ABSTRACT

In the Philippines, Euphorbia hirta, known locally as

tawatawa, is used in folk medicine to cure dengue fever by
people in rural areas. Scientific studies show that tawa-tawa
(Euphorbia hirta L.) contains phytol, a chemical substance
known for its anti-dengue properties. However, another plant
is

also

dominant

in

the

Philippine

area

which

has

also

similarities on the physical appearance of tawa-tawa. With the

growth

of

this

plant

also

known

as

Alligator

weeds

(Alternanthera philoxeroides) in the locale, confusion between

the two plant species arises. The study aimed to identify the
substances contained in the extracts of Tawa-Tawa (Euphorbia
hirta

L.)

leaves

philoxeroides)

by

and
the

Alligator
aid

of

weeds

gas

(Alternanthera

chromatography.

The

researchers used 95% ethanol to extract the organic substances

in the leaves. The crude extracts were then machine processed,
namely Rotary Evaporation, in order to remove the impurities
of

the

crudes.

separating
without

and

Gas

chromatography

analyzing

decomposition.

compounds
Findings

(GC)

was

that

then

can

showed

be

the

used

for

vaporized
different

substances that can be found on the two said extracts. The

presence

of

phytol

positively determined.
1|Page

in

the

Alligator

weeds

extract

was

Introduction

The use of herbal-based medicine and medicinal plants to

treat many diseases is growing worldwide as they have few or
no adverse effects. According to a World Health Organization
(WHO) fact sheet dated December 2008, 80% of the population in
some

Asian

and

African

countries

depends

on

traditional

medicine as their primary health care due to economic and

geographical

constraints.

Natural

products

have

become

the

main source of test material in the development of antiviral

drugs

based

on

traditional

medical

practices.

Traditional

medicines are based on knowledge, experience and practices

based on indigenous cultural beliefs and knowledge, and are
used to maintain health, prevent, treat and diagnose physical
or

mental

illness.

Traditional

medicinal

plants

have

been

reported to have antiviral activity and some have been used to

treat viral infections in animals and humans.
To date, 31 different species have been found to have the
potential to treat dengue; some of these have not yet been
investigated

scientifically.

In

the

Philippines,

Euphorbia

hirta, known locally as tawatawa, is used in folk medicine

to cure dengue fever by people in rural areas. Practitioners
of traditional medicines believe that decoction of tawatawa

2|Page

leaves can reverse viral infection and prevent the fever from
moving

into

critical

stages.

Scientific

tawa-tawa (Euphorbia hirta L.)

substance

known

for

its

studies

show

that

contains phytol, a chemical

anti-dengue

properties.

However,

another plant is also dominant in the Philippine area which

has also similarities on the physical appearance of tawa-tawa.
With the growth of this plant also known as Alligator weeds
(Alternanthera philoxeroides) in the locale, confusion between
the

two

necessary
study

plant
that

entitled

Tawa-Tawa

species
the

arises.

researchers

Qualitative

(Euphorbia

hirta

must

L.)

it

conduct

Comparison

(Alternanthera philoxeroides).

3|Page

Therefore,

Leaves

of
and

is

this

the

deemed
research

Extracts

Alligator

of

weeds

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted in order to compare the gas
qualitative

characteristics

of

the

extracts

of

Tawa-tawa

(Euphorbia hirta L.) leaves and Alligator weeds (Alternanthera

philoxeroides).

Specifically,

it

attempted

to

answer

the

following questions:
1. Is

the

chemical

substance

phytol

also

present

in

Alligator weeds extract?

2. How

may

weeds

the
be

extracted
described

chromatography?

4|Page

Tawa-tawa
and

leaves

characterized

and

Alligator

using

gas

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Fig 1. Euphorbia hirta L.

Scientific Name: Euphorbia hirta Linn.

Genus: Euphoribia
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Other Scientific Name: E. piluliferaLinn. Chamaesycepilulifera
Linn E. Capitata
Common Names: Bobi( Bis.), Magatas (Pamp.), Australian asthma
weed

(Engl.),

Tairas

(lv.),

Golandrina

(Tag.),

Cats

hair

(Engl.), Tauataua (P. Bis), Snake weed (Engl.), Tawa- tawa

(Tag.).

5|Page

Botany
This erect or prostrate annual herb can get up to 60 cm
long with a solid, hairy stem that produced abundant white
latex.

There

elliptical,

are

stipules

hairy

(on

present.

both

upper

The
and

leaves
lower

are

simple,

surfaces

but

particularly on the veins on the lower leaf surface), with a

finely dentate margin. Leaves occur in opposite pairs on the
stem. The flowers are unisexual and found in axillary cymes at
each leaf node. They lack petals and are generally on a stalk.
The fruit is a capsule with three valves and produces tiny,
oblong, four-sided red seeds. It has a white or brown taproot.

Euphorbia is the largest genus of the family Ephorbiaceae

with about 1600 species. All species of Euphorbia exude a
milky

juice

when

broken,

and

Euphoribahirtas

local

name

Research

and

gatas-gatas or Tawa-tawa derive from this.

The

Philippine

Developmentt

Council

(PCHRD),

the

for

health

Health
research

arm

of

the

Department of Science and Technology (DOST) spearheads studies

to

assess

dengue.
other
dengue

the

Asied

curative
from

indigenous
cure

Tawa-tawa

plants

this

component

that

includes

the
has

of

Tawa-tawa

PCHRD-DOST
components

plants

also

tookinto

possible

kamote(Ipomeabatatas),

for

for

bawang

(Allium sativum), papaya (Carica Papaya), tanglad (Cymbopogon

6|Page

citrates),

luyangdilaw

(Curcuma

longa),

ampalaya

(Momordicacharantia) and oregano (Coleus aromaticusBenth).

As evidence of its continuing support and commitment to
advance herbal medicine research in the country, PCHRD-DOST
recognizes

researchers

with

excellent

research

on

herbal

medicine through the PCHRD GruppoMedica Award. One of which

were the study tawa-tawa conducted by the University of Sto.
Tomas.
In

Indonesia,

papaya

leaves

are

made

into

tea

traditionally to cure dengue fever. Mixed messages have been

presented by representatives of the Philippine government. The
Department of Health (DoH) says tawa-tawa is not enough for
critical dengue patients, and urges oral rehydration therapy.
Others, like former Health Secretary Jaime Galvez Tan, are
actively promoting the herbal medication. There is a large
difference between cases of dengue without hemorrhagic fever
and

those

with,

along

with

the

serotypes,

recommended

treatment may vary depending on the specific presentation of

dengue.

7|Page

Fig 2. Alternanthere philoxeroides

Kingdom:

Plantae

Order:

Caryophyllales

Family:

Amaranthaceae

Genus:

Alternanthera

Species:

A. philoxeroides

Botany
Alternanthera philoxeroides, commonly known as Alligator
weed, is an emergent aquatic plant. It originated in South
America, but has spread to many parts of the world and is
considered

an

invasive

species

in

Australia,

Zealand, Thailand and the United States.

8|Page

China,

New

Alligator

weed

can

grow

in

variety

of

habitats,

including dry land, but is usually found in water. It may form

large

interwoven

mats

over

the

water

or

along

shorelines.

Alligator weed stems are long, branched, and hollow. Leaves

are simple, elliptic, and have smooth margins. Alligator weed
flowers during the warm months of the year and has whitish,
papery ball-shaped flowers that grow on stalks.

Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green compound found in leaves and green
stems of plants. Chlorophyll in plant cell absorbs sunlight
and carbon dioxide to produce useful energy while releasing
oxygen. It can be instantly converted into fresh blood because
its

molecular

structure

is

almost

identical

to

that

human

blood, it can be used instead of the blood for transfusion.

Chlorophyll can be help carry oxygen around the body and to
the brain. Chlorophyll does have an affinity does have an
affinity with heme in our red blood cells, Like heme, it has a
ring- shaped chemical structure but with a magnesium ion in
the center, heme has iron.

9|Page

Phytol
Phytol is an acyclic diterpenealchohol that can be used
as

precursor

for

the

manufacture

of

synthetic

forms

of

vitamin E and vitamin K1. Intruminants, the gut fermentation

of ingested plant materials liberates phytol, a constituent of
chlorophyll,

which

is

then

converted

to

phytanic

acid

and

stored in fats.
Phytol is derive from phytyl, the major side chain off of
the chlorophyll- a molecule. When phytol undergoes diagnosis
and catagenesis, pristane and phytane are two of the major
biomarkers that are produced, though most regurlarisoprenoid
alkanes containing 25 or less carbon atoms appear to originate
from phytol.
Name: Phytol
Formula: C20H40O
Contributor: Philip Morris R&D

Foreign Studies
According
Pharmacokinetic
pharmacokinetic

to

Wilkins,

Studies
studies

of
are

(2001)

entitled,

Pharmaceuticals.
performed

to

Clinical
Clinical

examine

the

absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug

under investigation (investigational drug and approve drug) in

10 | P a g e

healthy volunteers and/or patients. Data obtained from such

studies are useful for the design and conduct of subsequent
clinical

trials.

analysis

and

They

are

evaluation

also

of

the

necessary
efficacy

for
and

appropriate
safety

data

obtained in clinical trials for new drug development and in

post-marketing clinical trials. The results of non-clinical
pharmacological and toxicological studies should be evaluated
in conjunction with the results from non-clinical and clinical
pharmacokinetic studies to provide useful information for the
appropriate and safe conduct of clinical trials and for the
evaluation

of

the

mechanism

of

action

in

human

subjects.

Outcomes of clinical pharmacokinetic studies are useful for

determining

the

appropriate

use

of

medicines

according

to

patient characteristics, such as disease and genotype of drugmetabolizing

enzymes,

pharmacokinetic

drug

and

for

predicting

interactions.

The

the

influence

results

can

of

also

provide information for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). It

is

important

to

evaluate

pharmacokinetic

parameters

of

individual subjects (patients or healthy volunteers) in close

association

with

drug

efficacy

and

adverse

drug

reactions

observed in each subject.

Study conducted by Qurrat-ul-Ainl, Sadhna, G. K. Khullerl
and S. K. Gar et al., (2003) Alginate-based oral drug delivery

11 | P a g e

system

for

tuberculosis:

pharmacokinetics

effects.

Alginate

microparticles

sustained

delivery

carriers

for

were

and

therapeutic

developed

antituberculosis

as

ral

drugs

in

order to improve patient compliance. In the present study,

pharmacokinetics
microparticle

and

therapeutic

encapsulated

effects

antitubercular

alginate

drugs,

i.e.

isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide were examined in guinea

pigs. Alginate microparticles containing antitubercular drugs
were evaluated for in vitro and in vivo release profiles.
These microparticles exhibited sustained release of isoniazid,
rifampicin and pyrazinamide for 3-5 days in plasma and up to 9
days in organs. Peak plasma concentration (C max), T max,
elimination half-life (t 1/2e) and AUC0- of alginate drugs
were

significantly

higher

than

those

of

free

drugs.

The

encapsulation of drug in alginate microparcticles resulted in

up

to

compared

nine-fold
with

free

increase
drugs.

in

relative

bioavailability

Chemotherapeutic

efficacy

of

alginate drug microspheres against experimental tuberculosis

showed no detectable cfu values at 1:100 and 1:100 dilutions
of

spleen

and

lung

homogenates.

Histopathological

studies

further substantiated these observations, thus suggesting that

application of alginate-encapsulated drugs could be in the
effective treatment of tuberculosis.

12 | P a g e

According to Onkologie, (2003) on their study SOP 13:

Pharmacokinetic Data Analysis. Pharmacokinetic studies are an
integrated part of the development program of a new drug. They
are intended to define the time course of drug and major
metabolite

concentrations

in

plasma

and

other

biological

fluids in order to obtain information on extraction depends on

corolla and bill morphologies, and the extraction efficiencies
depend,

in

addition,

on

the

bird

weight

and

nectar

concentration.
According to Vijaya, (2004) on their study Antibacterial
effect

of

Euphorbia

the

flavin,

hirtaon

antibacterial

polyphenon

Shigella

effect

of

60(Camellasinensis)

spp.-a

cell

compounds

culture

and

study,

extracted

from

Camellasinensis L. and the methanol extract of Euphorbia Hirta

L. were studied against dysentery causing Shigella spp. using
the Vero cell line. Cytotoxicity studies of the extracts were
performed

using

concentration

the

of

the

cell

line

and

extract

was

tested

the
for

non-cytotoxic
antibacterial

activity against the cytophatic dose of the pathogen. These

extracts

were

found

to

be

non-cytotoxic

and

effective

antibacterial agents.
Study

conducted

Phytol-substituted
13 | P a g e

by

Wakeham,

chlorophyll

(2004)

on

their

study

from

Emilianiahuxleyi

(prymnesiophyceae). A nonpolar chlorophyll c-like pigment was

isolated

bysemi-preparative

high

performance

liquid

chromatography from the coccolithophoroid Emilianiahuxleyi Hay

and Mohler. The visible absorption spectrum of this pigment
was similar to that of chlorophyll C2. However, its nonpolar
chromatographic properties were quite different from those of
the relativity polar chlorophylls C2 and C3 in E.huxleyie and
similar

to

those

of

chlorophyll

a.

Analyses

by

gas

chromatography mass spectrometry showed that the nonpolar

character of this new chlorophyll c was due to the presence of
phytol, most likely on the acid side chain of the porphyrin
macro-cycle.
This

is

the

first

example

of

phytol-substituted

chlorophyll c-like pigment.

According to Baxter, (2005) on his study, Absorption of
chlorophyll phytol in normal man and in patients with Refsums
disease,

this

study

was

made

to

determine

the

extent

of

absorption of chlorophyll phytol from the intestine of man,

and the importance of chlorophyll as a source of the phytanic
acid that accumulates in Refsums disease. Uniformly C-labeled
pheophytina was fed to normal human subjects to patients with
Refsums disease. Feces were collected and analyzed. It was
concluded
14 | P a g e

that

not

more

than

about

5%

of

the

ingested

chlorophyll

phytol

is

absorbed

by

man,

whether

normal

or

afflicted with Refsums disease. On this basis we concluded

that the major portion of phytanic acid that accumulates in
Refsums

disease

could

not

be

derived

from

dietary

chlorophyll.
Study

conducted

Euphorbia

hirta

electrolytes

in

by

leaf

Johnson,

extracts

rats.

(2005)

increase

Euphrobiahirta

on

their

urine

is

study

output

locally

and

used

in

Africa and Australia to treat numerous diseases, including

hypertension, and edema. The diuretic effect of the E. hirta
leaf extracts were assessed in rats using acetazolamide and
furosemide as standard diuretic drugs. The water and ethanol
extracts
urine

of

the

output.

plant

produced

Electrolyte

time-dependent

excretion

was

also

increase

in

significantly

affected by the plant extracts. This study suggests that the

active component(s) in the water extract of tawa-tawa leaf had
similar diuretic spectrum to that of acetazolamide.
According to Ogunseli, (2006) on their study Analysis of
the

essential

phytomedication

oil

from

for

the

dried

leaves

management

of

of

E.

hirta

asthma

adopt

as

oral

administration of the aqueous extract.

The
injection
15 | P a g e

increases
was

in

found

oxidative

not

be

burst

restricted

found
to

after

one

phytol

anatomical

compartment

and

was

observed

in

the

blood,

bone

marrow,

spleen, and lymph mode. For example, prevention mediated by

phytol was found to be more pronounce than that of etanercept
and while no significant reduction of disease severity was
after a single etanercept administration at a certain stage of
the disease, phytol was found to be valid as a potential
therapeutic agent.
Study

conducted

Antibacterial

by

Sahalan

Activity

of

(20070

on

their

study

Androgaphispaniculata

and

Euophorbiahirta Methanol Extracts. Androgaphispaniculata and

Euphorbia

hirta

were

screened

for

antibacterial

activities

against three Gram positives and Gram negatives. The leaves

from both plants were extracted by methanol extraction. The
antibacterial

activity

was

detected

with

spread

plate

diffusion method.
According to Kumar, (2008) on their study Antibacterial
Evaluation

of

Snake

Weed

(Euphorbia

hirta),

ethanol,

methanol, chloroform and Aqueous extracts of leaf, stem, root

and

whole

plant

antibacterial

of

Euphorbia

activity.

Among

hirta
these

were

used

extracts

to

evaluate

ethanol

and

methanol extracts of leaf and whole plant were more effective

and

significant

than

aqueous

and

chloroform

extracts

in

inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic bacteria under the

16 | P a g e

study,

but

were

less

potent

when

compared

to

that

of

tetracycline used as positive control.

Study

conducted

by

Bhagwat,

(2009)

on

her

study

Pharmacognostic study of plant Euphorbia hirta is a folklore

medicine in India used as antiasthmatic, anthelmetic, wound
healing, antibacterial, antioxidants, and diuretics. Powdered
leaves

of

extraction

Euphorbia
with

hirta

petroleum

were

ether,

subjected
chloroform,

to

soxhelate

acetone,

and

finally macerated with water so as to get respective extracts.

The

extracts

were

screened

for

its

physiochemical

characteristics, preliminary phytochemical study of extracts

and quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid
content.
According to Geetha, (2009) on their study, In Vitro
responses of Encapsulated shoot tips of SpilanthesAcmella.
Multiple shoots were achieved through axillary bud explant of
Spilanthesacmella on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/ 1 BA.
In vitro developed axillary buds and tiny shoots isolated from
the multiple shoots were encapsulated in different strength of
sodium

alginate.

components

of

The

culture

present
medium

work
on

explains
morphogenic

the

role

of

response

of

encapsulated shoot tips to various types of growth regulators

in different concentrations, MS strength on storage time and
17 | P a g e

percentage of sodium alginate. The development of shoots from

the encapsulated shoot tips were investigated and the maximum
response (92%) for growth ability of encapsulated buds into
plantlets were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/
1

BAP,

after

development

of

to

shoots

weeks
from

of

culture.

the

The

encapsulated

percentage
shoot

buds

of
of

synthetic seeds into plantlets was affected by concentration

of

growth

regulators

and

storage

time

and

type

of

media.

Maximum growth was recorded in MS medium than Nitsch and B5

media. Maximum response was obtained in 3% of sodium alginate.
Synthetic seeds were stored at 4oC that remained viable for 12
weeks.
Study conducted by Chen and Er (2010) on their study,
Antioxidant,

Anti-Proliferative

and

Bronchodilatory

activities of Euphrobiahirta Extracts, its aqueous extract

showed an antioxidant and total antioxidant effect and free
radical

scavenging

scavenging

activity

activity
using

in

ABTS,

assay
DPPH

for

and

free

hydroxyl

radical
radical

scavenging assays.
According Oyleye, (2010) on their study, Antimicrobial
efficacy

and

tissue

reaction

of

Euphorbia

hirtaethanolic

extract on canine wounds. Antimicrobial efficacy and tissue

reaction of crude ethanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta was
18 | P a g e

investigated

in

canine

infected

incised

wounds.

The

gross

appearance and histopathological reactions of the lesions were

evaluated

at

72h

after

treatment.

It

was

concluded

that

infected wound would benefit from treatment with ethanolic

extract of E. hirta and its use in surgical site preparation
is thus recommended.
Study conducted by V. Goetting, (2011) on their study,
Pharmacokinetics
residues

in

of

eggs.

veterinary
Drug

drugs

residues

in

in

laying

chicken

hens

eggs

are

and
of

concern because relatively few drugs are labeled for laying

hens,

although

several

medications

are

approved

for

other

production classes of poultry (Hofacre, 2006; Castanon, 2007).

Drug

residues

in

eggs

may

arise

when

laying

hens

are

mistakenly given medicated feed, when is feed is contaminated

at the mill during mixing, or when drugs are given off-label
(Kennedy et al, 2000; Donoghue, 2003). While a chicken lays an
egg roughly every 24 hours, each egg takes several days to
develop in vivo, and some egg components are in existence
months before the fully developed and shelled egg containing
them is laid (Etches, 1996; Whittow, 2000). Because of the
protracted

nature

of

egg

development,

many

weeks

may

be

required following treatment or exposure before eggs are free

of drug residues.

19 | P a g e

Jiang et al (2005) investigated the antiviral activity of

four extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether and
coumane of A. philoxeroides. Their results indicated that all
extracts possess anti-dengue activity but highest inhibition
of dengue virus was observed with petroleum ether extract.

20 | P a g e

Methodology
Research Method
The

true

experimental

and

analysis

type

of

research

method was used in this study.

Research Locale
The experimental method was conducted at the College of
Arts

and

University

Sciences
of

Chemistry

Science

and

Laboratory
Technology

of

Nueva

while

the

Ecija
rotary

evaporation and gas chromatography were done at the De La

Salle

University,

Taft

Avenue,

Manila.

The

taxonomical

identification of the plant species was administered at the

National Museum of the Philippines, Taft Avenue, Manila.

Procedural Steps
The study was divided into two phases and the following
procedures were undertaken:
1. Collection of the Samples
The researchers collected samples of Tawa-tawa (Euphorbia
hirta

Linn.)

and

Alligator

Weeds

(Alternanthera

philoxeroides) at the researchers town.

2. Preparation of the Sample
The leaves were separated from the other parts of the
plant. Leaves were washed using water to free it from dirt.
21 | P a g e

The leaves were cut into smaller pieces and were air dried
for two days.
3. Crude Extraction
The

researchers

used

95%

ethanol

to

extract

the

organic substances in the leaves by mixing the dried leaves

with it in glass containers covered with foil. Then, the
mixtures,

the

submerged

leaves

in

ethanol,

were

stirred

every five hours so that the leaves in the bottom will be

on the top. After two days, the substances was filtered
with the use of cheesecloth and poured in amber bottles.
4. Rotary Evaporation
The crude extracts were then machine processed, namely
Rotary Evaporation, in order to remove the impurities of
the crudes.
5. Gas Chromatography
Gas

chromatography

(GC)

was

used

in

analytical

chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can

be vaporized without decomposition. This was done at the
De La Salle University, Taft Avenue, Manila. This is with
the

assistance

and

supervision

Technician of the facility.

22 | P a g e

of

the

Laboratory

Flowchart of the Activity

Collection of
Samples

Preparation of
Tawa-tawa leaves

Preparation of Alligator
Weeds (leaves)

Rotary Evaporation

Gas Chromatography

Comparison of the Data

23 | P a g e

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Gas Chromatography Results
Tawa-tawa leaves extract (Euphorbia hirta L.)
, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1
100

Scan EI+
TIC
6.17e7

8.34

16.78
15.24
7.01
18.50 19.73
10.97

%
5.17

21.73
24.78

13.63

27.75

9.48

3.38

Time
7.50

12.50

17.50

22.50

27.50

32.50

37.50

42.50

47.50

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1

Scan EI+
TIC
5.99e7

8.34

100

16.78
15.24
7.01
18.50
10.97

11.83

5.17 5.61

13.10 13.63 14.21

9.48

19.73

21.73

23.17

24.78

27.75

25.89

29.13

16.04

3.38

Time
4.74

6.74

8.74

10.74

12.74

14.74

16.74

18.74

20.74

22.74

24.74

26.74

28.74

Fragmentation pattern (mass spectral data) of each peak on the

chromatogram.
, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 808 (7.040)

Scan EI+
4.46e6

100.9017

100

143.9802
54.9340

83.8836

114.8857

144.9877

175.5415

225.6131

0
55

75

95

115

135

155

175

195

215

240.5111

235

255

275.6084

275

313.3270

295

315

356.1564

335

355

371.0624

375

420.2899

395

415

435

457.2353

455

486.7261

475

m/z

495

Comparison from library ( library match )

24 | P a g e

101

100
50

144
55

72

61

50

115

84

0
55

72

165 180 194 209 223 237 251 266 281 295 310 324 339 353 368 382 397 411 426 440 455 469 484 498

115 130

85
101

144

100
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 808

Head
(0. min)
to Tail MF=546 RMF=920

390

420

450

480

510

4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-

100
50

55

72

HO

144

101

OH

85
115 130
0
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
MW: 144 (replib) 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-

270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

Name: 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methylFormula: C6H8O4

MW: 144 CAS#: 28564-83-2 NIST#: 4159 ID#: 1856 DB:replib
Other DBs: RTECS
Contributor: UNILEVER RESEARCH, DUIVEN, HELHOEK 30, GROESSEN,
HOLLAND
10 largest peaks:
43

999 |

44 755 | 144

372 |

101

313 |

45

253 |
55

252 | 72

197 | 73 143 |

42

90 | 41

45 |

Synonyms:
1.3,5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one

25 | P a g e

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 1068 (8.340)

Scan EI+
1.49e7

96.8667

100

125.9078
68.8746
108.9029

80.8556

126.9829 150.8311

200.5126

0
55

75

95

115

135

155

175

215.0095

195

215

245.0743

235

255

281.3128

275

353.6722

309.2326

295

315

335

355

375.0914

375

469.6631

417.6703

395

415

435

455

482.9643

475

m/z

495

97

100
50
53
0
53
50

126

69
81

109

81

109

69

148 162 177 191 206 220 235 249 264 278 293 307 322 336 352 366 380 394 409 424 439 453 467 481 496

126

100

97
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 1068

Head
(0.to
min)
Tail MF=756 RMF=930

390

420

450

480

510

2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-

97

100

126
50
53
0

69

O
O
OH

109

81

60
90
120
150
180
210
MW: 126 (replib) 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-

240

270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

Name: 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)Formula: C6H6O3

MW: 126 CAS#: 67-47-0 NIST#: 60544 ID#: 12795 DB:replib
Other DBs: Fine, TSCA, RTECS, HODOC, NIH, EINECS
Contributor: D.HENNEBERG, MAX-PLANCK INSTITUTE, MULHEIM, WEST
GERMANY
10 largest peaks:
97

999 | 126

710 | 41

668 |

39

336 |

69

136 | 53

131 |

109

131 |

38

289 |
29

173 | 125

100 |
26 | P a g e

Synonyms:
1.2-Furaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)2.5-Hydrxoymethylfurfural
3.Hydroxymethylfurfurole
4.HMF
5.5-(Hyddroxymethyl)Furfurole
6.5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-formylfuran
7.5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde
8.5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarbonal
9.5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural
10.5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furfuraldehyde

27 | P a g e

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 1593 (10.967)

Scan EI+
5.03e6

86.9113

100

%
158.8899

71.8368
96.8667

125.8406

181.8520

0
55

75

95

115

135

155

175

209.8418

195

215

253.1272

235

255

270.1054

275

321.6502

295

315

354.7465

335

376.0315

355

375

413.6403

395

464.6248 487.1292

428.0816

415

435

455

475

m/z

495

87

100
50
53

72

97

126

159
152

182 196 210 225 239 254 268 283 297 312 326 341 355 370 384 399 413 428 442 457 471 486

98 112
53

50

159

72

100

87
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 1593

Head
(0.to
min)
Tail MF=532 RMF=894

390

420

450

480

510

1-Butene, 4-isothiocyanato-1-(methylthio)-

87

100

S
50

72

159

53

S
N

98 111

0
60
90
120
150
180
210
MW: 159 (mainlib) 1-Butene, 4-isothiocyanato-1-(methylthio)-

240

270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

Name: 1-Butene, 4-isothiocyanato-1-(methylthio)Formula: C6H9NS2

MW: 159 CAS#: 51598-96-0 NIST#: 5649 ID#: 48848 DB:mainlib
Other DBs: None
Contributor:

D.H.WILLIAMS

CHEMISTRY

DEPT.,

UNIVERSITY

CAMBRIDGE
10 largest peaks:
87

999 | 45

950 | 72

400 |

39

340 |

27

270 | 53

200 | 28

190 |

47

190 |

59

330 |
159
190 |
Synonyms:
1.4-Methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate
2.(1E)-4-Isothiocyanato-1-(methylsulfanyl)-1-butene

28 | P a g e

OF

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 2136 (13.683)

Scan EI+
7.72e5

59.9186

100

80.8556

125.8406

94.8490
107.8945

133.0301

167.0148

181.4493 206.0162

248.9666 265.0052 302.1852

329.7726

402.5582 416.7299 438.7620

358.0364

479.9413

m/z
55

100

75

60

95

115

81

135

155

175

195

235

255

275

295

315

335

355

375

395

415

455

475

495

108
133

167

181

0
50

95 107

69 81

121

145

159

206 221

249 265 279 293

330

235 253 272 287

185

313

358

394

417

439 453

480

367 382 400 418

339

55
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

390

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 2136

Head
(0.to
min)
Tail MF=666 RMF=781

100

435

126

95

50

100

215

420

450

480

510

Ethyl iso-allocholate

55

50

69 81

95 107

OH
121

145

159

60
90
120
150
MW: 436 (mainlib) Ethyl iso-allocholate

185
180

253 272
287 301 316

213 227
210

240

270

300

339
330

367 382 400 418

360

390

420

HO

O
O

OH

450

480

510

Name: Ethyl iso-allocholate

Formula: C26H44O5
MW: 436 NIST#: 43053 ID#: 6556 DB:mainlib
Contributor: R RYHAGE MS-LAB KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET STOCKHOLM
SWEDEN
10 largest peaks:
43

999 | 55

914 | 41

867 |

57

797 |

69

547 | 44

492 | 29

476 |

17

469 |

83

609 |
81
460 |
Synonyms:
no synonyms.

29 | P a g e

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 2242 (14.213)
54.9340

100

Scan EI+
6.25e5

108.0289

92.8311

109.0374 134.9785

82.9416

138.0688
151.0326

177.0856
209.9760

281.1786 318.0927

260.0392

225.5459

354.2765

448.1664

475.9778 489.4132

m/z
55

100

75

95

115

135

155

175

195

215

83

150

167

210

83
57 69
60

275

295

315

335

355

95

109

90

123

120

149

150

226 241 260

227

173 191

281 295

269 287
244

180

210

240

270

318
320

57 69

50

395

415

435

455

354

83

382 398

475

495

476

427 441

344 362 377 393 409 424 442

466 484 502

304

300

330

360

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 2242

Head
(0.to
min)
Tail MF=738 RMF=760

100

375

135

50

100

255

93 108

55 69

50

235

390

420

450

480

95
109

510

7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy-

HO
123

149

244
173 191

60
90
120
150
180
MW: 502 (mainlib) 7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy-

269 287

219
210

240

270

O
O

304
320
300

330

344 358 372

360

393 409 424 442 457

390

420

450

O
484 502
480

510

Name: 7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxyFormula: C32H54O4

MW: 502 NIST#: 187609 ID#: 13958 DB:mainlib
Contributor: Chemical Concepts
10 largest peaks:
44

999 | 43

978 | 57

781 |

69

751 |

55

623 | 83

522 | 41

501 |

81

499 |

71

702 |
95
465 |
Synonyms:
no synonyms.

30 | P a g e

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 2444 (15.223)

Scan EI+
7.37e6

123.9590

100

54.9340 78.9041

110.8525

125.0342

150.0251

181.9863 206.0162 231.7200

55

75

95

115

135

155

175

195

215

235

255

317.7570

296.8159

0
275

295

315

335

348.6368

355

398.5957 425.7978

375

395

415

435

461.4675

455

477.4557

475

m/z
495

124

100
50
55

79

0
55 69

95 111

135 150 166 182 196 210 225 239 254 268 283 297 312 326 341 355 370 384 399 413 428 442 457 471 486
204 222
180
149
166

95 109

50
100

124
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 2444

Head
(0.to
min)
Tail MF=573 RMF=750

420

450

480

510

124

100

OH

50
0

390

2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-oxo-1-butenyl)-

55 69

95 109

149

166

180

204 222

60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
MW: 222 (replib) 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-oxo-1-butenyl)-

Name:

O
300

330

360

2-Cyclohexen-1-one,

390

420

450

480

510

4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-oxo-

1-butenyl)Formula: C13H18O3
MW: 222 CAS#: 7070-24-8 NIST#: 188889 ID#: 17031 DB:replib
Other DBs: None
Contributor: Chemical Concepts
10 largest peaks:
124

999 |

43

408 |

166 186 |

41

105 |

|
69 88 | 95 82 | 39 80 | 55

79 | 123

68 |

Synonyms:
1.4-Hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-[(1E)-3-oxo-1-butenyl]-2cyclohexen-1-one

31 | P a g e

125

93

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 2757 (16.789)

Scan EI+
3.35e6

72.9138

100

59.9186

%
96.8667

128.9987

114.8857

171.0433 184.9400

212.9962
227.0224

256.0799

55

100

75

60

95

115

135

155

195

215

235

255

275

295

315

371.3982

335

355

385.8358 412.7671435.3362

375

395

415

435

478.9337

m/z
455

475

495

73

50

83 97

115

129

0
50

83
73

100

175

305.9438

284.2657

143 157 171 185

213

143 157 171 185

213

129

227 241

256
276 291 306 320 334 349
256

270

313

331

377
405 419 434 448 463 479 494
382 401 415 437 451
507

354

239

98

57
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 2757

Head
(0.to
min)
Tail MF=693 RMF=775

100

390

420

450

480

510

Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester

57
98

73
50

157 171 185

O
O O
HO O

239

129

83

256

213

313

270 285

60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
MW: 568 (mainlib) Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester

300

331
330

354 368 382 401 415

360

390

420

437 451
450

507
480

510

Name:Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester

Formula: C35H68O5
MW: 568 CAS#: 761-35-3 NIST#: 36239 ID#: 7204 DB:mainlib
Other DBs: HODOC
Contributor: R.T.HOLMAN,UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
10 largest peaks:
43

999 | 57

952 | 55

801 |

41

641 |

98

603 | 60

500 |

490 |

69

481 |

239

613 |
73

71

433 |
Synonyms:
1.Palmitin, 1,2-di2.Dipalmitin
3.Glycerol 1,2-dipalmitate
32 | P a g e

4.1,2-Dipalmitin
5.1,2-Dipalmitoylglycerol
6.2-Hydroxy-1-[(palmitoyloxy)methyl]ethyl palmitate

33 | P a g e

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 3104 (18.525)

Scan EI+
1.30e6

100
66.9221

96.9339

82.8743

%
109.1718
125.9750

166.8133 182.0534
150.2938

282.3195

263.9315

222.2576

310.8435

451.6596 477.1198

434.2614

397.2525

m/z
55

100

75

95

115

135

175

195

215

235

255

275

295

315

335

355

375

395

67

83

332 347 361 376

397

435

455

475

495

97
109

126

0
50

83
57 69
60

95

109

90

123

120

149
149

167 182

222 241

150

264 282

227

173 191

269 287
244

180

210

240

270

57 69
83

50

434 452 471

344 362 377 393 409 424 442

320

466 484 502

304

300

330

360

390

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 3104

Head
(0.to
min)
Tail MF=744 RMF=769

100

415

55

50

100

155

420

450

480

95
109

510

7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy-

HO
123

149

244
173 191

60
90
120
150
180
MW: 502 (mainlib) 7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy-

269 287

219
210

240

270

O
O

304
320
300

330

344 358 372

360

393 409 424 442 457

390

420

450

O
484 502
480

510

Name: 7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxyFormula: C32H54O4

MW: 502 NIST#: 187609 ID#: 13958 DB:mainlib
Contributor: Chemical Concepts
10 largest peaks:
44

999 | 43

978 | 57

781 |

69

751 |

55

623 | 83

522 | 41

501 |

81

499 |

71

702 |
95
465 |
Synonyms:
no synonyms.

34 | P a g e

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 3348 (19.745)

Scan EI+
8.73e5

100
68.8746

94.9162
80.8556 107.0204
125.8406

144.9205
212.9962

178.0255

231.0489

273.0582

303.1920

414.2448

329.3027

381.2693

396.2451

419.8868

454.4810

493.3765

m/z
55

100

75

55

95

135

155

175

126 145

167

195

215

235

95

107

213

0
69 81 91 105

50

255

275

295

315

335

355

375

395

415

435

455

475

495

69
81

50

115

119

145

159

199

173

273

303

255 273

303

231 245

213 231

329
329

355

381 396

354

381 396

414

433

454

493

414

55
100
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

390

420

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 3348

Head
(0.to
min)
Tail MF=634 RMF=829

450

480

510

-Sitosterol

100
55
50

69

81 95

60
90
120
MW: 414 (replib) -Sitosterol

145

159

150

173

199

180

213

210

231
240

255 273
303
287
270

300

329
330

343 357
360

381 396
390

414
420

HO
450

480

510

Name: -Sitosterol
Formula: C29H50O
MW: 414 CAS#: 83-46-5 NIST#: 287034 ID#: 1913 DB:replib
Other DBs: Fine, RTECS, HODOC, NIH, EINECS
Contributor:

Humboldt-Universitatzu

Berlin,

Department

Chemistry, Analytical Group

10 largest peaks:
43

999 | 55

639 | 41

561 |

57

447 |

81

392 |

387 | 107

378 |

91

377 |

69

427 |
105

95

348 |
Synonyms:
1.Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3)-

35 | P a g e

of

2.Stigmast-5-en-3-ol
3.-Dihydrofucosterol
4.-Sitosterin
5.Angelicin
6.Angelicin (steroid)
7.Cinchol
8.Cupreol
9.Quebrachol
10.Rhamnol

36 | P a g e

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 3749 (21.751)
100

Scan EI+
8.67e5

56.8876

95.0508

125.6390 148.9505

166.8805

181.9192 207.0901

238.4978 252.1877

299.0307

334.0689

376.3672

470.1334

426.4695

484.7108

m/z
55

100

75

55

95

115

135

155

175

195

215

235

255

275

295

315

335

355

375

395

415

435

455

475

495

69
81 95

50

126

149 167
182

159

0
109

50

123

149 163 177

207

238 252 266

201 215 234

262

290 306

334

305 321

280

355

337

376 390

351 365

412 426 440

391 405

427

470 485

447 463

487

95
100

55

67

81

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

390

420

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 3749

Head
(0.to
min)
Tail MF=645 RMF=746

100

55

67

450

480

510

Trilinolein

81
95

50

109

C57H98O6
123

60
90
120
MW: 878 (mainlib) Trilinolein

149 163
150

262
177 191
180

215 234
210

240

280

270

295
300

321

337

330

351 365
360

391 405
390

427 445 460 475 491

420

450

480

510

Name:Trilinolein
Formula: C57H98O6
MW: 878 CAS#: 537-40-6 NIST#: 237314 ID#: 28655 DB:mainlib
Other DBs: Fine, EINECS
Contributor: Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-IW-5614
10 largest peaks:
67

999 | 55

839 | 81

829 |

95

610 |

41

448 | 79

409 | 82

385 |

43

350 |

68

528 |
69
324 |
Synonyms:

37 | P a g e

1.9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester

2.2,3-Bis[(9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoyloxy]propyl
9,12-octadecadienoate

38 | P a g e

(9Z,12Z)-

, 06-Mar-2014 + 12:46:33
tawa tawa 1 4954 (27.778)

Scan EI+
8.16e5

100
56.8876
94.8490

105.0706
118.9186 144.9205
181.7849 206.8216

414.1104

396.5137

303.0577 329.1684

231.5186

456.2948

492.8391

m/z
55

100

75

95

115

135

155

175

195

215

255

232

255

275

295

315

335

355

375

69

415

435

455

475

495

95
81

105

145 161

182

207

0
50

83
57 69
60

95

90

109

123

120

149

150

227

173 191

282
269 287

244

180

210

240

270

303

329 343

377

57 69

50

83

397

414

456 472

344 362 377 393 409 424 442

320

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy-

95
109

493

466 484 502

304

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 1: Scan 4954

Head
(0.to
min)
Tail MF=761 RMF=785

100

395

55

50

100

235

HO
123

149

244
173 191

60
90
120
150
180
MW: 502 (mainlib) 7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy-

269 287

219
210

240

270

O
O

304
320
300

344 358 372

330

360

393 409 424 442 457

390

420

450

484 502
480

510

Name: 7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxyFormula: C32H54O4

MW: 502 NIST#: 187609 ID#: 13958 DB:mainlib
Contributor: Chemical Concepts
10 largest peaks:
44

999 | 43

978 | 57

781 |

69

751 |

55

623 | 83

522 | 41

501 |

81

499 |

71

702 |
95
465 |
Synonyms:
no synonyms.

39 | P a g e

Alligator weeds (Alternanthera philoxeroides)

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2

Scan EI+
TIC
2.98e8

18.15

100

%
18.02

3.13

16.32
14.11

21.73

15.41

Time
7.50

12.50

17.50

22.50

27.50

32.50

37.50

42.50

47.50

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2

Scan EI+
TIC
2.12e8

100

18.02

16.32
15.41

14.11

0
12.85

13.85

14.85

17.96

16.79

21.73

15.85

15.85

16.85

17.85

18.85

19.85

20.85

21.85

22.85

Time
24.85

23.85

Fragmentation pattern (mass spectral data ) of each peak on

the chromatogram..
, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2 2222 (14.113)

Scan EI+
2.87e6

86.9113
72.8465

100

%
59.9186
102.0448 115.9612
167.0819

0
55

75

95

115

135

155

181.9863

175

195

224.2709

215

235

305.7425

253.0601

255

275

295

318.0255

315

369.5852 393.6931

335

355

375

395

434.5301

415

435

469.8647

455

485.7185

475

m/z
495

Comparison from library ( library match )

100

73

87

50
60

102

0
50

126 144

103

57

167

145 163

199 216 232 248 264 280 296 312 328 345 361 377 394 410 426 442 459 476 492
194

87

100

73
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 2: Head

Scan to
2222
Tail(0.
MF=646
min) RMF=816

40 | P a g e

360

390

420

450

480

3-O-Methyl-d-glucose

510

73

100

87

O
O OH
HO OH
OH

50
57

103

145 163

60
90
120
150
MW: 194 (mainlib) 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose

194
180

210

240

270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

Name: 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose
Formula: C7H14O6
MW: 194 NIST#: 127259 ID#: 35456 DB:mainlib
Contributor: LAC, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
10 largest peaks:
73

999 | 74

900 | 87

743 |

43

411 |

45

298 | 71

290 | 57

262 |

75

259 |

59

363 |
42
239 |
Synonyms:
no synonyms.

41 | P a g e

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2 2481 (15.409)
100

Scan EI+
1.62e6

94.9835

67.9994

81.9996
123.0854

109.0374 124.0262
125.1014
181.7178 208.1639 234.7398

0
55

75

95

115

155

175

215

235

262.8577

255

277.5546

275

295

320.1064

315

335

377.1059

356.2907

355

375

436.3438

415

448.9726

435

455

477.5901

475

m/z
495

123

50

137

137

182 198 214 235 253 269 285 301 318 334 351 367 383 399 415 431 447 463 479 496
179

278

109

50
55

71

123

81 95

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 2: Head

Scan to
2481
Tail(0.
MF=716
min) RMF=905

100

395

82

57

100

195

95

68

100

135

55

81 95

390

420

450

480

510

3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol

123

71

50

OH

109
137
0

278

179

60
90
120
150
180
210
240
MW: 296 (mainlib) 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol

270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

Name: 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol
Formula: C20H40O
MW: 296 CAS#: 102608-53-7 NIST#: 114703 ID#: 43206 DB:mainlib
Other DBs: IRDB
Contributor: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, 1990.
10 largest peaks:
81

999 | 82

986 |

43

852 | 41

811 | 57

965 |

95

962 |

123

811 |

71

748 |

68

892 |
55
728 |
Synonyms:
1.(2E)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol

42 | P a g e

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2 2572 (15.864)

Scan EI+
7.00e5

80.9229

100

94.9835
57.0223
122.9510
108.9029

124.0262
137.1283 149.2192

182.0534 208.0968

242.1888

175

235

278.2257

365.0864 387.5818 402.0209

316.2132

423.7827

473.3579

494.1827

m/z
55

75

95

115

81

100

135

195

215

255

275

295

315

335

355

375

415

435

455

475

495

123

50

137

0
110
50

135

167
163

192

208 224 242 258 278 300 316 337 357

224

402 422

453 473 494

95
55 67
60

81
90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 2: Head

Scan to
2572
Tail(0.
MF=115
min) RMF=921

100

395

95

57 73

100

155

390

420

450

480

510

5,10-Pentadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-

55 67
81
OH

95

50

110
0

135

163

192

224

60
90
120
150
180
210
MW: 224 (mainlib) 5,10-Pentadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-

240

270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

Name: 5,10-Pentadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)Formula: C15H28O

MW: 224 CAS#: 64275-51-0 NIST#: 55626 ID#: 28634 DB:mainlib
Other DBs: None
Contributor: HCACAV,60(4)1161(1977);13; G. OHLOFF
10 largest peaks:
67

999 | 55

930 | 41

880 |

81

760 |

95

280 | 110

190 | 135

100 |

121

80 | 149

30 |

440 |
29

Synonyms:
1.(5Z,10Z)-5,10-Pentadecadien-1-ol

43 | P a g e

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2 2662 (16.314)

Scan EI+
1.09e7

73.9235
86.8440

100

143.0398

97.0012 128.9987

171.1104

227.0224

185.0742

270.1725
295.2051

0
55

75

74

100
50

95

115

155

175

195

215

235

255

275

295

338.7680

315

335

366.6979

355

375

410.3492

395

415

453.4734

435

455

m/z
475

495

87

55

0
50

135

97 111

143

97 111

143

55

171

199

227

254 270

171

199

227

270

295

339

367

392 409

445 466 482

87
100

74
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 2: Head

Scan to
2662
Tail(0.
MF=890
min) RMF=914

390

420

450

480

510

Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester

74

100

87

50
55
0

97 111

143

O
227

167 185

60
90
120
150
180
210
MW: 270 (replib) Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester

240

270
270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

Name:Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester

Formula: C17H34O2
MW: 270 CAS#: 112-39-0 NIST#: 79124 ID#: 9050 DB:replib
Other DBs: Fine, TSCA, EPA, HODOC, NIH, EINECS
Contributor: O A MAMER, MCGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, CANADA
10 largest peaks:
74

999 | 87

575 | 43

368 |

41

304 |

55

183 | 29

177 |

159 |

69

127 |

143

251 |
75
102 |

44 | P a g e

57

Synonyms:
1.Palmitic acid, methyl ester
2.n-Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester
3.Metholene 2216
4.Methylhexadecanoate
5.Methyl n-hexadecanoate
6.Methylpalmitate
7.Uniphat A60
8.Emery 2216
9.Radia 7120

45 | P a g e

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2 2757 (16.789)

Scan EI+
2.36e6

72.9138

100

96.8667

128.9987

83.0089

256.0799
114.9530

213.0633

157.1439 171.0433

199.0360

257.2207

227.0895

55

100

75

60

95

115

135

155

175

215

235

255

275

295

315

335

355

83

97

129
115

395

415

435

467.5135

455

475

496.2650

m/z

495

83 97
50

129

157

256

213

171

281 297 314 330 347 363 379 395 411 429 445 461 477 494
185

213

239

256

60 73
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

390

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 2: Head

Scan to
2757
Tail(0.
MF=783
min) RMF=869

100

432.7836

383.6197

375

73

50

100

195

365.2207

316.3475

420

450

480

510

n-Hexadecanoic acid

60 73
O

50
83 97

129
137 157

0
60
90
120
150
MW: 256 (mainlib) n-Hexadecanoic acid

185
180

213
210

239

256

240

270

OH
300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

Name: n-Hexadecanoic acid

Formula: C16H32O2
MW: 256 CAS#: 57-10-3 NIST#: 151973 ID#: 8479 DB:mainlib
Other DBs: Fine, TSCA, RTECS, EPA, HODOC, NIH, EINECS, IRDB
Contributor: Chemical Concepts
10 largest peaks:
43

999 | 73

905 | 60

838 |

41

749 |

57

616 | 29

414 | 69

310 |

71

285 |

61

634 |
55
218 |

46 | P a g e

Synonyms:
1.Hexadecanoic acid
2.n-Hexadecoic acid
3.Palmitic acid
4.Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
5.1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid
6.Cetylic acid
7.Emersol 140
8.Emersol 143
9.Hexadecylic acid
10.Hydrofol

47 | P a g e

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2 2992 (17.965)

Scan EI+
2.18e6

66.9894 80.8556

100

94.9835
95.9924

109.0374
123.0182

136.1206
164.0604

55

75

95

115

135

155

175

195

215

293.9970

262.1195

220.1771

235

255

275

295

322.5900

315

357.2307

335

355

400.6777

375

395

432.6492 455.1528

415

435

455

493.0406

m/z

475

495

67 81

100

95

55
50

109
121 136

164

0
135 150

109

50

220

263
294

95

55
100

262 276 294 309 323 339 355 370 385 401 417 431 446 461 476 491

206 220 235

195

164

67

81

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 2: Scan 2992

Head(0.tomin)
Tail MF=795 RMF=874

67

100
55

390

420

450

480

510

7,10-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester

81
95

50

O
109
135 150

294
164

194

220 235

60
90
120
150
180
210
MW: 294 (mainlib) 7,10-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester

240

263
270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

Name: 7,10-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester

Formula: C19H34O2
MW: 294 CAS#: 56554-24-6 NIST#: 35764 ID#: 28786 DB:mainlib
Other DBs: None
Contributor: R.T.HOLMAN,UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
10 largest peaks:
67

999 | 81

900 | 41

720 |

55

700 |

95

630 | 82

540 | 79

480 |

96

450 |

68

670 |
43
430 |
Synonyms:
1.Methyl (7E,10E)-7,10-octadecadienoate

48 | P a g e

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2 3004 (18.025)

Scan EI+
9.52e6

78.9714

100

66.9894

94.9835
107.9617

%
121.0692
135.0457 149.0849
173.1246

222.1904 236.0149 261.1129

0
55

75

115

135

155

175

195

215

235

255

292.1179 304.8699

275

295

315

350.3824

335

393.1558

355

375

395

427.2755

415

435

55

67

95

475

m/z

495

108
121

135 149

0
135 149

163

191 205 219 236

191
236

163

261 276 292 307 321

292

341 358 373 387 403 421 435 452 466 481 495

108

50

93

55
67

100

79
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 2: Scan 3004

Head(0.tomin)
Tail MF=863 RMF=928

360

390

420

450

480

9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-

79

100
67
50

464.2217 488.4056

455

79

100
50

95

55

O
93
108

O
135 149

163

191

236

60
90
120
150
180
210
240
MW: 292 (replib) 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-

292
270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

Name: 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)Formula: C19H32O2

MW: 292 CAS#: 301-00-8 NIST#: 27738 ID#: 9669 DB:replib
Other DBs: Fine, TSCA, HODOC, EINECS
Contributor: SERL
10 largest peaks:
79

999 | 67

780 | 41

610 |

55

570 |

93

430 | 80

420 |

400 |

43

310 |

108

470 |
81

95

270 |
Synonyms:
1.Linolenic acid, methyl ester
2.Methyl all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate
49 | P a g e

3.Methyllinolenate
4.Methyl (9Z,12Z,15Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate

50 | P a g e

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2 3027 (18.140)

Scan EI+
4.71e7

70.9616

100

123.0182
80.9902 94.9835
124.0934
151.0997

0
55

75

95

115

135

155

175

196.0827 222.2576 249.0336

195

215

235

255

296.1448

278.2257

275

m/z
295

315

335

355

375

395

415

435

455

475

495

71

100
50

57

81

123
95

111

95

111

137 147 157 165

151
137

0
81

57

50
100

179
179

193
207
196

222

236

249

263

278
278

296

123

71
50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 2: Scan 3027

Head(0.tomin)
Tail MF=920 RMF=931

Phytol

71

100

HO
50

57

81

50 60 70 80
MW: 296 (replib) Phytol

95

111

123
137

151

179

196

278

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310

Name: Phytol
Formula: C20H40O
MW: 296 CAS#: 150-86-7 NIST#: 108727 ID#: 8051 DB:replib
Other DBs: Fine, TSCA, RTECS, HODOC, EINECS
Contributor: Philip Morris R&D
10 largest peaks:
71

999 | 43

381 | 57

334 |

41

260 |

55

239 | 81

223 | 68

199 |

123

184 |

56

259 |
69
169 |
Synonyms:
1.2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]2.trans-Phytol
51 | P a g e

3.3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol
4.(2E)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol

52 | P a g e

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2 3744 (21.726)

Scan EI+
4.23e6

149.0177

100

56.8876
167.0148

70.8943
113.0036

83.0089

168.0219

147.8087

207.0230

0
55

75

95

115

135

57

71

195

215

225.6131

235

279.1653
260.5761

255

311.3805

275

295

315

346.6227

335

83
57

104

129

189 207 222 238 253

121

375

395

414.3791

415

449.3084

435

455

492.3689

m/z

475

495

279

293 308 325 340 355 369 384 400 414 429 445 459 474 490

279

70

167

100

149
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 2: Scan 3744

Head(0.tomin)
Tail MF=711 RMF=932

360

390

420

450

480

510

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester

149

100

50

383.6868

355

167
113

83
0
50

175

149

100
50

155

57

O
O
O
O

167

70
83

104

279

121

60
90
120
150
180
210
MW: 390 (replib) 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester

240

270

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

Name: 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester

Formula: C24H38O4
MW: 390 CAS#: 27554-26-3 NIST#: 113206 ID#: 20061 DB:replib
Other DBs: Fine, TSCA, RTECS, EINECS, IRDB
Contributor: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, 1990.
10 largest peaks:
149

999 | 167

350 | 57

341 |

70

264 |

41

224 | 55

218 | 43

200 |

150

107 |

83

225 |
71
100 |
Synonyms:
1.Diisooctyl phthalate
2.Hexaplas M/O
3.Isooctyl phthalate
53 | P a g e

4.Corflex 880
5.DIOP
6.Flexol plasticizer diop
7.Morflex 100
8.Palatinol D10
9.Phthalic acid, bis(6-methylheptyl) ester
10.Phthalic acid, diisooctyl ester

54 | P a g e

, 05-Mar-2014 + 18:40:01
tawa tawa 2 4263 (24.322)

Scan EI+
1.34e6

69.0093

100

80.9902

%
94.9835
109.0374

123.0854

146.9356 191.3170 206.8216 218.4322

0
55

75

115

135

155

195

215

235

327.4902

255.0733 281.0443 306.8835

255

275

295

315

335

428.2831 450.7192 465.2294

370.3239 393.3572

355

375

395

415

455

475

m/z
495

81
95

109

137

121

50
69 81

161 176 191 207

171

145

232 249 264 281 299

197 213 227

327 341

311

253 272

339

370 393 414

367 382 400 418

444 459 474 489

95 107

55
60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

390

C:\ TurboMass\ DEFAULT.PRO\ Data\ tawa tawa 2: Scan 4263

Head(0.tomin)
Tail MF=681 RMF=776

100

435

55

100

175

69

100
50

95

420

450

480

510

Ethyl iso-allocholate

55

50

69 81

OH

95 107
121

145

60
90
120
150
MW: 436 (mainlib) Ethyl iso-allocholate

185 199
180

210

229

253

240

272 289 304 319

270

300

339

330

367 382 400 418

360

390

420

HO
450

O
O

OH
480

510

Name: Ethyl iso-allocholate

Formula: C26H44O5
MW: 436 NIST#: 43053 ID#: 6556 DB:mainlib
Contributor: R RYHAGE MS-LAB KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET STOCKHOLM
SWEDEN
10 largest peaks:
43

999 | 55

914 | 41

867 |

57

797 |

69

547 | 44

492 | 29

476 |

17

469 |

83

609 |
81
460 |
Synonyms:
no synonyms
55 | P a g e

Summary of Findings
Based on the results of the study, the following findings are
derived:
1. The

tawa-tawa

leaves

extract

contains

4H-Pyran-4-one,

2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-,
Furancarboxaldehyde,

5-(hydroxymethyl)-,

isothiocyanato-1-(methylthio)-,
7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol,

Ethyl

3-acetoxy-,

1-Butene,

4-

iso-allocholate,

2-Cyclohexen-1-one,

4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-oxo-1-butenyl)-,
Hexadecanoic

acid,

1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl

ester, 7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy, -Sitosterol,

Trilinolein, and 7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy-.
2. The alligator weeds extract (leaves) contains 3-O-Methyld-glucose,

3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol,

Pentadecadien-1-ol,
ester,
methyl
ester,

(Z,Z)-,

n-Hexadecanoic
ester,
(Z,Z,Z)-,

acid,

Hexadecanoic

7,10-Octadecadienoic

9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic
Phytol,

acid,

acid,

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic

5,10methyl
acid,
methyl
acid,

diisooctyl ester, and Ethyl iso-allocholate.

3. The presence of phytol in the Alligator weeds extract was
positively determined.

56 | P a g e

Conclusions
With

the

data

gathered,

the

researchers

can

therefore

conclude:
1. Alligator weeds extract contained the substance phytol.
2. The components of Tawa-tawa leaves extract and Alligator
weeds

extract

(leaves)

were

characterized

using

Gas

Chromatography.

Recommendations
1. Further study about Alligator weeds extracts capability
of serving as an anti-dengue medication.
2. MTT assay must be conducted to determine the cytotoxicity
of both plant species.
3. The use of petroleum ether as a solvent must be taken
into consideration.

57 | P a g e

Appendix A

Figure 1 Collection of the Samples

Figure 2 Preparation of the Sample

Figure 3 Crude extraction

58 | P a g e

Figure 4 Rotary Evaporation

Figure 5 Gas Chromatography

59 | P a g e

APPENDIX B

60 | P a g e