1) What is Routing?

Routing is the process of finding a path on which data can pass from source to destination. Routing is
done by a device called routers, which are network layer devices.
2) What is the purpose of the Data Link?
The job of the Data Link layer is to check messages are sent to the right device. Another function of this
layer is framing.
3) What is the key advantage of using switches?
When a switch receives a signal, it creates a frame out of the bits that was extracted from that signal.
With this process, it gains access and reads the destination address, after which it forwards that frame to
the appropriate port. This is a very efficient means of data transmission, instead of broadcasting it on all
ports.
4) When does network congestion occur?
Network congestion occurs when too many users are trying to use the same bandwidth. This is especially
true in big networks that do not resort to network segmentation.
5) What is a Window in networking terms?
A Window refers to the number of segments that is allowed to be sent from source to destination before
an acknowledgement is sent back.
6) Does a bridge divide a network into smaller segments?
Not really. What a bridge actually does is to take the large network and filter it, without changing the size
of the network.
7) Which LAN switching method is used in CISCO Catalyst 5000?
This model uses the Store-and-forward switching method. It stores the entire frame to its buffers and
performs a crc check before deciding whether or not to forward that data frame.
8 ) What is the role of the LLC sublayer?
The LLC sublayer, short for Logical Link Control, can provide optional services to an application
developer. One option is to provide flow control to the Network layer by using stop/start codes. The LLC
can also provide error correction.
9) How does RIP differ from IGRP?
RIP relies on the number of hops in order to determine the best route to a network. On the other hand,
IGRP takes consideration many factors before it decides the best route to take, such as bandwidth,
reliability, MTU and hop count.
10) What are the different memories used in a CISCO router?
- NVRAM stores the startup configuration file
- DRAM stores the configuration file that is being executed
- Flash Memory stores the Cisco IOS.
11) What is BootP?
BootP is a protocol that is used to boot diskless workstations that are connected to the network. It is short
for Boot Program. Diskless workstations also use BootP in order to determine its own IP address as well
as the IP address of the server PC.
12) What is the function of the Application Layer in networking?
The Application Layer supports the communication components of an application and provides network
services to application processes that span beyond the OSI reference model specifications. It also
synchonizes applications on the server and client.
13) Differentiate User Mode from Privileged Mode

User Mode is used for regular task when using a CISCO router, such as to view system information,
connecting to remote devices, and checking the status of the router. On the other hand, privileged mode
includes all options that are available for User Mode, plus more. You can use this mode in order to make
configurations on the router, including making tests and debugging.
14) What is 100BaseFX?
This is Ethernet that makes use of fiber optic cable as the main transmission medium. The 100 stands for
100Mbps, which is the data speed.
15) Differentiate full-duplex from half-duplex.
In full-duplex, both the transmitting device and the receiving device can communicate simultaneously, that
is, both can be transmitting and receiving at the same time. In the case of half-duplex, a device cannot
receive while it is transmitting, and vice versa.
16) What is MTU?
MTU stands for Maximum Transmission Unit. It refers to the maximum packet size that can be sent out
onto the data line without the need to fragment it.
17) How does cut-through LAN switching work?
In Cut-Through LAN switching, as soon as the router receives the data frame, it will immediately send it
out again and forward it to the next network segment after reading the destination address.
18) What is latency?
Latency is the amount of time delay that measures the point from which a network device receives a data
frame to the time it sends it out again towards another network segment.
19) Utilizing RIP, what is the limit when it comes to number of hops?
The maximum limit is 15 hop counts. Anything higher than 15 indicates that the network is considered
unreachable.
20) What is a Frame Relay?
Frame Relay is a WAN protocol that provides connection-oriented communication by creating and
maintaining virtual circuits. It has a high performance rating and operates at the Data Link and Physical
Layers.
21) How do you configure a Cisco router to route IPX?
The initial thing to do is to enable IPX routing by using the ipx routing command. Each interface that is
used in the IPX network is then configured with a network number and encapsulation method.
22) What are the different IPX access lists?
There are two access lists: Standard and Extended. Standard Access List can only filter the source or
destination IP address. An Extended Access List uses the source and destination IP addresses, port,
socket and protocol when filtering a network.
23) Explain the benefits of VLANs.
VLANs allow the creation of collision domains by groups other than just physical location. Using VLANs, it
is possible to establish networks by different means, such as by function, type of hardware, protocol,
among others. This is a big advantage when compared to conventional LANs wherein collision domains
are always tied to physical location.
24) What is subnetting?
Subnetting is the process of creating smaller networks from a big parent network. Being a part of a
network, each subnet is assigned some additional parameters or identifier to indicate its subnet number.
25) What are the advantages of a layered model in the networking industry?

A layered network offers many advantages. It allows administrators to make changes in one layer without
the need to make changes in the other layers. Specialization is encouraged, allowing the network industry
to make progress faster. A layered model also lets administrators troubleshoot problems more efficiently.
26) Why is UDP lease favored when compared to TCP?
Its because UDP is unreliable and unsequenced. It is not capable of establishing virtual circuits and
acknowledgements.
27) What are some standards supported by the Presentation layer?
Presentation layer supports many standards, which ensures that data is presented correctly. These
include PICT, TIFF and JPEG for graphics, MIDI, MPEG and QuickTime for Video/Audio.
28) Whats the simplest way to remotely configure a router?
In cases when you need to configure a router remotely, the most convenient is to use the Cisco
AutoInstall Procedure. However, the router must be connected to the WAN or LAN through one of the
interfaces.
29) What does the show protocol display?
- routed protocols that is configured on the router
- the address assigned on each interface
- the encapsulation method that was configured on each interface
30) How do you depict an IP address?
It can be done in three possible ways:
- using Dotted-decimal. For example: 192.168.0.1
- using Binary. For example: 10000010.00111011.01110010.01110011
- using Hexadecimal. For example: 82 1E 10 A1
31) How do you go to privileged mode? How do you switch back to user mode?
To access privileged mode, you enter the command enable on the prompt. In order to get back to user
mode, enter the command disable
32) What is HDLC?
HDLC is short for High Level Data Link Control protocol, and is a propriety protocol of CISCO. It is the
default encapsulation operated within CISCO routers.
33) How are internetworks created?
Internetworks are created when networks are connected using routers. Specifically, the network
administrator assigns a logical address to every network that connects to the router.
34) What is Bandwidth?
Bandwidth refers to the transmission capacity of a medium. It is a measure of how much volume a
transmission channel can handle, and is measured in Kbps.
35) How does Hold-downs work?
Hold-downs prevent regular update messages from reinstating a downed link by removing that link from
update messages. It uses triggered updates to reset the hold-down timer.
36) What are packets?
Packets are the results of data encapsulation. These are data that has been wrapped under the different
protocols of the OSI layers. Packets are also referred to as datagrams.
37) What are segments?
Segments are sections of a data stream that comes from the upper OSI layers and ready for transmission
towards the network. Segments are the logic units at the Transport Layer.
38) Give some benefits of LAN switching.

- allows full duplex data transmission and reception

- media rate adaption
- easy and efficient migration
39) What is Route Poisoning?
Route Poisoning is the process of inserting a table entry of 16 to a route, making it unreachable. This
technique is used in order to prevent problems caused by inconsistent updates on a route.
40) How do you find valid hosts in a subnet?
The best way to go about this is to use the equation 256 minus the subnet mask. The hosts that are
considered valid are those that can be found between the subnets.
41) What is DLCI?
DLCI, or Data Link Connection Identifiers, are normally assigned by a frame relay service provider in
order to uniquely identify each virtual circuit that exists on the network.
42) Brielfly explain the conversion steps in data encapsulation.
From a data transmitters point of reference, data from the end user is converted to segments. Segments
are then passed on to the other layers and converted into packets or datagrams. These packets are then
converted into frames before passing on to the network interface. Finally, frames are converted to bits
prior to actual data transmission.
43) What are the different types of passwords used in securing a CISCO router?
There are actually five types of passwords that can be used. These are enable secret, enable, virtual
terminal, console, and auxiliary.
44) Why is network segmentation a good idea when managing a large network?
For a network administration, segmenting a network would help ease network traffic and ensures that
high bandwidth is made available at all times for all users. This translates to better performance
especially for a growing network.
45) What are the things that can be accessed in a CISCO routers identifying information?
The hostname and the Interfaces. The hostname is the name of your router. The Interfaces are fixed
configurations that refer to the router ports.
46) Differentiate Logical Topology from Physical Topology
Logical Topology refers to the signal path through the physical topology. Physical Topology is the actual
layout of the network medium.
47) What causes a triggered update to reset the router hold-down timer?
This may happen when the hold-down timer has already expired, or when the router received a
processing task that incidentally was proportional to the number of links in the internetwork.
48) In configuring a router, what command must be used if you want to delete the configuration
data that is stored in the NVRAM?
A. erase running-config
B. erase startup-config
C. erase nvram
D. delete nvram
Correct Answer: B. erase startup-config
49) Referring to the commands shown, what command must next be used on the branch router
prior to traffic being sent to the router router?
Hostname: Branch Hostname: Remote
PH# 123-6000, 123-6001 PH# 123-8000, 123-8001

SPID1: 32055512360001 SPID1: 32055512380001

SPID2: 32055512360002 SPID2: 32055512380002
isdn switch-type basic ni
username Remote password cisco
interface bri0
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication chap
isdn spid1 41055512360001
isdn spid2 41055512360002
dialer map ip 10.1.1.2 name Remote 1238001
dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
Correct Answer: (config-if)# dialer-group 1
50) When configuring a router utilizing both physical and logical interfaces, what factor must be
considered in determining the OSPF router ID?
A. The highest IP address of any physical interface.
B. The lowest IP address of any logical interface.
C. The middle IP address of any logical interface..
D. The lowest IP address of any physical interface.
E. The highest IP address of any interface.
F. The highest IP address of any logical interface.
G. The lowest IP address of any interface.
Correct Answer: A. The highest IP address of any physical interface.