When You Need Humidity!

Humidification
Load Calculation
Manual
Engineering
Manual
Includes What is Humidity, Affects of
Relative Humidity, Calculating
Relative Humidity, Requirements to
Calculate Humidifier Load, and Load
Calculations

2553856-A | 08 SEP 2010

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Copyright Notice
Copyright 2009, WALTER MEIER LTD. All rights reserved.

Contents

5
6

What is Humidity
Effects of Relative Humidity

Static Electricity

Moisture Stability

Health and Comfort

10
12

Calculating Relative Humidity

Requirements to Calculate Humidification Load

12

Design Conditions Selecting an RH Setpoint

16

Outdoor Air Conditions

22

Load Calculations

22

Natural Ventilation

23

Mixed Air System

23

Makeup or Exhaust Air System

What is Humidity
If a closed container is partially filled with water, then some of the water molecules in the liquid
will leave the surface of the water and become vapor. Once some water molecules are present
as vapor they will also re-enter the liquid. After some time at constant temperature equilibrium
will be reached where the same number of molecules are leaving and entering the liquid. At

Water
Vapor

Equilibrium
68 F ( 20C)
100% RH
Water vapor content
0.00108 lb/cu.ft
(0.0173 kg/cu.m)

Water

this equilibrium point the relative humidity of the water vapor is 100%.
Figure 1: Water Vapour Equilibrium

Relative humidity (RH) is the percentage of water vapour present in the air relative to the
amount that would be present in the equilibrium state.
The equilibrium point is temperature dependent. At higher temperatures the equilibrium occurs
with more water vapor. If the container above was heated to 86F (30C) the water and water
vapor would no longer be in equilibrium. The relative humidity of the vapor right after increasing
the temperature would be 57%. This means that immediately after heating there are 57% as
many water vapor molecules as would be present in the equilibrium state.

Water
Vapor

Heat to
86F
(30C )

Water
Vapor

>

Water

Water

Equilibrium
68F ( 20C)
RH = 100%
0.00108 lb/cu.ft
(0.0173 kg/cu.m)

Not in Equilibrium
86F ( 30C)
RH = 57%
0.00108 lb/cu.ft
(0.0173 kg/cu.m)

Given time
and
sufficient
water

Water
Vapor

=
Water
Equilibrium
86F ( 30C)
RH=100%
0.00190 lb/cu.ft
(0.0303 kg/cu.m)

Figure 2: Relative Humidity after Heating

It is the above process that causes dry air in buildings. As cold incoming air is heated, its
relative humidity value drops. Therefore moisture must be added to attain an acceptable level
of humidity within the building.
Load Calculations - on page 22 outlines how to calculate the amount of moisture that must be
added to maintain a constant relative humidity.
5 | Humidification Load Calculation

Effects of Relative Humidity

The reasons for humidifying dry air vary from one building to another and from one geographic
area to another, however there are three fundamental reasons. These are:

Static Electricity
Poor Moisture Stability
Health and Comfort

Static Electricity
Static electricity is a condition caused by stationary charges of electricity and is a major problem
in most unhumidified areas. Since static electricity is caused by friction, particularly when the
elements in friction are dry, the problem increases proportionately with the speed of production
machinery. Without sufficient humidification, high-speed machinery might well defeat its own
purpose. Reduced efficiency is frequently the result of static electricity.
In the printing industry presses must self-feed paper evenly, one sheet at a time at very high
speeds. When the static electricity causes sheets of paper to stick together, the paper bunches,
the feeding becomes uneven, and eventually the paper jams the presses.
In the textile industry static electricity causes the yarns to adhere to each other, the shuttles
miss threads and improper weaving patterns result.
In offices, static electricity can disrupt operations and increase operating costs. In many
photocopiers, sheets of paper stick together and jam the machine, wasting time and paper.
Severely jammed equipment may even require service calls.
In computer rooms and data processing areas, the lack of humidity results in static electricity
that causes problems such as circuit board failure, dust buildup on heads, and storage tape
breakage.
Static electricity can also be dangerous. Sparks caused by static are extremely hazardous in
locations such as hospital operating rooms where flammable gases are present. Many flash
fires even explosions - are caused by static electricity.
Controlling Static Electricity - Maintaining relative humidity above 35% is one important
measure that can be taken to reduce static electricity.

Controling Static Electricty

One of the easiest and most common methods of minimizing static electricity is to increase the
relative humidity level. Electrostatic charges do not dissipate through moist air, but through a
moisture film that is absorbed on the charged surfaces. This moisture film decreases the
surface resistance and causes static charges to be drained.
This effect is most pronounced at RH above 30-35% and it also corresponds with a decrease in
ozone production (a by-product of electrostatic discharge). Static electricity is a problem that
should be of primary concern to any manufacturing plant interested in running efficiently and
accurately.
Humidification Load Calculation | 6

Moisture Stability
When air is heated the relative humidity will decrease. When this occurs the rate at which water
molecules leave objects containing water or the rate at which water evaporates is increased. All
hygroscopic or fibrous materials either lose of gain moisture in direct relation to the relative
humidity of the surrounding air
Moisture stability is the ability of a material to maintain a level of moisture content despite
fluctuations in the humidity of the environment. Many materials give off, or take on moisture
rapidly which can result in serious damage to the material or the process in which it may be
involved. The drying out of a material can result in product deterioration, while conversely, a dry
material can also suffer damaging side effects of moisture regain. In many cases, product
deterioration is directly related to the lack of moisture stability
Table 1 gives the hygroscopic regain of some common hygroscopic materials. Hygroscopic
regain is defined as the amount of water a completely dry material will absorb from the air. It is
expressed as a percent of the dry weight. (For example the weight of completely dry timber will
increase by 9.3% if it is stored at an RH of 50%)
Table 1: Hygroscopic Regain of Some Common Materials
Relative Humidity - %
Industry and/or Material
Baking
Crackers
Flour
White Bread
Leather - Sole Oak, Tanned
Printing
Paper Comm. Ledger 75% Rag1% Ash
Paper M.F. Newsprint 24% Ash
Paper White Bond Rag 1% Ash
Paper Writing 3% Ash
Textile
Cotton Absorbent
Cotton American-cloth
Cotton Sea Isle-roving
Hemp Manila and Sisal
Jute Average Grade
Linen Dried Spun Yarn
Rayon Celulose Acetate Fibre
Rayon Cupramonium Average Skein
Rayon Viscose Nitrocel
Silk Raw Chevennes-Skein
Wool Australian-Marino-Skein
Tobacco - Cigarette
Wood
Timber Average
Glue Hide
Miscellaneous
Charcoal-Steam Activated
Gelatin
Silica Gel
Soap
Starch

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2.1
2.6
0.5
5

2.8
4.1
1.7
8.5

3.3
5.3
3.1
11.2

3.9
6.5
4.5
13.6

5
8
6.2
16

6.5
9.9
8.5
18.3

8.3
12.4
11.1
20.6

10.9
15.4
14.5
24

14.9
19.1
19
29.2

3.2
2.1
2.4
3

4.2
3.2
3.7
4.2

5
4
4.7
5.2

5.6
4.7
5.5
6.2

6.2
6.1
6.5
7.2

6.9
7.2
7.5
8.3

8.1
8.7
8.8
9.9

10.3
10.6
10.8
11.9

13.9

4.8
2.6
2.5
2.7
3.1
3.6
0.8
4
4
3.2
4.7
5.4

9
3.7
3.7
4.7
5.2
5.4
1.1
5.7
5.7
5.5
7
8.6

12.5
4.4
4.6
6
6.9
6.5
1.4
6.8
6.8
6.9
8.9
11

15.7
5.2
5.6
7.2
8.5
7.3
1.9
7.9
7.9
8
10.8
13.3

18.5
5.9
6.6
8.5
10.2
8.1
2.4
9.2
9.2
8.9
12.8
16

20.8
6.8
7.9
9.9
12.2
8.9
3
10.8
10.8
10.2
14.9
19.5

22.8
8.1
9.5
11.6
14.4
9.8
3.6
12.4
12.4
11.9
17.2
25

24.3
10
11.5
13.6
17.1
11.2
4.3
14.2
14.2
14.3
19.9
33.5

25.8
14.3
14.1
15.7
20.2
13.8
5.3
10
16
18.8
23.4
50

3
3.4

4.4
4.8

5.9
5.8

7.6
6.6

9.3
7.6

11.3
9

14
10.7

17.5
11.8

22
12.5

7.1
0.7
5.7
1.9
2.2

14.3
1.6
9.8
3.8
3.8

22.8
2.8
12.7
5.7
5.2

26.2
3.8
15.2
7.6
6.4

28.3
4.9
17.2
10
7.4

29.2
6.1
18.6
12.9
8.3

30
7.6
20.2
16.1
9.2

31.1
9.3
21.5
19.8
10.6

32.7
11.4
22.6
23.8
12.7

13.2
14.2

NOTE: Moisture content expressed in per cent of dry weight of the substance at various relative humidities Temperature 75F (22C)

7 | Humidification Load Calculation

Hygroscopic Regain is defined as the amount of water a completely dry material will
absorb from the air. . Any hygroscopic product that is purchased and sold by weight
must have a carefully controlled environment.
Products such as vegetable, cut flowers, fruit and many grocery items cannot be brought back
to original quality once they have lost their moisture. By installing an efficient humidification
system this costly loss of products can be avoided. Many food processors humidify their plant
and storage areas and are able to store fruits and vegetables for months without any loss of
product quality or weigh.
For any product that requires a certain percentage of moisture to maintain its quality, loss of
that moisture reduces its valve. Some products can be brought back to their original condition
by returning the moisture to them. However, among those that cannot reabsorb moisture to
regain their lost quality are fruit and vegetable products, paintings and art objects.
Deterioration caused by loss of moisture is also a problem for treasures such as antiques, rare
books, and works of art, all of which are susceptible to damage caused by moisture loss. It
causes antiques, paintings, paper and book bindings to crack, warp and deteriorate.
Fortunately, most libraries and museums are well aware of the need for controlled humidity to
protect their collections. They know that proper humidity control is a very inexpensive preventive
measure that will avoid costly and often impossible restorations.
A specific moisture content in materials is essential to the quality of products produced by a
wide range of manufacturers of hygroscopic or fibrous materials. Wood, paper and textiles are
examples of materials particularly affected by changes in content. If these materials have a
correct moisture content when they arrive at a plant, and if they are used immediately, they will
respond properly to the manufacturing process. But problems can be anticipated if the
materials are stored in a dry atmosphere.
Paper provides a good example of the effects of dry air and the lack of moisture stability. When
it is stored under dry atmospheric conditions, moisture from the outer layers and edges of the
stacks escapes into the air. The moisture loss is much more rapid from the outer edges than
from the center of the stacks. The result is not only curled stock, but also uneven moisture
content, which creates printing and processing problems.
If moisture stability in the surrounding atmosphere is the answer to a manufacturing operation,
then complete humidification of the plant and storage areas is an absolute necessity.
Humidification is the best and least expensive way of maintaining moisture stability. If the air
surrounding the material is maintained at a proper and constant relative humidity level, so that
no moisture is emitted or absorbed by the materials, then the products will remain stable in
both moisture content and dimension.
Ideally, humidification equipment should be installed in raw material storage areas,
manufacturing facilities, and finished goods storage rooms, for full control of the product
moisture content.

Health and Comfort

During the heating season, inside air dries to the point where the humidity is substantially lower
or comparable to that of the Sahara Desert. The effect on people is to dry out nasal and throat
membranes. For employees this means more susceptibility to colds and virus infections. The
subsequent increased absenteeism proves costly for any employers. Another aspect of comfort
Humidification Load Calculation | 8

is the fact that humidity in the air makes a room feel warmer, so there will be fewer requests to
have the thermostat turned up.
Most employers provide air conditioning for employee comfort and productivity during the hot
days of summer. Adding humidification for full winter comfort and productivity is just as
important as air conditioning in the summer months. In fact, it is one of the most important
functions of the complete air conditioning or total comfort system.

Decrease in bar width indicates decrease in effect

Optimum Zone
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Mites
Respiratory*
Infections
Allergic Rhinitis
and Asthma
Chemical
Interactions
Ozone
Procuction
*Insufficient data
above 50% rh

10

20

30
40
50
60
Percent Relative Humidity

70

80

90

Figure 3: Optimum Humidity Range for Human Comfort and Health

The advantage of conditioning the interior space of a building to increase productivity and
reduce the downtime of machinery has been documented many times. Unfortunately it is
usually equipment, such as computers and communications systems, that is placed in separate
climate controlled rooms, while the majority of employees have temperature control only.
Temperature control must be combined with humidity control to maintain proper comfort
parameters in an office environment. More than 75% of all I.A.Q. problems start with a comfort
complaint. If this is not rectified, the employees will continue to complain and become less
productive.
Temperature control alone does not take into account the physiological aspects of the
employees. As demonstrated in Figure 3, indoor RH variations above and below the 40-60%
range have a dramatic effect on the comfort and well being of employees. Humidity conditions
above this range are usually controlled easily by the normal dehumidification process of the airconditioning system. However, as the cold, dry weather of winter approaches or in arid climates,
the indoor RH can easily drop well below the recommended 40% parameter. It is not uncommon
9 | Humidification Load Calculation

to find relative humidities in the 10-15% range in most offices during this period. This low RH
creates comfort, productivity, and absenteeism problems costing immeasurable dollars to
employers worldwide. Studies conducted by Dr. George Green of the University of Saskatchewan
indicates that increasing the indoor RH from 20 to 30% will reduce absenteeism by 15%. This,
along with the productivity increase that can be gained from additional comfort result in a real
economic benefit from general office humidification.

Calculating Relative Humidity

If initial temperature and relative humidity are known then Table 2 and Table 3 can be used to
calculate the relative humidity after heating, cooling, or adding steam. The following two
examples use Table 3 and SI units to show the method used for calculating the RH after heating
or after adding steam.
Example 1: RH After Heating - What is the RH if air at 5C and 80% RH is heated to 30C?
1 Obtain moisture content of air at 5C and 100% RH from Table 3.
A = 0.00680 kg/cu.m
2 Multiply by starting RH to get the actual moisture content of the air.
B = 0.00680 x 80%/100% = 0.00544 kg/cu.m
3 Obtain moisture air at 30C and 100% RH from Table 3.
C = 0.0303 kg/cu.m
4 Divide actual moisture content by moisture content at 100% RH
D = B / C = 0.00544 / 0.0303 x 100%= 18%

RH After Heating

Example 2: RH after Adding Steam - What is RH if 10 kg of steam is added to 1,000 cu.m of the
heated air in example 1?
1 Multiply B (the actual moisture content) by the volume to get mass of water in the air.
E = B x 1000 cu.m = 0.00544 kg/cu.m x 1000 cu.m = 5.44 kg
2 Add the amount of steam being added to the total mass of water.
F = E + 10 kg = 5.44 kg + 10 kg = 15.44 kg
3 Divide by the volume of air to kg/cu.m
G = F / 1000 cu.m = 15.44 kg /1,000 cu.m = 0.0154 kg/cu.m
4 Divide by moisture content at 100 % RH
H = G / C = 0.0154 / 0.0303 x 100% = 51%
RH After Adding steam

Grains/cu.ft A common unit used for measuring water vapor in air is grains / cubic foot. This
document uses pounds/cubic foot and kilograms/cubic meter to simplify calculating humidifier output
which is generally expressed in pounds per hour or kilograms per hour.
1 pound water = 7,000 grains.

Humidification Load Calculation | 10

Table 2: Water Content of Air at 100% RH (IP units)

F

lb/cu.ft

lb/cu.ft

lb/cu.ft

lb/cu.ft

lb/cu.ft

-20
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

0.0000343
0.0000414
0.0000500
0.0000686
0.0000871
0.000111
0.000141
0.000177
0.000223
0.000279
0.000291
0.000304
0.000316
0.000327
0.000340
0.000353
0.000366
0.000380
0.000394
0.000409

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

0.000424
0.000440
0.000457
0.000474
0.000491
0.000509
0.000527
0.000547
0.000567
0.000587
0.000609
0.000630
0.000651
0.000674
0.000699
0.000723
0.000747
0.000773
0.000800
0.000829

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

0.000857
0.000886
0.000916
0.000946
0.000979
0.00101
0.00104
0.00108
0.00111
0.00116
0.00119
0.00123
0.00127
0.00131
0.00135
0.00139
0.00144
0.00149
0.00154
0.00158

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

0.00163
0.00168
0.00173
0.00178
0.00184
0.00190
0.00195
0.00201
0.00207
0.00213
0.00220
0.00226
0.00233
0.00240
0.00247
0.00254
0.00262
0.00269
0.00277
0.00285

101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
120
125
130
135
140

0.00293
0.00302
0.00310
0.00319
0.00328
0.00337
0.00347
0.00356
0.00366
0.00376
0.00387
0.00397
0.00408
0.00419
0.00430
0.00491
0.00559
0.00634
0.00719
0.00812

Table 3: Water Content of Air at 100% RH (SI units)

C

kg/cu.m

kg/cu.m

kg/cu.m

kg/cu.m

kg/cu.m

-30

0.000578

-10

0.00218

10

0.00943

30

0.0303

50

0.0828

-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16

0.000553
0.000540
0.000540
0.000551
0.000573
0.000606
0.000650
0.000704
0.000769
0.000845
0.000931
0.00103
0.00113
0.00125

-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4

0.00238
0.00259
0.00281
0.00305
0.00330
0.00357
0.00385
0.00415
0.00447
0.00481
0.00516
0.00554
0.00594
0.00636

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

0.0100
0.0107
0.0114
0.0121
0.0129
0.0137
0.0145
0.0154
0.0163
0.0173
0.0183
0.0194
0.0206
0.0218

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

0.0320
0.0337
0.0356
0.0375
0.0395
0.0416
0.0438
0.0461
0.0485
0.0510
0.0536
0.0563
0.0592
0.0621

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64

0.0867
0.0908
0.0951
0.0995
0.104
0.109
0.114
0.119
0.124
0.130
0.136
0.142
0.148
0.154

-15

0.00138

0.00680

25

0.0230

45

0.0652

65

0.161

-14
-13
-12
-11

0.00152
0.00167
0.00183
0.00200

6
7
8
9

0.00727
0.00777
0.00829
0.00884

26
27
28
29

0.0243
0.0257
0.0272
0.0287

46
47
48
49

0.0685
0.0718
0.0753
0.0790

66
67
68
69

0.168
0.175
0.182
0.190

11 | Humidification Load Calculation

Requirements to Calculate Humidification Load

The humidification load calculation assumes that the humidity and temperature in the space
being humidified are at the design conditions. Therefore the moisture that must be added is
the amount required to bring incoming air to the design condition. Figure 4 shows a schematic
of a typical air conditioning system generated by Nortecs HELP software. The figure also
shows the 3 factors that must be known to calculate humidification load.
Design Conditions Temperature and RH that must be maintained in the humidified space.
Outdoor Air Conditions (Incoming Air) Temperature and RH of the outdoor air.
Incoming Air Volume - The volume of outdoor air that flows into the space being humidified.

H.E.L.P. Software
The easiest way to calculate the humidification load for any application is to use Nortecs
Humidifier Engineering and Load-sizing Program (H.E.L.P.). The software can be downloaded
from www.humidity.com. The software guides you through the different factors and design
considerations affecting humidifier selection and provides an easy means for examining the
effect of changing conditions.

2
3

Figure 4: Help Software System Schematic

Design Conditions Selecting an RH Setpoint

The optimum humidity setpoint depends on the reasons that a space is being humidified. Some
of the most common reasons are outlined in Effects of Relative Humidity starting on page 6.
The ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications recommends specific design relative humidity
levels for specific applications. Table 4 provides recommendations for temperature and
humidity ranges for various purposes as taken from the ASHRAE Handbook and can be used for
the purpose of load calculations.

Humidification Load Calculation | 12

For More Information on Design Conditions see:

Nortec Form #00-124A When You Need Humidity
The ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook.
Humidifiers section in the ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook
Table 4: Design Indoor Conditions for Various Places, Products, and Processes
Product and/or Process
Abrasives Manufacturing
Bowling Alleys
Billiard Rooms
Bread
Flour and Powdered Product Storage
Fermentation (Bread Dough)
Retarding of Doughs
Final Proof
Counterflow Cooling
Brewing
Brewing Hop Storage Yeast Culture Room
Yeast Culture Room
Candy
Chocolate Pan Supply Air
Enrober Room
Chocolate Cooling Tunnel Supply Air
Hand Dippers
Molded Goods Cooling
Chocolate Packing Room and Finished Stock Storage
Centers Tempering Room
Marshmallow Setting Room
Grained Marshmallow (deposited in starch) Drying
Gum (deposited in starch) Drying
Sanded Gum Drying
Gum Finished Stock Storage
Sugar Pan Supply Air (engrossing)
Polishing Pan Supply Air
Pan Rooms
Nonpareil Pan Supply Air
Hard Candy Cooling Tunnel Supply Air
Hard Candy Packing
Hand Candy Storage
Caramel Rooms
Ceramics
Refractory
Molding Room
Clay Storage
Decalcomania Production and Decorating room
Cereal Packaging
Cheese Curing
Cheddar
Swiss
Blue
Brick
Limburger
Camembert

13 | Humidification Load Calculation

Temperature
F
C
78
25
73 75
23 24
73 75
23 24

RH %
50
50 55
40 50

70 80
80
32 40
95 120
75

21 27
27
04
35 49
24

60
75
85
85 90
80 85

29 32
--

20
--

50 60
80

55 62
80 85
40 45
62
40 45
65
75 80
75 78
110
125 150
100
50 65
85 105
70 80
75 80
100 120
60 70
70 75
50 70
70 80

13 17
27 29
47
17
47
18
24 27
24 26
43
52 66
38
10 18
29 41
21 27
24 27
38 49
16 21
21 24
10 21
21 27

45 55
25 30
70 85
45
70 85
50
30 35
40 45
40
15 25
25 40
65
20 30
40 50
30 35
20
40 55
35 40
40
40

110 150
80
60 80
75 80
75 80

43 66
27
16 27
24 27
24 27

50 90
60 70
35 65
48
45 50

45 55
60
48 50
60 65
60 65
53 59

7 13
16
9 10
16 18
16 18
12 15

85 90
80 85
95
90
95
90

Table 4: Design Indoor Conditions for Various Places, Products, and Processes (Continued)
Product and/or Process
Clean Rooms Computer Rooms
Computer Room
Clean Room General
Clean Room Critical
Comfort Air Conditioners
Distilling
Grain Storage
General Manufacturing
Aging
Electrical Products
Coil and Transformer Winding
X-ray Tube Assembly
Instruments Manufacture and Laboratory
Thermostat and Humidistat Assembly and Calibration
Close Tolerance Assembly
Meter Assembly and Test
Fuse and Cutout Assembly, Capacitor Winding and Paper Storage
Conductor Wrapping with Yarn
Lightning Arrestor Assembly
Thermal Circuit Breaker Assembly
Runner Hopping
Processing Selenium and Copper Oxide Plates
Fruit Storage
Apples
Apricots
Grapefruits (California)
Grapefruits (Florida)
Grapes (Eastern)
Grapes (Western)
Lemons
Oranges (California)
Oranges (Florida)
Peaches and Nectarines
Plums
Specialty Citrus Fruit
Fur Storage
Gum
Manufacture
Rolling
Stripping
Breaking
Wrapping
Hospitals
Operating, Cystoscopic and Fracture Rooms
Patient Rooms
Intensive Care Unit
Administrative and Service Areas
Leather
Drying
Storage, Winter Room Temperature
Lenses (Optical)
Fusing
Grinding
Libraries and Museums
Normal Reading and Viewing Rooms
Rare Manuscript Storage Vaults
Art Storage Areas

Temperature
F
C

RH %

70 80
70 74
71.5 72.5
75 80

21 27
21 23
22 22.5
24 27

40 60
40 60
43 47
50 60

60
0 75
65 72

16
16 24
18 22

35 40
45 60
50 60

72
68
70
76
72
76
73
75
68
76
70
74

22
20
21
24
22
24
23
24
20
24
21
23

15
40
50 55
50 55
40 45
60 63
50
65 70
20 40
30 60
30 50
30 40

30 40
31 32
58 60
50
31 32
30 31
58 60
40 44
32 34
31
30 32
38 40
40 50

-1 4
-1 0
14 16
10
-1 0
-1
14 16
47
01
-1
-1 0
34
4 10

90
90 95
85 90
85 90
85
90 95
86 88
85 90
85 90
90
90 95
90 95
55 65

77
68
72
74
74

25
20
22
23
23

33
63
53
47
58

68 76
75
75
70 80

20 24
24
24
21 27

50
40 50
40
30 50

70 120
50 60

21 49
10 16

75
40 60

75
80

27
27

45
80

70 74
70 72
65 72

21 23
21 22
17 22

40 50
45
50

Humidification Load Calculation | 14

Table 4: Design Indoor Conditions for Various Places, Products, and Processes (Continued)
Product and/or Process
Matches
Manufacture
Drying
Storage
Meat and Fish
Beef (Fresh)
Beef, Fish, Lamb and Pork (Frozen)
Fish (Fresh)
Lamb and Pork (Fresh)
Mushrooms
Sweating-out Period
Spawn Added
Growing Period
Storage
Oil Paints: Paint Spraying
Pharmaceuticals
Manufactured Powder Storage and Packaging Area
Milling Room, Table Compressing and Coating
Effervescent Tablets and Powders
Hypodermic Tablets
Colloids
Cough Drops
Glandular Products
Ampoule Manufacturing
Gelatin Capsules and Storage
Microanalysis
Biological Manufacturing and Liver Extracts
Serums
Animal Rooms
Plastics
Manufacturing Areas Thermosetting
Molding Compounds
Plywood
Hot Pressing (Resin)
Cold Pressing
Printing
Platemaking
Lithographic Press Room
Letterpress and Web Offset Press Rooms and Paper Storage
Paper Storage (Multicolor Sheet Feed Lithography)

Temperature
F
C

RH %

72 74
70 75
60 62

22 23
21 24
16 17

50
60
50

32 34
-10 0
33 35
32 34

01
-23 -18
13
01

88 92
90 95
90 95
85 90

120 140
60 75
48 60
32 35
60 90

49 60
16 24
9 16
02
16 32

Nearly Sat.
80
80 85
80

75
75
75
75
70
80
76
75
76
76
76
76
75 80

24
24
24
24
21
27
24
24
24
24
24
24
24 27

35
35
20
30
30 50
40
5 10
35 50
35
50
35
50
50

80
75 80

27
24 27

35 30
45 65

90
90

32
32

60
15 25

75 80
76 80
76 80
76 80

24 27
24 27
24 27
24 27

45 Max
43 47
50
5 8 (higher
than press Room)

Raw Material Storage

Nuts (insect)
Nuts (rancidity)
Eggs
Chocolate (flats)
Butter
Dates, Figs, etc.
Corn Syrup
Liquid Sugar
Rubber Dipped Goods
Cementing
Dipping Surgical Articles
Storage Prior to Manufacture
Laboratory (ASTM Standard)
Tea Packaging

15 | Humidification Load Calculation

45
34 38
30
65
20
40 45
90 100
75 80

7
13
-1
18
-7
47
32 38
24 27

65 75
65 75
85 90
50
65 75

30 40

80
75 90
60 75
73.4
65

27
24 32
16 24
23
18

25 30
25 30
40 50
50
65

Table 4: Design Indoor Conditions for Various Places, Products, and Processes (Continued)
Product and/or Process
Textiles
Opening and Picking Cotton
Opening and Picking Man-Made
Carding Cotton
Carding Wool
Carding Man-Made
Silver and Ribbon Lapping Cotton
Silver and Ribbon Lapping Man-Made
Combing Cotton
Combing Wool
Combing Man-Made
Drawing Cotton and Wool
Drawing Man-Made
Roving Cotton
Roving Man-Made
Spinning Cotton
Spinning Wool
Spinning Man-Made
Winding and Spooling Cotton
Winding and Spooling Wool
Winding and Spooling Man-Made
Twisting Cotton
Twisting Man-Made
Warping Cotton
Warping Wool
Warping Man-Made
Knitting Cotton
Knitting Man-Made
Weaving Cotton
Weaving Wool
Weaving Man-Made
Tobacco
Cigar and Cigarette Making
Softening
Stemming and Stripping
Filler Tobacco Casing and Conditioning
Filler Tobacco Storage and Preparation
Wrapper Tobacco Storage and Conditioning

Temperature
F
C

RH %

75 80
70 75
75 80
75 80
70 75
75 80
70 75
75 80
75 80
70 75
75 80
70 75
75 80
70 75
75 80
75 80
70 75
75 80
75 80
70 75
75 80
70 75
75 80
75 80
70 75
76
76
75 80
75 80
70 75

24 27
21 24
24 27
24 27
21 24
24 27
21 24
24 27
24 27
21 24
24 27
21 24
24 27
21 24
24 27
24 27
21 24
24 27
24 27
21 24
24 27
21 24
24 27
24 27
21 24
24
24
24 27
24 27
21 24

55 70
50 55
50 55
60 70
50 60
55 60
55 65
55 65
65 75
55 65
50 60
50 60
50 60
50 60
35 60
50 55
50 65
55 65
55 60
60 65
50 65
50 65
55 70
50 65
50 65
60 65
50 60
70 85
50 60
60 70

70 75
90
75 85
75
78
75

21 24
32
24 29
24
26
24

55 65
85 88
70 75
75
70
75

Outdoor Air Conditions

The outdoor air conditions vary with geographic location and the time of year. For the purpose
of calculating the humidification load the worst case condition is generally used. Table 6:
Weather Data Canada and Table 5: Weather Data - United States provide temperature and RH
values for many US and Canadian cities taken from monthly weather data compiled by ASHRAE.
The temperature value used is the 99% heating dry bulb temperature for the coldest month of
the year. The relative humidity value is the average relative humidity of the driest month of the
year.
To obtain the outdoor conditions find the city (or nearest city) where the humidification is
required and read the RH and Temp values from the columns with the heading Load
Calculation. Example; The outdoor air conditions that would be used for a humidification load
calculation in the city of Calgary Alberta are 42% RH and -20F (-29C).
Humidification Load Calculation | 16

State

Table 5: Weather Data - United States

51%

15 (-10)

Mobile

52%

24 (-5)

Anchorage

49%

-11 (-24)

Fairbanks

38%

-38 (-39)

Little Rock

53%

15 (-10)

Bakersfield

22%

31 (-1)

Fresno

22%

30 (-1)

Los Angeles

59%

37 (3)

Sacramento

28%

30 (-1)

San Diego

56%

41 (5)

San Francisco

58%

33 (1)

Denver

34%

-3 (-19)

Grand Junction

19%

-2 (-19)

Pueblo

28%

-5 (-21)

CT

Bridgeport

54%

9 (-13)

Wilmington

50%

6 (-14)

Washington

49%

13 (-11)

Jacksonville

48%

26 (-3)

Miami

54%

47 (8)

Atlanta

49%

14 (-10)

Augusta

45%

18 (-8)

Savannah

46%

23 (-5)

Honolulu

51%

61 (16)

Boise

22%

1 (-17)

Lewiston

25%

5 (-15)

Chicago

54%

-5 (-21)

Peoria

56%

-4 (-20)

Springfield

54%

-1 (-18)

Fort Wayne

54%

-1 (-19)

Indianapolis

56%

0 (-18)

South bend

54%

-1 (-18)

Des Moines

55%

-5 (-20)

Sioux city

52%

-7 (-22)

IA

IN

IL

ID

HI

GA

FL

CO

CA

AR

AK

AL

Birmingham

DE

Load Calculation
RH Temp F (C)

DC

City

Econimizer Calculation - Temperature F (C) and Relative Humidity in %

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
15 (-10) 21 (-6) 24 (-4) 40 (4) 48 (9) 56 (13) 62 (17) 62 (17) 52 (11) 41 (5) 25 (-4) 20 (-7)
61%
55%
52%
51%
55%
56%
60%
59%
59%
54%
57%
60%
24 (-5) 29 (-2) 38 (3) 47 (8) 56 (13) 62 (17) 69 (20) 68 (20) 57 (14) 46 (8) 38 (3) 28 (-2)
61%
56%
55%
52%
54%
55%
60%
61%
59%
53%
57%
61%
-11 (-24) -5 (-21) -1 (-18) 14 (-10) 30 (-1) 42 (6) 47 (8) 42 (6) 32 (0) 14 (-10) -1 (-18) -8 (-22)
72%
67%
57%
53%
49%
56%
62%
64%
63%
66%
73%
76%
-38 (-39) -34 (-37) -23 (-31) 0 (-18) 21 (-6) 42 (6) 46 (8) 39 (4) 22 (-6) -2 (-19) -24 (-31) -36 (-38)
69%
63%
53%
46%
38%
43%
50%
54%
55%
67%
73%
71%
15 (-10) 16 (-9) 29 (-2) 41 (5) 52 (11) 59 (15) 65 (18) 63 (17) 52 (11) 42 (6) 31 (0) 18 (-8)
61%
59%
56%
56%
58%
55%
56%
56%
58%
53%
58%
62%
31 (0) 36 (2) 40 (5) 44 (7) 49 (10) 57 (14) 63 (17) 62 (17) 56 (13) 44 (7) 38 (4) 31 (-1)
63%
50%
43%
33%
26%
23%
22%
24%
28%
33%
49%
61%
30 (-1) 34 (1) 37 (3) 42 (5) 47 (8) 54 (12) 60 (15) 58 (15) 50 (10) 41 (5) 36 (2) 30 (-1)
67%
55%
47%
34%
26%
23%
22%
25%
28%
35%
53%
68%
37 (3) 43 (6) 44 (7) 48 (9) 52 (11) 56 (13) 58 (14) 60 (15) 57 (14) 52 (11) 45 (7) 42 (6)
59%
63%
65%
64%
66%
67%
68%
69%
67%
65%
61%
59%
32 (0) 34 (1) 37 (3) 41 (5) 45 (7) 50 (10) 55 (13) 56 (13) 51 (11) 45 (7) 37 (3) 30 (-1)
70%
60%
54%
43%
35%
31%
28%
29%
31%
38%
57%
70%
41 (5) 45 (7) 48 (9) 50 (10) 56 (13) 58 (15) 62 (17) 64 (18) 60 (16) 54 (12) 48 (9) 43 (6)
56%
59%
60%
59%
64%
67%
66%
67%
65%
64%
61%
58%
35 (2) 37 (3) 40 (4) 41 (5) 45 (7) 49 (9) 50 (10) 51 (10) 49 (9) 45 (7) 38 (3) 33 (1)
66%
65%
63%
59%
59%
58%
59%
61%
59%
59%
63%
67%
-2 (-19) -3 (-19) 9 (-13) 18 (-8) 35 (2) 43 (6) 53 (12) 51 (11) 34 (1) 22 (-6) 11 (-12) -2 (-19)
49%
44%
40%
35%
38%
35%
34%
35%
34%
35%
49%
52%
3 (-16)
-2 (-19) 5 (-15) 20 (-7) 27 (-3) 39 (4) 48 (9) 56 (13) 55 (13) 43 (6) 32 (0) 16 (-9)
64%
48%
36%
28%
25%
19%
22%
24%
26%
33%
47%
60%
6 (-15) -3 (-19)
-5 (-21) -4 (-20) 5 (-15) 21 (-6) 37 (3) 48 (9) 55 (13) 52 (11) 41 (5) 23 (-5)
51%
38%
34%
30%
32%
28%
32%
35%
32%
33%
47%
52%
9 (-13) 11 (-12) 19 (-7) 31 (-1) 43 (6) 52 (11) 59 (15) 57 (14) 49 (9) 39 (4) 29 (-2) 14 (-10)
60%
58%
56%
54%
60%
61%
61%
62%
62%
59%
61%
61%
6 (-14) 11 (-11) 20 (-7) 32 (0) 43 (6) 53 (12) 60 (15) 56 (14) 49 (10) 37 (3) 28 (-3) 12 (-11)
60%
57%
52%
50%
53%
53%
54%
57%
56%
54%
56%
60%
13 (-11) 19 (-7) 26 (-3) 37 (3) 47 (9) 59 (15) 65 (18) 62 (16) 53 (12) 42 (5) 31 (-1) 18 (-8)
55%
52%
50%
49%
52%
52%
53%
55%
56%
53%
54%
57%
26 (-3) 33 (1) 38 (3) 46 (8) 56 (13) 60 (16) 68 (20) 69 (21) 61 (16) 50 (10) 38 (3) 29 (-2)
58%
53%
50%
48%
50%
57%
58%
60%
62%
59%
56%
58%
47 (8) 48 (9) 50 (10) 59 (15) 65 (18) 70 (21) 75 (24) 74 (24) 74 (23) 64 (18) 55 (13) 48 (9)
59%
57%
56%
54%
59%
65%
63%
64%
66%
63%
62%
59%
14 (-10) 22 (-6) 28 (-2) 40 (5) 50 (10) 58 (15) 63 (17) 64 (18) 52 (11) 42 (6) 25 (-4) 20 (-7)
59%
54%
51%
49%
53%
56%
60%
60%
59%
53%
55%
58%
18 (-8) 24 (-5) 29 (-2) 39 (4) 48 (9) 58 (15) 64 (18) 64 (18) 52 (11) 38 (3) 30 (-1) 22 (-6)
54%
49%
48%
45%
49%
51%
54%
57%
55%
49%
50%
53%
23 (-5) 30 (-1) 36 (2) 45 (7) 53 (12) 62 (17) 69 (20) 67 (19) 57 (14) 44 (7) 34 (1) 27 (-3)
55%
50%
48%
46%
51%
55%
57%
60%
60%
53%
52%
54%
61 (16) 61 (16) 63 (17) 65 (18) 67 (20) 71 (21) 72 (22) 73 (23) 72 (22) 69 (20) 66 (19) 63 (17)
61%
59%
57%
55%
53%
52%
51%
52%
52%
55%
58%
60%
1 (-17)
4 (-15) 8 (-13) 21 (-6) 30 (-1) 35 (2) 44 (6) 48 (9) 47 (9) 38 (3) 27 (-3) 16 (-9)
70%
60%
45%
36%
34%
30%
22%
23%
29%
39%
60%
71%
5 (-15)
5 (-15) 10 (-12) 20 (-6) 32 (0) 37 (3) 46 (8) 52 (11) 52 (11) 41 (5) 31 (-1) 18 (-8)
70%
61%
49%
42%
39%
36%
25%
25%
31%
48%
68%
73%
-5 (-21) 2 (-17) 12 (-11) 25 (-4) 38 (3) 49 (9) 53 (12) 53 (12) 43 (6) 32 (0) 18 (-8) -1 (-18)
67%
65%
61%
55%
54%
55%
57%
57%
57%
56%
64%
70%
0 (-18)
-4 (-20) 2 (-17) 12 (-11) 29 (-1) 40 (4) 52 (11) 58 (15) 54 (12) 43 (6) 33 (1) 17 (-8)
69%
67%
63%
56%
56%
56%
59%
60%
59%
57%
67%
72%
2 (-16)
-1 (-18) 1 (-17) 12 (-11) 33 (0) 42 (6) 53 (12) 59 (15) 55 (13) 46 (8) 33 (0) 18 (-8)
68%
68%
64%
56%
54%
54%
58%
60%
56%
54%
65%
72%
4 (-16)
-1 (-19) 2 (-17) 11 (-11) 25 (-4) 40 (4) 51 (10) 56 (13) 51 (11) 44 (6) 33 (0) 18 (-8)
71%
69%
64%
57%
54%
54%
56%
58%
58%
58%
68%
74%
2 (-17)
0 (-18) 2 (-17) 14 (-10) 31 (-1) 42 (5) 51 (11) 57 (14) 54 (12) 44 (7) 32 (0) 18 (-8)
70%
67%
62%
56%
56%
56%
60%
61%
58%
57%
67%
72%
5 (-15)
-1 (-18) 3 (-16) 10 (-12) 27 (-3) 38 (4) 49 (9) 56 (13) 53 (11) 43 (6) 33 (1) 15 (-9)
72%
69%
62%
57%
54%
55%
57%
59%
60%
60%
69%
76%
-5 (-20) 0 (-18) 5 (-15) 27 (-3) 43 (6) 52 (11) 59 (15) 54 (12) 42 (6) 30 (-1) 15 (-9) -1 (-18)
67%
65%
61%
55%
55%
56%
58%
58%
59%
55%
64%
69%
-7 (-22) -4 (-20) 4 (-16) 20 (-7) 40 (4) 51 (10) 55 (13) 52 (11) 40 (4) 28 (-2) 11 (-12) -4 (-20)
68%
67%
63%
52%
54%
57%
59%
61%
58%
54%
64%
71%

17 | Humidification Load Calculation

State

Table 5: Weather Data - United States (Continued)

44%

2 (-17)

Topeka

54%

0 (-18)

Louisville

52%

4 (-16)

New Orleans

59%

30 (-1)

Shreveport

54%

21 (-6)

ME

Portland

55%

-11 (-24)

Baltimore

49%

10 (-12)

Boston

55%

7 (-14)

Detroit

53%

-1 (-18)

Grand Rapids

53%

-1 (-18)

Duluth

53%

-19 (-28)

Minneapolis-St.Pa 52%

-14 (-25)

Jackson

53%

19 (-7)

Kansas City

55%

1 (-17)

St. Louis

54%

3 (-16)

Billings

30%

-7 (-22)

Great Falls

31%

-12 (-25)

North Platte

46%

-9 (-23)

Omaha

52%

-4 (-20)

Las Vegas

11%

23 (-5)

Reno

18%

4 (-16)

Concord

47%

-11 (-24)

Atlantic City

52%

8 (-14)

Newark

48%

10 (-12)

Albuquerque

18%

4 (-15)

Albany

49%

-7 (-21)

Buffalo

55%

1 (-17)

New York

55%

13 (-10)

Rochester

54%

1 (-17)

Syracuse

53%

-4 (-20)

Asheville

50%

6 (-14)

Raleigh

45%

12 (-11)

Bismarck

46%

-21 (-29)

ND

NC

NY

NM

NJ

NH

NV

NE

MT

MO

MS

MN

MI

LA

KY

KS

Dodge City

MD

Load Calculation
RH Temp F (C)

MA

City

J
F
5 (-15) 6 (-15)
58%
56%
0 (-18) 1 (-17)
64%
62%
4 (-16) 6 (-15)
64%
61%
30 (-1) 34 (1)
66%
63%
21 (-6) 27 (-3)
63%
59%
-5 (-21) -11 (-24)
60%
58%
10 (-12) 13 (-10)
57%
54%
7 (-14) 12 (-11)
57%
56%
-1 (-18) 3 (-16)
69%
65%
-1 (-18) 0 (-18)
72%
68%
-19 (-28) -13 (-25)
70%
65%
-14 (-25) -7 (-22)
67%
65%
19 (-7) 25 (-4)
65%
60%
2 (-17) 3 (-16)
64%
64%
3 (-16) 10 (-12)
66%
63%
-6 (-21) -7 (-22)
56%
51%
-11 (-24) -7 (-22)
60%
54%
-5 (-21) -2 (-19)
63%
59%
-4 (-20) 0 (-18)
65%
63%
23 (-5) 29 (-1)
31%
27%
4 (-15) 6 (-14)
51%
40%
-11 (-24) -11 (-24)
58%
55%
8 (-14) 8 (-13)
58%
56%
10 (-12) 11 (-12)
58%
54%
4 (-15) 13 (-11)
41%
33%
-7 (-21) -2 (-19)
63%
58%
3 (-16) 1 (-17)
72%
70%
13 (-10) 14 (-10)
59%
57%
2 (-17) 1 (-17)
69%
67%
-4 (-20) -3 (-20)
68%
65%
6 (-14) 15 (-10)
59%
55%
12 (-11) 20 (-7)
55%
52%
-21 (-29) -15 (-26)
68%
68%

Econimizer Calculation - Temperature F (C) and Relative Humidity in %

M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
10 (-12) 30 (-1) 41 (5) 53 (12) 59 (15) 58 (15) 45 (7) 31 (0)
50%
46%
51%
48%
44%
47%
48%
46%
15 (-10) 28 (-2) 42 (5) 55 (13) 57 (14) 55 (13) 44 (7) 33 (1)
57%
55%
58%
60%
59%
58%
57%
54%
20 (-7) 36 (2) 45 (7) 54 (12) 61 (16) 58 (14) 48 (9) 36 (2)
57%
52%
55%
56%
58%
58%
59%
55%
40 (5) 47 (8) 55 (13) 62 (17) 69 (20) 68 (20) 58 (14) 49 (9)
60%
59%
60%
63%
66%
66%
65%
59%
35 (2) 45 (7) 54 (12) 63 (17) 67 (20) 64 (18) 56 (13) 43 (6)
56%
57%
59%
58%
57%
55%
57%
54%
4 (-16) 23 (-5) 35 (2) 45 (7) 51 (11) 47 (8) 38 (3) 29 (-2)
57%
55%
58%
60%
59%
59%
60%
59%
22 (-6) 33 (1) 44 (7) 53 (12) 60 (16) 57 (14) 49 (9) 37 (3)
51%
49%
52%
52%
53%
55%
55%
54%
21 (-6) 30 (-1) 44 (7) 54 (12) 60 (15) 58 (14) 49 (10) 39 (4)
57%
55%
59%
58%
57%
59%
60%
58%
14 (-10) 25 (-4) 38 (3) 48 (9) 53 (12) 51 (10) 43 (6) 31 (-1)
61%
55%
53%
54%
54%
56%
57%
57%
11 (-12) 21 (-6) 36 (2) 46 (8) 53 (12) 51 (10) 40 (5) 31 (-1)
64%
57%
53%
55%
56%
58%
61%
62%
-5 (-20) 14 (-10) 30 (-1) 40 (4) 47 (8) 45 (7) 35 (2) 24 (-5)
63%
56%
53%
60%
59%
63%
64%
62%
-3 (-19) 21 (-6) 35 (2) 48 (9) 55 (13) 52 (11) 40 (5) 29 (-2)
61%
52%
52%
54%
54%
57%
59%
58%
32 (0) 41 (5) 51 (11) 59 (15) 63 (17) 64 (18) 51 (11) 40 (5)
56%
54%
56%
56%
59%
58%
58%
53%
13 (-10) 30 (-1) 44 (7) 55 (13) 62 (17) 56 (14) 47 (8) 33 (1)
59%
56%
59%
59%
58%
59%
59%
55%
17 (-8) 36 (2) 46 (8) 56 (14) 63 (17) 59 (15) 50 (10) 38 (3)
59%
54%
55%
55%
56%
56%
58%
55%
5 (-15) 17 (-9) 31 (-1) 44 (7) 52 (11) 48 (9) 36 (2) 17 (-8)
46%
41%
42%
39%
31%
30%
37%
41%
-1 (-18) 15 (-9) 30 (-1) 42 (5) 49 (9) 43 (6) 34 (1) 14 (-10)
49%
41%
41%
40%
31%
31%
38%
43%
3 (-16) 22 (-5) 34 (1) 44 (6) 52 (11) 48 (9) 34 (1) 24 (-5)
53%
47%
51%
52%
50%
51%
48%
46%
8 (-13) 24 (-4) 41 (5) 51 (11) 57 (14) 55 (13) 41 (5) 29 (-2)
57%
52%
54%
55%
58%
59%
59%
55%
35 (2) 43 (6) 52 (11) 61 (16) 70 (21) 67 (20) 58 (15) 42 (6)
22%
16%
14%
11%
15%
17%
17%
19%
16 (-9) 25 (-4) 31 (-1) 38 (3) 44 (7) 39 (4) 33 (0) 22 (-5)
33%
27%
25%
22%
18%
19%
21%
27%
5 (-15) 22 (-6) 33 (1) 43 (6) 48 (9) 44 (7) 36 (2) 24 (-4)
52%
47%
47%
52%
51%
53%
55%
53%
20 (-7) 28 (-2) 39 (4) 50 (10) 55 (13) 54 (12) 46 (8) 34 (1)
54%
52%
56%
56%
57%
58%
58%
56%
22 (-6) 31 (0) 45 (7) 55 (13) 62 (17) 58 (15) 49 (10) 40 (5)
51%
48%
51%
51%
51%
53%
55%
53%
22 (-6) 31 (0) 40 (5) 51 (11) 60 (16) 58 (15) 48 (9) 34 (1)
25%
19%
19%
18%
27%
31%
30%
29%
4 (-16) 25 (-4) 38 (3) 47 (9) 52 (11) 48 (9) 39 (4) 29 (-2)
53%
49%
52%
56%
55%
58%
59%
57%
11 (-11) 26 (-3) 39 (4) 48 (9) 54 (12) 51 (11) 45 (7) 33 (1)
65%
58%
55%
56%
55%
58%
60%
60%
23 (-5) 33 (1) 45 (7) 55 (13) 64 (18) 59 (15) 52 (11) 39 (4)
56%
55%
59%
60%
59%
60%
60%
56%
12 (-11) 26 (-3) 38 (3) 47 (8) 53 (12) 49 (9) 42 (5) 33 (0)
62%
56%
54%
55%
54%
58%
61%
61%
7 (-14) 24 (-4) 38 (3) 46 (8) 54 (12) 51 (10) 42 (5) 32 (0)
60%
53%
55%
56%
56%
59%
62%
61%
21 (-6) 34 (1) 41 (5) 49 (9) 55 (13) 54 (12) 45 (7) 34 (1)
53%
50%
57%
59%
62%
63%
63%
56%
27 (-3) 37 (3) 45 (7) 53 (12) 60 (16) 59 (15) 51 (11) 36 (2)
49%
45%
54%
56%
58%
60%
58%
53%
-5 (-20) 12 (-11) 31 (-1) 43 (6) 48 (9) 45 (7) 29 (-2) 13 (-10)
62%
51%
48%
52%
47%
46%
50%
51%

N
D
18 (-8)
2 (-17)
53%
58%
19 (-7)
0 (-18)
61%
65%
20 (-7)
9 (-13)
61%
65%
40 (4) 30 (-1)
61%
66%
33 (0) 23 (-5)
58%
62%
19 (-7)
0 (-18)
62%
61%
27 (-3) 16 (-9)
55%
58%
29 (-2) 12 (-11)
59%
59%
23 (-5)
8 (-14)
65%
71%
20 (-7)
3 (-16)
70%
75%
1 (-17) -13 (-25)
70%
74%
6 (-14) -7 (-22)
66%
70%
32 (0) 22 (-6)
57%
63%
19 (-7)
1 (-17)
62%
65%
21 (-6)
7 (-14)
63%
68%
4 (-16) -6 (-21)
53%
56%
2 (-17) -12 (-25)
55%
60%
6 (-14) -9 (-23)
55%
61%
12 (-11) -2 (-19)
62%
67%
34 (1) 24 (-4)
26%
32%
16 (-9)
4 (-16)
41%
51%
13 (-11) -2 (-19)
59%
61%
25 (-4) 12 (-11)
58%
58%
29 (-2) 16 (-9)
56%
59%
14 (-10) 10 (-12)
36%
44%
20 (-7)
0 (-18)
62%
65%
23 (-5)
8 (-13)
69%
73%
32 (0) 18 (-8)
59%
60%
21 (-6)
5 (-15)
68%
72%
21 (-6)
2 (-17)
67%
71%
24 (-5) 13 (-11)
57%
59%
27 (-3) 20 (-7)
52%
55%
-4 (-20) -18 (-28)
65%
71%

Humidification Load Calculation | 18

Load Calculation
RH Temp F (C)
57%

1 (-17)

Columbus

53%

2 (-17)

Greater Cincinnat 54%

-1 (-18)

Toledo

52%

-1 (-18)

Oklahoma City

50%

12 (-11)

Portland

45%

18 (-8)

Harrisburg

49%

8 (-13)

Philadelphia

49%

10 (-12)

Pittsburgh

50%

2 (-17)

Williamsport

49%

2 (-17)

Providence

49%

5 (-15)

Charleston

49%

24 (-5)

Columbia

43%

18 (-8)

Rapid City

37%

-7 (-21)

Sioux Falls

53%

-14 (-26)

Knoxville

51%

3 (-16)

Memphis

51%

13 (-11)

Nashville

51%

7 (-14)

Amarillo

38%

7 (-14)

Corpus Christi

57%

20 (-7)

El Paso

16%

13 (-11)

Houston

56%

27 (-3)

San Antonio

51%

21 (-6)

UT

Salt Lake City

22%

-1 (-18)

Burlington

51%

-9 (-23)

Richmond

46%

9 (-13)

Seattle

49%

Spokane

28%

0 (-18)

Charleston

47%

6 (-14)

Green Bay

54%

-11 (-24)

Milwaukee

60%

-5 (-21)

Cheyenne

38%

-6 (-21)

20 (-7)

WY

WI

WV

WA

TX

Dallas-Fort Worth 49%

VT

32 (0)

VA

TN

SD

SC

RI

PA

OH

Cleveland

OK

City

OR

State

Table 5: Weather Data - United States (Continued)

J
1 (-17)
69%
2 (-17)
67%
-1 (-18)
68%
-1 (-18)
70%
13 (-11)
60%
18 (-8)
75%
8 (-13)
58%
10 (-12)
59%
2 (-17)
65%
2 (-17)
62%
5 (-15)
56%
24 (-5)
56%
18 (-8)
54%
-6 (-21)
63%
-14 (-26)
68%
3 (-16)
63%
15 (-9)
63%
7 (-14)
63%
7 (-14)
51%
32 (0)
69%
20 (-6)
60%
13 (-11)
35%
28 (-2)
64%
21 (-6)
59%
1 (-17)
70%
-9 (-23)
64%
9 (-13)
57%
20 (-7)
74%
1 (-17)
79%
6 (-14)
63%
-11 (-24)
70%
-5 (-21)
68%
-5 (-21)
50%

19 | Humidification Load Calculation

F
4 (-15)
68%
6 (-14)
64%
8 (-13)
64%
4 (-16)
66%
15 (-9)
58%
19 (-7)
67%
11 (-12)
55%
12 (-11)
55%
6 (-14)
62%
5 (-15)
58%
9 (-13)
54%
28 (-2)
52%
22 (-6)
49%
-2 (-19)
61%
-9 (-23)
68%
16 (-9)
59%
14 (-10)
60%
10 (-12)
59%
8 (-13)
50%
35 (2)
65%
24 (-4)
58%
23 (-5)
27%
33 (1)
61%
26 (-4)
57%
-1 (-18)
60%
-9 (-23)
62%
11 (-12)
53%
21 (-6)
67%
6 (-14)
69%
12 (-11)
59%
-6 (-21)
68%
0 (-18)
67%
-6 (-21)
48%

Econimizer Calculation - Temperature F (C) and Relative Humidity in %

M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
14 (-10) 26 (-4) 38 (3) 46 (8) 53 (12) 51 (11) 45 (7) 33 (1)
63%
57%
57%
57%
57%
60%
60%
59%
15 (-10) 29 (-2) 40 (4) 49 (9) 55 (13) 52 (11) 45 (7) 33 (1)
57%
53%
55%
55%
56%
58%
57%
55%
13 (-11) 32 (0) 41 (5) 52 (11) 58 (14) 55 (13) 46 (8) 32 (0)
59%
54%
55%
56%
57%
58%
58%
55%
12 (-11) 24 (-4) 38 (3) 46 (8) 52 (11) 48 (9) 41 (5) 30 (-1)
61%
55%
52%
54%
55%
58%
58%
57%
23 (-5) 36 (2) 49 (10) 59 (15) 64 (18) 62 (17) 51 (11) 35 (2)
53%
52%
58%
56%
50%
50%
55%
52%
31 (-1) 37 (3) 40 (4) 48 (9) 52 (11) 52 (11) 45 (7) 37 (3)
60%
55%
53%
49%
45%
46%
48%
62%
21 (-6) 32 (0) 43 (6) 52 (11) 59 (15) 57 (14) 45 (7) 36 (2)
52%
49%
52%
53%
52%
55%
56%
54%
22 (-6) 33 (0) 42 (6) 55 (13) 61 (16) 57 (14) 49 (9) 38 (3)
52%
49%
52%
53%
54%
55%
56%
54%
16 (-9) 28 (-2) 39 (4) 47 (9) 54 (12) 52 (11) 44 (7) 31 (0)
57%
50%
52%
52%
54%
56%
57%
54%
16 (-9) 29 (-2) 40 (4) 48 (9) 54 (12) 51 (11) 43 (6) 33 (0)
54%
49%
51%
54%
55%
58%
59%
57%
17 (-8) 28 (-2) 40 (5) 51 (11) 58 (14) 53 (12) 45 (7) 34 (1)
53%
49%
52%
56%
56%
56%
56%
54%
33 (1) 43 (6) 51 (11) 62 (16) 67 (20) 66 (19) 57 (14) 44 (6)
51%
49%
53%
58%
62%
63%
62%
55%
25 (-4) 40 (4) 48 (9) 57 (14) 64 (18) 63 (17) 54 (12) 39 (4)
48%
43%
49%
51%
54%
57%
56%
51%
5 (-15) 19 (-7) 32 (0) 43 (6) 51 (10) 49 (9) 34 (1) 18 (-8)
54%
46%
47%
48%
41%
37%
38%
45%
2 (-17) 22 (-6) 33 (1) 47 (8) 52 (11) 49 (9) 37 (3) 25 (-4)
64%
54%
53%
55%
54%
55%
57%
55%
21 (-6) 35 (2) 45 (7) 54 (12) 60 (15) 59 (15) 50 (10) 38 (3)
55%
51%
57%
59%
61%
61%
60%
55%
30 (-1) 43 (6) 52 (11) 60 (16) 64 (18) 62 (16) 52 (11) 40 (5)
56%
53%
55%
56%
57%
57%
56%
51%
23 (-5) 37 (3) 47 (9) 55 (13) 62 (17) 59 (15) 51 (10) 39 (4)
53%
51%
56%
55%
57%
57%
58%
53%
17 (-8) 30 (-1) 42 (5) 53 (12) 60 (16) 58 (15) 45 (7) 30 (-1)
42%
38%
43%
45%
42%
47%
49%
43%
42 (5) 50 (10) 60 (16) 68 (20) 71 (22) 72 (22) 63 (17) 48 (9)
61%
63%
66%
63%
57%
58%
61%
59%
32 (0) 44 (7) 54 (12) 63 (17) 69 (20) 67 (19) 57 (14) 44 (7)
56%
56%
60%
55%
49%
49%
55%
54%
29 (-2) 38 (3) 46 (8) 57 (14) 65 (18) 63 (17) 53 (12) 39 (4)
21%
16%
17%
18%
30%
33%
34%
30%
38 (3) 47 (8) 56 (13) 63 (17) 69 (21) 68 (20) 60 (16) 45 (7)
59%
58%
60%
60%
57%
57%
60%
56%
36 (2) 47 (8) 56 (14) 65 (18) 71 (21) 70 (21) 57 (14) 45 (7)
53%
56%
59%
56%
52%
51%
54%
53%
19 (-7) 28 (-2) 37 (3) 47 (8) 54 (12) 51 (11) 41 (5) 30 (-1)
47%
39%
33%
26%
22%
23%
29%
41%
3 (-16) 20 (-7) 37 (3) 46 (8) 51 (11) 48 (9) 39 (4) 29 (-2)
58%
53%
51%
55%
53%
57%
61%
61%
26 (-4) 36 (2) 45 (7) 53 (12) 61 (16) 58 (15) 49 (9) 36 (2)
49%
46%
51%
53%
56%
57%
56%
53%
27 (-3) 37 (3) 39 (4) 47 (8) 51 (11) 52 (11) 45 (7) 39 (4)
62%
58%
54%
53%
49%
50%
56%
67%
13 (-10) 28 (-2) 35 (2) 43 (6) 48 (9) 47 (8) 37 (3) 25 (-4)
55%
44%
41%
36%
28%
28%
34%
48%
20 (-7) 33 (0) 41 (5) 48 (9) 57 (14) 54 (12) 47 (8) 33 (0)
53%
47%
51%
54%
59%
58%
56%
54%
-2 (-19) 22 (-5) 34 (1) 45 (7) 51 (11) 49 (10) 38 (4) 29 (-2)
65%
58%
54%
57%
58%
61%
62%
62%
10 (-12) 26 (-3) 35 (2) 46 (8) 53 (12) 54 (12) 42 (6) 32 (0)
65%
61%
60%
60%
61%
62%
63%
62%
3 (-16) 13 (-11) 30 (-1) 39 (4) 48 (9) 46 (8) 28 (-2) 18 (-8)
47%
42%
44%
41%
38%
38%
38%
41%

N
21 (-6)
65%
22 (-6)
63%
20 (-7)
63%
19 (-7)
66%
27 (-3)
56%
28 (-2)
74%
27 (-3)
57%
28 (-2)
56%
19 (-7)
62%
23 (-5)
61%
22 (-5)
57%
33 (1)
53%
29 (-2)
51%
4 (-16)
59%
5 (-15)
66%
23 (-5)
59%
28 (-2)
56%
21 (-6)
59%
18 (-8)
47%
44 (7)
61%
35 (1)
57%
22 (-6)
32%
36 (2)
60%
37 (3)
55%
10 (-12)
59%
16 (-9)
66%
26 (-3)
51%
25 (-4)
75%
6 (-15)
76%
23 (-5)
56%
11 (-12)
69%
15 (-10)
67%
6 (-15)
51%

D
7 (-14)
70%
6 (-15)
69%
5 (-15)
69%
3 (-16)
73%
12 (-11)
58%
22 (-5)
78%
11 (-12)
58%
17 (-9)
59%
8 (-13)
67%
6 (-14)
63%
9 (-13)
58%
26 (-3)
55%
21 (-6)
53%
-7 (-21)
64%
-8 (-22)
71%
14 (-10)
64%
13 (-11)
61%
12 (-11)
63%
10 (-12)
49%
33 (0)
64%
20 (-7)
59%
20 (-7)
38%
27 (-3)
62%
25 (-4)
57%
2 (-17)
71%
-3 (-20)
68%
16 (-9)
55%
23 (-5)
78%
0 (-18)
83%
10 (-12)
62%
-5 (-21)
73%
1 (-17)
71%
-4 (-20)
53%

City

Load Calculation
RH Temp F (C)

Calgary

42%

-20 (-29)

Edmonton

40%

-23 (-30)

Red Deer

43%

-25 (-32)

Kelowna

37%

-5 (-20)

Prince George

42%

-24 (-31)

Prince Rupert

69%

10 (-12)

Victoria

58%

20 (-7)

The Pas

49%

-32 (-35)

Winnipeg

45%

-25 (-32)

Fredericton

51%

-13 (-25)

Moncton

57%

-7 (-22)

St John

61%

-11 (-24)

Churchill Falls

57%

-31 (-35)

Gander

61%

-5 (-20)

St Johns

69%

5 (-15)

Yellowknife

45%

-41 (-41)

Halifax

62%

1 (-17)

Syndey

66%

1 (-17)

Hamilton

57%

0 (-18)

London

55%

-4 (-20)

Ottawa

49%

-12 (-24)

Sudbury

48%

-18 (-28)

Thunder Bay

51%

-22 (-30)

Toronto

53%

-4 (-20)

Windsor

52%

2 (-17)

Charlottetown

63%

-4 (-20)

Mont Joli

60%

-11 (-24)

Montreal

52%

-13 (-25)

Quebec

50%

-13 (-25)

Sept-Iles

64%

-23 (-31)

Sherbrooke

50%

-17 (-27)

Regina

77%

-31 (-35)

Saskatoon

74%

-31 (-35)

Whitehorse

38%

-34 (-37)

YT

SK

QC

PE

ON

NS

NT

NL

NB

MB

BC

AB

Prov

Table 6: Weather Data Canada

J

Econimizer Calculation - Temperature F (C) and Relative Humidity in %

M
J
J
A
S
O
M
A

-20 (-29) -18 (-28) -7 (-22) 5 (-15) 22 (-6)

59%
57%
55%
43%
42%
-21 (-30) -20 (-29) -6 (-21) 10 (-12) 28 (-2)
69%
66%
61%
44%
40%
-25 (-32) -20 (-29) -14 (-26) 2 (-17) 22 (-5)
68%
67%
63%
47%
43%

38 (3)
44%
42 (6)
46%
36 (2)
48%

42 (6)
44%
45 (7)
51%
42 (6)
51%

40 (4)
43%
44 (7)
52%
39 (4)
51%

25 (-4)
45%
29 (-2)
52%
26 (-3)
51%

10 (-12) -6 (-21) -17 (-27)

43%
56%
60%
12 (-11) -4 (-20) -23 (-30)
49%
65%
70%
8 (-13) -11 (-24) -22 (-30)
47%
64%
69%

-2 (-19) 6 (-15) 14 (-10)

78%
70%
51%
-24 (-31) -16 (-27) -5 (-21)
75%
68%
55%
10 (-12) 17 (-8) 19 (-7)
78%
73%
71%
20 (-7) 22 (-6) 27 (-3)
80%
73%
67%
-30 (-35) -32 (-35) -16 (-27)
69%
66%
61%
-25 (-32) -25 (-32) -11 (-24)
75%
75%
72%

35 (2)
40%
29 (-2)
43%
37 (3)
71%
39 (4)
61%
25 (-4)
49%
28 (-2)
45%

41 (5)
40%
37 (3)
46%
42 (5)
76%
44 (7)
60%
39 (4)
51%
40 (5)
50%

45 (7)
37%
40 (4)
47%
45 (7)
78%
47 (9)
58%
46 (8)
54%
47 (8)
52%

43 (6)
38%
37 (3)
49%
46 (8)
80%
48 (9)
59%
44 (7)
54%
45 (7)
50%

33 (1)
46%
26 (-3)
55%
39 (4)
77%
41 (5)
62%
32 (0)
59%
33 (1)
53%

20 (-6)
6 (-15) -5 (-20)
55%
72%
79%
10 (-12) -10 (-23) -18 (-28)
61%
76%
79%
28 (-2) 16 (-9) 12 (-11)
78%
78%
80%
35 (2) 24 (-4) 22 (-6)
71%
78%
82%
19 (-7) -8 (-22) -26 (-32)
64%
73%
73%
19 (-7) -5 (-20) -17 (-27)
56%
72%
77%

32 (0)
51%
32 (0)
57%
30 (-1)
61%

42 (6)
53%
40 (4)
58%
40 (4)
64%

47 (8)
55%
47 (8)
59%
45 (7)
67%

46 (8)
56%
45 (7)
60%
44 (7)
66%

36 (2)
58%
37 (3)
61%
35 (2)
65%

27 (-3)
59%
27 (-3)
63%
27 (-3)
66%

12 (-11)
60%
27 (-3)
63%
29 (-2)
73%
13 (-10)
48%

33 (0)
57%
37 (3)
61%
36 (2)
70%
37 (3)
45%

42 (6)
58%
44 (7)
61%
42 (6)
69%
45 (7)
48%

40 (4)
60%
43 (6)
63%
44 (7)
71%
42 (6)
54%

30 (-1)
67%
38 (4)
66%
40 (4)
72%
28 (-2)
62%

13 (-11) -5 (-21) -24 (-31)

75%
80%
78%
29 (-1) 20 (-7)
4 (-16)
70%
76%
78%
32 (0) 23 (-5) 12 (-11)
76%
80%
81%
4 (-15) -23 (-31) -35 (-37)
76%
78%
71%

34 (1)
62%
29 (-2)
68%

43 (6)
63%
37 (3)
67%

51 (11) 50 (10) 41 (5)

64%
64%
64%
47 (8) 48 (9) 40 (4)
67%
66%
69%

32 (0)
67%
33 (0)
71%

22 (-6)
75%
23 (-5)
77%

37 (3)
57%
35 (2)
55%
35 (2)
49%
32 (0)
48%
28 (-2)
51%
34 (1)
54%
39 (4)
52%

47 (8)
57%
44 (7)
57%
45 (7)
52%
42 (5)
51%
38 (3)
57%
44 (7)
55%
49 (10)
54%

53 (11)
57%
51 (11)
56%
52 (11)
52%
50 (10)
51%
44 (7)
58%
50 (10)
53%
54 (12)
55%

41 (5)
63%
40 (4)
62%
39 (4)
59%
36 (2)
60%
31 (0)
62%
39 (4)
60%
44 (7)
59%

31 (0)
67%
28 (-2)
65%
30 (-1)
60%
27 (-3)
64%
22 (-6)
62%
30 (-1)
63%
35 (2)
59%

22 (-5)
4 (-16)
73%
77%
17 (-8)
3 (-16)
74%
79%
12 (-11) -10 (-23)
69%
72%
7 (-14) -11 (-24)
74%
75%
0 (-18) -15 (-26)
66%
67%
17 (-8) -1 (-18)
73%
77%
21 (-6)
8 (-13)
68%
74%

31 (0)
63%

41 (5)
65%

50 (10) 48 (9)
66%
66%

41 (5)
66%

32 (0)
69%

20 (-7)
76%

26 (-3)
60%
37 (3)
52%
31 (0)
50%
25 (-4)
65%
31 (0)
50%
26 (-3)
77%
27 (-3)
74%

41 (5)
62%
46 (8)
56%
43 (6)
55%
38 (3)
67%
40 (4)
57%
37 (3)
78%
39 (4)
76%

46 (8)
64%
53 (12)
55%
48 (9)
57%
45 (7)
70%
45 (7)
58%
43 (6)
81%
44 (7)
80%

46 (8)
66%
50 (10)
58%
46 (8)
59%
42 (6)
70%
42 (5)
62%
39 (4)
80%
41 (5)
80%

35 (2)
68%
40 (5)
60%
36 (2)
61%
32 (0)
70%
32 (0)
62%
24 (-5)
81%
28 (-2)
81%

29 (-2) 14 (-10) -4 (-20)

69%
74%
76%
31 (-1) 15 (-10) -5 (-21)
62%
70%
72%
27 (-3)
9 (-13) -7 (-22)
62%
70%
72%
22 (-6)
2 (-17) -13 (-25)
69%
71%
70%
22 (-5)
7 (-14) -12 (-25)
61%
71%
72%
9 (-13) -9 (-23) -27 (-33)
81%
83%
80%
10 (-12) -11 (-24) -23 (-31)
79%
81%
77%

3 (-16) 24 (-5)
46%
38%

36 (2)
40%

40 (5)
46%

36 (2)
48%

19 (-7)
54%

3 (-16) -15 (-26) -27 (-33)

63%
75%
75%

-12 (-24) -13 (-25)

64%
60%
-7 (-22) -7 (-21)
70%
67%
-7 (-22) -11 (-24)
68%
65%

26 (-3)
40%
10 (-12)
42%
29 (-2)
69%
34 (1)
62%
2 (-17)
54%
8 (-13)
54%

1 (-17) 20 (-7)
57%
54%
2 (-17) 18 (-8)
65%
62%
0 (-18) 18 (-8)
64%
61%

-30 (-34) -31 (-35) -18 (-28) -3 (-19)

76%
73%
71%
68%
0 (-18) -5 (-20) 1 (-17) 17 (-8)
74%
70%
70%
69%
6 (-14) 5 (-15) 7 (-14) 19 (-7)
80%
78%
77%
76%
-41 (-41) -39 (-39) -27 (-33) -13 (-25)
67%
65%
59%
57%
2 (-17)
76%
3 (-16)
76%

1 (-17)
73%
1 (-17)
73%

0 (-18) 2 (-17)
74%
72%
-4 (-20) -2 (-19)
77%
74%
-12 (-24) -11 (-24)
66%
61%
-18 (-28) -16 (-26)
71%
67%
-22 (-30) -20 (-29)
63%
61%
-4 (-20) -4 (-20)
75%
72%
2 (-17) 6 (-14)
71%
69%
-4 (-20) -2 (-19)
76%
74%

8 (-13) 25 (-4)
69%
65%
6 (-14) 20 (-7)
74%
73%
10 (-12)
68%
7 (-14)
70%
0 (-18)
58%
-3 (-19)
62%
-9 (-23)
59%
3 (-16)
68%
14 (-10)
64%

24 (-5)
58%
24 (-5)
59%
19 (-7)
50%
13 (-11)
54%
11 (-12)
51%
19 (-7)
57%
28 (-2)
55%

6 (-15) 21 (-6)
74%
69%

-11 (-24) -8 (-22) -1 (-18)

73%
72%
70%
-13 (-25) -9 (-23) 1 (-17)
69%
66%
61%
-13 (-25) -13 (-25) -1 (-19)
67%
64%
61%
-23 (-31) -17 (-27) -5 (-21)
67%
64%
66%
-16 (-27) -17 (-27) -5 (-21)
68%
61%
58%
-31 (-35) -26 (-32) -13 (-25)
77%
80%
84%
-31 (-35) -28 (-34) -16 (-27)
75%
77%
80%
-34 (-37) -28 (-34) -14 (-26)
72%
65%
55%

18 (-8)
67%
21 (-6)
55%
16 (-9)
55%
8 (-13)
68%
13 (-10)
52%
6 (-15)
81%
7 (-14)
78%

48 (9)
60%
47 (9)
59%
49 (9)
55%
44 (7)
56%
42 (6)
60%
47 (8)
56%
53 (12)
58%

14 (-10) -7 (-22)
67%
68%
16 (-9) -2 (-19)
71%
74%
17 (-8) -6 (-21)
71%
72%

7 (-14)
77%
12 (-11)
78%

1 (-17)
79%

Humidification Load Calculation | 20

Incoming Air Volume

For the humidification load calculation it is assumed that the humidity that must be added is
the amount required to bring outdoor air to indoor design conditions. Therefore for any type of
air conditioning system the volume of incoming air by mechanical means and infiltration must
be determined to obtain an accurate humidification load. The incoming volume depends on the
construction of the space being humidified and the type of air conditioning system used. The
main types of air conditioning systems are;
Natural Ventilation In this type of system there is no direct mechanical means for providing
fresh outdoor air into the space. The amount of makeup air is calculated based on the volume
of the humidified space and an estimate of air changes per hour. Table 7 can be used to
estimate the air changes for the four types of construction listed.
Table 7: Air Changes for Natural Ventilation.
Type of Construction

Air Changes / hour

Tight

0.3

Average

0.6

Poor
Loose with lots of in/out traffic

1
2.5

To calculate incoming air volume for natural ventilation calculate the volume of the space being
humidified and multiply by air changes/hour from Table 7.
Mixed air system In this type of system a fixed percentage of the return air is exhausted and
replaced with fresh incoming air. The volume of incoming air is what needs to be humidified.
The building is generally pressurized however when calculating the load the space should be
examined to determine if there is any infiltration possible due to a loose building envelope, large
doors in the building envelope, high level of in/out traffic or any other reason. If infiltration is
present it should be estimated and added to the incoming air volume provided by the air
conditioning system.
Makeup air system This type of system consists of an air conditioner providing fresh incoming
with no return air. The entire volume of the air conditioning system must be humidified to bring
it to the design condition. The building is generally pressurized however as with a Mixed air
system the building should be examined to determine if infiltration is present. Any infiltration
should be added to the incoming air volume.
Exhaust air system - In this type of system a fixed volume of air is exhausted from the building.
The incoming air volume must be at least equal to the volume of exhausted air and is what
needs to be humidified. As with the mixed air system and makeup air system the building
should be examined to determine if any additional infiltration is present and the volume of
infiltration added to the incoming air volume.
Note:
For all mechanical air conditioning systems the space being humidified should be examined to
determine if there is any infiltration possible due to loose building envelope, large doors in the
building envelope, high level of in/out traffic or any other reason. If infiltration is present it
should be added to the incoming air volume calculated by mechanical means.

21 | Humidification Load Calculation

Load Calculations
Natural Ventilation

100 ft
Print Shop
Los Angeles, CA
Lithographic Press Room
Room Height 10 ft
Natural Ventilation
Poorly Sealed Building

60 ft

2
3

Figure 5: Print Shop, Los Angeles California, Natural Ventilation

Example 3: Load Calculation Natural Ventilation - Figure 5 shows a schematic from HELP
depicting a print shop in Los Angeles that is poorly sealed with a volume of 60 ft x 100 ft x 10 ft.
1 Get design condition for Printing Lithographic Press from Table 4 (assume design
condition is the middle of the range). Calculate the moisture content using method given in
Calculating Relative Humidity on page 10.
Design Condition = 78F and 45% RH
A = 0.00149 lb/cu.ft
From Table 2
B =A x 45%/100% = 0.00149 x 0.45 = 0.000671lb/cu.ft
At 45% RH
2 Get incoming air conditions for Los Angeles from Table 5: Weather Data - United States.
Calculate the moisture content at the incoming air conition.
Incoming Air Conditions = 37F, 59% RH.
From Table 5
C = 0.000366lb/cu.ft
From Table 2
D = C x 59%/100% = 0.000366 x 0.59 = 0.000216 lb/cu.ft
At 59% RH
3 Subtract the moisture content of incoming air from moisture content at design condition to
get moisture which must be added per cu.ft
E = B D = 0.000671 0.000216 = 0.000455 lb/cu.ft
4 Calculate the volume of incoming air for a poorly sealed building.
V = 100 ft x 60 ft x 10 ft = 60,000 cu.ft
Volume of the space
Air changes / hr = 1
From Table 7
VIncoming = V x Air Changes = 60,000 x 1 = 60,000 cu.ft/hr
5 Calculate humidification load by multiplying moisture to be added by incoming air volume.
L = E x Vincoming = 0.000455 lb/cu.ft x 60,000 cu.ft/hr= 27 lb/hr
Humidification Load
Humidification Load Calculation | 22

Mixed Air System

Print Shop
Los Angeles, CA
Lithographic Press Room
Mixed Air System
Well Sealed Building

Figure 6: Print Shop, Los Angeles California, Mixed Air System

Example 4: Load Calculation Mixed Air System - Figure 6 shows a schematic from HELP
depicting a print shop in Los Angeles with a Mixed Air System. The mixed air system provides
15% makeup air and this building is well sealed.
1 Since design conditions and incoming air conditions are the same as in the previous
example the moisture which must be added is the same (Steps 1, 2, and 3).
E = 0.000455 lb/cu.ft
Moisture which must be added
2 Calculate the volume of incoming air per hour with 15% makeup air shown in the
illustration.. Since this building is well sealed we will assume infiltration will be 0 cfm.
VIncoming = VReturn Air x 15% / 100% = 10,000 cfm x 15% / 100% = 1,500 cfm
VIncoming =1,500 cu.ft/min x 60 min / hr = 90,000 cu.ft/hr
3 Calculate humidification load by multiplying moisture which must be added by incoming air
volume.
L = E x Vincoming = 0.000455 lb/cu.ft x 90,000 cu.ft/hr= 41 lb/hr
Humidification Load

Makeup or Exhaust Air System

The load calculation for a Makeup Air System, or an Exhaust Air System, are the same as for a
mixed air system except that all the air moving through the system must be humidified. For the
example above with no return air the load would be calculated as follows.
1 The moisture which must be added is the same.
E = 0.000455 lb/cu.ft
2 The entire volume of 10,000 cfm must be humidified so volume per hour is;
VIncoming =10,000 cu.ft/min x 60 min / hr = 600,000 cu.ft/hr
3 Calculate humidification load by multiplying moisture to be added by incoming air volume.
L = E x Vincoming = 0.000455 lb/cu.ft x 600,000 cu.ft/hr= 273 lb/hr
Humidification Load
23 | Humidification Load Calculation

Economizer Cycles
Care should be taken in sizing humidification load when an economizer cycle is incorporated
into a building HVAC system. Under normal heating conditions the makeup air volume is usually
relatively small to avoid heating large amounts of outside air. However when the economizer
cycle is in operation the makeup air volume may be as high as 100% of the supply air volume.
To calculate the humidification load for a system with an economizer cycle the load must be
calculated for each month in which the economizer mode may operate. The calculations are
performed using a low temperature for each month and the average humidity. The monthly
values for the calculation are given in Table 6: Weather Data Canada and Table 5: Weather
Data - United States in the columns under Economizer Calculation.

Print Shop
Los Angeles, CA
5000 cfm

Economizer
air dampers

Lithographic Press Room

Mixed Air System
Economizer Cycle
60F supply air

42F 59%

42F 59%
5000 cfm

Figure 7: Economizer Cycle with 100% Makeup Air

Example 5: Load Calculation Economizer Cycle - Figure 7 shows the print shop in Los Angeles
California for the condition which HELP software has determined will be the maximum
economizer cycle humidification load . The supply air temperature for the economizer cycle is
60F. The following example shows how to manually calculate the maximum humidification
load for a system with an economizer cycle.
1 Create a table listing the months (column A) that the economizer may be active with
headings as shown in Table 8. In this case all 12 months are listed.
2 Get the relative humidity (column B) and temperature (column C) for each month from the
columns under Economizer Calculation in Table 5.
3 Calculate the moisture content of the Outdoor Air (column D and E) for each month using the
method outlined in Calculating Relative Humidity on page 10.
4 Calculate the moisture content at the 78F 45% RH design conditions (Column F) using the
method outlined in Calculating Relative Humidity on page 10.
5 Calculate the moisture that must be added to the outdoor air (Column G) by subtracting
moisture content of outdoor air from moisture content at design conditions.
Humidification Load Calculation | 24

6 Calculate the percentage outdoor air that economizer cycle will use (column H) to obtain the
supply air temperature of 60F using the formula;
% Outdoor Air = (Ts Td) x 100%
Where:

(Tod Td)
Ts = Supply air temperature
Td = Design temperature
Tod = Outdoor air temperature

7 Calculate the Incoming Air Volume that must be humidified each hour (column I) by
multiplying the air handler volume in cu.ft/hr x % Outdoor Air.
V = Air Handler Volume cu.ft/min x % Outdoor Air x 60 min/hr
8 Calculate the humidification load (column J) for each month by multiplying the hourly air
volume by the moisture that must be added.
Table 8: Economizer Load Calculation, Los Angeles
A

Outdoor Air
Moisture
content at Outdoor Air
Outdoor
Moisture
Design
Outdoor Outdoor temp and content at Moisture
Month RH
Temp
100% RH Outdoor RH Content
(from
Table
10)

(from
Table
10)

(from
table
6)

(B x D)

Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov

%
59
63
65
64
66
67
68
69
67
65
61

F
37
43
44
48
52
56
58
60
57
52
45

Lb/cu.ft
0.000366
0.000457
0.000474
0.000547
0.000630
0.000723
0.000773
0.000829
0.000747
0.000630
0.000491

lb/cu.ft
0.000216
0.000288
0.000308
0.000350
0.000416
0.000484
0.000526
0.000572
0.000500
0.000410
0.000300

Dec

59

42

0.000440

0.000260

(from
table 6 x
Design RH)
lb/cu.ft

0.000671

Moisture Required % Required

that must Incoming Incoming
be added Air Volume Air Volume

Humidification
Load

(F - E)

(Ts-Td) /
(Tod-Td)

(H x
Volume)

(G x I)

lb/cu.ft
0.000455
0.000383
0.000363
0.000321
0.000255
0.000187
0.000145
0.000099
0.000171
0.000262
0.000371

%
44%
51%
53%
60%
69%
82%
90%
100%
86%
69%
55%

cu.ft/hr
263415
308571
317647
360000
415385
490909
540000
600000
514286
415385
327273

lb/hr
119.9
118.2
115.3
115.5
106.0
91.6
78.5
59.4
87.7
108.6
121.3

0.000411

50%

300000

123.4

Obtain the maximum humidification load with an economizer cycle from column J. In this case it
will be 123.4 lb/hr and will occur in December if the economizer draws 50% outdoor air.
Note:
The energy saving function of the economizer cycle may be defeated if the
humidification cost exceeds the energy saved by the cycles free cooling.
Maximum humidification load does not occur at the 100% makeup air condition in
August because of the high moisture content of the outdoor air in that month.

25 | Humidification Load Calculation

Warranty

Walter Meier Inc. and/or Walter Meier Ltd. (hereinafter collectively referred to as THE
COMPANY), warrant for a period of two years after installation or 30 months from
manufacturers ship date, whichever date is earlier, that THE COMPANYs manufactured and
assembled products, not otherwise expressly warranted (with the exception of the cylinder), are
free from defects in material and workmanship. No warranty is made against corrosion,
deterioration, or suitability of substituted materials used as a result of compliance with
government regulations.
THE COMPANYs obligations and liabilities under this warranty are limited to furnishing
replacement parts to the customer, F.O.B. THE COMPANYs factory, providing the defective
part(s) is returned freight prepaid by the customer. Parts used for repairs are warranted for the
balance of the term of the warranty on the original humidifier or 90 days, whichever is longer.
The warranties set forth herein are in lieu of all other warranties expressed or implied by law. No
liability whatsoever shall be attached to THE COMPANY until said products have been paid for in
full and then said liability shall be limited to the original purchase price for the product. Any
further warranty must be in writing, signed by an officer of THE COMPANY.
THE COMPANYs limited warranty on accessories, not of the companies manufacture, such as
controls, humidistats, pumps, etc. is limited to the warranty of the original equipment
manufacturer from date of original shipment of humidifier.
THE COMPANY makes no warranty and assumes no liability unless the equipment is installed in
strict accordance with a copy of the catalog and installation manual in effect at the date of
purchase and by a contractor approved by THE COMPANY to install such equipment.
THE COMPANY makes no warranty and assumes no liability whatsoever for consequential
damage or damage resulting directly from misapplication, incorrect sizing or lack of proper
maintenance of the equipment.
THE COMPANY makes no warranty and assumes no liability whatsoever for damage resulting
from freezing of the humidifier, supply lines, drain lines, or steam distribution systems.
THE COMPANY makes no warranty and assumes no liability whatsoever for equipment that has
failed due to ambient conditions when installed in locations having climates below 14F (10C) during January or above 104F (40C) during July.
THE COMPANY retains the right to change the design, specification and performance criteria of
its products without notice or obligation.
Warranty | 26

U.S.A.
Walter Meier (Climate USA) Inc.
826 Proctor Avenue
Ogdensburg, NY 13669
CANADA
Walter Meier (Climate Canada) Ltd.
2740 Fenton Road
Ottawa, Ontario K1T 3T7
TEL: 1.866.NORTEC1
FAX: 613.822.7964
EMAIL: nortec@waltermeier.com
WEBSITE: www.humidity.com
www.norteconline.com

Certificate No. 002419