1) What is Routing?

Routing is the process of finding a path on which data can pass from
source to destination. Routing is done by a device called routers, which are
network layer devices.

2) What is the purpose of the Data Link?

The job of the Data Link layer is to check messages are sent to the right
device. Another function of this layer is framing.

3) What is the key advantage of using switches?

When a switch receives a signal, it creates a frame out of the bits that were
from that signal. With this process, it gains access and reads the
destination address, after which it forwards that frame to the appropriate
port. This is a very efficient means of data transmission, instead of
broadcasting it on all ports.

4) When does network congestion occur?

Network congestion occurs when too many users are trying to use the
same bandwidth. This is especially true in big networks that do not resort to
network segmentation.

5) What is a Window in networking terms?

A Window refers to the number of segments that are allowed to be sent

from source to destination before an acknowledgment is sent back.

6) Does a bridge divide a network into smaller sections?

Not really. What a bridge actually does is to take the large network and
filter it, without changing the size of the network.

7) Which LAN switching method is used in CISCO Catalyst 5000?

CISCO Catalyst 5000 uses the Store-and-forward switching method. It

stores the entire frame to its buffers and performs a CRC check before
deciding whether or not to forward that data frame.

8 ) What is the role of the LLC sublayer?

The LLC sublayer stands for Logical Link Control. It can provide optional
services to an application developer. One option is to provide flow control
to the Network layer by using stop/start codes. The LLC can also provide
error correction.

9) How does RIP differ from IGRP?

RIP relies on the number of hops in order to determine the best route to a
network. On the other hand, IGRP takes consideration many factors before
it decides the best route to take, such as bandwidth, reliability, MTU and
hop count.

10) What are the different memories used in a CISCO router?

Different memories used in a CISCO router are:

– NVRAM stores the startup configuration file.

– DRAM stores the configuration file that is being executed.

– Flash Memory – stores the Cisco IOS.

11) What is BootP?

BootP is a protocol that is used to boot diskless workstations that are

connected to the network. It is short for Boot Program. Diskless
workstations also use BootP in order to determine its own IP address as
well as the IP address of the server PC.

12) What is the function of the Application Layer in networking?

The Application Layer supports the communication components of an

application and provides network services to application processes that
span beyond the OSI reference model specifications. It also synchronizes
applications on the server and client.

13) Differentiate User Mode from Privileged Mode

User Mode is used for regular task when using a CISCO router, such as to
view system information, connecting to remote devices, and checking the
status of the router. On the other hand, privileged mode includes all options
that are available for User Mode, plus more. You can use this mode in
order to make configurations on the router, including making tests and
debugging.
14) What is 100BaseFX?
This is Ethernet that makes use of fiber optic cable as the main
transmission medium. The 100 stands for 100Mbps, which is the data
speed.

15) Differentiate full-duplex from half-duplex.

In full-duplex, both the transmitting device and the receiving device can
communicate simultaneously, that is, both can be transmitting and
receiving at the same time. In the case of half-duplex, a device cannot
receive while it is transmitting, and vice versa.

16) What is MTU?

MTU stands for Maximum Transmission Unit. It refers to the maximum

packet size that can be sent out onto the data line without the need to
fragment it.

17) How does cut-through LAN switching work?

In Cut-Through LAN switching, as soon as the router receives the data

frame, it will immediately send it out again and forward it to the next
network segment after reading the destination address.

18) What is latency?

Latency is the amount of time delay that measures the point from which a
network device receives a data frame to the time it sends it out again
towards another network segment.

19) Utilizing RIP, what is the limit when it comes to the number of
hops?

The maximum limit is 15 hop counts. Anything higher than 15 indicates that
the network is considered unreachable.

20) What is a Frame Relay?

Frame Relay is a WAN protocol that provides connection-oriented

communication by creating and maintaining virtual circuits. It has a high-
performance rating and operates at the Data Link and Physical Layers.

21) How do you configure a Cisco router to route IPX?

The initial thing to do is to enable IPX routing by using the “IPX routing”
command. Each interface that is used in the IPX network is then configured
with a network number and encapsulation method.

22) What are the different IPX access lists?

There are two types of IPX access lists

1. Standard.

2. Extended.

Standard Access List can only filter the source or destination IP address.
An Extended Access List uses the source and destination IP addresses,
port, socket, and protocol when filtering a network.

23) Explain the benefits of VLANs.

VLANs allow the creation of collision domains by groups other than just
physical location. Using VLANs, it is possible to establish networks by
different means, such as by function, type of hardware, protocol, among
others. This is a big advantage when compared to conventional LANs
wherein collision domains are always tied to physical location.

24) What is subnetting?

Subnetting is the process of creating smaller networks from a big parent

network. As a part of a network, each subnet is assigned some additional
parameters or identifier to indicate its subnet number.

25) What are the advantages of a layered model in the networking

industry?
A layered network offers many advantages. It allows administrators to
make changes in one layer without the need to make changes in the other
layers. Specialization is encouraged, allowing the network industry to make
progress faster. A layered model also lets administrators troubleshoot
problems more efficiently.

26) Why is UDP lease favored when compared to TCP?

It’s because UDP is unreliable and unsequenced. It is not capable of

establishing virtual circuits and acknowledgments.
27) What are some standards supported by the Presentation layer?

Presentation layer supports many standards, which ensures that data is

presented correctly. These include PICT, TIFF, and JPEG for graphics,
MIDI, MPEG and QuickTime for Video/Audio.

28) What’s the easiest way to remotely configure a router?

In cases when you need to configure a router remotely, the most

convenient is to use the Cisco AutoInstall Procedure. However, the router
must be connected to the WAN or LAN through one of the interfaces.

29) What does the show protocol display?

– routed protocols that is configured on the router.

– the address assigned on each interface.

– the encapsulation method that was configured on each interface.

30) How do you depict an IP address?

It can be done in three possible ways:

– using Dotted-decimal. For example: 192.168.0.1

– using Binary. For example: 10000010.00111011.01110010.01110011

– using Hexadecimal. For example: 82 1E 10 A1

31) How do you go to privileged mode? How do you switch back to

user mode?

To access privileged mode, you enter the command “enable” on the

prompt. In order to get back to user mode, enter the command “disable.”

32) What is HDLC?

HDLC stands for High-Level Data Link Control protocol. It is a propriety

protocol of CISCO. It is the default encapsulation operated within CISCO
routers.

33) How are internetworks created?

Internetworks are created when networks are connected using routers.
Specifically, the network administrator assigns a logical address to every
network that connects to the router.

34) What is Bandwidth?

Bandwidth refers to the transmission capacity of a medium. It is a measure

of how much volume a transmission channel can handle, and it is
measured in Kbps.

35) How does Hold-downs work?

Hold-downs prevent regular update messages from reinstating a downed

link by removing that link from update messages. It uses triggered updates
to reset the hold-down timer.

36) What are packets?

Packets are the results of data encapsulation. These are data that have
been wrapped under the different protocols of the OSI layers. Packets are
also referred to as datagrams.

37) What are segments?

Segments are sections of a data stream that comes from the upper OSI
layers and ready for transmission towards the network. Segments are the
logic units at the Transport Layer.

38) Give some benefits of LAN switching.

– allows full duplex data transmission and reception

– media rate adaption

– easy and efficient migration

39) What is Route Poisoning?

Route Poisoning is the process of inserting a table entry of 16 to a route,

making it unreachable. This technique is used in order to prevent problems
caused by inconsistent updates on a route.

40) How do you find valid hosts in a subnet?

The best way to go about this is to use the equation 256 minus the subnet
mask. The hosts that are considered valid are those that can be found
between the subnets.

41) What is DLCI?

DLCI, or Data Link Connection Identifiers, are normally assigned by a

frame relay service provider in order to uniquely identify each virtual circuit
that exists on the network.

42) Briefly explain the conversion steps in data encapsulation.

From a data transmitter’s point of reference, data from the end user is
converted to segments. Segments are then passed on to the other layers
and converted into packets or datagrams. These packets are then
converted into frames before passing on to the network interface. Finally,
frames are converted to bits prior to actual data transmission.

43) What are the different types of passwords used in securing a

CISCO router?

There are actually five types of passwords that can be used. These enable
secret, virtual terminal, console, and auxiliary.

44) Why is network segmentation a good idea when managing a large

network?

For a network administration, segmenting a network would help ease

network traffic and ensures that high bandwidth is made available at all
times for all users. This translates to better performance, especially for a
growing network.

45) What are the things that can be accessed in a CISCO router’s
identifying information?

The hostname and the Interfaces. The hostname is the name of your
router. The Interfaces are fixed configurations that refer to the router ports.
46) Differentiate Logical Topology from Physical Topology

Logical Topology refers to the signal path through the physical topology.
Physical Topology is the actual layout of the network medium.

47) What causes a triggered update to reset the router hold-down

timer?

This may happen when the hold-down timer has already expired, or when
the router received a processing task that incidentally was proportional to
the number of links in the internetwork.

48) In configuring a router, what command must be used if you want

to delete the configuration data that is stored in the NVRAM?

A. erase running-config

B. erase startup-config

C. erase NVRAM

D. delete NVRAM

Correct Answer: B. erase startup-config

49) Referring to the commands shown, what command must next be

used on the branch router prior to traffic being sent to the router?

Hostname: Branch Hostname: Remote

PH# 123-6000, 123-6001 PH# 123-8000, 123-8001

SPID1: 32055512360001 SPID1: 32055512380001

SPID2: 32055512360002 SPID2: 32055512380002

ISDN switch-type basic ni

username Remote password cisco

interface bri0

IP address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

encapsulation PPP
PPP authentication chap

ISDN spid1 41055512360001

ISDN spid2 41055512360002

dialer map IP 10.1.1.2 name Remote 1238001

dialer-list 1 protocol IP permit

Correct Answer: (config-if)# dialer-group 1

50) When configuring a router utilizing both physical and logical

interfaces, what factor must be considered in determining the OSPF
router ID?

 The highest IP address of any physical interface.

 The lowest IP address of any logical interface.
 The middle IP address of any logical interface.
 The lowest IP address of any physical interface.
 The highest IP address of any interface.
 The highest IP address of any logical interface.
 The lowest IP address of any interface.

Correct Answer: A. The highest IP address of any physical interface.

51) What is the difference between the switch, hub, and router?

Hub Switch
It is a device that filters and forwards packets
Hub has a single broadcast Route
between LAN segments. Switches have a single
domain and collision domain. which
broadcast domain and multiple collision domains. It
Anything comes in one port data p
supports any packet protocol, as such it operates at
is sent out to the others. netwo
the data link layer 2 and layer 3
52) What is the size of IP address?

Size of IP address is 32 bit for IPv4 and 128 bit for IPv6.

53) Mention what does data packets consist of?

A data packet consists of sender’s information, recipient’s information, and

the data contained. It also has the numeric identification number that
defines the packet number and order. When data is sent across the
network, that information is segmented into data packets. In short, data
packets carry the information and routing configuration for your transferred
message.

54) What is DHCP stand for?

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. DHCP assigns an

IP address automatically to a given workstation client. You can also make
static IPS for machines like printers, servers, routers, and scanners.

55) Mention what BOOTP is?

BOOTP is a computer networking protocol used to deploy an IP address to

network devices from a configuration server.

56) Explain why UDP is lease favored when compared to TCP?

It is because UDP is un-sequenced and unreliable. It is not capable of

creating virtual circuits and acknowledgments.

57) State the difference between dynamic IP and static IP addressing?

Dynamically IP addresses are provided by DHCP server, and static IP

addresses are given manually.

58) Mention the ranges for the private IP?

Ranges for private IP are

 Class A: 10.0.0.0 – 10.0.0.255

 Class B: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.0.0
 Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.0.255

59) In how many ways you can access the router?

You can access it in three ways

 Telnet (IP)
 AUX (Telephone)
 Console (Cable)

60) What is EIGRP?

EIGRP stands for Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol it is a

routing protocol designed by Cisco Systems. It is availed on a router to
 share routes with other routers within the same autonomous system. Unlike
other routers like RIP, EIGRP only sends incremental updates, decreasing
the workload on the router and the amount of data that needs to be
transferred.

61) Mention what is the matric of EIGRP protocol?

EIGRP protocol consists of

 Bandwidth
 Load
 Delay
 Reliability
 MTU
 Maximum Transmission Unit

62) Mention what does the clock rate do?

Clockrate enables the routers or DCE equipment to communicate

appropriately.

63) Mention what command you must use if you want to delete or
remove the configuration data that is stored in the NVRAM?

Erase startup- coding is the command you must use if you want to delete
the configuration data that is stored in the NVRAM

64) hat is the difference between TCP and UDP?

TCP and UDP both are protocols for sending files across computer

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP is connection oriented protocol. When connection lost UDP is based on connectionless protocol. When
during transferring files, the server would request the lost you send data, there is no guarantee whether
part. While transferring a message, there is no corruption your transferred message will reach there
while transferring a message without any leakage
The message you sent may not be in the same
The message will deliver in the order it is sent
order
Data in TCP is read as a stream, where one packet ends, Packets are transmitted individually and are
and another begins guaranteed to be whole if they arrive
Example of TCP includes World Wide Web, file transfer Example for UDP are VOIP (Voice Over Internet
protocol, e-mail, Protocol) TFTP ( Trivial File Transfer Protocol),
networks.

65) Explain the difference between half-duplex and full-duplex?

Full duplex means that the communication can occur in both directions at
the same time, while half-duplex means that the communication can
happen in one direction at a time.

66) What are the conversion steps of data encapsulation?

Conversion steps of data encapsulation includes

 Layer one, two and Three ( Application/presentation/session) :

Alphanumeric input from the user is converted into Data
 Layer Four (Transport): Data is converted into small segments
 Layer Five (Network): Data converted into packets or datagrams and
Network header is added
 Layer Six (Data Link): Datagrams or packets are built into frames
 Layer Seven (Physical): Frames are converted into bits

67) What command do we give if router IOS is stuck?

Cntrl+Shift+F6 and X is the command we give if router IOS is stuck.

68) What is route poisoning?

Route poisoning is a technique of preventing a network from transmitting

packets through a route that has become invalid.

69) What route entry will be assigned to dead or invalid route in case
of RIP?

In the case of RIP table entry, 16 hops will be assigned to dead or invalid
route making it unreachable.