input and output

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

f = load('data.txt')

f = fromfile("data.txt")
f = load("data.txt")

Reading from a file (2d)

f = load('data.txt')

f = load("data.txt")

x = dlmread('data.csv', ';')

f = load('data.csv',

Reading from a file (2d)

Reading fram a CSV file (2d)

delimiter=';')
save -ascii data.txt f

save('data.csv', f, fmt='%.6f',

Writing to a file (2d)

delimiter=';')
f.tofile(file='data.csv',

Writing to a file (1d)

format='%.6f', sep=';')
f = fromfile(file='data.csv',

Reading from a file (1d)

sep=';')

Plotting
Basic x-y plots
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

plot(a)

plot(a)

plot(x(:,1),x(:,2),'o')

plot(x[:,0],x[:,1],'o')

plot(x1,y1, x2,y2)

plot(x1,y1,'bo', x2,y2,'go')

plot(x1,y1)
hold on
plot(x2,y2)

plot(x1,y1,'o')
plot(x2,y2,'o')
show() # as normal

1d line plot
2d scatter plot
Two graphs in one plot
Overplotting: Add new plots to
current

subplot(211)

subplot(211)

plot(x,y,'ro-')

plot(x,y,'ro-')

subplots
Plotting symbols and color

Axes and titles

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

grid on

grid()

axis equal

figure(figsize=(6,6))

Turn on grid lines

1:1 aspect ratio

axis('equal')

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replot
axis([ 0 10 0 5 ])

axis([ 0, 10, 0, 5 ])

Set axes manually

Axis labels and titles

title('title')
xlabel('x-axis')
ylabel('y-axis')
text(2,25,'hello')

Insert text

Log plots
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

semilogy(a)

semilogy(a)

semilogx(a)

semilogx(a)

loglog(a)

loglog(a)

logarithmic y-axis
logarithmic x-axis
logarithmic x and y axes

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

fill(t,s,'b', t,c,'g')
% fill has a bug?

fill(t,s,'b', t,c,'g',
alpha=0.2)

Filled plot

Filled plots and bar plots

Functions
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

Defining functions

f = inline('sin(x/3) cos(x/5)')
ezplot(f,[0,40])
fplot('sin(x/3) - cos(x/5)',

x = arrayrange(0,40,.5)
y = sin(x/3) - cos(x/5)

[0,40])
% no ezplot

plot(x,y, 'o')

Plot a function for given range

Polar plots
MATLAB/Octave

Python

theta = 0:.001:2*pi;

theta = arange(0,2*pi,0.001)

r = sin(2*theta);

r = sin(2*theta)

polar(theta, rho)

polar(theta, rho)

Description

Histogram plots
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

hist(randn(1000,1))
hist(randn(1000,1), -4:4)
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plot(sort(a))

3d data
Contour and image plots
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

contour(z)

levels, colls = contour(Z, V,

Contour plot

origin='lower', extent=
(-3,3,-3,3))
clabel(colls, levels, inline=1,
fmt='%1.1f', fontsize=10)
contourf(z); colormap(gray)

contourf(Z, V,

Filled contour plot

cmap=cm.gray,
origin='lower',
extent=(-3,3,-3,3))
image(z)

im = imshow(Z,

colormap(gray)

interpolation='bilinear',
origin='lower',
extent=(-3,3,-3,3))
# imshow() and contour() as above

quiver()

quiver()

Plot image data

Image with contours

Direction field vectors

Perspective plots of surfaces over the x-y plane

MATLAB/Octave

Python

n=-2:.1:2;
[x,y] = meshgrid(n,n);
z=x.*exp(-x.^2-y.^2);

n=arrayrange(-2,2,.1)
[x,y] = meshgrid(n,n)
z = x*power(math.e,-x**2-y**2)

Description

Mesh plot
Surface plot

mesh(z)
surf(x,y,z) or surfl(x,y,z)
% no surfl()

Scatter (cloud) plots

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

3d scatter plot

plot3(x,y,z,'k+')

Save plot to a graphics file

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

plot(1:10)
print -depsc2 foo.eps

savefig('foo.eps')

PostScript

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gset output "foo.eps"

gset terminal postscript eps
plot(1:10)
savefig('foo.pdf')

PDF

savefig('foo.svg')
savefig('foo.png')

SVG (vector graphics for www)

PNG (raster graphics)

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

a = [ 1 2 2 5 2 ];
b = [ 2 3 4 ];

a
b
a
b

Create sets

unique(a)

unique1d(a)
unique(a)

print -dpng foo.png

Data analysis
Set membership operators
=
=
=
=

array([1,2,2,5,2])
array([2,3,4])
set([1,2,2,5,2])
set([2,3,4])

Set unique

set(a)
union(a,b)

union1d(a,b)

Set union

a.union(b)
intersect(a,b)

intersect1d(a)

Set intersection

a.intersection(b)
setdiff(a,b)

setdiff1d(a,b)

Set difference

a.difference(b)
setxor(a,b)

setxor1d(a,b)

Set exclusion

a.symmetric_difference(b)
ismember(2,a)

2 in a

True for set member

setmember1d(2,a)
contains(a,2)

Statistics
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

mean(a)

a.mean(axis=0)
mean(a [,axis=0])

Average

median(a)

median(a)

corr(x,y)

or median(a [,axis=0])
a.std(axis=0) or std(a [,axis=0])
a.var(axis=0) or var(a)
correlate(x,y) or corrcoef(x,y)

cov(x,y)

cov(x,y)

Median
Standard deviation
Variance
Correlation coefficient
Covariance

std(a)
var(a)

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Interpolation and regression

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

z = polyval(polyfit(x,y,1),x)
plot(x,y,'o', x,z ,'-')

(a,b) = polyfit(x,y,1)
plot(x,y,'o', x,a*x+b,'-')

Straight line fit

a = x\y

linalg.lstsq(x,y)

polyfit(x,y,3)

polyfit(x,y,3)

Linear least squares $y = ax + b$

Polynomial fit

Non-linear methods
Polynomials, root finding
MATLAB/Octave
roots([1 -1 -1])

Python

Description

poly()

Polynomial
Find zeros of polynomial
Find a zero near $x = 1$

roots()

f = inline('1/x - (x-1)')
fzero(f,1)
solve('1/x = x-1')
polyval([1 2 1 2],1:10)

Solve symbolic equations

polyval(array([1,2,1,2]),arange(1,11)) Evaluate polynomial

Differential equations
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

diff(a)

diff(x, n=1, axis=0)

Discrete difference function and

approximate derivative
Solve differential equations

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

fft(a)

fft(a)

or
ifft(a) or

Fast fourier transform

Inverse fourier transform
Linear convolution

Fourier analysis

ifft(a)

convolve(x,y)

Symbolic algebra; calculus

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

Factorization

factor()

Programming
MATLAB/Octave

Python

http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-numpy.html

Description
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.m

.py

Script file extension

%
%

Comment symbol (rest of line)

% must be in MATLABPATH
% must be in LOADPATH

from pylab import *

Import library functions

string='a=234';
eval(string)

string="a=234"
eval(string)

Eval

MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

for i=1:5; disp(i); end

for i in range(1,6): print(i)

for i=1:5
disp(i)

for i in range(1,6):
print(i)

for-statement
Multiline for statements

disp(i*2)
end

print(i*2)

or #

Loops

Conditionals
MATLAB/Octave

Python

Description

if 1>0 a=100; end

if 1>0: a=100

if-statement
if-else-statement

Python

Description

print a

Most recent evaluated expression

List variables loaded into memory
Clear variable $x$ from memory
Print

if 1>0 a=100; else a=0; end

Debugging
MATLAB/Octave
ans

or who
clear x or clear
whos

[all]

disp(a)

Working directory and OS

MATLAB/Octave
dir

or ls

Python

Description

os.listdir(".")

List files in directory

List script files in directory
Displays the current working
directory
Change working directory
Invoke a System Command

what

grep.grep("*.py")

pwd

os.getcwd()

cd foo

os.chdir('foo')

!notepad

os.system('notepad')

system("notepad")

os.popen('notepad')

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NumPy for MATLAB users Mathesaurus

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Time-stamp: "2007-11-09T16:46:36 vidar"

2006 Vidar Bronken Gundersen, /mathesaurus.sf.net
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document as long as the above attribution is retained.

http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-numpy.html

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